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Discussion Papers CENTRE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES OF HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES DISCUSSION PAPERS No. 46 The Hungarian Urban Network in the Beginning of the 20 th Century by Pál Beluszky – Róbert Gy ıri Series editor Zoltán GÁL Pécs 2005 1 ISSN 0238–2008 ISBN 963 9052 53 1 2005 by Centre for Regional Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Technical editor: Ilona Csapó. Printed in Hungary by Sümegi Nyomdaipari, Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Ltd., Pécs. 2 CONTENTS 1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 7 2. Historical preliminaries of the birth of the modern urban network in Hungary ............... 8 2.1 Medieval towns in the Carpathian Basin ................................................................ 8 2.2 The development of the urban network in 1529–1688 ......................................... 12 2.3 Urban development between the expelling of the Turks and the bourgeois revolution (1684–1848) ........................................................................................ 17 3 Conditions of urban development in the age of capitalism (until 1914)....................... 20 3.1 Political, international and general economic conditions of urban development in the age of the Dual Monarchy..................................................... 20 3.2 The economic structure of Hungary: the modernisation of agriculture, industry and transport ........................................................................................... 23 3.3 The role of public administration in urban development in the age of the Dual Monarchy..................................................................................................... 30 3.4 The demographic conditions of urbanisation........................................................ 34 3.5 Regional frameworks of urban development........................................................ 36 4 The hierarchy of the Hungarian towns in the early 20 th century................................... 41 4.1 Method for the definition of the urban hierarchy.................................................. 41 4.2 The urban hierarchy of Hungary in 1910.............................................................. 45 4.2.1 Settlements with town rank – settlements with urban functions................ 45 4.2.2 The proportion of urban population – urbanisation level – sizes of the towns ................................................................................................... 52 4.2.3 Spatial distribution of the towns................................................................ 63 4.2.4. Transformation of the urban hierarchy and the urban network in the Dualist era ................................................................................................. 67 4.2.5 The weight of urban functions in the settlements..................................... 71 5 A brief description of the respective hierarchy levels .................................................. 96 5.1 Budapest ............................................................................................................... 96 5.2 Regional centres ................................................................................................. 100 5.3 County seats........................................................................................................ 117 5.4 Middle towns ...................................................................................................... 120 5.5 Small towns ........................................................................................................ 122 5.6 Settlements with some district level functions.................................................... 124 6 Summary .................................................................................................................... 124 Appendix.......................................................................................................................... 126 References........................................................................................................................ 129 3 List of figures Figure 1 Industrial regions and centres in 1910 ........................................................ 25 Figure 2 Industrial employees in settlements with more than 500 employees, 1910 ............................................................................................................ 26 Figure 3 Railway network in Hungary, 1867............................................................. 30 Figure 4 Railway network in Hungary according to the owners, 1914...................... 31 Figure 5 Zones of modernisation in the early 20 th century......................................... 39 Figure 6 Hierarchy of the Hungarian cities, 1910...................................................... 46 Figure 7 Relationship between settlements with legal status of cities, characterised by urban functions and urbanised society, early 20 th century ......................................................................................................... 52 Figure 8 Level of urbanisation in the counties, 1900 (all settlements with urban functions are taken into consideration) ...................................................... 58 Figure 9 Total and rural population supplied by urban functions .............................. 76 Figure 10 Per capita urban functions (density) ............................................................ 81 Figure 11 Urban types according to qualitative and quantitative functions ................. 86 Figure 12a Headquarters and scope of gendarme districts........................................... 104 Figure 12b Headquarters and scope of notary chambers ............................................. 105 Figure 12c Headquarters and scope of commercial and industrial chambers .............. 106 Figure 12d Headquarters and scope of royal suppreme courts..................................... 107 Figure 13 Structure of employment in regional centres, 1910 .................................... 110 List of tables Table 1 Hungarian towns with the biggest population in 1825 ................................ 19 Table 2 Employment structure in Hungary, 1870–1910........................................... 24 Table 3 Change of the number of population in Hungary, 1870–1910..................... 34 Table 4 Change of the number and share of urban population in Hungary, 1857–1910 ................................................................................................... 35 Table 5 Literacy rate within the population aged older than 6 years, 1880– 1910 ............................................................................................................. 37 Table 6 Counties with high literacy rate, 1880–1910 ............................................... 37 Table 7 Counties with high illiteracy rate, 1880–1910............................................. 37 Table 8 Hierarchic division of the towns in the functional sense ............................. 45 Table 9 Legal status and administrative centre functions of the settlements in the respective hierarchy categories.............................................................. 47 4 Table 10 Typical numbers of population in the towns belonging to the different hierarchy levels, 1910.................................................................................. 54 Table 11 Major indices of the urbanisation level of the regions, 1910....................... 59 Table 12 Major indices of the urbanisation level of the counties, 1910 ..................... 61 Table 13 Number of centres by hierarchy levels according to W. Christaller and our survey .................................................................................................... 64 Table 14 Comparison of the urban hierarchies in Sándor Gyimesi’s survey of 1828 and the present examination of 1910 .................................................. 68 Table 15 Average number of all citizens and of the rural population served by the tons at the different levels of hierarchy.................................................. 74 Table 16 Average number of rural citizens supplied in the towns of the Great Hungarian Plain and in the other Hungarian regions, by hierarchy level ............................................................................................................. 78 Table 17 Budapest’s weight within Hungary, 1910 (Without Croatia and Slavonia)...................................................................................................... 98 Table 18 Change of the population of Budapest in 1851–1910.................................. 99 Table 19 Main characteristics of the regional centres, 1910..................................... 108 Table 20 Employment structure at the respective hierarchy levels, 1910................. 109 Table 21 Volume of urban functions in the regional centres and the county centres........................................................................................................ 118 Type 1 High hierarchy level – high number of population supplied – high share of non-urban residents supplied.......................................................... 84 Type 2 High hierarchy level – high number of population supplied – medium share of non-urban residents supplied.......................................................... 85 Type 3A High hierarchy level – medium number of population supplied – high share of non-urban residents supplied.........................................................
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