Ethnizität, Staatsbildungsprozesse Und Stratifikation In

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Ethnizität, Staatsbildungsprozesse Und Stratifikation In Integration und Ausschluß: Ethnizität, Staatsbildungsprozesse und Stratifikation in Ruanda Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des Magistergrades der Philosophie eingereicht an der Human- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Wien von Albert Kraler Wien, im Januar 2001 i Inhaltsübersicht INHALT II VORBEMERKUNG V VORWORT VII TEIL 1 GRUNDLEGUNGEN 1 KAPITEL 1 ETHNIZITÄT, STRATIFIKATION UND STAATSBILDUNG 2 1.1. AUSSCHLUSS – INTEGRATION: IDENTITÄT – IDEOLOGIE – EINE PRÄLIMINARE DISKUSSION VON ETHNIZITÄT 2 1.2 STRATIFIKATION 27 1.3 STAAT 30 1.4 RESÜMEE 31 KAPITEL II DISKURSE ÜBER STRATIFIZIERUNG UND ETHNIZITÄT IM VORKOLONIALEN RUANDA 33 2.1 ZUR BEDEUTUNG DER GESCHICHTE 33 2..2 KEIN UNBESCHRIEBENES BLATT: DIE ENTDECKUNG RUANDAS 39 TEIL 2 STAATSBILDUNGSPROZESSE, STRATIFIKATION UND ‚ETHNIZITÄT’ IM PRÄKOLONIALEN RUANDA 50 KAPITEL III: BESIEDELUNGSGESCHICHTE UND FRÜHE STAATSBILDUNG 51 3.1 DAS OBSESSIVE ZURÜCKBLICKEN: WANDERUNG, INVASION ODER EINFACH NUR USURPATION 51 3.2 POLITISCHE AUTORITÄT IN DER FRÜHZEIT DER GESCHICHTE DES GROßEN SEENGEBIETES, CA.1000-1650 54 3.3. VON HERRSCHAFTSVERBAND ZUM STAAT: RUANDA, CA.1500 BIS 1750. 64 3.4 DER CHARAKTER FRÜHER HERRSCHAFTSVERBÄNDE 74 KAPITEL IV ZENTRALISIERUNG UND EXPANSION 81 4.1 EXPANSION UND MILITÄR 85 4.2 LAND 90 4.3 DIE AUSWEITUNG VON KLIENTELBEZIEHUNGEN 95 4.4 RESÜMEE: RUANDA AM VORABEND DER KOLONISATION 100 TEIL 3 KOLONISATION UND HERRSCHAFT 107 KAPITEL V DIE DEUTSCHE PERIODE 108 5.1 DIE KOLONISIERUNG UND IHR KONTEXT 108 5.2 DAS SYSTEM KOLONIALER HERRSCHAFT 119 5.3 HERRSCHAFT UND HERRSCHAFTSIDIOM: KOLONIALADMINISTRATION UND MISSION IM GESELLSCHAFTLICHEN KONTEXT 127 5.4 RESÜMEE 174 KAPITEL VI: DIE BELGISCHE PERIODE 181 6.1 DIE ÖKONOMIE DER BESATZUNG: ERSTER WELTKRIEG UND ÜBERGANG BIS 1925 181 6.2 DIE ÖKONOMIE DER REFORM: DER KOLONIALE ENTWICKLUNGSSTAAT, CA. 1925-1945 225 6.3 SOZIALE UND POLITISCHE STRATIFIKATION: RUANDA CA. 1940-1960 239 TEIL 4 DEKOLONISATION UND REVOLUTION 244 KAPITEL VII: REFORM UND REVOLUTION 245 7.1. DIE DEKADE POLITISCHER REFORM, 1948-1959 245 7.2 ‚REVOLUTION’ 252 7.3. MECHANISMEN DER ETHNISIERUNG 258 KAPITEL VIII NOCH EINMAL: ETHNIZITÄT 261 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 263 ii Inhalt INHALT II Verzeichnis der Abbildungen, Tabellen und Karten iv VORBEMERKUNG V Zur Terminologie ruandesischer Institutionen v Zitierweise vi VORWORT VII Ausgangspunkt vii Zielstellung der Arbeit vii Der Aufbau viii TEIL 1 GRUNDLEGUNGEN 1 KAPITEL 1 ETHNIZITÄT, STRATIFIKATION UND STAATSBILDUNG 2 1.1. AUSSCHLUSS – INTEGRATION: IDENTITÄT – IDEOLOGIE – EINE PRÄLIMINARE DISKUSSION VON ETHNIZITÄT 2 1.1.1 Debatten über Ethnizität 11 1.1.2.1 Mechanismen in der Herstellung und Reproduktion von Kollektiven 12 1.1.2.2 Stamm, Ethnos, Rasse – zwischen Natürlichkeit und Konstruktion 12 1.1.2 ‚Objektive’ und ‚subjektive’ Ethnizität: Kategorisierung und Identifikation 15 1.1.3. Kollektivität – Kollektives Handeln 19 1.1.4 Das Ethnos als politisches Kollektiv 22 Die Hegemonietheorie Laclaus 23 1.2 STRATIFIKATION 27 1.3 STAAT 30 1.4 RESÜMEE 31 KAPITEL II DISKURSE ÜBER STRATIFIZIERUNG UND ETHNIZITÄT IM VORKOLONIALEN RUANDA 33 2.1 ZUR BEDEUTUNG DER GESCHICHTE 33 2.1.1 Gegenwart und Geschichte 33 2.1.2 Vergangenheit und Interpretation 33 2.1.3 Begründungen 34 2..2 KEIN UNBESCHRIEBENES BLATT: DIE ENTDECKUNG RUANDAS 39 2.2.1 Der zeitgenössische Hintergrund 39 2.2.2.Fixierungen 43 2.2.3 Frühe Kontakte 46 TEIL 2 STAATSBILDUNGSPROZESSE, STRATIFIKATION UND ‚ETHNIZITÄT’ IM PRÄKOLONIALEN RUANDA 50 KAPITEL III: BESIEDELUNGSGESCHICHTE UND FRÜHE STAATSBILDUNG 51 3.1 DAS OBSESSIVE ZURÜCKBLICKEN: WANDERUNG, INVASION ODER EINFACH NUR USURPATION 51 3.2 POLITISCHE AUTORITÄT IN DER FRÜHZEIT DER GESCHICHTE DES GROßEN SEENGEBIETES, CA.1000-1650 54 3.2.1. Die Region 54 3.2.2. Soziale und politische Prozesse in der Frühzeit der Region 57 3.3. VON HERRSCHAFTSVERBAND ZUM STAAT: RUANDA, CA.1500 BIS 1750. 64 3.3.1 Kontinuität oder Innovation?: Staatsbildungsprozesse 69 3.3.1.1Kontinuität und Diskontinuität denken: Herrschaftsverbände und ihre ethnische Färbung 71 3.4 DER CHARAKTER FRÜHER HERRSCHAFTSVERBÄNDE 74 Exkurs: Militärische (Re-)Organisation und militärischer Ethos 76 3.4.1 Herrschaftsdichte 79 KAPITEL IV ZENTRALISIERUNG UND EXPANSION 81 4.1 EXPANSION UND MILITÄR 85 4.2 LAND 90 4.2.1 Arm und Reich: Tagelöhner 94 4.3 DIE AUSWEITUNG VON KLIENTELBEZIEHUNGEN 95 4.4 RESÜMEE: RUANDA AM VORABEND DER KOLONISATION 100 iii TEIL 3 KOLONISATION UND HERRSCHAFT 107 KAPITEL V DIE DEUTSCHE PERIODE 108 5.1 DIE KOLONISIERUNG UND IHR KONTEXT 108 5.1.1 Einleitung 108 5.1.2 Koloniale Erschließung und Erbfolgestreit: Ruanda in den 1890er Jahren 112 5.1.3 Ruandas neue Grenzen: Begegnung mit dem Kongo 112 5.1.4 Der Coup von Rucunshu 115 5.1.4.1 Sukzession, Königtum, Widerstand und Legitimität 117 5.2 DAS SYSTEM KOLONIALER HERRSCHAFT 119 5.2.1 Materielle Zwänge und indirekte Herrschaft 119 Exkurs: Burundi 121 5.2.2 Die objektiven Voraussetzungen indirekter Herrschaft 122 5.3 HERRSCHAFT UND HERRSCHAFTSIDIOM: KOLONIALADMINISTRATION UND MISSION IM GESELLSCHAFTLICHEN KONTEXT 127 5.3.1 Christliche Mission und Herrschaft 129 5.3.1.1 Die Niederlassung der Weißen Väter in Ruanda 129 5.3.1.1.1. Grundbesitz, Arbeitskraft und Ausbeutung 131 5.3.1.2 Katholische Mission unter deutscher Herrschaft 1900-1916 132 5.3.1.2.1 Die Weißen Väter und Nordruanda 133 5.3.1.2.2 Gewalt, Macht und Herrschaft im Geiste und jenseits des Evangeliums 134 5.3.1.2.3 Mission und Elitenpolitik 136 5.3.2 Deutsche Militärokkupation und Herrschaft 138 5.3.2.1 Die Errichtung des Kolonialstaats(1) ca.1900-1907 138 5.3.2.2 Koloniale Durchdringung, Gewalt und ‚antikolonialer’ Widerstand 142 5.3.2.2.1 Die ‚Petite Revolution’ von 1904 142 5.3.2.2.2 Die doppelte Interaktion von Zentrum und Peripherie: Dualer Kolonialismus, regionale Revolten und die Kristallisation embryonaler kollektiver Identität in Nordruanda ca. 1904-1912 147 5.3.2.2.2.1 Die Inkorporation des Nordens 147 Exkurs: Kolonialer Staat und Hegemonie 153 5.3.2.2.2.2 Subimperialismus à la Ruanda: Ausbeutung und Herrschaft 155 Exkurs: Kolonialer Staat und Zwangsarbeit 158 5.3.2.2.2.3 Die Protagonisten (Symbolfiguren) der Aufstandsbewegung: Muhumusa, Basebya, Rukara und Ndungutse 159 Muhumusa 159 Rukara rwa Bishingwe 162 Basebya 164 Ndungutse 165 5.3.2.2.2.4 Herrschaft, Revolte und kollektive Identität in Nordruanda 167 5.3.2.3 Die Errichtung des Kolonialstaates (2) – Versuche der Institutionalisierung und Reform 170 5.4 RESÜMEE 174 KAPITEL VI: DIE BELGISCHE PERIODE 181 6.1 DIE ÖKONOMIE DER BESATZUNG: ERSTER WELTKRIEG UND ÜBERGANG BIS 1925 181 6.1.1 Krieg und Besetzung 181 6.1.2 Nicht nur Besatzung: Militärverwaltung und Transformation von Herrschaft in Ruanda 185 6.1.2.1 Einrichtung 185 6.1.2.2 Konsolidierung des Staates: die Wiederrichtung der Residentur 187 6.1.2.3 Formalisierung des Staates und seine Modernisierung 191 6.1.2.3.1 Der internationale Status Ruandas 192 6.1.2.3.2 Die Konturen des Staates, 1919-1924 193 6.1.2.3.2.1 Das Problem indirekte Herrschaft und der Legitimität 193 6.1.2.3.2.2 Die Lösung des Problems: Reform der indigenen Herrschaftsstrukturen und Verrechtlichung der Herrschafts- und Klientelbeziehungen 195 6.1.2.3.3 Die Konturen der neuen Elite – Staat und Bildungspolitik 201 Exkurs: Klientelismus und Abhängigkeit unter den veränderten Bedingungen von Herrschaft 205 6.1.3 Die Neudefinition des Verhältnisses von Mission und Staat, ca.1917-1945 211 6.1.3.1 Staat und Mission, Mission und Gesellschaft 211 6.1.3.2 Der katholische Schulsektor- Segregation und Ausschluß 214 6.1.3.3 Konsolidierung und Neubeginn, von der Mission zur Staatskirche, 1917 bis ca.1945 219 6.2 DIE ÖKONOMIE DER REFORM: DER KOLONIALE ENTWICKLUNGSSTAAT, CA. 1925-1945 225 6.2.1 Die Transformation der Verwaltung 227 iv 6.2.2 Die Transformation der Ökonomie 234 6.2.2.1 Susbsistenzsicherung 234 6.2.2.2 Staatskapitalismus: die Anbindung Ruandas an die Weltwirtschaft 236 Planwirtschaft auf kleinbäuerlicher Basis: Ruanda, ca. 1920-1960 236 Ökonomische Transformation und Arbeitsmigration 237 6.3 SOZIALE UND POLITISCHE STRATIFIKATION: RUANDA CA. 1940-1960 239 TEIL 4 DEKOLONISATION UND REVOLUTION 244 KAPITEL VII: REFORM UND REVOLUTION 245 7.1. DIE DEKADE POLITISCHER REFORM, 1948-1959 245 7.1.1 Faktoren und Kontext des politischen Wandels 245 7.1.2 Der Versuch kontrollierten Wandels 1948-1959 247 7.2 ‚REVOLUTION’ 252 7.2.1 Auftakt 253 7.2.2. Aufstand (November 1959) und die royalistische Reaktion 254 7.2.3 Revolution und Transition 255 7.3. MECHANISMEN DER ETHNISIERUNG 258 KAPITEL VIII NOCH EINMAL: ETHNIZITÄT 261 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 263 Verzeichnis der Abbildungen, Tabellen und Karten Abbildung 1: Bezeichnung (das Nominale) und Praktische Konsequenz...............................................................9 Abbildung 2: Soziale Norm/ Soziale Praxis.......................................................................................................... 10 Abbildung 3: Kollektivität und kollektives Handeln (1)....................................................................................... 20 Abbildung 4: Kollektivität und kollektives Handeln (2)....................................................................................... 21 Abbildung 5: Die notwendige Beschränkung von Identität .................................................................................. 25 Abbildung 6: Die Wirkungsweise des (Symbol des) Antagonismus in Sozialen: Identität durch Ausschluß....... 26 Abbildung 7: Schema der Herrschaftsbeziehungen in Ruanda ca. 1750...............................................................83 Abbildung 8: Schema der Machtbeziehungen und Grundverhältnisse
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