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Index

absolutism, political, 21, 128, 164 amateur vs. professional musicians, 41, 70, 88, Adler, Victor, 263 90, 121, 172 Adorno, Theodor W., 10 anarchism, 49, 136, 152, 161 aesthetic autonomy anti-aestheticism, 73, 79, 170 and absolute music, 27, 165 anti-capitalism, 76, 145 and current musicology, 1, 9 aristocracy and emancipation, 2, 32 and outmoded views of art, 13, 16, 49 and individual autonomy, 11, 66, 88, 89, as superseded by aristocracy of artists and 137, 164, 166, 192 intellectuals, 23, 25, 41, 90, 97, 137, 195 and liberalism, 9, 11, 24, 164 contra artistic aristocracy, 53, 96, 133 and morality, 12, 19, 20, 31 Arndt, Ernst Moritz, 118, 124 divergent conceptions of, 11, 24 art and craft, 35, 108 aesthetic experience as harmonizing nature artist, the and reason, 19, 22, 26, 31, 32 and egoism, 26, 53, 122 aesthetic pluralism, 3, 159, 215 as alienated from society, 26, 106, 165 aesthetic separatism, 24, 25–6, 83, 145 as genius, 14, 173 contra, 38, 44, 46, 70, 75, 132, 159 as godlike, 26, 137, 165 music as epitome of, 27, 52, 63 as ineffectual dreamer,26, 45 aesthetic sphere as people’s tribune, 89, 90, 94 as alternative reality, 25, 32, 37, 49, as priest, 134, 180, 184 145, 212 as quasi-monarch, 36, 46, 70, 80, 90, as anticipation of better future, 25, 119, 175 164, 195 as classless zone of quasi-equality, 24, 34, 35, social responsibilities of, 46, 70, 82, 116 37, 90, 119 Auber, Daniel-François-Esprit, La Muette de aesthetic state, 41, 50, 61, 166, 176 Portici, 69, 149, 152, 249 as community of artists, 90, 174 audience and public as model of social cooperation, 73, 212 different social strata, 104, 111 as substitute for politics, 23 divided nature of, 18, 32, 81, 86, 111 aestheticism, 10, 15, 24, see also aesthetic laiety vs. critics, 70, 108 separatism Audorf, Jacob, 206, 209 aesthetics Auerbach, Berthold, 80, 81, 82, 117, 159 binary oppositions in, 3, 9, 34, 104 autonomous art hierarchies in, 33, 138 and market forces, 11, 72, 211 pre-autonomous, 27, 35, 72 as independent from the state, 11, 134, 137, affect, 30 164 Allgemeine Arbeiter-Sänger-Bund, 213 as symbol of human freedom, 12, 32, 33, 164 Allgemeine Deutsche Arbeiterverein (ADAV), on hold until post-revolutionary 197, 204, 206–9 reawakening, 61, 68, 79, 130 Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, 32, 52, 132 unable to contribute to political struggle, 58, Allgemeine schweizerische Musikgesellschaft, 61, 73, 130, 141, 193 34, 87 autonomous music amateur composers, painters and writers, 173, and moral significance, 30, 33 174 institutions of, 52, 134, 138, 139, 172 284

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-11054-9 - Music, Culture and Social Reform in the Age of Wagner James Garratt Index More information

Index 285

Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel, 66 Bülow, Hans von, 207–9 Baden, 142, 151 Bürger, Gottfried August, 18 Bakunin, Mikhail, 160 Burschenschaft movement, 118 Ballenstedt, 187 Balzac, Honoré de, 184 Cabet, Etienne, 78, 79 Baumstark, Eduard, 53, 77 Catholic church, 100, 123 Bebel, August, 197, 198, 199, 203, 204, 212 censorship and government surveillance, 10, Becher, Alfred Julius, 51, 144 90, 95, 98, 99, 102, 118, 119, 149 Becker, Bernhard, 208 music journals and, 51 Becker, Johann Philipp, 207 Chaouli, Michel, 25 Becker, Julius, 51, 82, 85, 130 character, musical representation of, 29, 30, 66 Becker, Nikolaus, 119 characteristic music, 112 Beech, Dave, 10 choirs and choral singing, 34–43, 39, 143, 198 Beethoven Festival, Bonn, 91, 94 church music’s cultivating effect on the masses, Beethoven, Ludwig van, 38, 63, 64, 85 27, 36, 37, 78, 140 ‘Eroica’ Symphony, 65, 90, 142 civilization Fidelio, 149 degeneracy of modern, 17, 36, 76, 170 Fifth Symphony, 66 vs. culture, 76 Missa solemnis, 89 Cologne, 85, 122 Ninth Symphony, 90 Deutsche-flämische Sängerfest, 123–7 An die Freude, 64, 65, 67, 165, 172, 212 communism, see socialism Belgium, 123 conductor, as constitutional monarch, 90, Benedix, Roderich, 124 see also artist, the Berends, Julius, 199 constitutions of musical institutions, 35, 69, 90 Berger, Franz, 125 Cook, Nicholas, 112 Berlin, 212 Cornelius, Peter, 179 Gesellschaft der Freunde der Humanität, 36 cultivation and aesthetic education Handwerkerverein, 199, 200 (Bildung), 21–2, 29, 33, 37, 142, 205, Liedertafel, 98, 117 see also socialization Singakademie, 34, 38, 43 as assimilation of middle-class values, 199, Tonkünstlerverein, 135, 138, 139, 140 201, 203, 205, 207, 211 Berliner musikalische Zeitung, 52 as empowerment, 120, 181, 215 Berlioz, Hector, 187 as preparation for free community, 13, 20, Bermbach, Udo, 49 24, 48, 60, 81, 95, 178 Bierwirth, C. F., 133 cultivating the masses, 17, 36, 78, 82, 139, Bischoff, Ludwig, 157, 160 156, 181 Bismarck, Otto von, 198 ‘trickle-down’ theories of, 15, 88 Blum, Robert, 97, 100, 101, 103, 129, 147, 150 Bollens, Friedrich, 170 daemonic, the, 29 Bonds, Mark Evan, 27, 113, 144 David, Félicien, 79 Bonn, 91, 94 Deinhardstein, Franz Ludwig, 103, 105, 107, Borchmeyer, Dieter, 105, 108, 166 109 Boresch, Hans-Werner, 86 democracy, communitarian, 65, 81 Börne, Ludwig, 46, 53 and individual freedom, 67, 73, 161 Brendel, Franz, 51, 54, 82, 129, 143, 156, 157, democracy, direct, 69 201 democratization, artistic, 34, 45, 117, 133, 183 and Wagner, 161, 166, 167, 178 as an imperative for composers, 111, 132, on music and politics, 51, 63, 69, 71, 131, 172, 179 141 improving access to art music, 75, 140 view of music history, 62–8, 132 limits of, 84, 133 Breslau (Wrocław), 137, 138 models of democratic music, 63, 65, 69, 79, Brusniak, Friedhelm, 126 130, 141 Büchner, Louis, 204 Determann, Robert, 179

286 Index

Deutschkatholische movement, 101 Frankenhausen, 85, 89 Dickens, Charles, 184 Frankfurt am Main, 102, 206 Dieckmann, Friedrich, 145 National Assembly, 128, 136, 143, 156, 158 Dirichlet, Rebecka, 100 freedom Dittmar, Louise, 72, 74 as negative liberty, 11, 164, 195 Dorn, Heinrich, 124 inner vs. outer, 20, 21, 22, 57, 99, 135 Draeseke, Felix, 180, 183, 184, 185, 186 of the press, 102, 158 Dresden, 92, 120, 145 freemasonry, 35 Dronke, Ernst, 72, 73, 201 Freiligrath, Ferdinand, 143 Du Mont, Josef, 124 French Revolution of 1789–, 11, 20, 21, 27, 55, Düding, Dieter, 119, 123 57, 74, 86 Dürer, Albrecht, 105 and artistic parallels, 64 Düringer, Philipp Jakob, 109 music of, 80, 143, 152 Düsseldorf, 86 Reign of Terror, 14, 56, see also Marseillaise French Revolution of July 1830, 186 Eagleton, Terry, 24 and artistic parallels, 49, 51, 64 Eichelsdörfer, Johann Peter, 205 Freytag, Gustav, 158, 159 Eichorn, Andreas, 86, 187 Friebel, Heinrich Ewald Robert, 206, 208 Eisler, Hanns, 198 Friedrich August I, king of Saxony, 92 Elben, Otto, 121 Friedrich August II, king of Saxony, 92 elitism, 12, 36, 53, 192 Friedrich Wilhelm III, king of Prussia, 35, 91, end of art, 46, 47, 55, 56, 60, 61, 67, 130, 157 92, 101, 102, 108 Engels, Friedrich, 71, 74, 161, 174, 198, 199 Friedrich Wilhelm IV, king of Prussia, 100, 136 Enlightenment views of art, 11, 15–16, 33, 35 Fritzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 204 Erfurt, 92 Ernst August, king of Hanover, 109 Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 23 Gaillard, Karl, 124 factories, music in, 79 Gathy, Franz August, 130 Fehrenbach, Salomon, 205 Geck, Martin, 100, 185 Ferdinand I, emperor of Austria, 113, 150 generic purity, 35 festival music as a genre, 103, 112, 116 genius, cult of, 89, 96 festivals, 84 genre, hierarchies of, 16 commemorative, 90–102 genres, composition with, 112 people’s (Volksfeste), 84, 87, 89, 134 German Confederation, 45 royal, 92, 97 Germany, Young (Das junge Deutschland), workers’, 211 45–50 Fétis, François-Joseph, 177 anti-Romantic critiques of music, 50 Feuerbach, Ludwig, 72, 73, 162, 166 Gervinus, Georg Gottfried, 51, 132, 193 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 39, 40, 70 Gesamtkunstwerk, 166–8 Fink, Gottfried Wilhelm, 52, 88, 104, 107 Geyer, Flodoard, 52, 134, 135 Fischer, Petra, 108 Giesebrecht, Ludwig, 112 folksong, 124, 170 Gluck, Christoph Willibald, 30 effect on masses,27 Goehr, Lydia, 10 revival, 77, 170, 171 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 55, 75, 182, 217 form, music as, 29, 38 critique of, 45, 46, 64, 159, 164 Forster, Georg, 3, 21 Gotthelf, Jeremias, 159 Fortschrittspartei (Progressive Party), 203, Göttingen Seven, 51, 109 204, 208 Gottschald, Ernst, 64, 130, 134 Fourier, Charles, 72 Greece, ancient, 29, 47, 55, see also polis Greek France Gregorovius, Ferdinand, 201 ancien régime, as artistic metaphor, 45, 46, Grenzboten, Die, 158 see also French Revolution of 1789 Griepenkerl, Wolfgang Robert, 70–1, 86, 89, 90 Franke, Rainer, 174 Grün, Karl, 72, 74

Index 287

guilds, 43, 77, 203 individual Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, 97 individualism, 11, 24, 38, 53, 65, 66, 88, 137, Gutenberg festivals, 91, 102–3 161, 163, 209, see also anarchism; , Gutenberg, Johann, 102 liberalism; , subject, subjectivity Gutzkow, Karl, 45, 50, 144 rejection of society, 24, 26 industrialization, 43, 76, 77 Hagen, Theodor, 75, 76–80, 82–3, 133 instrumental music , see also programme Hallische Jahrbücher, 62 music Hambach Festival, 86 emancipatory narrative of, 28 Hamburg for connoisseurs, 33, 42 Arbeiterbildungsverein, 76, 79, 199, humanization of, 65, 66 201, 212 quest for more precise expression, 30, 65 Handel, George Friderick, 85, 89, 113, 116 tone-painting in, 33 Hanslick, Eduard, 38, 143, 144, 183, 189 transcendental aesthetic of, 26–7, 33, 38, 52 Hardenberg, Karl August von, 35, 136 instrumentalist view of art, 15, 27, 35, 72 Haskins, Casey, 12 isolationism, artistic, see aesthetic separatism Haslinger, Carl, 143 Haupt, Hermann Wilhelm, 203 Jacobins, German, 3, 15, 21 Haydn, Joseph, 38, 64, 85 Jacoby, Johann, 100 Hecker, Friedrich, 142, 151, 152 Jean Paul (Richter), 65, 67 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 163, 182 Johns, Keith T., 184 aesthetics, 55, 68 Josef II, emperor of Austria, 137 philosophy of history, 54–6, 57, 162 view of music, 52, 62, 132 Kahlert, August, 132 Hegelians, Left, 56–63 Kant, Immanuel, 18, 135 and historical narrative, 56–7, 60, 63, 66, and aesthetic autonomy, 11, 15 132 Critique of Judgment, 12–13, 15, 16, 28 and political art, 62, 68, 70, 131 on art’s moral purpose, 12, 18, 28 Heine, Heinrich, 45–6, 48, 50, 55, 76, 193 on free beauty, 34, 38 Heinemann, Ernst Günter, 184, 185, 186 Karlsruhe, 187 Hellmesberger, Georg, 144 Katzenmusik (rough music, charivari), 50, Henze, Hans Werner, 185 140–1 Herder, Johann Gottfried Kaufman, Robert, 74 and volkstümlich art, 3, 16, 17 Keller, Gottfried, 105 contra aesthetic autonomy, 14, 28 Kirsch, Winfried, 122 Herwegh, Georg, 96, 119, 151, 152, 207, 208 Klenke, Dietmar, 126 political poetry of, 58–9, 60 Klingemann, Karl, 113 Hess, Moses, 73 Klitzsch, Emanuel, 120 Hettner, Hermann, 161 Köberlein, Anton, 204 high vs. low art, 104, 138 Kölnische Zeitung, 123 healing division between, 38, 81, 214 Körner, Axel, 202 history Körner, Christian Gottfried, 30 and narrative emplotment, 56–7, 63, Körner, Theodor, 118 66, 163 Kossmaly, Carl, 140–1 as clash of antithetical principles, 45, 57, 63, Köstlin, Christian Reinhold, 96, 97 67, 132 Kretschmann, Carl, 131, 132 triadic narrative model, 57, 162 Krüger, Eduard, 53, 54, 68, 69, 84, 85, 87, 89, Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus,28, 50 90, 120, 157 Hohlfeldt, Christoph Christian, 93, 94 Kruse, Georg Richard, 147 Holy Roman Empire, 46 Homer, 16, 18 labour, division of, 76 Horen, Die, 20 Ladenberg, Adalbert von, 135, 136, 137 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 37, 136 Lamennais, Robert Félicité de, 72, 180

288 Index

Lange, Otto, 130, 135, 142 Der Wildschütz, 99 Lassalle, Ferdinand, 197, 198, 204, 206, 207, Die Schatzkammer des Ynka, 99 208 Hans Sachs, 103, 104–9, 149, 192 Laube, Heinrich, 45, 46, 48 reception in GDR, 149 Leipzig, 95, 102, 103, 110 Regina, 99, 129, 145, 147–55 Arbeiterbildungsverein, 205 Schiller Cantata, 99 Gewandhaus, 70, 113 Undine, 108 Gewerbliche Bildungsverein, 203 Zar und Zimmermann, 35, 99, 109 Schillerverein, 97, 99–100, 101 Louis-Philippe, king of the French, 49 Tonkünstler-Versammlung, 136, 137, 138, Löwe, Maximilian L., 120 140 Lübeck, 119, 122 Vorwärts, 204 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 206 Magdeburg, 130 Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold, 17 Mainz, 102, 104, 109 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 210 Republic, 21 liberalism Mainzer, Joseph, 181 and individualism, 11, 65, 138 male-voice choirs, 69, 98, 117–27, 133, 189, and perfectionism, 11, 14 203, 205, 206, 208, 213 circa 1800, 2, 9, 11, 65 and equality, 119, 122, 123 economic, 43, 77 and politics, 118, 119 in 1848–9, 71, 136, 145, 148, 155 artistic claims, 120, 121, 124, 126 in Nachmärz Germany, 158, 202–3 Manchester, 51 in Vormärz Germany, 45, 60, 62, 65, 91, 95, Marschner, Heinrich August, 67 100 Marseillaise, 50, 80, 118, 153, 181, 186, 187, Liberation, Wars of, 118 208 Lichtfreunde, 101 Martens, Joachim Friedrich, 201 Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 211 Marx, Adolf Bernhard, 54, 62, 65, 104, 114, Lind, Jenny, 89 129, 131, 141, 182 Lindner, Otto, 184 Marx, Karl, 60, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 161, 174, Lindpaintner, Peter Josef von, 98 198, 199 Liszt, Franz, 156 mastersingers guilds, 104 An die Künstler, 187–92 Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, 104 Bonn Beethoven Cantata, 91, 94 mechanization, impact of, 76, 77, 78 De la Fondation-Goethe à Weimar, 157 Mehring, Franz, 209, 210 Die Ideale, 184 Meißner, Alfred, 130 Hamlet, 184 Mendelssohn, Abraham, 86, 87 Héroïde funèbre, 178, 185–7 Mendelssohn, Felix, 68, 89, 108 Les préludes, 183 as public figure,90, 124 Lyon, 185, 186 Die vier Weltalter (Die Frauen und die musique humanitaire, 180, 181 Sänger), 101–2 Orpheus, 184 Festgesang an die Künstler, 124–7, 189 symphonic poems, 177, 183, 187 Festgesang zur Jahrhundertfeier der Symphonie révolutionnaire, 185 Erfindung der Buchdruckerkunst, 103, Tasso, 183 109–10 Lobe, Johann Christian, 66, 71, 100, 108, 135 ‘Gott segne Sachsenland’, 92, 93 Locke, Ralph P., 180 Lobgesang, 103, 109–17 Loewe, Carl, 109, 112, 121 political views, 100 logocentrism, 26, 38 ‘Scottish’ Symphony, 112 Lohmann, Peter, 180 Songs Without Words, 112, 113 Lortzing, Albert, 144 St Paul, 104 Andreas Hofer, 99 Menzel, Wolfgang, 45, 50, 95, 96 Der Pole und sein Kind, 99 Mercer-Taylor, Peter, 112 Der Waffenschmied, 149 Methfessel, Albert G., 172

Index 289

Metternich, Clemens Lothar Wenzel, 118 Paris, 47, 130 Meyerbeer, Giacomo, 69, 71, 189 paternalism, 11, 21, 36 Michaelis, Christian Friedrich, 28, 30, 32, 33 pedagogy, musical, 42 middle classes, 84, 85, 94, 96 Pederson, Sanna, 62, 69, 157 monarchy, 19 Pernerstorfer, Engelbert, 213 constitutional, 90, 109, 145 pessimism, cultural, 10, 156 in opera, 108, 109, 150 Pestalozzi, Heinrich, 42 musical homages to, 92, 108 Pfaff, Karl, 119 moralism, 33, 210 pianos and pianists, 53, 77, 164 Enlightenment forms of, 3, 11, 12, 15, 27–8, Pillnitz, 92 35 Plato, 32 Mörike, Eduard, 98 Plochingen, 118 Moritz, Karl Philipp, 12 Pohl, Richard, 180, 189, 191 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 38, 64, 204 police, 86, 140, 198 Mundt, Theodor, 45, 46, 47 polis, Greek, 43, 54, see also aesthetic state Munich Bürger-Sänger-Zunft, 105 as model aesthetic community, 13, 18, 87, music festivals, 85–9, 187 89, 162, 168 musical discourse as model democracy, 162 politicization of, 50–2 political activism, 95, 97, 103 musicians music and, 86, 131, 143, 209 as apolitical, 51, 70 political literature, 176 interests of professional, 140 and historical subjects, 74 town, 77, 139 functions, 21, 59, 73, 74 opponents of, 20, 60, 159 Nägeli, Hans Georg, 33, 34, 37–43, 76, 87 political music impact of, 9, 85, 98, 111 different forms of, 141, 142, 144, 148, 155, on pure vs. applied art, 33 214 nationalism, 86, 102, 119, 123, 214 French grand opera as, 69, 143, 149 Nationalverein, 203 opponents of, 52, 68, 141 natural vs. artificial art, 72, 79, 82, 170, 171 populism, artistic, 16, 80, 104 Nestroy, Johann Nepomuk, 148 praxis, 59, 60 Neue Rheinische Zeitung, 76 Proelss, Adolf, 110 Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, 51, 62, 75, 130 programme music, 66, 79, 182 New German School (Neudeutsche Schule), progress and progressivism, 132 156, 158, 180, 187 equation of artistic and political, 49, 71, Nibelungenlied, 75 157, 180 Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenburg), 40 protectionism, 70 novels, 73, 80, 86, 176 Prutz, Robert, 49, 57, 81, 110 Nuremberg, 195 Püttmann, Hermann, 72 Arbeiterverein, 204 rabble (Pöbel), 12, 17 occasional music, 4, 144 beyond reach of art, 41 opera, 75, 104–9, 147–55 radicalism, 100 French grand opera, 69, 71, 149 Christian, 47, 72 rescue opera, 149 revolutionary, 136, 144 oratorio, 103, 109–17 Rancière, Jacques, 122 as synthesis of ideal and volkstümlich art, Ranke, Leopold von, 63 40, 42 realism, literary, 158, 159 Ossian, 16 realism, socialist, 149 Otto-Peters, Louise, 72, 74, 75, 133, 182 Realpolitik, 158 Reformation, the, 57, 103, 110, 192 painting and music, 31 Reger, Philipp Salomon, 105 pantheism, 48, 51, 60, 67, 71, 96 rehabilitation of matter, 48

290 Index

Rehding, Alexander, 94 An die Freude, 64, 65, 98 Reichardt, Gustav, 143 and aesthetic autonomy, 11, 20, 28 Reichardt, Johann Friedrich, 82, 101 and elitism, 18 Reininghaus, Frieder, 112 and the Greeks, 19, 162 religion ‘Augustenburg Letters’, 20, 22 art as, 58, 134 contra political literature, 20 as alternative to aesthetic cultivation, 22, contra volkstümlich literature, 16–18 25, 219 Die Braut von Messina, 25, 164 republicanism and republican values, 34 Die Künstler, 20, 124–7, 187–92 art world as republic, 24, 28, 46, 53, 58 Die Macht des Gesanges, 98 restoration era (1815–30), 57, 67 Die Räuber, 99, 144 revolution of 1848–9 Die vier Weltalter, 101–2 counter-revolution, 128, 136, 150 Dithyrambe, 98 March Days, 129, 148, 150 Don Carlos, 99 practical impact on musicians and impact of, 2–3, 28, 35, 44, 47, 57, 75, 94, 182, institutions, 130, 144 210, 212 programmes for state-sponsored musical inner vs. outer freedom, 22, 47, 57, 99, 212 reforms, 128, 134, 135–40 ‘Kallias’, 18 rift between progressive parties,136, 148, on music, 29 155 on role of state, 12, 21 rituals and ceremonies, 143 ‘Schaubühne’ speech, 15, 16, 18 Rheinische Musik-Zeitung, 157 Über Anmut und Würde, 19 Rheinische Zeitung, 123 Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen Rhine crisis, 123 (‘Aesthetic Letters’), 20, 22, 126 Riehl, Wilhelm Heinrich, 104, 171, 173, 202 Über naive und sentimentalische Dichtung, Ries, Eduard, 102 23 Ritter, Friedrich, 98 use of political analogies, 19, 23 Roberts, John, 10 Wilhelm Tell, 99, 207 Rochau, Ludwig August von, 158 Schilling, Gustav, 53, 88, 103, 116 Rochlitz, Friedrich, 32, 33 Schirmag, Heinz, 147, 151 Röckel, August, 146, 204 Schlegel, August Wilhelm, 47 Romantic circle, 10, 24–7, 174 Schlegel, Friedrich, 24–5, 47, 55 Romanticism Schmidt, August, 118 critiques in literary discourse, 25, 52, 57, Schmidt, Julian, 158–9 67, 159 contra Wagner, 158, 161, 168, 169, 174, 175 critiques in musical discourse, 38, 52, 67, Schmidt-Beste, Thomas,112 132, 165, 179, 227 Schneider, Friedrich, 89 music and anti-Romanticism, 27, 50, 158 Schnell, Fritz, 134 Rose, Ernst, 53 Schott, Albert, 95 Rossini, Gioachino, Guillaume Tell, 149, 152 Schubert, Franz, 101 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 76 Schulz, Johann Abraham Peter, 27, 82 Ruge, Arnold, 54, 56, 58, 132, 133, 158 Schulze-Delitzsch, Hermann, 203, 208 Schumann, Robert, 51, 104, 143 Sachs, Hans, 104 Schweitzer, Johann Baptiste von, 204 Saint-Simon, Count Henri de, 47 Seekreis, 151 Saint-Simonianism, 47, 181 self-realization and perfection, 21, 33 Sauerteig, Emil, 213 as a communal endeavour, 39, 40, 88, 159, 215 Sayn-Wittgenstein, Carolyne von, 182 sensuality and sensuous arousal, 21, 29, 30 Schenk, Maximilian von, 104 vs. aesthetic cultivation, 12, 19, 29 Scherpe, Klaus, 17 serious music, 5, 27 Scheu, Josef, 213 service art, 47, 59, 62, 71, 73, 138, 141, 199, 209 Schiller festivals, 90, 94–100, 101, 212 vs. autonomous art, 20, 68 Schiller, Friedrich von, 64, 159 Silcher, Friedrich, 118

Index 291

singing festivals (Sängerfeste), 89, 122–7, 130 historical accounts, 162, 163, 178 social aesthetics, 159, 215 intersubjectivity and judgement, 13 defined,2 –4 self-division and alienation, 26, 48, 49, 65, vs. autonomous aesthetics, 1, 44 73 social art, 3, 134, 138, 149, 180 self-renunciation, 48, 70, 80, 116, 171 and stylistic pluralism, 103, 104, 111, 149 subjectivism, 48, 55, 66, 90, 164 social atomism and antagonism, 47, 130, 199 Sue, Eugène, 74 music as means to overcome, 26, 40, 139, 181, 184 Tacke, Charlotte, 143 social classes and categories, 21 Taylor, Charles, 34 estates (Stände), 169, 202 theatre, moral significance of, 15–16, 137 social mobility, 46, 119, 202 Thorvaldsen, Bertel, 96 socialism Tieck, Ludwig, 38, 46 and aesthetics, 72, 210, 212 Toews, John, 34 early French, 3, 70, 72, 134 Tonkünstler-Versammlung, 69, 128, 133 German post 1848, 161, 196, 197–9, 206–14 topics (topoi), musical, 111, 112, 113, 183–4 German prior to 1848, 71–5, 76 Treadwell, James, 175 True Socialists, 72, 73, 74 truth content, 55 socialization Tübingen, 51, 60, 118 as pacification of the masses,37, 181, 202 as preparation for liberty, 10, 14, 77 Uhlig, Theodor, 170 as turning animals into men, 14, 21, 22, 39, Ulm, 104 48, 201 of art, 3, 44, 73, 134 Vaget, Hans R., 195 through active musical participation, 34, 39, Verband Deutsche Arbeitervereine (VDAV), 78, 119 197, 204, 205, 210 through passive exposure to music, 36, 37, Verband Deutscher Arbeitervereine (VDAV), 78, 137, 139 195 vs. self-realization, 2, 22, 33, 139 Verdi, Giuseppe, 79 Sophocles, Antigone, 163, 164, 165 Vienna, 148, 152 Sozialdemokratischen Arbeiterpartei (SDAP), Arbeiter-Sängerbund, 213 197, 209 Theater an der Wien, 144 Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands virtuosity, 77 (SAPD), 197, 211 and individualism, 53, 89, 164 species being, 73, 161, 162 Vischer, Friedrich Theodor, 51, 74, 75, Spohr, Louis, 67, 89, 121 81, 176 Sponheuer, Bernd, 33 Vogl, Johann Nepomuk, 154 Spontini, Gaspare, 89, 90 Volk, the, see also rabble (Pöbel); working class Stadler, Gabriele, 102 as idealized rural community, 17, 170 state definitions and problems, 17, 84, 87, 168, role in musical life of, 36, 134, 135–40 169 Steen, Jürgen, 102 Volksblätter, 146 Stöhr, Karl, 105 Volkstümlichkeit and volkstümlich art, 3, 15, Stolze, Friedrich, 154 16–18, 40, 67, 103 Strauss, David Friedrich, 60, 65, 96 anti-aesthetic dimension, 72, 170 Strauss, Johann I, 144 anti-elitist thrust, 16, 17 Stuttgart, 96, 102 Hagen’s Volkssprache, 80, 133 Arbeiterverein, 201 Herder’s Volkspoesie, 16 Liederkranz, 98, 117, 118 Volkston, 82 Schillerverein, 95, 98 Stüve, Johann Karl Bertram, 68 Wackenroder, Wilhelm Heinrich, 10, subject, subjectivity 25–7, 33 collective, 12, 39, 40, 44, 70, 73, 86, 117, 162 Wagner, Richard, 156, 189

292 Index

Wagner, Richard (cont.) Weimar classicism, 1, 46, see also Goethe, A Communication to My Friends, 163 Johann Wolfgang von; , Schiller, and the Dresden Liedertafel, 120, 121 Friedrich von ‘Art and Climate’, 162 as aesthetic paradigm, 74, 182 Art and Revolution, 157, 159, 163, 167, 212 Weitling, Wilhelm, 72 Das Liebesmahl der Apostel, 121 Welskopp, Thomas,209 ‘Der Tag erscheint’, 92, 93 Wendt, Amadeus, 28, 30 Der Ring des Nibelungen, 145, 175 Wienbarg, Ludolf, 45, 46–7 ‘Deutschland und seine Fürsten’, 146 Wiener allgemeine Musik-Zeitung, 51 Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, 104, 105, Wilhelm I, king of Württemberg, 97 108, 192–5 Williamson, John, 182 ‘Die Nibelungensage (Mythus)’, 146 Winterfeld, Carl von, 63 ‘Die Revolution’, 128, 136, 146 Wolff, O. L. Bernhard,94 ‘Entwurf zur Organisation eines deutschen women and musical life, 69 Nationatheaters’, 137 Woringen, Otto von, 87, 89 ‘German Art and German Politics’, 195 workers’ education societies Gesamtkunstwerk, 166–8 (Arbeiterbildungsvereine), 78, 79, Gruß seiner Treuen an Friedrich August den 199–206, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207, 212 Geliebten, 92 workers’ movement ‘Judaism in Music’, 169 post 1848, 198, 203–14 Lohengrin, 165 pre 1848, 72, 199–201 ‘On Music Criticism’, 166 working class ‘On State and Religion’, 193, 194 as childlike, 18, 179 Opera and Drama, 63, 164 as participants in Vormärz male-voice political activism of, 51, 145, 148 choirs, 120, 123 political views of, 130, 136, 147, 161 exposure to music, 76, 84, 139 Rienzi, 69, 206 goal of proletarian form of art, 3, 207, 208 Siegfrieds Tod, 129, 145, 146, 147 proletariat vs. bourgeoisie, 207, 210, 211 Tannhäuser, 49–50, 92, 206 rural, 77, 78 The Artwork of the Future, 166, 169 urban, 77 Vaterlandsverein speech, 145, 146, 150, 160 Würzburg, 118, 122 Wartburg Festival, 86 Weber, Carl Maria von, 67, 108, 116, 118 Zelter, Carl Friedrich, 34–7, 41, 118 Weimar, 174, 180 Zurich, 34