Situación Actual De Los Mercados Del Aerotransporte Comercial Mexicano

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Situación Actual De Los Mercados Del Aerotransporte Comercial Mexicano ISSN 0188 - 7297 Certificación ISO 9001:2000 ‡ SITUACIÓN ACTUAL DE LOS MERCADOS DEL AEROTRANSPORTE COMERCIAL MEXICANO Óscar Armando Rico Galeana Alfonso Herrera García Publicación Técnica 422 Sanfandila, Querétaro, 2014 SECRETARÍA DE COMUNICACIONES Y TRANSPORTES INSTITUTO MEXICANO DEL TRANSPORTE Situación actual de los mercados del aerotransporte comercial mexicano Publicación Técnica 422 Sanfandila, Querétaro, 2014 Este documento fue realizado por el Mtro. Óscar Armando Rico Galeana y el Dr. Alfonso Herrera García, investigadores titulares de la Coordinación de Integración del Transporte del Instituto Mexicano del Transporte (IMT). Se contó con el apoyo de la TSU Cynthia Betsy Godínez Luna de la Universidad Tecnológica de Tula-Tepeji. Los autores agradecen al Mtro. José San Martín Romero, Director General del IMT, al Ing. Roberto Aguerrebere Salido, Coordinador Operativo, y al Dr. Carlos Martner Peyrelongue, Coordinador de Integración del Transporte, la confianza y el apoyo brindado para la realización de la presente investigación. Contenido Resumen ......................................................................................................................... ix Abstract ........................................................................................................................... xi Resumen ejecutivo ........................................................................................................ xiii 1 Introducción .............................................................................................................. 23 2 El proceso de desregulación y privatización del subsector aeronáutico................... 29 2.1 El mercado doméstico ..................................................................................... 29 2.2 El mercado internacional ................................................................................. 33 2.3 Los aeropuertos .............................................................................................. 37 3 El transporte de carga .............................................................................................. 41 3.1 Comportamiento cuantitativo de la demanda después de la desregulación. ... 42 3.2 Características espaciales de la movilidad: orígenes, destinos y rutas. .......... 45 3.2.1 El segmento doméstico ............................................................................ 45 3.2.2 El segmento internacional ........................................................................ 52 3.3 Principales actores y su participación en el mercado ...................................... 59 3.3.1 Empresas nacionales ............................................................................... 61 3.3.2 Empresas extranjeras y megacarriers ...................................................... 68 4 El transporte de pasajeros ....................................................................................... 75 4.1 Servicio doméstico regular (troncal y regional)................................................ 75 4.2 Servicio internacional regular .......................................................................... 83 4.3 Servicio doméstico de fletamento .................................................................... 87 4.4 Servicio internacional de fletamento ................................................................ 90 4.5 Resumen de todos los servicios ...................................................................... 95 vii Situación actual de los mercados del aerotransporte comercial mexicano 4.6 Principales pares origen-destino en el servicio regular en 2013 ..................... 98 5 La concentración económica en los mercados domésticos ................................... 103 5.1 La curva de Lorenz y el índice de Gini .......................................................... 106 5.2 Comportamiento del índice de Gini en los servicios troncales ...................... 112 5.3 Comportamiento del índice de Gini en los servicios regionales .................... 115 6 Conclusiones .......................................................................................................... 117 7 Bibliografía ............................................................................................................. 127 viii Resumen Este trabajo es una descripción detallada de los servicios de transporte aéreo comercial en México, con datos hasta el año 2013. El estudio incluye todas las modalidades de servicio (regular y fletamento), en los ámbitos doméstico e internacional, para los segmentos troncal y regional de la aviación civil mexicana. En la introducción se ofrece un breve panorama de la situación del transporte aéreo mexicano en el contexto mundial, así como una descripción de los objetivos y alcance del estudio. El segundo capítulo ofrece un marco de referencia con una descripción sintetizada del proceso de desregulación y privatización del sector. Los capítulos tercero y cuarto ofrecen una descripción detallada de la evolución cuantitativa de la demanda de servicios de aerotransporte de carga y pasajeros mediante series de tiempo de veinte años. También incluyen la identificación y análisis de la geografía del transporte aerocomercial mexicano (orígenes, destinos y corredores) en los ámbitos doméstico e internacional y se identifica a los actores en la industria, mostrando sus participaciones relativas y absolutas en los mercados troncal y regional. Se destaca la notable evolución de las aerolíneas especializadas en el aerotransporte de carga, la llegada de los grandes operadores logísticos internacionales a nuestro país y el surgimiento y consolidación de las aerolíneas de bajo costo en los servicios de pasajeros. La última parte del estudio presenta un análisis de los cambios en la concentración económica en los mercados troncal y regional de los servicios de pasajeros, después de la desregulación y la entrada de las aerolíneas de bajo costo. ix Abstract This work is a detailed description of the Mexican civil aviation industry with data until year 2013. The study includes all service modes in the international and domestic markets for the trunk and regional Mexican civil aviation. The introduction offers a brief sight of the Mexican air transport industry in the world, and a description of the scope and objectives of the study. Chapter two gives an introductory description of the privatization and deregulation process in Mexico. Chapters three and four are a detailed description of the quantitative evolution of the air transportation demand using time series of twenty years. The description of the geography of Mexican air transport (origins, destinations and corridors) is included, as well the identification of the industry actors with its relative and absolute participation in the trunk and regional markets. It is emphasized the remarkable evolution of the all-cargo airlines, the arrival of the world class logistics international operators to Mexico, and the emergency and consolidation of the low cost airlines in the passenger services. Chapter five shows an analysis of the changes in the economic concentration in the trunk and regional domestic markets after the deregulation and emergency of the low cost airlines in the passenger services. xi Resumen ejecutivo El sistema económico mexicano es parte de la economía-mundo capitalista, en el sentido del concepto desarrollado por Braudel y Wallerstein (Wallerstein, 2006), y por tanto sujeto al proceso de globalización. La economía-mundo es un espacio geográfico estructurado mediante la especialización regional de las actividades económicas y que se articula mediante los sistemas de transporte y de comunicación. El proceso de integración a la economía-mundo ha requerido modificar la organización de los modos de transporte nacionales, para permitirles responder a las nuevas condiciones logísticas de la movilidad de mercancías y a la organización intermodal del transporte. Las estrategias centrales de la reestructuración han sido la apertura comercial, la privatización de las actividades económicas y la desregulación de los mercados. El sistema económico mexicano ha acelerado su integración a la economía-mundo desde los años ochenta. En el mercado interno se ha establecido un modelo económico vinculado con el enfoque económico neo-liberal; al exterior, se ha promovido la apertura comercial y la integración económica con las grandes corporaciones multinacionales y el sistema económico globalizado. En México, la regulación económica de los servicios de transporte ha variado en las últimas décadas entre dos posiciones relativamente opuestas. Hasta mediados de los años ochenta, dominó una perspectiva centrada en restringir la competencia económica para fomentar el desarrollo y crecimiento de las empresas participantes en los mercados. A partir de los noventa, la estrategia se ha basado en facilitar la competencia para fomentar la eficiencia, la competitividad y la innovación logística de los servicios. Con ello se pretende establecer condiciones de competencia más equitativas para los participantes y fomentar el crecimiento y desarrollo del sector, sin el soporte financiero del Estado. El control de acceso a los mercados de servicios aerocomerciales es regulado por medio de concesiones y permisos; los que son usados respectivamente para los llamados servicios regulares y de fletamento. La concesión regula la operación de una empresa en un conjunto de rutas definido, las que deben ser atendidas de acuerdo con una frecuencia e itinerarios previamente
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