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Habitat Change at a Multi-Species Goose Breeding Area on Southampton Island, Nunavut, Canada, 1979–2010

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Habitat Change at a Multi-Species Goose Breeding Area on Southampton Island, Nunavut, Canada, 1979–2010 TSPACE RESEARCH REPOSITORY tspace.library.utoronto.ca OPEN ACCESS Version: Version of Record with supplementary materials 2020 Habitat change at a multi-species goose breeding area on Southampton Island, Nunavut, Canada, 1979–2010 Kenneth F. Abraham, Christopher M. Sharp, and Peter M. Kotanen Tis version of record is licensed under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). To view the details of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Visit Publisher’s Site for the VoR: https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2018-0032 95 ARTICLE Habitat change at a multi-species goose breeding area on Southampton Island, Nunavut, Canada, 1979–2010 Kenneth F. Abraham, Christopher M. Sharp, and Peter M. Kotanen Abstract: Foraging by hyperabundant Arctic-nesting geese has significant impacts on vegetation of Arctic and subarctic coastal lowlands, but long-term data sets documenting these changes are rare. We undertook intensive surveys of plant communities at East Bay and South Bay, Southampton Island, Nunavut, Canada, in July 2010. Lesser Snow Geese, Ross’s Geese, Cackling Geese, and Brant nest and rear young at these sites; the first three have experienced up to 10-fold increases since the 1970s. At East Bay, we found significant declines in graminoids over the 31-year span, as well as significant declines in lichen and willow cover, and significant increases in rock cover. Transect data indicated graminoids were present at only 15%–36% of points at East Bay, whereas at South Bay, graminoids were present at 28%–90% of points. Moss was more prominent in transects at South Bay than at East Bay (40%–85% vs. 19%–42%), but quadrat data indicated much more of the moss cover at South Bay apparently was dead than at East Bay. Puccinellia phryganodes (Trin.) Scribn. & Merr. exceeded 1% in only two transects. Our data demonstrate a striking decline of preferred forage species and increases in non-forage cover, consistent with the hypothesis that changes resulted from persistent long-term foraging by the four species of breeding geese between spring arrival and late summer departure. For personal use only. Key words: East Bay, foraging, geese, herbivory, Southampton Island, vegetation change. Résumé : La recherche de nourriture par les oies en surabondance qui nichent dans l’Arctique a des impacts significatifs sur la végétation des basses terres côtières arctiques et subarctiques, mais les ensembles de données à long terme qui documentent ces change- ments sont rares. Les auteurs ont entreprisdesétudesintensivessurlescommunautés végétales à East Bay et South Bay, sur l’île de Southampton, au Nunavut, au Canada, en juil- let 2010. Les petites oies des neiges, les oies de Ross, les bernaches de Hutchins, et les bern- aches cravants nichent et élèvent leurs petits sur ces sites; les trois premières ont vu leur population se multiplier par dix depuis les années 1970. À East Bay, ils ont observé un déclin significatif des graminoïdes sur une période de 31 ans, de même qu’un déclin signifi- catif de la couverture en lichens et en saules et une augmentation significative de la couver- ture rocheuse. Les données des transects indiquaient que les graminoïdes n’étaient présents Arctic Science Downloaded from cdnsciencepub.com by 142.112.211.151 on 12/03/20 que sur 15 à 36 % des points à East Bay seulement, alors qu’àSouthBay,lesgraminoïdes étaient présents sur 38 à 90 % des points. La mousse était plus abondante dans les transects àSouthBayqu’àEastBay(40à85%comparativementà19à42%),maislesdonnéesdes quadrats indiquaient qu’une plus grande couverture de mousse de South Bay était Received 4 December 2018. Accepted 13 December 2019. K.F. Abraham. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University, DNA Building, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9L 1Z8, Canada. C.M. Sharp.* Trent University, DNA Building, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9L 1Z8, Canada. P.M. Kotanen. Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada. Corresponding author: Peter M. Kotanen (e-mail: [email protected]). *Current address: Canadian Wildlife Service, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. This article is open access. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en_GB. Arctic Science 6: 95–113 (2020) dx.doi.org/10.1139/as-2018-0032 Published at www.nrcresearchpress.com/as on 14 January 2020. 96 Arctic Science Vol. 6, 2020 apparemment morte comparativement à East Bay. Puccinellia phryganodes (Trin.) Scribn. & Merr. dépassait 1 % sur deux transects seulement. Les données des auteurs démontrent un déclin frappant des espèces fourragères préférées et un accroissement de la couverture non fourragère, ce qui est cohérent avec l’hypothèse que les changements résultent de la recherche persistante de nourriture par les quatre espèces d’oies reproductrices entre leur arrivée au printemps et leur départ à la fin de l’été. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Mots-clés : East Bay, recherche de nourriture, oies, herbivorie, île de Southampton, changement de végétation. Introduction Populations of many Arctic-nesting goose species around the world have increased four- to six-fold since the early 1970s (Madsen et al. 1999; Fox and Madsen 2017; Fox and Leafloor 2018a, 2018b). Increased survival rates and reproductive success linked to use of abundant foods available on agricultural lands are primary drivers of these trends (Abraham et al. 2005a; Fox et al. 2005; Fox and Abraham 2017). These increases have resulted in persistent, long-term, high foraging pressure by Arctic geese on the plant communities in low-lying wetland regions of the subarctic and Arctic in North America used for all stages of their breeding season (spring staging, nesting, brood rearing, and moult), especially where the hyperabundant and highly colonial Lesser Snow Goose (Anser caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758)) and Ross’sGoose(Anser rossii Cassin, 1861) occur in high den- sities (Abraham et al. 2012). The cumulative impacts of high foraging pressure by geese on the coastal ecosystems of western and southern Hudson Bay–James Bay, Canada, are well documented (Kerbes et al. 1990; Jefferies and Rockwell 2002; Jefferies et al. 2003, 2006; Abraham et al. 2005a, 2012; Kotanen and Abraham 2013). Changes to these ecosystems, which serve as major staging areas for spring migration of the mid-continent population of Lesser Snow Geese and Ross’sGeeseaswellasbreedingareasforseveralLesserSnowGoosecolonies,include For personal use only. significant loss of saltmarsh communities, especially those dominated by swards of Puccinellia phryganodes (Trin.) Scribn. & Merr. and Carex subspathacea Wormsk., two species of graminoids found in intertidal and supratidal saltmarshes throughout the Arctic, which are major food plants for Arctic geese in spring and summer (Cargill and Jefferies 1984). These swards have been converted to mosaics of patchy vegetation and bare sediments (Srivastava and Jefferies 1995; Jefferies and Rockwell 2002; McLaren and Jefferies 2004; O et al. 2005). Other changes are reduction of cover of the predominant freshwater sedge Carex aquatilis Wahlenb., an important forage species, and creation of large areas of exposed peat (Kerbes et al. 1990; Kotanen and Jefferies 1997), death of willows and birches due to hypersalinity (Iacobelli and Jefferies 1991; Srivastava and Jefferies 1995, 1996), and soil com- Arctic Science Downloaded from cdnsciencepub.com by 142.112.211.151 on 12/03/20 paction (Jefferies et al. 2003; McLaren and Jefferies 2004). Impacts at certain central and high Arctic locations have also been studied. In Queen Maud Gulf, central Canadian Arctic, Alisauskas et al. (2006) examined vegetation in relation to density and years of occu- pancy of nesting Lesser Snow Geese and Ross’s Geese and reported lower vegetation cover, richness and diversity in plant communities occupied by nesting geese for more than 20 years. At the same site, Didiuk and Ferguson (2005) described extensive areas of exposed peat within nesting colonies due to grubbing activities of those species, and Conkin and Alisauskas (2017) extended that work and used land cover classification to show that wet meadows, a preferred goose feeding habitat, had been converted to exposed peat between 1988 and 2011. Gauthier et al. (2004) summarized long term monitoring of Greater Snow Geese (Anser caerulescens atlanticus (Kennard, 1927)) and local plant communities at Bylot Published by NRC Research Press Abraham et al. 97 Island, Nunavut, in the eastern Canadian Arctic, where they showed that goose grazing consistently removed about 40% of graminoid standing crop in polygon fens each year, varying with the size of the local goose population. They saw no increasing trend in grazing impact over 13 years but did find changes in plant species composition and production (e.g., reduced Eriophorum L. production) compared to ungrazed fens. At these two high latitude sites, geese primarily use freshwaterhabitatsandarepresentforbreedingonly when they are at the northern terminus of migration. The condition of habitats in the majority of the eastern Arctic range of the Lesser Snow Goose is largely unknown (Abraham et al. 2012; Arctic Goose Joint Venture 2018:butsee Fontaine and Mallory 2011; Flemming et al. 2019). As research at other sites indicates, differences in local history (e.g., colony size, years of occupancy) and local habitat character-
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