494 Subpart A—Terminology

Home , Aeronautical station, Aircraft station, Base earth station, Feeder link, Land earth station

§ 2.1 47 CFR Ch. I (10–1–15 Edition)

SOURCE: 28 FR 12465, Nov. 22, 1963, unless Aeronautical Earth Station. An Earth otherwise noted. station in the fixed-satellite service, EDITORIAL NOTE: Nomenclature changes to or, in some cases, in the aeronautical part 2 appear at 63 FR 54077, Oct. 8, 1998. mobile-satellite service, located at a specified fixed point on land to provide Subpart A—Terminology a feeder link for the aeronautical mobile-satellite service. (RR) § 2.1 Terms and definitions. Aeronautical Fixed Service. A (a) Where a term or definition ap- radiocommunication service between pears in this part of the Commission’s specified fixed points provided pri- Rules, it shall be the definitive term or marily for the safety of air navigation definition and shall prevail throughout and for the regular, efficient and eco- the Commission’s Rules. nomical operation of air transport. (b) The source of each definition is (RR) indicated as follows: Aeronautical Fixed Station. A station in the aeronautical fixed service. (RR) CS—Annex to the Constitution of the Aeronautical Mobile Off-Route (OR) International Telecommunication Service. An aeronautical mobile service Union (ITU) intended for communications, includ- CV—Annex to the Convention of the ing those relating to flight coordina- ITU tion, primarily outside national or FCC—Federal Communications Com- international civil air routes. (RR) mission Aeronautical Mobile Route (R) Service. RR—ITU Radio Regulations An aeronautical mobile service re- (c) The following terms and defini- served for communications relating to tions are issued: safety and regularity of flight, pri- Accepted Interference. 1 Interference at marily along national or international a higher level than defined as permis- civil air routes. (RR) sible interference and which has been Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite Off-Route agreed upon between two or more ad- (OR) Service. An aeronautical mobile- ministrations without prejudice to satellite service intended for commu- other administrations. (RR) nications, including those relating to Active Satellite. A satellite carrying a flight coordination, primarily outside station intended to transmit or re- national and international civil air transmit radiocommunication signals. routes. (RR) (RR) Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite Route (R) Active Sensor. A measuring instru- Service. An aeronautical mobile-sat- ment in the earth exploration-satellite ellite service reserved for communica- service or in the space research service tions relating to safety and regularity by means of which information is ob- of flights, primarily along national or tained by transmission and reception international civil air routes. (RR) of radio waves. (RR) Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite Service. A Adaptive System. A mobile-satellite service in which mo- radiocommunication system which bile earth stations are located on board varies its radio characteristics accord- aircraft; survival craft stations and ing to channel quality. (RR) emergency position-indicating radio- Administration. Any governmental de- beacon stations may also participate in partment or service responsible for dis- this service. (RR) charging the obligations undertaken in Aeronautical Mobile Service. A mobile the Constitution of the International service between aeronautical stations Telecommunication Union, in the Con- and aircraft stations, or between air- vention of the International Tele- craft stations, in which survival craft communication Union and in the Ad- stations may participate; emergency ministrative Regulations. (CS) position-indicating radiobeacon stations may also participate in this serv- 1 The terms permissible interference and ac- ice on designated distress and emer- cepted interference are used in the coordina- gency frequencies. (RR) tion of frequency assignments between ad- Aeronautical Radionavigation-Satellite ministrations. Service. A radionavigation-satellite

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service in which earth stations are lo- Assigned Frequency. The centre of the cated on board aircraft. (RR) frequency band assigned to a station. Aeronautical Radionavigation Service. (RR) A radio-navigation service intended for Assigned Frequency Band. The fre- the benefit and for the safe operation quency band within which the emission of aircraft. (RR) of a station is authorized; the width of Aeronautical Station. A land station in the band equals the necessary band- the aeronautical mobile service. width plus twice the absolute value of NOTE: In certain instances, an aeronautical the frequency tolerance. Where space station may be located, for example, on stations are concerned, the assigned board ship or on a platform at sea. (RR) frequency band includes twice the max- Aircraft Earth Station. A mobile earth imum Doppler shift that may occur in station in the aeronautical mobile-sat- relation to any point of the Earth’s ellite service located on board an air- surface. (RR) craft. (RR) Assignment (of a radio frequency or Aircraft Station. A mobile station in radio frequency channel). Authorization the aeronautical mobile service, other given by an administration for a radio than a survival craft station, located station to use a radio frequency or on board an aircraft. (RR) radio frequency channel under speci- Allocation (of a frequency band). Entry fied conditions. (RR) in the Table of Frequency Allocations Base Earth Station. An earth station of a given frequency band for the purpose of its use by one or more terres- in the fixed-satellite service or, in trial or space radiocommunication some cases, in the land mobile-satellite services or the radio astronomy service service, located at a specified fixed under specified conditions. This term point or within a specified area on land shall also be applied to the frequency to provide a feeder link for the land band concerned. (RR) mobile-satellite service. (RR) Allotment (of a radio frequency or radio Base Station. A land station in the frequency channel). Entry of a des- land mobile service. (RR) ignated frequency channel in an agreed Broadcasting-Satellite Service. A plan, adopted by a competent con- radiocommunication service in which ference, for use by one or more admin- signals transmitted or retransmitted istrations for a terrestrial or space by space stations are intended for di- radiocommunication service in one or rect reception by the general public. more identified countries or geographical area and under specified con- NOTE: In the broadcasting-satellite service, ditions. (RR) the term direct reception shall encompass Altitude of the Apogee or Perigee. The both individual reception and community re- altitude of the apogee or perigee above ception. (RR) a specified reference surface serving to Broadcasting Service. A represent the surface of the Earth. radiocommunication service in which (RR) the transmissions are intended for di- Amateur-Satellite Service. A rect reception by the general public. radiocommunication service using This service may include sound trans- space stations on earth satellites for missions, television transmissions or the same purposes as those of the ama- other types of transmission. (CS) teur service. (RR) Broadcasting Station. A station in the Amateur Service. A radiocommunication service for the broadcasting service. (RR) purpose of self-training, intercommuni- Carrier Power (of a radio transmitter). cation and technical investigations The average power supplied to the an- carried out by amateurs, that is, by tenna transmission line by a trans- duly authorized persons interested in mitter during one radio frequency radio technique solely with a personal cycle taken under the condition of no aim and without pecuniary interest. modulation. (RR) (RR) Characteristic Frequency. A frequency Amateur Station. A station in the which can be easily identified and amateur service. (RR) measured in a given emission.

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NOTE: A carrier frequency may, for exam- earth station sharing the same fre- ple, be designated as the characteristic frequency band with terrestrial stations, quency. (RR) or from a transmitting earth station Class of Emission. The set of charac- sharing the same bidirectionally allo- teristics of an emission, designated by cated frequency band with receiving standard symbols, e.g., type of modula- earth stations, beyond which the level tion, modulating signal, type of infor- of permissible interference will not be mation to be transmitted, and also if exceeded and coordination is therefore appropriate, any additional signal not required. (RR) characteristics. (RR) Deep Space. Space at distance from Coast Earth Station. An earth station the Earth equal to, or greater than, 2 × in the fixed-satellite service or, in 106 kilometers. (RR) some cases, in the maritime mobile- Differential Global Positioning System satellite service, located at a specified (DGPS) Station. A differential RNSS fixed point on land to provide a feeder station for specific augmentation of link for the maritime mobile-satellite GPS. service. (RR) Differential Radionavigation Satellite Coast Station. A land station in the Service (Differential RNSS) Station. A maritime mobile service. (RR) station used for the transmission of Community Reception (in the broad- differential correction data and related casting-satellite service). The reception information (such as ionospheric data of emissions from a space station in and RNSS satellite integrity informa- the broadcasting-satellite service by tion) as an augmentation to an RNSS receiving equipment, which in some system for the purpose of improved cases may be complex and have anten- navigation accuracy. nae larger than those for individual re- Direct Sequence Systems. A spread ception, and intended for use: (1) by a spectrum system in which the carrier group of the general public at one loca- has been modulated by a high speed tion; or (2) through a distribution sys- spreading code and an information data tem covering a limited area. (RR) stream. The high speed code sequence Conterminous United States. The con- dominates the ‘‘modulating function’’ tiguous 48 States and the District of and is the direct cause of the wide Columbia. (FCC) spreading of the transmitted signal. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Duplex Operation. Operating method Time scale, based on the second (SI), as in which transmission is possible si- defined in Recommendation ITU–R multaneously in both directions of a TF.460–6. telecommunication channel. 3 (RR) NOTE: For most practical purposes associ- Earth Exploration-Satellite Service. A ated with the ITU Radio Regulations, UTC is radiocommunication service between equivalent to mean solar time at the prime earth stations and one or more space meridian (0° longitude), formerly expressed stations, which may include links be- in GMT. (RR) tween space stations, in which: Coordination Area. When determining (1) Information relating to the char- the need for coordination, the area sur- acteristics of the Earth and its natural rounding an earth station sharing the phenomena, including data relating to same frequency band with terrestrial the state of the environment, is ob- stations, or surrounding a transmitting tained from active sensors or passive earth station sharing the same sensors on Earth satellites; bidirectionally allocated frequency (2) Similar information is collected band with receiving earth stations, be- from airborne or Earth-based plat- yond which the level of permissible in- forms; terference will not be exceeded and co- (3) Such information may be distrib- ordination is therefore not required. uted to earth stations within the sys- (RR) tem concerned; and Coordination Contour. The line enclos- ing the coordination area. (RR) 3 In general, duplex operation and semi-du- Coordination Distance. When deter- plex operation require two frequencies in mining the need for coordination, the radiocommunication; simplex operation may distance on a given azimuth from an use either one or two.

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(4) Platform interrogation may be in- Evaluation Kit. An assembly of com- cluded. This service may also include ponents, subassemblies, or circuitry, feeder links necessary for its operation. including software, created by or for a (RR) component maker, system integrator, or product developer for the sole pur- Earth Station. A station located ei- pose of facilitating: (i) End product de- ther on the earth’s surface or within veloper evaluation of all or some of the major portion of earth’s atmos- such components, subassemblies, or phere and intended for communication: circuitry, or (ii) the development of (1) With one or more space stations; software to be used in an end product. or Experimental Station. A station uti- (2) With one or more stations of the lizing radio waves in experiments with same kind by means of one or more re- a view to the development of science or flecting satellites or other objects in technique. space. (RR) Effective Radiated Power (e.r.p) (in a NOTE: This definition does not include given direction). The product of the amateur stations. (RR) power supplied to the antenna and its Facsimile. A form of telegraphy for gain relative to a half-wave dipole in a the transmission of fixed images, with given direction. (RR) or without half-tones, with a view to Emergency Position-Indicating Radio- their reproduction in a permanent beacon Station. A station in the mobile form. (RR) service the emissions of which are in- Feeder Link. A radio link from an tended to facilitate search and rescue earth station at a given location to a operations. (RR) space station, or vice versa, conveying Emission. Radiation produced, or the information for a space production of radiation, by a radio radiocommunication service other transmitting station. than for the fixed-satellite service. The NOTE: For example, the energy radiated by given location may be at a specified the local oscillator of a radio receiver would fixed point, or at any fixed point with- not be an emission but a radiation. (RR) in specified areas. (RR) End Product. A completed electronic Fixed-Satellite Service. A device that has received all requisite radiocommunication service between FCC approvals and is suitable for mar- earth stations at given positions, when keting. one or more satellites are used; the Equivalent Isotropically Radiated given position may be a specified fixed Power (e.i.r.p.). The product of the point or any fixed point within speci- power supplied to the antenna and the fied areas; in some cases this service antenna gain in a given direction rel- includes satellite-to-satellite links, ative to an isotropic antenna (absolute which may also be operated in the or isotropic gain). (RR) inter-satellite service; the fixed-sat- Equivalent Monopole Radiated Power ellite service may also include feeder (e.m.r.p.) (in a given direction). The prod- links for other space uct of the power supplied to the an- radiocommunication services. (RR) tenna and its gain relative to a short Fixed Service. A radiocommunication vertical antenna in a given direction. service between specified fixed points. (RR) (RR) Equivalent Satellite Link Noise Tem- Fixed Station. A station in the fixed perature. The noise temperature re- service. (RR) ferred to the output of the receiving Frequency Assignment Subcommittee antenna of the earth station cor- (FAS). A subcommittee of the Inter- responding to the radio-frequency noise department Radio Advisory Committee power which produces the total ob- (IRAC) within NTIA that develops and served noise at the output of the sat- executes procedures for the assignment ellite link excluding the noise due to and coordination of Federal radio fre- interference coming from satellite quencies. (FCC) links using other satellites and from Frequency Hopping Systems. A spread terrestrial systems. (RR) spectrum system in which the carrier

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is modulated with the coded informa- (3) Gain relative to a short vertical an- tion in a conventional manner causing tenna (Gv), when the reference antenna is a a conventional spreading of the RF en- linear conductor, much shorter than one ergy about the frequency carrier. The quarter of the wavelength, normal to the surface of a perfectly conducting plane frequency of the carrier is not fixed but which contains the given direction. (RR) changes at fixed intervals under the direction of a coded sequence. The wide General Purpose Mobile Service. A mo- RF bandwidth needed by such a system bile service that includes all mobile is not required by spreading of the RF communications uses including those energy about the carrier but rather to within the Aeronautical Mobile, Land accommodate the range of frequencies Mobile, or the Maritime Mobile Serv- to which the carrier frequency can hop. ices. The test of a frequency hopping system Geostationary Satellite. A geosynchro- is that the near term distribution of nous satellite whose circular and direct hops appears random, the long term orbit lies in the plane of the Earth’s distribution appears evenly distributed equator and which thus remains fixed over the hop set, and sequential hops relative to the Earth; by extension, a are randomly distributed in both direc- geosynchronous satellite which re- tion and magnitude of change in the mains approximately fixed relative to hop set. the Earth. (RR) Frequency-Shift Telegraphy. Teleg- Geostationary Satellite Orbit. The orbit raphy by frequency modulation in in which a satellite must be placed to which the telegraph signal shifts the be a geostationary satellite. (RR) frequency of the carrier between pre- Geosynchronous Satellite. An Earth determined values. (RR) satellite whose period of revolution is Frequency Tolerance. The maximum equal to the period of rotation of the permissible departure by the centre Earth about its axis. (RR) frequency of the frequency band occu- Government Master File (GMF). NTIA’s pied by an emission from the assigned database of Federal assignments. It frequency or, by the characteristic fre- also includes non-Federal authoriza- quency of an emission from the ref- tions coordinated with NTIA for the erence frequency. bands allocated for shared Federal and non-Federal use. (FCC) NOTE: The frequency tolerance is expressed in parts in 106 or in hertz. (RR) Harmful Interference. Interference which endangers the functioning of a Full Carrier Single-Sideband Emission. radionavigation service or of other A single-sideband emission without safety services or seriously degrades, suppression of the carrier. (RR) obstructs, or repeatedly interrupts a Gain of an Antenna. The ratio, usu- radiocommunication service operating ally expressed in decibels, of the power in accordance with [the ITU] Radio required at the input of a loss free ref- Regulations. (CS) erence antenna to the power supplied High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS). to the input of the given antenna to A station located on an object at an al- produce, in a given direction, the same titude of 20 to 50 km and at a specified, field strength or the same power flux- nominal, fixed point relative to the density at the same distance. When not Earth. (RR) specified otherwise, the gain refers to Hybrid Spread Spectrum Systems. Hy- the direction of maximum radiation. brid spread spectrum systems are those The gain may be considered for a speci- which use combinations of two or more fied polarization. types of direct sequence, frequency NOTE: Depending on the choice of the ref- hopping, time hopping and pulsed FM erence antenna a distinction is made be- modulation in order to achieve their tween: wide occupied bandwidths. (1) Absolute or isotropic gain (Gi), when Inclination of an Orbit (of an earth sat- the reference antenna is an isotropic an- ellite). The angle determined by the tenna isolated in space; (2) Gain relative to a half-wave dipole (Gd), plane containing the orbit and the when the reference antenna is a half-wave plane of the Earth’s equator measured dipole isolated in space whose equatorial in degrees between 0° and 180° and in plane contains the given direction; counter-clockwise direction from the

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Earth’s equatorial plane at the ascend- subcommittees and ad hoc groups. ing node of the orbit. (RR) (FCC) Individual Reception (in the broad- Interference. The effect of unwanted casting-satellite service). The reception energy due to one or a combination of of emissions from a space station in emissions, radiations, or inductions the broadcasting-satellite service by upon reception in a simple domestic installations and in radiocommunication system, mani- particular those possessing small an- fested by any performance degradation, tennae. (RR) misinterpretation, or loss of informa- Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) tion which could be extracted in the (of radio frequency energy) Applications. absence of such unwanted energy. (RR) Operation of equipment or appliances International Telecommunication Union designed to generate and use locally (ITU). An international organization radio-frequency energy for industrial, within the United Nations System scientific, medical, domestic or similar where governments and the private purposes, excluding applications in the sector coordinate global telecom net- field of telecommunications. (RR) works and services. The ITU is Instrument Landing System (ILS). A headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland radionavigation system which provides and its internet address is www.itu.int. aircraft with horizontal and vertical (FCC) guidance just before and during landing Inter-Satellite Service. A and, at certain fixed points, indicates radiocommunication service providing the distance to the reference point of links between artificial satellites. (RR) landing. (RR) Ionospheric Scatter. The propagation Instrument Landing System Glide Path. of radio waves by scattering as a result A system of vertical guidance em- of irregularities or discontinuities in bodied in the instrument landing sys- the ionization of the ionosphere. (RR) tem which indicates the vertical devi- Land Earth Station. An earth station ation of the aircraft from its optimum in the fixed-satellite service or, in path of descent. (RR) some cases, in the mobile-satellite Instrument Landing System Localizer. service, located at a specified fixed A system of horizontal guidance em- point or within a specified area on land bodied in the instrument landing sys- to provide a feeder link for the mobile- tem which indicates the horizontal de- satellite service. (RR) viation of the aircraft from its opti- Land Mobile Earth Station. A mobile mum path of descent along the axis of earth station in the land mobile-sat- the runway. (RR) ellite service capable of surface move- Insular area. A jurisdiction that is ment within the geographical limits of neither a part of one of the several a country or continent. (RR) States nor a Federal district. The U.S. Land Mobile-Satellite Service. A mo- insular areas are listed in 47 CFR bile-satellite service in which mobile 2.105(a) at notes 2 and 3. (FCC) earth stations are located on land. Interdepartment Radio Advisory Com- (RR) mittee (IRAC). A committee of the Fed- Land Mobile Service. A mobile service eral departments, agencies, and admin- between base stations and land mobile istrations that advises NTIA in assign- stations, or between land mobile sta- ing frequencies to Federal radio stations. (RR) tions and in developing and executing Land Mobile Station. A mobile station policies, programs, procedures, and in the land mobile service capable of technical criteria pertaining to the al- surface movement within the geo- location, management, and use of the graphical limits of a country or con- spectrum. The IRAC consists of a main tinent. committee, subcommittees, and sev- Land Station. A station in the mobile eral ad hoc groups that consider var- service not intended to be used while in ious aspects of spectrum management motion. (RR) policy. The FCC serves as a member of Left-Hand (or Anti-Clockwise) Polarized the Frequency Assignment Sub- Wave. An elliptically or circularly-po- committee and as Liaison Representa- larized wave, in fixed plane, normal to tive on the main committee, all other the direction of propagation, whilst

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looking in the direction of propagation, gency position-indicating radiobeacon rotates with time in a left hand or stations may also participate in this anti-clockwise direction. (RR) service. (RR) Line A. Begins at Aberdeen, Wash- Maritime Mobile Service. A mobile ington running by great circle arc to service between coast stations and ship the intersection of 48° N., 120° W., stations, or between ship stations, or thence along parallel 48° N., to the between associated on-board commu- intersection of 95° W., thence by great nication stations; survival craft sta- circle arc through the southernmost tions and emergency position-indi- point of Duluth, Minn., thence by great cating radiobeacon stations may also circle arc to 45° N., 85° W., thence participate in this service. (RR) southward along meridian 85° W., to its Maritime Radionavigation-Satellite intersection with parallel 41° N., thence Service. A radionavigation-satellite along parallel 41° N., to its intersection service in which earth stations are lo- with meridian 82° W., thence by great cated on board ships. (RR) circle arc through the southernmost Maritime Radionavigation Service. A point of Bangor, Maine, thence by radionavigation service intended for great circle arc through the southern- the benefit and for the safe operation most point of Searsport, Maine, at of ships. (RR) which point it terminates. (FCC) Marker Beacon. A transmitter in the Line B. Begins at Tofino, B.C., run- aeronautical radionavigation service ning by great circle arc to the intersec- which radiates vertically a distinctive tion of 50° N., 125° W., thence along par- pattern for providing position informa- allel 50° N., to the intersection of 90° tion to aircraft. (RR) W., thence by great circle arc to the Mean Power (of a radio transmitter). intersection of 45° N., 79°30′ W., thence The average power supplied to the an- by great circle arc through the north- tenna transmission line by a trans- ernmost point of Drummondville, Que- mitter during an interval of time suffi- bec (Lat. 45°52′ N., Long 72°30′ W.), ciently long compared with the lowest thence by great circle arc to 48°30′ N., frequency encountered in the modula- 70° W., thence by great circle arc tion taken under normal operating through the northernmost point of conditions. (RR) Compbellton, N.B., thence by great cir- Meteorological Aids Service. A cle are through the northernmost point radiocommunication service used for of Liverpool, N.S., at which point it meteorological, including hydrological, terminates. (FCC) observation and exploration. (RR) Line C. Begins at the intersection of Meteorological-Satellite Service. An 70° N., 144° W., thence by great circle earth exploration-satellite service for arc to the intersection of 60° N., 143° meteorological purposes. (RR) W., thence by great circle arc so as to Mobile Earth Station. An earth station include all of the Alaskan Panhandle. in the mobile-satellite service intended (FCC) to be used while in motion or during Line D. Begins at the intersection of halts at unspecified points. (RR) 70° N., 138° W., thence by great circle Mobile-Satellite Service. A arc to the intersection of 61°20′ N., 139° radiocommunication service: W. (Burwash Landing), thence by great (1) Between mobile earth stations circle arc to the intersection of 60°45′ and one or more space stations, or be- N., 135° W., thence by great circle arc tween space stations used by this serv- to the intersection of 56° N., 128° W., ice; or thence south along 128° meridian to (2) Between mobile earth stations by Lat. 55° N., thence by great circle arc means of one or more space stations. to the intersection of 54° N., 130° W., thence by great circle arc to Port NOTE: This service may also include feeder Clements, thence to the Pacific Ocean links necessary for its operation. (RR) where it ends. (FCC) Mobile Service. A radiocommunication Maritime Mobile-Satellite Service. A service between mobile and land sta- mobile-satellite service in which mo- tions, or between mobile stations. (CV) bile earth stations are located on board Mobile Station. A station in the mo- ships; survival craft stations and emer- bile service intended to be used while

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in motion or during halts at unspec- handling and mooring instructions. ified points. (RR) (RR) Multi-Satellite Link. A radio link be- Orbit. The path, relative to a speci- tween a transmitting earth station and fied frame of reference, described by a receiving earth station through two the centre of mass of a satellite or or more satellites, without any inter- other object in space subjected pri- mediate earth station. marily to natural forces, mainly the NOTE: A multisatellite link comprises one force of gravity. (RR) up-link, one or more satellite-to-satellite Out-of-band domain (of an emission). links and one down-link. (RR) The frequency range, immediately outside the necessary bandwidth but ex- National Telecommunications and In- formation Administration (NTIA). An cluding the spurious domain, in which agency of the United States Depart- out-of-band emissions generally pre- ment of Commerce that serves as the dominate. Out-of-band emissions, de- President’s principal advisor on tele- fined based on their source, occur in communications and information pol- the out-of-band domain and, to a lesser icy issues. NTIA manages Federal use extent, in the spurious domain. Spu- of the radio spectrum and coordinates rious emissions likewise may occur in Federal use with the FCC. NTIA sets the out-of-band domain as well as in forth regulations for Federal use of the the spurious domain. (RR) radio spectrum within its Manual of Out-of-band Emission. Emission on a Regulations & Procedures for Federal frequency or frequencies immediately Radio Frequency Management (NTIA outside the necessary bandwidth which Manual). (FCC) results from the modulation process, Necessary Bandwidth. For a given but excluding spurious emissions. (RR) class of emission, the width of the fre- Passive Sensor. A measuring instru- quency band which is just sufficient to ment in the earth exploration-satellite ensure the transmission of information service or in the space research service at the rate and with the quality re- by means of which information is ob- quired under specified conditions. (RR) tained by reception of radio waves of Non-Voice, Non-Geostationary Mobile- natural origin. (RR) Satellite Service. A mobile-satellite serv- Peak Envelope Power (of a radio trans- ice reserved for use by non-geo- mitter). The average power supplied to stationary satellites in the provision of the antenna transmission line by a non-voice communications which may transmitter during one radio frequency include satellite links between land cycle at the crest of the modulation en- earth stations at fixed locations. velope taken under normal operating Occupied Bandwidth. The width of a conditions. (RR) frequency band such that, below the Period (of a satellite). The time elaps- lower and above the upper frequency ing between two consecutive passages limits, the mean powers emitted are of a satellite through a characteristic each equal to a specified percentage b/ point on its orbit. (RR) 2 of the total mean power of a given Permissible Interference.3 Observed or emission. predicted interference which complies with quantitative interference and NOTE: Unless otherwise specified in an ITU–R Recommendation for the appropriate sharing criteria contained in these class of emission, the value of b/2 should be [ITU Radio] Regulations or in ITU–R taken as 0.5%. (RR). Recommendations or in special agree- ments as provided for in these Regula- On-Board Communication Station. A tions. (RR) low-powered mobile station in the maritime mobile service intended for use Port Operations Service. A maritime for internal communications on board mobile service in or near a port, be- a ship, or between a ship and its life- tween coast stations and ship stations, boats and life-rafts during lifeboat or between ship stations, in which mes- drills or operations, or for communica- sages are restricted to those relating to tion within a group of vessels being towed or pushed, as well as for line 3 See footnote under Accepted Interference.

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the operational handling, the move- Radar. A radiodetermination system ment and the safty of ships and, in based on the comparison of reference emergency, to the safety of persons. signals with radio signals reflected, or retrainsmitted, from the position to be NOTE: Messages which are of a public correspondence nature shall be excluded from determined. (RR) this service. (RR) Radar Beacon (RACON). A transmitter-receiver associated with a fixed Port Station. A coast station in the navigational mark which, when trig- port operations service. (RR) gered by a radar, automatically re- Power. Whenever the power of a radio turns a distinctive signal which can ap- transmitter, etc. is referred to it shall pear on the display of the triggering be expressed in one of the following radar, providing range, bearing and forms, according to the class of emis- identification information. (RR) sion, using the arbitrary symbols indicated: Radiation. The outward flow of en- (1) Peak envelope power (PX or pX); ergy from any source in the form of (2) Mean power (PY or pY); radio waves. (RR) (3) Carrier power (PZ or pZ). Radio. A general term applied to the use of radio waves. (RR) NOTE 1: For different classes of emission, Radio Altimeter. Radionavigation the relationships between peak envelope equipment, on board an aircraft or power, mean power and carrier power, under the conditions of normal operation and of no spacecraft or the spacecraft above the modulation, are contained in ITU–R Rec- Earth’s surface or another surface. ommendations which may be used as a guide. (RR) NOTE 2: For use in formulae, the symbol p Radio Astronomy. Astronomy based on denotes power expressed in watts and the the reception of radio waves of cosmic symbol P denotes power expressed in deci- origin. (RR) bels relative to a reference level. (RR) Radio Astronomy Service. A service in- Primary Radar. A radiodetermination volving the use of radio astronomy. system based on the comparison of ref- (RR) erence signals with radio signals re- Radio Astronomy Station. A station in flected from the position to be deter- the radio astronomy service. (RR) mined. (RR) Radiobeacon Station. A station in the Protection Ratio. The minimum value radionavigation service the emissions of the wanted-to-unwanted signal of which are intended to enable a mo- ratio, usually expressed in decibels, at bile station to determine its bearing or the receiver input determined under direction in relation to radiobeacon specified conditions such that a speci- station. (RR) fied reception quality of the wanted Radiocommunication. Telecommuni- signal is achieved at the receiver out- cation by means of radio waves. (CS) put. (RR) (CV) Public Correspondence. Any tele- Radiocommunication Service. A service communication which the offices and as defined in this Section involving the stations must, by reason of their being transmission, emission and/or recep- at the disposal of the public, accept for tion of radio waves for specific tele- transmission. (CS) communication purposes. Pulsed FM Systems. A pulsed FM system is a spread spectrum system in NOTE: In these [international] Radio Regu- which a RF carrier is modulated with a lations, unless otherwise stated, any fixed period and fixed duty cycle se- radiocommunication service relates to terrestrial radiocommunication. (RR) quence. At the beginning of each transmitted pulse, the carrier frequency is Radiodetermination. The determina- frequency modulated causing an addi- tion of the position, velocity and/or tional spreading of the carrier. The other characteristics of an object, or pattern of the frequency modulation the obtaining of information relating will depend upon the spreading func- to these parameters, by means of the tion which is chosen. In some systems propagation properties of radio waves. the spreading function is a linear FM (RR) chirp sweep, sweeping either up or Radiodetermination-Satellite Service. A down in frequency. radiocommunication service for the

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purpose of radiodetermination involv- Radiotelegram. A telegram, origi- ing the use or one of more space sta- nating in or intended for a mobile stations. This service may also include tion or a mobile earth station trans- feeder links necessary for its own oper- mitted on all or part of its route over ation. (RR) the radiocommunication channels of Radiodetermination Service. A the mobile service or of the mobile-sat- radiocommunication service for the ellite service. (RR) purpose of radiodetermination. (RR) Radiotelemetry. Telemetry by means Radiodetermination Station. A station of radio waves. (RR) in the radiodetermination serviice. Radiotelephone Call. A telephone call, (RR) originating in or intended for a mobile Radio Direction-Finding. Radio- station or a mobile earth station, determination using the reception of transmitted on all or part of its route radio waves for the purpose of deter- over the radiocommunication channels mining the direction of a station or ob- of the mobile service or of the mobile- ject. (RR) satellite service. (RR) Radio Direction-Finding Station. A Radiotelex Call. A telex call, origi- radiodetermination station using radio nating in or intended for a mobile sta- direction-finding. (RR) tion or a mobile earth station, trans- Radiolocation. Radiodetermination mitted on all or part of its route over used for purposes other than those of the radiocommunication channels of radionavigation. (RR) the mobile service or the mobile-satellite service. (RR) Radiolocation Land Station. A station Radio Waves or Hertzian Waves. Elec- in the radiolocation service not in- tromagnetic waves of frequencies arbi- tended to be used while in motion. (RR) trarily lower than 3,000 GHz, propa- Radiolocation Mobile Station. A sta- gated in space without aritificial tion in the radiolocation service in- guide. (RR) tended to be used while in motion or Reduced Carrier Single-Sideband Emis- during halts at unspecified points. (RR) sion. A single-sideband emission in Radiolocation Service. A radio- which the degree of carrier suppession determination service for the purpose enables the carrier to be reconstrituted of radiolocation. (RR) and to be used for demodulation. (RR) Radionavigation. Radiodetermination Reference Frequency. A frequency hav- used for the purposes of navigation, in- ing a fixed and specified position with cluding obstruction warning. respect to the assigned frequency. The Radionavigation Land Station. A sta- displacement of this frequency with re- tion in the radionavigation service not spect to the assigned frequency has the intended to be used while in motion. same absolute value and sign that the (RR) displacement of the characteristic fre- Radionavigation Mobile Station. A sta- quency has with respect to the centre tion in the radionavigation service in- of the frequency band occupied by the tended to be used while in motion or emission. (RR) during halts at unspecified points. (RR) Reflecting Satellite. A satellite in- Radionavigation-Satellite Service. A tended to reflect radiocommunication radiodetermination-satellite service signals. (RR) used for the purpose of radio- Right-Hand (or Clockwise) Polarized navigation. This service may also in- Wave. An Elliptically or circularly-po- clude feeder links necessary for its op- larized wave, in which the electric field eration. (RR) vector, observed in any fixed plane, Radionavigation Service. A radiod- normal to the direction of propagation, etermination service for the purpose of whilst looking in the direction of prop- radionavigation. (RR) agation, rotates with time in a right- Radiosonde. An automatic radio hand or clockwise direction. (RR) transmitter in the meteorological aids Safety Service. Any service usually carried on an aircraft, radiocommunication service used per- free ballon, kite or parachute, and manently or temporarily for the safe- which transmits meteorological data. guarding of human life and property. (RR) (RR)

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Satellite. A body which revolves alternatively in each direction of a around another body of preponderant telecommunication channel, for exam- mass and which has a motion primarily ple, by means of manual control. 5 (RR) and permanently determined by the Single-Sideband Emission. An ampli- force of attraction of that other body. tude modulated emission with one side- (RR) band only. (RR) Satellite Link. A radio link between a Software defined radio. A radio that transmitting earth station and a re- includes a transmitter in which the op- ceiving earth station through one sat- erating parameters of frequency range, ellite. A satellite link comprises one modulation type or maximum output up-link and one down-link. (RR) power (either radiated or conducted), Satellite Network. A satellite system or the circumstances under which the or a part of a satellite system, con- transmitter operates in accordance sisting of only one satellite and the co- with Commission rules, can be altered operating earth stations. (RR) by making a change in software with- Satellite System. A space system using out making any changes to hardware one or more artificial earth satellites. components that affect the radio fre- (RR) quency emissions. In accordance with Secondary Radar. A radiodetermin- § 2.944 of this part, only radios in which ation system based on the comparison the software is designed or expected to of reference signals with radio signals be modified by a party other than the retransmitted from the position to be manufacturer and would affect the determined. (RR) above-listed operating parameters or Semi-Duplex Operation.4 A method circumstances under which the radio which is simplex operation on one end transmits must be certified as software of the circuit and duplex operation at defined radios. the other. (RR) Spacecraft. A man-made vehicle Simplex Operation.4 Operating method which is intended to go beyond the in which transmission is made possible major portion of the Earth’s atmos- alternatively in each direction of a phere. (RR) telecommunication channel, for exam- Space Operation Service. A ple, by means of manual control. radiocommunication service concerned Ship Earth Station. A mobile earth exclusively with the operation of station in the maritime mobile-sat- spacecraft, in particular space track- ellite service located on board ship. ing, space telemetry, and space tele- (RR) command. Ship Movement Service. A safety serv- NOTE: These functions will normally be ice in the maritime mobile service provided within the service in which the other than a port operations service, space station is operating. (RR) between coast stations and ship sta- Space Radiocommunication. Any tions, or between ship stations, in radiocommunication involving the use which messages are restricted to those of one or more space stations or the relating to the movement of ships. use of one or more reflecting satellites Messages which are of a public cor- or other objects in space. (RR) respondence nature shall be excluded Space Research Service. A from this service. (RR) radiocommunication service in which Ship’s Emergency Transmitter. A ship’s spacecraft or other objects in space are transmitter to be used exclusively on a used for scientific or technological re- distress frequency for distress, urgency search purposes. (RR) or safety purposes. (RR) Space Station. A station located on an Ship Station. A mobile station in the object which is beyond, is intended to maritime mobile service located on go beyond, or has been beyond, the board a vessel which is not perma- major portion of the Earth’s atmos- nently moored, other than a survival phere. (RR) craft station. (RR) Space System. Any group of cooper- Simplex Operation. Operating method ating Earth stations and/or space sta- in which transmission is made possible tions employing space

4 See footnote under Duplex Operation. 5 (See footnote under Duplex Operations.)

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radiocommunication for specific pur- those of the standard frequency and poses. (RR) time signal service. Space Telecommand. The use of NOTE: This service may also include feeder radiocommunication for the trans- links necessary for its operation. (RR) mission of signals to a space station to initiate, modify or terminate functions Standard Frequency and Time Signal of equipment on a space object, Service. A radiocommunication service incuding the space station. (RR) for scientific, technical and other pur- Space Telemetry. The use of telemetry poses, providing the transmission of for transmission for a space station of specified frequencies, time signals, or results of measurements made in a both, of stated high precision, intended spacecraft, including those relating to for general reception. (RR) the functioning of the spacecraft. (RR) Standard Frequency and Time Signal Space Tracking. Determination of the Station. A station in the standard fre- orbit, velocity or instanteneous posi- quency and time signal service. (RR) tion of an object in space by means of Station. One or more transmitters or radiodetermination, excluding primary receivers or a combination of transmit- radar, for the purpose of following the ters and receivers, including the acces- movement of the object. (RR) sory equipment, necessary at one loca- Special Service. A tion for carrying on a radiocommunication service, not oth- radiocommunication service, or the erwise defined in this Section, carried radio astronomy service. on exclusively for specific needs of general utility, and not open to public cor- NOTE: Each station shall be classified by respondence. (RR) the service in which it operates permanently Spread Spectrum Systems. A spread or temporarily. (RR) spectrum system is an information Suppressed Carrier Single-Sideband bearing communications system in Emission. A single-sideband emission in which: (1) Information is conveyed by which the carrier is virtually sup- modulation of a carrier by some con- pressed and not intended to be used for ventional means, (2) the bandwidth is demodulation. (RR) deliberately widened by means of a Survival Craft Station. A mobile sta- spreading function over that which tion in the maritime mobile service or would be needed to transmit the infor- the aeronautical mobile service in- mation alone. (In some spread spec- tended solely for survival purposes and trum systems, a portion of the infor- located on any lifeboat, life-raft or mation being conveyed by the system other survival equipment. (RR) may be contained in the spreading function.) Telecommand. The use of tele- Spurious domain (of an emission): The communication for the transmission of frequency range beyond the out-of- signals to initiate, modify or terminate band domain in which spurious emis- functions of equipment at a distance. sions generally predominate. (RR) (RR) Spurious Emission. Emission on a fre- Telecommunication. Any transmission, quency or frequencies which are out- emission or reception of signs, signals, side the necessary bandwidth and the writings, images and sounds or intel- level of which may be reduced without ligence of any nature by wire, radio, affecting the corresponding trans- optical or other electromagnetic sys- mission of information. Spurious emis- tems. (CS) sions include harmonic emissions, Telegram. Written matter intended to parasitic emissions, intermodulation be transmitted by telegraphy for deliv- products and frequency conversion ery to the addressee. This term also in- products, but exclude out-of-band emis- cludes radiotelegrams unless otherwise sions. (RR) specified. (CS) Standard Frequency and Time Signal- Satellite Service. A radiocommunication NOTE: In this definition the term teleg- service using space stations on earth raphy has the same general meaning as defined in the Convention. satellites for the same purposes as

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Telegraphy.5 A form of telecommuni- Unwanted Emissions. Consist of spu- cation in which the transmitted infor- rious emissions and out-of-band emis- mation is intended to be recorded on sions. (RR) arrival as a graphic document; the [49 FR 2368, Jan. 19, 1984, as amended at 50 transmitted information may some- FR 25239, June 18, 1985; 51 FR 37399, Oct. 22, times be presented in an alternative 1986; 52 FR 7417, Mar. 11, 1987; 54 FR 49980, form or may be stored for subsequent Dec. 4, 1990; 55 FR 28761, July 13, 1990; 56 FR use. (CS) 42703, Aug. 29, 1991; 58 FR 68058, Dec. 23, 1993; 62 FR 26242, May 13, 1997; 65 FR 60109, Oct. 10, Telemetry. The use of telecommuni- 2000; 66 FR 50840, Oct. 5, 2001; 68 FR 74330, cation for automatically indicating or Dec. 23, 2003; 70 FR 23039, May 4, 2005; 70 FR recording measurements at a distance 46583, Aug. 10, 2005; 71 FR 15619, Mar. 29, 2006; from the measuring instrument. (RR) 72 FR 31192, June 6, 2007; 73 FR 25421, May 6, Telephony. A form of telecommuni- 2008; 75 FR 62933, Oct. 13, 2010; 78 FR 25161, cation primarily intended for the ex- Apr. 29, 2013; 80 FR 38823, July 7, 2015] change of information in the form of speech. (CS) Subpart B—Allocation, Assign- Television. A form of telecommuni- ment, and Use of Radio Fre- cation for the transmission of tran- quencies sient images of fixed or moving objects. (RR) SOURCE: 49 FR 2373, Jan. 19, 1984, unless Terrestrial Radiocommunication. Any otherwise noted. radiocommunication other than space § 2.100 International regulations in radiocommunication or radio astron- force. omy. (RR) The ITU Radio Regulations, Edition of Terrestrial Station. A station effecting 2008, have been incorporated to the ex- terrestrial radiocommunication. tent practicable in this part, except NOTE: In these [international Radio] Regu- that the International Table within lations, unless otherwise stated, any station § 2.106 has been updated to reflect the is a terrestrial station. (RR) ITU Radio Regulations, Edition of 2012. Time Hopping Systems. A time hopping [80 FR 38823, July 7, 2015] system is a spread spectrum system in which the period and duty cycle of a § 2.101 Frequency and wavelength bands. pulsed RF carrier are varied in a pseudorandom manner under the con- (a) The radio spectrum shall be sub- trol of a coded sequence. Time hopping divided into nine frequency bands, is often used effectively with frequency which shall be designated by progres- sive whole numbers in accordance with hopping to form a hybrid time-division, the following table. As the unit of fre- multiple-access (TDMA) spread spec- quency is the hertz (Hz), frequencies trum system. shall be expressed: Transponder. A transmitter-receiver (1) In kilohertz (kHz), up to and in- facility the function of which is to cluding 3 000 kHz; transmit signals automatically when (2) In megahertz (MHz), above 3 MHz, the proper interrogation is received. up to and including 3 000 MHz; (FCC) (3) In gigahertz (GHz), above 3 GHz, Tropospheric Scatter. The propagation up to and including 3 000 GHz. of radio waves by scattering as a result (b) However, where adherence to of irregularities or discontinuities in these provisions would introduce seri- the physical properties of the tropo- ous difficulties, for example in connec- sphere. (RR) tion with the notification and registra- tion of frequencies, the lists of frequencies and related matters, reason- 5 A graphic document records information able departures may be made.1 in a permanent form and is capable of being filed and consulted; it may take the form of 1 In the application of the ITU Radio Regu- written or printed matter or of a fixed lations, the Radiocommunication Bureau image. uses the following units:

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