Profile of the United States Army (1990)

Home , Botswana Ground Force, First Army (Romania), Major Command

PROFILE OF THE ARMY

A Reference Handbook

ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY INSTITUTE OF LAND WARFARE June 1990

This PROFILE OF THE ARMY is published by the Association of the United States Army to provide information about the U.S. Army and its role in national security.

It is intended for briefing purposes and will also serve as a quick and ready reference on Army missions, how the Army is organized, where it is posted, who are its soldiers, and how it uses its resources.

The Army status is shown as of the start of FY 1990, unless otherwise indicated. In view of current trends, however, appropriate editorial comments and projections are included to alert the reader to changes that are in process or projected in the near term.

JACK N. MERRITT General, USA Ret Executive Vice President

ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY, INSTITUTE OF LAND WARFARE 2425 WILSON BOULEVARD, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 22201 (703) 841·4300

Reproduction of this publication, in whole or in part, is authorized with appropriate acknowledgement of the source. PROFILE OF THE ARMY

Table of Contents

Foreword ...... SECTION Ill - BUDGET AND FUNCTIONS Table of Contents...... ii The Army Budget ...... 24 How the Army Budget is Allocated ...... 25 What the Army Buys ...... 26 Historical Funding Trends ...... 27 SECTION I- U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY STRUCTURE Manning the Army ...... 28 Constitutional Basis for the Armed Forces ...... 1 Active Military End Strength Since 1950 ...... 29 The Department of Defense ...... 2 Today's Army is A Quality Force ...... 30 The Secretary of Defense ...... 3 Training the Army ...... 31 The Office of the Secretary of Defense ...... 3 Equipping and Modernizing the Army ...... 33 The Joint Chiefs of Staff ...... 4 Modernization Priorities ...... 34 Unified and Specified Commands ...... 4 Army Technology Base Master Plan ...... 34 The Military Departments ...... 6 Deploying and Sustaining the Army ...... 36 The Secretary of the Army ...... 6 Logistical Base ...... 37 Summary...... 7

SECTION IV- THE ARMY IN SPACE AND STRATEGIC DEFENSE SECTION II - THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY The Army Space Program ...... 38 Army Missions ...... 8 Strategic Defense Command Unique Missions ...... 39 Chief of Staff, Army ...... 9 Army Space Milestones ...... 40 Headquarters, Department of the Army ...... 10 Components of the Army...... 11 SECTION V- THE ARMY OF THE 1990's Branches of the Army ...... 12 The Army- A Strategic Force ...... 41 General Structure of the Army ...... 13 Army Strategic Roles ...... 41 The Continental United States ...... 13 The Army of the Future ...... 41 Army Major Commands ...... 14 The Army Transition Plan ...... 43 Army Forces Overseas...... 15 Army Combat Organizations ...... 16 SECTION VI - APPENDICES Army Divisions ...... 17 Appendix A: Officer & Enlisted Rank Insignia ...... 44 Active Army Combat Units ...... 18 Appendix B: Major U.S. Army Installations Major Reserve Component Combat Units ...... 19 By Congressional District ...... 46 Partners in the Total Force ...... 21 Appendix C: Base Closures/Realignments ...... 48 Special Operations Forces ...... 22 Appendix D: Army Demographics ...... 50

ii SECTION I

U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY STRUCTURE CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS FOR THE ARMED FORCES

From the Preamble to the Constitution: "We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense ..."

NOTE: "WE THE PEOPLE ... PROVIDE FOR THE COMMON DEFENSE"

Historically, our Army is even older than our nation, having been created on June 14, 1775 by the Second Continental Congress. Th us, the Army pre-dates the Declaration of Indepen dence by more than a year and was in existence nearly 14 years wh en our government declared the United States Constitution in effect.

The Constitution is very specific as to who raises and commands the Army.

THE CONSTITUTION

THE CONGRESS THE PRESIDENT

Article I, Section 8: Article II, Section 2: "The Congress shall have power to . "The President sh all be the Command provide for the common defense; to declare er-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the war ... to raise and support armies ... to United States; and of the militia of the make rules for the government and regula several states, when cal led into the act ual tion of the land and naval forces ..." service of the United States."

1 THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

advice NATIONAL CONGRESS THE EXECUTIVE SECURITY COUNCIL

Exercises control by the The President, as Commander enactment of legislation, in-Chief, exercises final civilian including the appropriation authority over the military. of resources.

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE

Title II of the National Security Act of 1947, as amended, provided for the establishment of a Department of Defense to be headed by a Secretary. In the words of the statute:

" ... there shall be within the Department of Defense the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force, and each department shall on and after August 10, 1949, be military departments in lieu of their prior status as Executive Departments." (5 U.S.C. 171 (b).)

The major subdivisions within the Department of Defense are: the Office of the Secretary of Defense; the Joint Chiefs of Staff; the three military departments and the military services within each department; the unified and specified commands, and such other agencies as the Secretary establishes to meet specific requirements.

2 THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE

As the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to the Department of Defense, the Secretary, subject to the direction of the President and the provisions of the statute, "has ... direction, authority, and control" over the Department of Defense.

SECRETARY OF DEFENSE

DEPUTY SECRETARY OF DEFENSE

OFFICE OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE MILITARY SECRETARY OF DEFENSE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF DEPARTMENTS

DEPUTY AND CHAIRMAN, JOINT CHIEFS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE UNDER OF STAFF SECRETARY OF THE AIR SECRETARIES SECRETARY OF THE ARMY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY FORCE I VICE CHAIRMAN CHIEF OF STAFF, ARMY UNDER UNDER UNDER ASSISTANT CHIEF CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS SECRETARY CHIEF SECRETARY CHIEF COMMANDANT SECRETARY SECRETARIES OF CHIEF OF STAFF, AIR FORCE AND OF AND OF OF AND STAFF CORPS ASSISTANT STAFF ASSISTANT NAVAL MARINE ASSISTANT COMMANDANT, MARINE AIR l SECRETARIES ARMY SECRETARIES OPERATIONS CORPS SECRETARIES FORCE DEFENSE OF THE OF THE OF THE AGENCIES ARMY NAVY AIR FORCE

THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE

The Office of the Secretary of Defense consists of a civilian and military staff that is designed to advise and assist the Secretary in the overall operation of the Department. The Secretary is assisted by a Deputy Secretary and an Under Secretary of Defense for Policy and one for Acquisition. In addition there are 12 Assistant Secretaries of Defense and 13 Defense Agency Directors.

3 THE JOINT CHIE FS OF STAFF

The Joint Chiefs of Staff consists of the Chairman-who outranks all other officers of the Armed Forces while holding office-the Chief of Staff of the Army; the Chief of Naval Opera tions; the Chief of Staff of the Air Force; and the Commandant of the Marine Corps. By statute the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the principal military advisor to the President, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense. The Vice Chairman acts for the Chair man in his absence. The Joint Chiefs of Staff, subject to the authority and direction of the President and the Secretary of Defense, are assigned (among others) the functions of: (1) preparing strategic plans and providing for the strategic direction of the Armed forces; (2) establishing unified commands in strategic areas.

UNIFIED AND SPECIFIED COMMANDS

The Armed Forces of the United States are organized for the performance of military mis sions into combatant commands made up of forces from the various military departments under the operational command of unified or specified commanders. A unified command is composed of significant assigned components of two or more Services. A specified command is usually composed of forces from one Service, but may include units and have representa tion from other Services.

ORGANIZATION AND MISSIONS Unified and specified commands are assigned broad continuing missions. These com mands are established, designated, and the force structure determined by the President, through the Secretary of Defense, with the advice and assistance of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

4 SECRETARY OF DEFENSE

r------l------, I CHAIRMAN, JCS I : (WHEN DIRECTED) : L ------..J SPECIFIED COMMANDS I I STRATEGIC FORCES AIR COMMAND COMMAND

UNIFIED COMMANDS I I I I I I I I SPECIAL EUROPEAN PACIFIC ATLANTIC SOUTHERN CENTRAL TRANSPORTATION SPACE OPERATIONS COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND

CHAIN OF COMMAND The commanders of unified and specified commands are responsible to the President and the Secretary of Defense. Hence, the chain of command runs from the President to the Secretary of Defense, to these commanders. The Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff may issue orders to these commanders by authority and direction of the Secretary of Defense.

SUPPORT BY MILITARY DEPARTMENTS Once the force structure of the various unified and specified commands has been deter mined, each military department is responsible for furnishing its allotted portion, and remains responsible for the administration of these forces. The responsibility for support of forces assigned to combatant commands is vested in one or more of the military departments, as directed by the Secretary of Defense. No change will be made in the combat units assigned to unified and specified commands, except with the approval of the Secretary of Defense.

5 THE MILITARY DEPARTMENTS

The military departments (Army, Navy, and Air Force) were retained by law after the establishment of the Department of Defense. Each military department operates under its civilian Secretary who, in turn, is responsible to the Secretary of Defense. Each of the military departments is assigned specific functions in support of the overall responsibility of the Department of Defense. These functions include organizing, training, and equipping forces (to include Reserve Component forces) for the conduct of prompt and sus tained operations, providing the required forces for assignment to the established combatant commands, providing necessary ad ministrative and logistical support, conducting research and development, procuring needed weapons and equipment, and developing tactics and techniques - all related to their respective primary environment. In addition, certain depart ments are assigned responsibilities for special activities. For example, the Department of the Army is responsible for civil works programs.

THE SECRETARY OF THE ARMY

Congress has provided for a Secretary of the Army, under Title 10 USC, Sections 3010 and 301 2, which state: Section 3010: "The Department of the Army is separately organized under the Secretary of the Army. It operates under the authority and direction of the Secretary of Defense." Section 3012: "The Secretary is responsible and has the necessary author ity to conduct all affairs of the Department of the Army, including ... (1) Functions necessary or appropriate for the training, operations, administration, logistical support and maintenance, welfare, preparedness and effectiveness of

the Army, including research and development. ..."

6 SUMMARY IN OTHER WORDS ... CONGRESS RAISES AND SUSTAINS THE ARMED FORCES. •

THE PRESIDENT IS THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. • THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE COMMANDS THE DEPARTMENT OF • DEFENSE.

THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE COMMANDS THE UNIFIED AND SPECIFIED • COMMANDERS OF THE OPERATIONAL FORCES.

THE SECRETARY OF THE ARMY COMMANDS THE DEPARTMENT OF THE • ARMY.

THE ARMY EXECUTES THE WILL OF THE CONGRESS OR THE STATUTORY • MISSIONS BY RAISING, PROVISIONING, SUSTAINING, MAINTAINING AND TRAINING THE ARMY.

ARMY FORCES ARE PROVIDED TO THE COM MANDERS OF UNIFIED • COMMANDS FOR OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES.

7 J SECTION II

THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY ARMY MISSIONS

Congress has provided the Army with organizational missions in Title 10 USC, Sec. 3062. That section states, in part:

(The Army) "S hall be organized, trained and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained combat incident to operations on land ... (and) ... is responsible for the preparation of land forces necessary for the effective prosecution of war, except as assigned and in accordance with integrated mobilization plans, for the expansion of the peace-time components of the Army to meet the needs of war."

The missions of the Army are depicted below.

• Forward deployment, forward defense

• Projection of land forces/contingency operations

• Peacetime & wartime reinforcement

• Evacuation/protection of U.S. citizens

• Assistance to friendly nations

• Support nation building and civil actions

• Support counter-narcotics

8 ,

CHIEF OF STAFF, ARMY

Congress has also provided, in USC Title 10, Sec. 3034, for a Chief of Staff of the Army. Sec. 3034 States " ... the Chief of Staff shall-

(1) Preside over the Army staff.

(2) Send plans and recommendations of the Army staff to the Secretary and advise with regard thereto.

(3) After approval of the plans or recommendations of the Army staff by the Secretary, act as the Agent of the Secretary in carrying them into effect.

(4) Exercise supervision over such of the members and organizations of the Army as the Secretary of the Army determines. Such supervision shal l be exercised in a manner consistent with the full operational command vested in unified or specified com

manders under Section 124 of this title.... "

9 HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

THE ARMY SECRETARIAT ORGANIZATION

SECRETARY I Of ARMY RESERVE THE ADMIN GENERAL FORCES RM COUNSEL A Y ASSISTANT POLICY OMMI T E C T E

DEPUTY UNDER UNOER SECRETARY r-- SECRETARY Of THE ARMY Of THE ARMY OPERATIONS RESEARCH

-L- I I THE ARMY STAFF ASST ASST ASST ASST ASST SECRETARY SECRElARY SECRElARY SECRETARY DIRECTOR SI :RETARY OF THE ARMY OF THE ARMY OF THE ARMY CHIEF OF THE ARMY INFO SYSTEMS HE ARMY INSTALLATIONS MANPOWER RESEARCH FINANCIAL & OF L WORKS RESERVE DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT & STAFF LO ST C AffAIRS ACQUISITION [- GI I S : -

I VICE CHIEF DIRECTOR TH CHIEF SMALL & OF E AUDITOR CHIEF

DEPUTY CHIEF OF DEPUTY CHIEF OF DEPUTY OF DEPUTY CHIEF OF CHIEF STAFF OPERATIONS STAFF PERSONNEL STAFF INTELLIGENCE STAFF LOGISTICS AND PLANS

THE JUDGE DEPUTY CHIEF OF ND THE SURGEON CHIEF, NATIONAL U ER ARMY T ADVOCATE SECRE ARY CHIEF, CHAPLAINS Of THE ARMY GENERAL GUARD BUREAU RESERVE GENERAL OPERATIONS RESEARCH

10 J COMPONENTS OF THE ARMY

YOUR ARMY is a composite of commands, components, branches, and individual members, organized, trained and equipped for combat incident to operations on land. Today's Army is organized as a TOTAL FORCE-an integrated, cohesive melding of the Active Component (Regular Army) and Reserve Components (Army National Guard and Army Reserve) and civilian employees.

• The Army is organized to reflect a balanced effort to meet the entire range of our defense needs and to be capable of sustained operations.

• This process has resulted in an organization in which Active and Reserve Component divisions are the key elements.

•• The Active Component provides the forces to support forward deployments and provides forces for rapid deployments worldwide.

•• Reserve Components provide forces to "round out " active divisions and provide reinforcement units to sustain combat until total mobilization can provide additional forces.

•• The Reserve Components provide 52 percent of the Army's combat forces and 65 percent of support forces.

• AS ADDITIONAL MISSIONS HAVE BEEN TRANSFERRED FROM THE ACTIVE ARMY TO THE ARMY NATIONAL GUARD AND ARMY RESERVE, ACTIVE AND RESERVE COMPONENTS HAVE BECOME INEXTRICABLY LINKED. THIS INCREASING RELIANCE ON THE ARMY NATIONAL GUARD AND ARMY RESERVE FOR EARLY DEPLOYING COMBAT AND SUPPORT FORCES MEANS. THAT A PRESIDENTIAL DECISION TO FEDERALIZE SELECTED ARMY NATIONAL GUARD AND ARMY RESERVE UNITS MUST BE MADE MUCH EARLIER IN THE CRISIS DEVELOPMENT STAGE THAN EVER BEFORE.

11 BRANCHES OF THE ARMY

During the American Revolution when the Army was small and warfare simple, there were only a few branches: Infantry Medical Artillery Engineer Quartermaster Inspector General As warfare became more complicated, more branches were added, until today a total of 25 basic and detail branches exist. These are outlined below:

Combat and Combat Support Combat Service Support

Infantry Chemical * Adjutant General Armor Military Intelligence Medical Department* (Includes six Field Artillery Military Police* separate branches: Medical, Medical Air Defense Signal * Service, Army Medical Specialist Special Forces Aviation* Corps, Army Nurse Corps, Dental Engineer* and Veterinary) Chaplain *Some branches serve more than one Finance functional group. Judge Advocate General Ordnance Quartermaster Transportation Inspector General

All the people in the Army are assigned to-and trained or schooled in-one of the branches according to the functions they would perform in combat or in support of the combat units. The branches of the Army are grouped as to whether their primary mission is (1) to engage in combat, (2) directly support the combat elements, or (3) provide combat service support or administration to the Army as a whole.

12 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE ARMY

According to Title 10, USC: The Department of the Army and its Major Commands are "responsible for the training, operations, administrat ion, logistical support and maintenance, welfare, preparedness and effectiveness of the Army, including research and development ..." These responsibilities are to be "exercised in a manner consistent with the full opera tional command vested in Unified or Specified Commanders ..."

THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES

The Army establishment in the continental United States comprises the units, facilities and activities of the Department of the Army which provide support to sustain Army forces deployed overseas as well as providing forces for separate contingency requirements. The Active Army in the United States constitutes the base from which this support is derived supplies and services, trained manpower and units, and modern equipment. The forces in this base, in addition to being the source of support for Army forces deployed worldwide, participate with the other military services in ground, sea, air, and civil defense of the continental United States. Under mobilization, the base is increased as the Army National Guard and Army Reserve are brought into active Federal service.

(NOTE: A detailed description of where Army personnel are stationed in the continental U.S. can be found at Appendix D.)

13 ARMY MAJOR COMMANDS

Command of the continental United States Army elements is exercised by the Secretary of the Army through the Army Chief of Staff, through the commanders of 12 major Army commands. There are also a variety of specialized organizations that are managed by the Army Staff principals.

SECRETARY OF THE ARMY I CHIEF OF STAFF, ARMY

I l 1

TRAINING & ARMY INFORMATION MILITARY (2) FORCES (1) CORPS OF DOCTRINE MATERIEL SYSTEMS TRAFFIC MGT COMMAND ENGINEERS COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND

FORT McPHERSON, GA FORT MONROE, VA ALEXANDRIA, VA FORT HUACHUCA, AZ WASHINGTON, DC WASHINGTON, DC

I I I I I I I I r-----1.-----1 US ARMY (3) US ARMY CRIMINAL HEALTH INTELLIGENCE MILITARY I OVER SEAS I SPECIAL STRATEGIC I I INVESTIGATION SERVICES & SECURITY DISTRICT OF I COMM ANDS I OPERATIONS DEFENSE I I COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND WASHINGTON : (see page 15) : f:OMMANn COMMANn L------1 FORT BRAGG, NC FALLS CHURCH, VA FORT SAM HOUSTON, TX ARLINGTON, VA FORT McNAIR, DC ARLINGTON, VA

(1) Also a specified command for land defense of continental U.S. and Army component command (for planning) of Atlantic Command. (2) Army component command of Transportation Command. (3) Army component command of Special Operations Command. 14 ARMY FORCES OVERSEAS

Army overseas commands consist primarily of major forces assigned as the ground force component of United States unified commands. As such, the Army component comes under the operational control of the commander-in-chief of five unified commands which, in turn report to the Secretary of Defense-usually through the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The five major Army overseas commands and the unified command to which assigned are:

ARMY MAJOR COMMAND UNIFIED COMMAND ... PROVIDES ARMY COMPONENT OF ... United States Army, Europe United States European Command United States Army, Western Command United States Pacific Command Eighth United States Army *United States Forces Korea United States Army Japan *United States Forces Japan United States Army South United States Southern Command

*Subordinate unified commands of U.S. Pacific Command

Additionally, Army personnel are presently serving in the following overseas commands: United Nations Command, 18 NATO Commands, Security Assistance Organizations in 57 foreign nations, 86 Defense attache offices, and various other offices stemming from treaties and executive agreements with individual nations or blocs.

15 ARMY COMBAT ORGANIZATIONS

Army organizations are inherently built around people and the tasks they must perform. Major combat organizations are composed of smaller groups of forces as shown here.

SQUAD PLATOON COMPANY BATTALION

• Leader is usually a staff • Leader is usually a • Commander is a captain • Commanded by a

sergeant lieutenant • Usually 150-220 men lieutenant colonel

• Smallest unit in Army • Size varies - • Artillery unit of this size is • Tactically and adminis organization Infantry: 40 men called a battery tratively self sufficient

• Size varies depending on Armor: 4 tanks, 16 men • Armored Cavalry or Air • Armored Cavalry and Air 3 type: • or 4 platoons make a Cavalry is called a troop Cavalry equivalents called

Infantry (9 men) company • Basic tactical element of squadrons

Armor (4 men) the maneuver battalion or • 2 or more combat Engineer (10 men) Cavalry Squadron battalions make up a

• 3 or 4 squads make a • Normally 5 companies brigade platoon make a battalion

BRIGADE DIVISION

• Commanded by a colonel • Commanded by a major general

• May be employed on independent or semi-independent • Fully structured division has own brigade-size artillery, operations aviation, combat support and service elements

• Combat, combat support or combat service support elements • 2 or more divisions make up a corps commanded by a may be attached to perform specific missions lieutenant general

• Normally 3 combat brigades make up a division

16 ARMY DIVISIONS

The Army's principal maneuver unit is the division. A division is backed up by non divisional combat and combat support elements bringing the strength of a division "slice" to approximately 48,000 soldiers.

The Total Army consists of 28 divisions. In the active Army there are 18 divisions, four forward deployed in Europe, one in Korea, one in Hawaii, and 12 in the Continental United States. The remaining ten divisions in the Total Army are Army National Guard divisions. The 28 division force-1 8 active Army and 10 Army National Guard (indicated by italics)-is composed of the following types and numbers:

8 Infantry Divisions (Mechanized) (1st, 3d, 4th, 5th, 8th, 24th, 35th, 40th) 6 Armored Divisions (1st, 2d, 3d, 49th, 50th, 1st Cavalry) 5 Infantry Divisions (Light) (6th, 7th, 10th Mountain, 25th, 29th) 5 Infantry Divisions (26th, 28th, 38th, 42d, 47th) 1 Prototype Infantry Division (2d) 1 Infantry Division (Motorized) (9th) 1 Airborne Division (82d) 1 Air Assault Division (101st Airborne)

Force Structure Changes in the FY 1991 Budget - The proposed FY 1991 Army budget would reduce both force structure and strength. It calls for the inactivation of two active combat divisions: The 2nd Armored Division at Fort Hood, Texas; and the 9th Infantry Division at Fort Lewis, Washington. A motorized brigade will be retained at Fort Lewis.

Future force structure changes are being planned. These will be reflected in the forthcoming Six Year Defense Program for Fiscal Year 1992-1997.

17 FEDERAL REPUBLIC ACTIVE ARMY COMBAT UNITS OF GERMANY (As of FY 1990)

FORT LEWIS FORT RILEY 9TH INF DIV (MTZ)* 1ST INF DIV (MECH) 1ST SP FORCES GP REPUBLIC FORT RICHARDSON FORT CARSON FORT CAMPBELL OF KOREA 101ST ABN DIV (AASLT) f) 6TH INF DIV (LT) 4TH INF DIV (MECH) . /. ( 5TH SP FORCES GP FORT DRUM 10TH INF DIV (LT)

FORT DEVENS 10TH SP FORCES GP

FORT KNOX FORT ORO 194TH ARMD BDE*** HAWAII 7TH INF DIV (LT)** INF 4-- 425th� FORT BRAGG DIV(LT) p FORT IRWIN 820 ABN DIV 177TH ARM D BDE 7TH SP FORCES GP

FORT STEWART 24TH INF DIV (MECH) FORT BLISS � I 30 ARMD CAV REGT INF 80 t9Jd ·. '· , FORT BENNING . " rtJ""-. I .) 75TH RANGER REGT 1ST CAV DIV 197TH INF BDE 20 ARMD DIV* 6TH AIR CAV BDE

*See previous page on division reductions proposed in the FY 91 Army Budget. ** Scheduled to move to Fort Lewis, Washington. ** * FY 91 Army Budget proposes to reduce to a task force.

18 MAJOR RESERVE COMPONENTS COMBAT UNITS

HEAD- HEAD- ARMY NATIONAL GUARD QUARTERS ARMY RESERVE QUARTERS

26th Infantry Division MA 11th Special Forces Group MD 28th Infantry Division PA 12th Special Forces Group IL 29th Infantry Division (Light) VA 157th Infantry Brigade PA 35th Infantry Division (Mech) KS 187th Infantry Brigade MA 38th Infantry Division IN 428th Field Artillery Brigade IN 40th Infantry Division (Mech) CA 434th Field Artillery Brigade IL 42d Infantry Division NY 479th Field Artillery Brigade PA 47th Infantry Division MN 49th Armored Division TX 50th Armored Division NJ

In addition, there are six Army National Guard Brigades and one Army Reserve Brigade which are assigned to active Arniy divisions as "ROUNDOUT" brigades. Upon mobilization, these Reserve Component units would comprise the third maneuver brigade of their respec tive active Army divisions. They are:

NATIONAL GUARD UNIT STATE ACTIVE DIVISION 27th Infantry Brigade NY 10th Mountain Div. 48th Infantry Brigade GA 24th Infantry Div. 81 st Infantry Brigade WA 9th Infantry Div. 155th Armored Brigade MS 1st Cavalry Div. 256th Infantry Brigade LA 5th Infantry Div. 116th Cavalry Brigade ID 4th Infantry Div.

U.S. ARMY RESERVE UNIT 205th Infantry Brigade MN 6th Infantry Div.

19 MAJOR RESERVE COMPONENTS COMBAT UNITS cont.

Additionally, there are 18 Army National Guard Field Artillery Brigades, 11 separate Infantry Brigades, 2 Armored Cavalry Regiments, 3 separate Armored Bri gades, 2 Special Forces Groups, 2 Air Defense Artillery Brigades, 1 Aviation Brigade, 1 Signal Brigade and 1 separate Infantry Group (Alaskan Scouts). These com bat units are located throughout the United States, in cluding Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico.

Other major Army Reserve units assigned an early deployment role in the Total Army include 5 Civil Affairs Brigades, 3 Medical Brigades, 3 Military Police Brigades, 2 Engineer Brigades, 2 Transportation Brigades and 1 Signal Command which is comparable to a brigade.

20 PARTNERS IN THE TOTAL FORCE ACTIVE COMPONENT (AC) AND RESERVE COMPONENTS (RC) CONTRIBUTION TO THE TOTAL ARMY.

47°/o 53°/o

TOTAL PEACETIME STRUCTURE

35°/o COMBAT CMB SPT/CBT FORCES SERVICE SPT FORCES

KEY = RESERVE COMPONENTS

= ACTIVE COMPONENT

21 SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES

U.S. Army special operations forces are an integral part of the total defense capability of our nation. They provide versatile military capabilities that are essential not only in the un conventional or terrorist arenas, but are effective in performing special missions across a wide range of conflict situations.

Special operations functions are diverse, to include:

• Unconventional Warfare

• Foreign Internal Defense

• Direct Action

• Special Reconnnaissance

• Counterterrorism

• Psychological Operations

• Civil Affairs

The U.S. Army Special Operations Command was established at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, on 1 December 1989, thus bringing active and reserve units under one major command. It provides Army special operations forces to the U.S. Special Operations Command. The Army provides about three-quarters of all U.S. special operations forces. Of approximately 25,000 Army special operations forces personnel, about 14,500 are in the Reserve Components.

22 SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES cont.

Army Special Operations Forces include Special Forces, Rangers, Civil Affairs, Psychological Operations, and other special mission and special operations support units. The Army's lead headquarters for active special operations units is the 1st Special Operations Command at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

The Army's active* and reserve special operations units are:

SPECIAL * * * * 1ST SF GRP 5TH SF GRP 7TH SF GRP 11TH SF GRP 12TH SF GRP 19TH SF GRP OPERATIONS 10TH SF GRP LEWIS, WA MEADE, MD ARLINGTON, IL SALT LAKE CITY, FT CAMPBELL, KY BRAGG, NC DEVENS, MA FT UT FORCES FT FT FT

* * 20TH SF GRP 75TH RGR RGT 16DTH SO AVN GRP BIRMINGHAM, AL BENNING, GA CAMPBELL, KY FT FT

CIVIl AFFAIRS 351ST CA CMD 352D CA CMD 353D CA CMD 354TH CA BDE 358TH CA BDE 360TH CA BDE 361ST CA BDE CA MD NY MD PA FL CMOS/BOES sc

* 364TH CA BDE 96TH CAIN OR BRAGG, NC FT

PSYCHOlOGICAL * OPERATIONS 2D GRP 4TH GRP 5TH GRP 7TH GRP OH BRAGG, NC DC CA GROUPS FT

23 SECTION Ill

ARMY BUDGET AND FUNCTIONS

• Budget

• Manning

• Training

• Equipping and Modernizing

• Deploying and Sustaining ....

THE ARMY BUDGET

The size of the Army, what the Army does and what the Army buys depends on authori zation and funding. Funding comes from Congress. A schematic of the Executive and Congressional budget process follows:

--Start Here

Army Budget formulation � Office�e��e;a��go�1 of the Budget Concurrent D efense t e Resolution ) -t:�:: :: � Authorization ices D Of�f i c�e �of�M�an�ag�em�e�nt OMB ---� OS __,� � � Committees Bills / Apportionment and Budget ___ Congress Execution President's Budget (New Fiscal incorporating Defense Appropriations Appropriation Treasury Committees Bills Warrants Year 1 Oct) To understand budget numbers you need to know some essential terms:

BUDGET AUTHORITY (BA) BA is the normal language of the Federal Budget and refers to funds which may be obligated to let contracts and purchase goods and services. It represents the total of the funds provided by law, offset by any expected income (such as offsetting receipts).

TOTAL OBLIGATION AUTHORITY (TOA) TOA is almost the same as BA except that it includes the total val ue of the direct program regardless of the method of financing. The levels of BA and TOA will normal ly differ very I ittle in the aggregate, but they are not precisely the same. The service budgets are normally expressed in TOA.

OUTLAYS Outlays represent expenditures or payments actually made for goods and services received during a particular fiscal year. Outlays for any part icular year derive part ially from current year obligations and partially from prior year obligations.

24 HOW THE FY 1990 ARMY BUDGET IS ALLOCATED

Total Obligation Authority - $77.7 Billion

FUNDING PROFILE LISTING OF ARMY APPROPRIATION titles (as contained in the President's Budget and as listed in Congressional authorization and appropriation $27.0 $29.8 OPERATION documents) & MILITARY MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL 35% 38%

Military Personnel, Army (MPA) Reserve Personnel, Army (RPA) ACTIVE COMPONENT National Guard Personnel, Army (NGPA) $24.4 Operation and Maintenance, Army (OMA) Operation and Maintenance, Army Reserve (OMAR) Operation and Maintenance, Army National Guard (OMARNG)

National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice (NBRP) RESERVE COMPONENTS $2.8 Aircraft Procurement, Army (ACFT) RESERVE COMPONENTS Missile Procurement, Army (MSL) FAMILY HOUSING $5.4 Procurement of Weapons and Tracked Combat Vehicles, $1.4 Army (WTCV) Procurement of Ammunition, Army (AMMO) $1.1 FAMILY $20.9 RESEARCH, Other Procurement, Army (OPA) DEVELOPMENT, HOUSING $0.1 INVESTMENT TEST AND EVALUATION Research, Development Test and Evaluation (ROTE) 27% $5.4 Military Construction, Army (MCA) Military Construction, Army National Guard (MCARNG) Military Construction, Army Reserve (MCAR) Army Family Housing, Construction (AFHC) NOTE: The FY 1991 Army Budget submitted to Congress Army Family Housing, Operations (AFHO) requests total obligation authority of $76.1 billion. This Army Stock Fund (ASF) is 5.6 percent below the FY 1990 budget when adjusted for inflation.

25 WHAT THE ARMY BUYS

(Estimate for FY 1990) PERCENT OF THE TOTAL AMOUNT ($Billion) FUNDING

PEOPLE $42.7 billion 55% (Total pay and benefits for military and civilian personnel, including retired pay accrual; also subsistence and permanent change of station travel) OPERATIONS 14.1 18.1% (Less civilian pay but including family housing) WEAPONS PROCUREMENT 14.3 18.4% RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 5.4 7.0% CONSTRUCTION 1.2 1.5% (Military construction and family housing construction) $77.7 100%

26 HISTORICAL FUNDING TRENDS

DOD/ARMY FUNDING AS A PERCENT OF FEDERAL FUNDING ARMY REAL GROWTH TRENDS (TOA) Percent Percent 90 15

12.4 80 11.7" r- 11.2 r- 10 f- r- 70

60 5.2 4.3 5 - r- 3.4 3.0 r- 50 0 05 1· 05 0 n ��� n Projected 40

30 -��Y,�'U -5 - -4.2 '- 20 -5.6

.._.__- - 7.4 7.2 - 10 -10 -9.0 - '-- -10.6 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 -15

FISCAL YEAR 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 91

FUNDING -TOTAL OBLIGATIONAL AUTHORITY. FISCAL YEAR MILITARY RETIRED PAY ACCRUAL TRANSFERRED FROM DOD THE MILITARY TO DEPARTMENTS IN BUT IS CARRIED IN DOD FUNDING FOR ALL YEARS SHOWN. 'Initial Pay Accural Program A FY 1985, year of Retired transfer from DoD to rmy

• If the DoD trend line continues based on a negative budget • The Army's overall budget parallels the DoD budget in terms slope of two percent in real terms, it will reach about 21 of growth cycles, as reflected in the above chart. FY 1990 is percent of federal funding by FY 1995. This would be the the fifth consecutive year in the negative column. FY 1991 lowest share in over 50 years. will be the sixth.

27 MANNING THE ARMY

THE TOTAL ARMY FORCE: Active, Reserves (Army National Guard and Army Reserve) and Civilians

PROJECTED END STRENGTHS AND MIX FOR FY 1990

_...-- 464,000

744,200 ACTIVE ARMY

SELECTED RESERVES

CIVILIANS*

756,000 (309,200 USAR and 447,300 ARNG)

*Includes civil functions of the Corps of Engineers and employees of non-appropriated fund organizations total of about 72,000 personnel.

.....,1 ACTIVE MILITARY END STRENGTH

FY 1951-1990 1.6

1.5

1.4 1.3

CJ) 1.2 z 0 1.1 :J _j .1 � 0.9 z 0.8 I I 0.7 C) z w 0.6 a: 1- 0.5 C/) 0 0.4 z w 0.3

0.2

0.1

0 1950 1.955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

FISCAL YEAR

Navy includes Marine Corps.

• Present army active end strength at 744,000 is the lowest since pre-Korea_

• Projections for FY 1991 further reduce Army active end strength to 727,500.

29 TODAY'S ARMY IS A QUALITY FORCE

AN ALL-VOLUNTEER FORCE •

OVER 90 PERCENT OF NEW ACCESSIONS ARE HIGH SCHOOL • GRADUATES

REENLISTMENTS EXCEEDED GOALS FOR FY 1989 •

OVER 90 PERCENT OF ELIGIBLE SOLDIERS WERE ENROLLED IN THE • MONTGOMERY Gl BILL PROGRAM FOR FY 1989

30 TRAINING THE ARMY

"In no other profession are the penalties for employing untrained personnel so appalling or so irrevocable as in the military. " Annual Report (1 933) of the Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, Gen. Douglas MacArthur.

The first priority of every commander at every level in the U.S. Army is training. Training is the cornerstone of readiness and prepares soldiers, leaders, and units to fight and win in combat. Army training programs are designed to produce the tactical and technical profi ciency needed on the battlefield and in support of combat. Some basic tenets include:

• All training- individual, unit, combined arms, joint-must be demanding. Units must train as they will fight.

• Individual training must develop technical and tactical competence and confidence.

• Collective training must develop teamwork, technical and tactical competence in crews, teams and other small elements.

• Unit training must develop unit tactical and operational proficiency through challeng ing training as a team.

• Combined arms training must develop mutual confidence and proficiency in effective use of supporting arms and services through live fire and realistic field exercises.

• Joint and combined training must develop ability to fight cohesively as a team with other services and our allies through large scale command post and field exercises.

• Support requirements (ammunition, repair parts, fuel, etc.) must be identified and effec tively integrated into meaningful training concepts.

31 Army training can be described as institutional (training centers and the school house) and unit training. These are further identified as follows:

• Institutional Training. - Initial Entry Training (Basic Combat Trai ning (BCT) and Advanced Individual Train- ing (All)) - Noncommissioned Officer Education System (NCOES) - Warrant Officer Training System - Officer Training

• Unit Training Trai ning at home station Trai ning at one of the combat training centers-combat training under realistic battle conditions. Both active and reserve component combat units are trained at the centers. Participation in JCS exercises. Army units are involved in more than 50 such exer cises each year. Reserve components personnel actively participate.

ICOMBAT TRAINING CENTERS I

NATIONAL T��':G --1----J R

S COMMAND PO T EXEROSES

JOINT READINESS TRAINING CENTER BATTLE COMMAND TRAINING PROGRAM FIELD TRAINING EXERCISES LEAVENWORTH FT & HOME STATION

- Overseas deployment training for Reserve Components. In FY 1989 some 41 ,700 Army National Guard and USAR Soldiers were trained overseas.

• Simulators Special attention is being given to simulators and training simulations to add to training values and as a cost effective trade-off for field training and live ammuni tion usage. 32 EQUIPPING AND MODERNIZING THE ARMY

To be an effective deterrent force, the Army must be provided with the latest weapons and equipment, designed to meet the requirements of the modern battlefield. One of the most visible changes in the Army over the past five years has been the fielding of modern equipment with its attendant improvement in the Army's ability to execute warfighting doctrine in accor dance with the plans of the unified and specified commanders-in-chief.

Major new weapons systems fielded by the Army during the past 10 years include:

M1 ABRAMS TANK STINGER MISSILE BRADLEY FIGHTING VEHICLE AH64 APACHE ATTACK HELICOPTER MULTIPLE LAUNCH ROCKET SYSTEM UH60 BLACK HAWK HELICOPTER HELLFIRE MISSILE PATRIOT MISSILE SYSTEM

The Reserve Components are beginning to receive resources commensurate with their increased responsibilities. New equipment is provided to both the Active and Reserve Components according to the philosophy that the first to fight are the first to be equipped.

The pace of equipment modernization is tied to funding levels. The current reductions in Army funding have reduced the Army's modernization momentum.

33 MODERNIZATION PRIORITIES

Army priorities and examples of modernization efforts include:

• ARMORED SYSTEMS - Block Ill improvements to M1A1 Abrams tank and common chassis for fighting, artillery and mobility vehicles. Armored gun system for light forces.

• ANTI-ARMOR - Individual and crew-served anti-tank weapons.

• ARMY AVIATION - New light helicopter.

• AIR DEFENSE - Fiber optic guided missile, forward air defense line-of-sight missile (heavy) and modernized stinger.

• FIRE SUPPORT - 155mm howitzer improvements and lightweight 105mm howitzer.

• TACTICAL COMMAND AND CONTROL - Automated systems for maneuver, fire support, air defense, intelligence and combat service support.

2V2 • FAMILY OF MEDIUM TACTICAL VEHICLES- Improved to 5 ton trucks.

• INDIVIDUAL SOLDIER NEEDS - Small army accuracy, communications and individual protection equipment.

34 ARMY TECHNOLOGY BASE MASTER PLAN (ATBMP)

ATBMP provides thorough, top-down guidance and focus to Army research and development. The goal is to reduce the time from systems concept to successful fielding. To achieve this and bring various technologies to maturity requires stable funding. For this reason the Army has established a floor for technology base funding.

Technology exploration is currently directed toward such revolutionary capabilities as:

• Brilliant Munitions

• Smart mines and smart weapons

• Electro-thermal propulsion

• Directed energy

• Automated target recognition

• Robotics

• Loiter weapons

• Deep attack systems

• Signature control

• Battle management

35 DEPLOYING AND SUSTAINING

Key Factors:

• A Ready, Well Trained Force in Being. The Army is ready. However, it is short support units in the active force that are needed at the onset of hostilities. Army forces reinforcing NATO count heavily on wartime host nation support.

• Available Reserve Component Forces and a Capable Civilian Workforce.

• Adequate War Reserve Stocks. From the outset, reliance will be placed on prepositioned theater war reserve stocks until resupply can be established. The ability of combat forces to win the initial engagement is related to how well resourced they are in petroleum, ammunition and other theater war reserve stocks at the outset of hostilities.

• Industrial Base-A "Warm" Production Capacity. The Army's current production demands do not support an active industrial production base of the scope needed in the event of full mobilization. Today's active production base is geared to peacetime levels and would require months to significantly increase production rates to meet mobilization needs.

• Wartime Host Nation Support. The U.S. Army is very dependent upon wartime host nation support with extensive programs in Europe and the Pacific to fill support shortfalls.

• Available Air and Sea Lift. The Army is reliant on the Navy and Air Force to provide the needed lift to deploy units and provide the necessary air and sea lines of communication. Successful accomplishment of the mission depends on timely provisioning of supplies and equipment to sustain the force as long as required. Worldwide contingency operations in theaters with a low level of infrastructure will be particularly dependent upon the lines of communication. Therefore, the Army fully supports initiatives being taken to improve lift assets, such as the C-1 7, civil reserve air fleet modification, ready reserve force expansion and fast sealift capability.

36 LOGISTICAL BASE

The operational and tactical support forces are supported and sustained by a substantial logistical base in the United States. It -

• Is comprised in a large measure by civilians.

• Provides for normal supply, maintenance, transportation and services during peacetime operations.

• Provides expanded support during emergencies or wartime.

• Provides continued research and development to modernize the Army and to develop and produce the weapons and equipment necessary to maintain operational capability.

37 SECTION IV

THE ARMY IN SPACE AND STRATEGIC DEFENSE THE ARMY SPACE PROGRAM

The Army has an active space program in support of land warfare requirements, including research, doctrine and systems development. The Army also is a key contributor to the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) program through the U.S. Army Strategic Defense Command.

The Army's organization for space activities is outlined as follows:

• The U.S. Army Strategic Defense Command (USASDC), Washington, D.C. This command reports directly to Department of the Army and carries out programs in support of strategic defense. It also manages the national test range at Kwajalein Atoll. The Army is presently conducting research and developing systems which obligate over one-third of the total R & D funds provided for SDI-in Fiscal Year 1989 this was $1 .4 billion. The Army Strategic Defense Command is developing the leading technology on ground-based missile defense. Its major programs include anti-satellite, kinetic energy and directed energy (laser and particle beam) weapons; and space surveillance and battle management. It also has been assigned the lead role for DOD in the development of a ground-based anti-satellite (ASAT) weapon.

• The Army Space Command, Colorado Springs, CO. This organization is a Field Operating Agency of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans, Headquarters Department of the Army as well as the Army component command of U.S. Space Command. The Army Space Command provides the Army's operat ional space forces and has responsibility for Army planning in support of U.S. Space Command including anti-satellite planning. The Command will assume the Defense Satellite Communications System mission on 1 Oct. 90.

• The Army Space Institute, Ft. Leavenworth, KS. This organization is part of the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command and is tasked to develop doctrine, training, organization and material requirements relating to space support for land forces. Emphasis is being focused on space systems in support of battlefield commanders in such critical areas as communications, intelligence, navigation, and mapping. A prime example is the Global Positioning System, used by pilots of all services to accurately pinpoint their location anywhere in the world.

38 U.S. ARMY STRATEGIC DEFENSE COMMAND UNIQUE MISSIONS

Supporting Strategic Defense Initiative (SOl) Unique U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll National

• Ground-Based Surveillance and tracking Range Missions:

system • SDI Testing

• Ground-Based Interceptor • Strategic Defense and Offensive Weapon

• Battle Management (tie together ground Systems Testing

based sensors and weapons), • Intelligence Data Co!lection (Foreign Launches)

Theater and Tactical Missile Defense • Deep Space Surveillance Lead Service on the Tactical Missile • • Tracking Station for NASA Shuttle Missions

Defense Program • Radar Technology Test Bed

Anti-Satellite Program

• Program 1\llanagerfor the Kinetic Energy Anti-Satellite Program

USASDC TECHNOLOGY/PROJECT FUNDING HISTORY

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3

1.2

1.1

$8 -18

900

BOO

700

600

500

400

300

200

100 (NIKE·Z)

$M - 0

58 59 6() 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 - 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 64 85 86 87 88 69 90

39 ARMY SPACE MILESTONES

Although not widely publicized, Army-developed technology has been a key factor in America's space program, and especially strategic defense, since the 1950's. Some significant milestones are:

• 1957: The deployment of the free world's first ballistic missile defense (BMD) system, SAFEGUARD, using the SPRINT interceptor missile which the Army developed. u.s. • 1958: First satellite into space with Army Jupiter missile.

• 1961: First Americans in space using an Army modified Redstone rocket.

• 1962: First successful intercept of an ICBM with Army NIKE ZEUS.

• 1963: First successful satellite intercept with Army NIKE ZEUS.

• 1974: Army activated SAFEGUARD complex in North Dakota-fully operational in 1975-operations ceased Feb 1976 at the direction of Congress.

• 1978: Homing Overlay Experiment conducted by the Army validated the technology for nonnuclear kill capability in space.

• 1983: SOl program announced.

• 1984: Homing Overlay Experiment conducted by the Army demonstrated the capability of a direct impact intercept and destruction of an ICBM in space.

• 1984: Brig. Gen (then Lt. Col.) Robert L. Stewart was the first Army astronaut in space. He was one of the first two persons to use the Manned Maneuvering Unit for untethered activity outside a space vehicle in flight.

• 1985: The Army Bal listic Missile Defense (BMD) organization was redesignated the U.S. Army Strategic Defense Command.

• 1986: The U.S. Army Space Agency was formed as the Army component of the U.S. Space Command. The Agency has since been re-designated the U.S. Army Space Command.

• 1987: Army-conducted test of the destruction of a LANCE short range missile confirmed guidance and control accuracy.

• 1988: Six SOl elements were approved by the Office of the Secretary of Defense for Army R & D. Army managed projects were allocated over 30 percent of the SOl R & D budget.

• 1989: OSD assigned Army the lead in the development of a ground-based anti-satellite (ASAT) weapon.

40 SECTION V

THE ARMY OF THE 1990's THE ARMY - A STRATEGIC FORCE

Extracts from The United States Army - A Strategic Force for the 1990's and Beyond, by General Carl E. Vuono, Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, January 1990.

• Army Strategic Roles

"Provide forward-deployed ground forces for deterrence, sustained land combat, and conflict termination in areas of vital interest.

Maintain combat-ready ground forces - heavy, light, and special operations - in CONUS for immediate contingencies worldwide.

Maintain forces in CONUS able to reinforce forward-deployed and contingency forces.

Participate in disaster relief, emergency assistance, and interdiction of illicit drug traffic.

Provide support to allied and friendly nations through peacekeeping, security assistance, and army-to-army initiatives."

• The Army of the Future - Versatile, Deployable, Lethal

"The Army of the future will have to be versatile, deployable, and lethal. In view of the rapidly changing international environment, the precise time, location, and nature of the threat will always be uncertain. Consequently, the exact composition of the Army element needed to overcome any specific threat will best be determined on a case-by case basis. In the near future as well, the Army will be smaller as a result of changes in the domestic and international environments. It will rely on its ability to expand again should circumstances require it. Nevertheless, there is no doubt about the general

41 characteristics of versatility, deployability, and lethality that Army forces will need to fulfill their strategic role. . ... To morrow's Army will have unprecedented capabilities."

Extracts from the statement by General Carl E. Vuono, Chief of Staff, U.S. Army before the Senate Armed Services Committee on 28 February 1990:

"We concluded that the Army of 1995 must be a smaller, but highly capable force; forward-deployed in sufficient strength to provide a credible deterrent and to demonstrate unambiguous U.S. commitment and resolve to its allies; globally oriented; and clearly able to execute worldwide contingency operations. It must have an appropriate mix of forces, be adequately modernized and fully trained, and be ready to respond on short-notice to challenges across the operational continuum. Achieving this objective within existing resource contraints necessitated that we reduce the size of the force and accept some risk in equipping the force to protect the quality and readiness which are essential for today's and tomorrow's Army.

"The Army's current plan envisions the force of the mid-1990s to be structured with four corps of 23 divisions. This structure, along with the force structures of the other services, will be reviewed by OSD and JCS during the FY 92-97 Summer program review. (We are also participating in the Total Force Policy study group to ensure we maintain the most combat effective, affordable total force mix for the future.) Attaining our desi red posture while maintaining the quality of the force will require:

reducing the active force structure and overseas deployments (given appropriate international agreements);

refocusing all available RC resources to improve their quality and readiness;

placing greater emphasis on the contingency capabilities of the U.S.-based force;

- and focusing our modernization efforts to accept some near-term risk while continu ing the research and development essential for the future."

42 THE ARMY TRANSITION PLAN

The Army plan laid out by the Chief of Staff originally visualized a force of 4 corps and 23 divisions (15 Active and 8 National Guard) with an active strength of 639,000.

The Army plan is now projected to reduce to an active end strength of about 580,000 over the next five years. The plan is for a 40,000 reduction for FY 1990/1991 combined and 35,000 per year thereafter until the end state is reached. This could result in a further reduction of one or more active divisions.*

This transition to a smaller Army must be carefully managed to achieve the following objectives:

Maintain the high quality of personnel.

Continue the high level of read iness needed to meet contingencies.

Provide for an orderly reduction in personnel while retaining an appropriate balance of rank, military skills and leadership.

Take care of the soldier involuntarily released from the Army.

To achieve these objectives, congressional support of the Army's plan is essential. Proper time-phasing is critical to maintaining quality and balance in the force and to minimize adverse impact on those being separated. A rate of reduction greater than projected would make it very difficult to maintain proper control and, at the same time, preserve a ready, well-trained force and still be equitable to those leaving.

*The concept of a 25 percent force reduction, presented by the Secretary of Defense to Congress on 19 June 1990, indicated a possible reduction to 12 active Army divisions.

43 SECTION VI

APPENDICES

A: OF FICER & ENLISTED RANK INSIGNIA B: MAJOR U.S. ARMY INSTALLATIONS (BY CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT) C: BASE CLOSURES/REALIGNMENTS D: ARMY DEMOGRAPHICS APPENDIX A

ARMY INSIGNIA OF RANK/PAY GRADE

Officer Enlisted

SERGEANT MAJOR GENERAL � OF THE ARMY /E-9 OF THE ARMY COMMAND � SERGEANT MAJOR/E-9 **** GENERAL/0-1 0 � SERGEANT MAJOR/E9 LIEUTENANT *** GENERA L/0-9

FIRST SERGEANT /E-8 MAJOR GENERAL � ** 0-8

BRIGADIER GENERAL MASTER SERGEANT /E-8 * 0-7 � ~ COLONEL/0-6 � SERGEANT FIRST CLASS/E-7

44 LIEUTENANT COLONEL/0-5 STAFF SERGEANT/E-6 (SILVER)

MAJOR/0-4 (GOLD) SERGEANT /E-5

CAPTAIN/0-3 CORPORAL/E-4

FIRST LIEUTENANT SPECIALIST /E-4 0-2 (SILVER) PRIVATE FIRST CLASS/E-3

SECOND LIEUTENANT PRIVATE/E-2 0-1 PRIVATE/E-1 (GOLD)

Warrant Officers

CHIEF CHIEF CHIEF WARRANT WARRANT WARRANT •• WARRANT I••••J I ••• I I • I OFFICER (W1 ) OFFICER (W4) OFFICER (W3) OFFICER (W2)

45 APPENDIX A (Cont.) APPENDIX B

MAJOR U.S. ARMY INSTALLATIONS BY CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT (with Active Duty Population of 300 or more) (Beginning FY 1990) ALABAMA HAWAII Fort McClellan, Anniston (3) Schofield Barracks, Honolulu (2) Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville (5) Fort Shafter, Honolulu (1) Fort Rucker, Ozark (2) Tripier Hospital, Honolulu (1) ALASKA ILLINOIS Fort Greely, Delta Junction (AL) Fort Sheridan, Highland Park (10) Fort Richardson, Anchorage (AL) INDIANA Fort Wainwright, Fairbanks (AL) Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indianapolis (6,10) ARIZONA KANSAS Fort Huachuca, Sierra Vista (5) Fort Leavenworth, Leavenworth (2) Yuma Proving Ground, Yuma (2) Fort Riley, Junction City (2) CALIFORNIA KENTUCKY Fort Hunter Liggett, King City (1 6) Fort Campbell, Hopkinsville (1) Fort Irwin, Barstow (35) and Clarksville, TN (7,8) Fort Ord, Monterey (16) Fort Knox, Louisville (2) Presidio, Monterey (16) LOUISIANA Presidio of San Francisco (5) Fort Polk, Leesville (4) Sierra Army Depot, Herlong (14) COLORADO MARYLAND Fort Carson, Colorado Springs (5) Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen (1) Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, Aurora (6) Fort Detrick, Frederick (6) GEORGIA Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen (2) Fort Benning, Columbus (3) Fort George G. Meade, Laurel (4) and Auburn, AL (3) Fort Ritchie, Hagerstown (6) Fort Gillem, Atlanta (6) and Blue Ridge Summit, PA (19) Fort Gordon, Augusta (8, 1 0) MASSACHUSETTS Hunter Army Airfield, Savannah (1) Fort Devens, Ayer (5) Fort McPherson, Atlanta (5) MISSOURI Fort Stewart, Hinesville (1) Fort Leonard Wood, Rolla (4)

46 NEW JERSEY Fort Eustis, Newport News (1) Fort Dix, Wrightstown (2,4, 13) Fort Lee, Petersburg (4) Fort Monmouth, Redbank (3) Fort Monroe, Hampton (1) NEW MEXICO Fort Myer, Arlington (10) White Sands Missile Range, Las Cruces (2) Fort Pickett, Blackstone (4) NEW YORK Vint Hill Communications and Electronics Fort Drum, Watertown (26) Support Activity, Warrenton (7) Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn (13) WAS HINGTON Seneca Army Depot, Geneva (29) Fort Lewis, Tacoma (3,6) Fort Totten, Queens (8) DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA* U.S. Military Academy, West Point (21) Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C. NORTH CAROLINA (AL) Fort Bragg, Fayetteville (7,8) Walter Reed Army Medical Center, OKLAHOMA Washington, D.C. (AL) Fort Sill, Lawton (4) PENNSYLVANIA Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle (19) New Cumberland Army Depot, Harrisburg (19) SOUTH CAROLINA Fort Jackson, Columbia (2) TEXAS Fort Bliss, El Paso (16) Fort Hood, Killeen (1 1) Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio (20) VIRGINIA NOTES - Fort A.P. Hill, Bowling Green (7) Number in parentheses indicates Congressional Arlington Hall Station, Arlington (10) District(s) where installations are located. (AL) indicates At Large Congressional District. Fort Belvoir, Fairfax (8) *The District of Columbia has one non-voting delegate Cameron Station, Alexandria (8) to Congress.

47 APPENDIX 8 (Cont.) APPENDIX C

BASE CLOSURES AND REALIGNMENTS

(Based on 1989 Public law 100-526)

CLOSURES MAJOR REALIGNMENTS (OUT)

FT DOUGLAS, UT FT DIX, NJ CAMERON STATION, VA FT BLISS, TX PRESIDIO SF, CA PUEBLO DEPOT, CO COOSA RIVER STROAGE, AL FT MEADE, MD NAVAJO DEPOT, AZ FT DEVENS, MA* FT WIN GATE, NM FT HUACHUCA, AZ* LEXINGTON DEPOT, KY FT BELVOIR, VA* PONTIAC STORAGE, M I FT MONMOUTH, NJ ALABAMA AAP, AL NEW ORLEANS MIL OCEAN TM L, LA *Both losing and gaining. FT SHERIDAN, IL AMTL, MA 52 HOUSING SITES KAPALAMA, HI TACONY WHSE, PA HAMILTON AAF, CA JEFFERSON PROVING GROUND, IN NIKE PHILADELPHIA 41/43, NJ NIKE KANSAS CITY 30, MO CAPE ST GEORGE, FL NIKE ABERDEEN, MD BENNETT ANG, CO USARC GAITHERSBURG, MD FT DES MOINES, lA INDIANA AAP, IN

48 POTENTIAL BASE CLOSURES AND REALIGNMENTS* (President's FY1991 Budget Candidates)

POSSIBLE CLOSING REALIGNMENT/REDUCTION

DETROIT TANK PLANT, Ml FT KNOX, KY FT ORD, CA FT GILLEM, GA FT McCLELLAN, AL FT HOOD, TX LIMA TANK PLANT, OH FT LEWIS, WA SACRAMENTO DEPOT, CA FT SHERIDAN, IL TROOP SUPPORT CMD, MO FT SAM HOUSTON, TX INDIANA AAP, IN RED RIVER DEPOT, TX KANSAS AAP, KS ARMY MATERIEL CMD HQ, VA LONGHORN AAP, TX DEPOT SYSTEMS CMD, LETTERKENNY LO UISANA AAP, LA DEPOT, PA MISSISSIPPI AAP, MS ARMY MATERIEL CMD MGMT SCRANTON AAP, PA ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES SUNFLOWER AAP, KS PARTS OF INFO SYS CMD (ISC) ELEMENTS OF THE RESERVE COMPONENTS CIDC REGION

*Reference: FY 1991 Budget Estimates, ASA(FM), March 1990, page 74.

49 APPENDIX C (Cont.) APPENDIX D

ARMY DEMOGRAPHICS

(Beginning of FY 1990)

NUMBER %OF TOTAL

ACTIVE DUTY PERSONNEL:* 765,441 100.00

WOMEN PERSONNEL: 85,996 11.00

BLACK PERSONNEL: 21 7,149 28.00

OTHER MINORITY PERSONNEL: 63,277 8.00

NUMBER %OF TOTAL NUMBER %OF TOTAL

OFFICERS: 107,1 19 100.00 ENLISTED: 658,322 100.00 (includes warrants) WOMEN: 73,799 11.00 WOMEN: 12,197 11.00 BLACK: 205,747 31 .00 BLACK: 11,402 11.00 OTHER MINORITY: 57,918 9.00 OTHER MINORITY: 5,359 5.00

OFFICER GRADES NUMBER ENLISTED RANKS NUMBER WO/W1 -W4 15,264 PVT/E-1 50,455 2LT/01 11,886 PVT/E-2 51 ,684 1 LT/02 13,835 PFC/E-3 91 ,635 CPT/03 33,677 CPUSPEC/E-4 184,679 MAJ/04 17,098 SGT/E-5 119,723 LTC/05 10,664 SSGT/E-6 90,096 COU06 4,288 SFC/E-7 51,215 G0/07-010 407 FSG/MSG/E-8 14,602 CSM/SGM/E-9 4,233

*Planned active end strength reductions are about 40,000 over FY(s) 1990 and 1991 combined.

50 ARMY DEMOGRAPHICS

WHERE ARMY SOLDIERS SERVE

STATE PERSONNEL STATE PERSONNEL ALABAMA 16,191 NEBRASKA 265 ALASKA 9,914 NEVADA 28 ARIZONA 6,622 NEW HAMPSHIRE 31 ARKANSAS 786 NEW JERSEY 12,713 CALIFORNIA 28,245 NEW MEXICO 1,231 COLORADO 21 ,226 NEW YORK 13,974 CONNECTICUT 186 NORTH CAROLINA 41 ,771 DELAWARE 41 NORTH DAKOTA 26 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 5,560 OHIO 755 FLORIDA 2,234 OKLAHOMA 17,028 GEORGIA 54,250 OREGON 200 HAWAII 19,149 PENNSYLVANIA 2,191 IDAHO 29 RHODE ISLAND 98 ILLINOIS 2,251 SOUTH CAROLINA 12,1 12 INDIANA 2,488 SOUTH DAKOTA 49 IOWA 193 TENNESSEE 366 KANSAS 18,960 TEXAS 66,454 KENTUCKY 39,123 UTAH 830 LOUISIANA 14,558 VERMONT 29 MAINE 130 VIRGINIA 32,443 MARYLAND 11,898 WASHINGTON 23,003 MASSACHUSETTS 5,772 WEST VIRGINIA 160 MICHIGAN 906 WISCONSIN 461 MINNESOTA 389 WYOMING 17 MISSISSIPPI 256 MISSOURI 12,930 STATE UNKNOWN 920 MONTANA 28 TOTAL UNITED STATES 501 ,470

51 APPENDIX D (Cont.) APPENDIX D (Cont.)

WHERE ARMY SOLDIERS SERVE OVERSEAS COUNTRY NUMBER COUNTRY NUMBER ALGERIA 3 LEBANON 2 AUSTRIA 6 LIBERIA 2 BAHRAIN 7 LUXEMBOURG 4 BANGLADESH 2 MALAWI 2 BELGIUM 1,538 MOROCCO 7 BOTSWANA 1 NETHERLANDS 896 BULGARIA 3 NIGER 2 CAMEROON 3 NIGERIA 3 CHAD 3 NORWAY 39 CONGO 2 POLAND 3 CYPRUS 3 PORTUGAL 58 CZECHOSLAVAKI 1 ROMANIA 3 DENMARK 17 SAUDI ARABIA 165 DJ I BOUTI 2 SENEGAL 1 EGYPT 562 SOMALIA 19 FINLAND 4 SOUTH AFRICA 1 FRANCE 15 SPAIN 16 GERMANY (Berl in) 5,1 12 SUDAN 10 GERMANY (East) 45 SWEDEN 1 GERMANY (West) 205,557 SWITZERLAND 3 GHANA 2 SYRIA 3 GREECE 442 TUNISIA 6 HUNGARY 4 TURKEY 1,224 ICELAND 3 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 26 IRELAND 2 UNITED KINGDOM 272 ISRAEL 25 U.S.S.R. 8 ITALY 4,070 YEMEN 17 IVORY COAST 2 YUGOSLAVIA 6 JORDAN 12 ZAIRE 8 KENYA 8 ZIMBABWE 2 KUWAIT 12 EUROPE, AFRICA, NEAR EAST: TOTAL 220,277

52 WHERE ARMY PERSONNEL SERVE OVERSEAS (cont.)

COUNTRY NUMBER COUNTRY NUMBER AUSTRALIA 11 ARGENTINA 5 BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY 4 BARBADOS 11 BURMA 3 BELIZE 3 CHINA 6 BOLIVIA 5 GUAM 37 BRAZIL 11 HONG KONG 6 CANADA 10 INDIA 4 CHILE 3 INDONESIA 4· COLOMBIA 18 JAPAN 2,1 78 COSTA RICA 6 JOHNSON ISLAND* 121 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 5 KOREA (SOUTH) 33,307 ECUADOR 5 MALAYSIA 5 ELSALVADOR 52 NEPAL 2 GUATEMALA 6 NEW ZEALAN D 1 HAITI 6 OMAN 3 HONDURAS 257 PACI FIC ISLAND TRUST TERRITORY* 45 MEXICO 6 PAKISTAN 11 NICARAGUA 3 PHILIPPI NE ISLANDS 152 PANAMA 6,889 SINGAPORE 4 PARAGUAY 3 THAILAND 47 PERU 7 PUERTO RICO* 396 ASIATIC-PACIFIC AREA TOTAL SURINAME 4 35,951 URUGUAY 5 VENEZU ELA 9 VIRGIN ISLANDS 8 *U.S. TERRITORIES AMERICAS AREA TOTAL 7,733

FOREIGN ACTIVITI ES AT LARGE 10

TOTAL STRENGTH OUTSIDE UNITED STATES 263,971

53 APPENDIX D (Cont.) APPENDIX D (Cont.)

ARMY FAMILIES FAMILY MEMBERS NUMBER SPOUSES 395,231 0 MARRIED /o CHILDREN 589,665 OFFICER 73 OTHER DEPENDENTS 6,139 ENLISTED 53 TOTAL 991 ,035

SINGLE PARENTS NUMBER WHERE FAMILY MEMBERS LIVE NUMBER OFFICER 4,353 CONTINENTAL U.S. 762,067 ENLISTED 33,251 ALASKA 13,177 HAWAII 18,751 U.S. TERRITORIES 91 7 FOREIGN NATIONS 196,123