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Profile of the United States Army (1990)

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PROFILE OF THE ARMY A Reference Handbook ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY INSTITUTE OF LAND WARFARE June 1990 This PROFILE OF THE ARMY is published by the Association of the United States Army to provide information about the U.S. Army and its role in national security. It is intended for briefing purposes and will also serve as a quick and ready reference on Army missions, how the Army is organized, where it is posted, who are its soldiers, and how it uses its resources. The Army status is shown as of the start of FY 1990, unless otherwise indicated. In view of current trends, however, appropriate editorial comments and projections are included to alert the reader to changes that are in process or projected in the near term. JACK N. MERRITT General, USA Ret Executive Vice President ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY, INSTITUTE OF LAND WARFARE 2425 WILSON BOULEVARD, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 22201 (703) 841·4300 Reproduction of this publication, in whole or in part, is authorized with appropriate acknowledgement of the source. PROFILE OF THE ARMY Table of Contents Foreword ....................................... SECTION Ill - BUDGET AND FUNCTIONS Table of Contents.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ii The Army Budget .. .. .. .. .. 24 How the Army Budget is Allocated ................... 25 What the Army Buys ............................... 26 Historical Funding Trends .......................... 27 SECTION I- U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY STRUCTURE Manning the Army ................................ 28 Constitutional Basis for the Armed Forces . .. 1 Active Military End Strength Since 1950 .............. 29 The Department of Defense . .. .. .. .. .. 2 Today's Army is A Quality Force ..................... 30 The Secretary of Defense . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Training the Army ................................. 31 The Office of the Secretary of Defense .. .. .. 3 Equipping and Modernizing the Army ................. 33 The Joint Chiefs of Staff . .. .. .. .. .. 4 Modernization Priorities .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 Unified and Specified Commands . .. .. .. .. .. 4 Army Technology Base Master Plan . .. .. .. .. 34 The Military Departments . .. .. .. .. .. 6 Deploying and Sustaining the Army .................. 36 The Secretary of the Army . .. .. .. .. .. 6 Logistical Base ................................... 37 Summary........................................ 7 SECTION IV- THE ARMY IN SPACE AND STRATEGIC DEFENSE SECTION II - THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY The Army Space Program .......................... 38 Army Missions . .. .. .. .. .. 8 Strategic Defense Command Unique Missions ......... 39 Chief of Staff, Army . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 Army Space Milestones ............................ 40 Headquarters, Department of the Army ............... 10 Components of the Army. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 SECTION V- THE ARMY OF THE 1990's Branches of the Army . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 The Army- A Strategic Force ...................... 41 General Structure of the Army . .. .. .. .. .. 13 Army Strategic Roles . .. .. .. .. 41 The Continental United States ...................... 13 The Army of the Future . .. .. .. .. 41 Army Major Commands . .. .. .. .. .. 14 The Army Transition Plan . .. .. .. 43 Army Forces Overseas. .. .. .. .. 15 Army Combat Organizations ........................ 16 SECTION VI - APPENDICES Army Divisions . .. .. .. 17 Appendix A: Officer & Enlisted Rank Insignia . .. 44 Active Army Combat Units ......................... 18 Appendix B: Major U.S. Army Installations Major Reserve Component Combat Units . .. .. .. 19 By Congressional District . .. 46 Partners in the Total Force ......................... 21 Appendix C: Base Closures/Realignments ............ 48 Special Operations Forces . .. .. .. .. .. 22 Appendix D: Army Demographics ................... 50 ii SECTION I U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY STRUCTURE CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS FOR THE ARMED FORCES From the Preamble to the Constitution: "We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense ..." NOTE: "WE THE PEOPLE ... PROVIDE FOR THE COMMON DEFENSE" Historically, our Army is even older than our nation, having been created on June 14, 1775 by the Second Continental Congress. Th us, the Army pre-dates the Declaration of Indepen­ dence by more than a year and was in existence nearly 14 years wh en our government declared the United States Constitution in effect. The Constitution is very specific as to who raises and commands the Army. THE CONSTITUTION THE CONGRESS THE PRESIDENT Article I, Section 8: Article II, Section 2: "The Congress shall have power to . "The President sh all be the Command­ provide for the common defense; to declare er-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the war ... to raise and support armies ... to United States; and of the militia of the make rules for the government and regula­ several states, when cal led into the act ual tion of the land and naval forces ..." service of the United States." 1 THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE advice NATIONAL CONGRESS THE EXECUTIVE SECURITY COUNCIL Exercises control by the The President, as Commander­ enactment of legislation, in-Chief, exercises final civilian including the appropriation authority over the military. of resources. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE Title II of the National Security Act of 1947, as amended, provided for the establishment of a Department of Defense to be headed by a Secretary. In the words of the statute: " ... there shall be within the Department of Defense the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force, and each department shall on and after August 10, 1949, be military departments in lieu of their prior status as Executive Departments." (5 U.S.C. 171 (b).) The major subdivisions within the Department of Defense are: the Office of the Secretary of Defense; the Joint Chiefs of Staff; the three military departments and the military services within each department; the unified and specified commands, and such other agencies as the Secretary establishes to meet specific requirements. 2 THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE As the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to the Department of Defense, the Secretary, subject to the direction of the President and the provisions of the statute, "has ... direction, authority, and control" over the Department of Defense. SECRETARY OF DEFENSE DEPUTY SECRETARY OF DEFENSE OFFICE OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE MILITARY SECRETARY OF DEFENSE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF DEPARTMENTS DEPUTY AND CHAIRMAN, JOINT CHIEFS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE UNDER OF STAFF SECRETARY OF THE AIR SECRETARIES SECRETARY OF THE ARMY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY FORCE I VICE CHAIRMAN CHIEF OF STAFF, ARMY UNDER UNDER UNDER ASSISTANT CHIEF CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS SECRETARY CHIEF SECRETARY CHIEF COMMANDANT SECRETARY SECRETARIES OF CHIEF OF STAFF, AIR FORCE AND OF AND OF OF AND STAFF CORPS ASSISTANT STAFF ASSISTANT NAVAL MARINE ASSISTANT COMMANDANT, MARINE AIR l SECRETARIES ARMY SECRETARIES OPERATIONS CORPS SECRETARIES FORCE DEFENSE OF THE OF THE OF THE AGENCIES ARMY NAVY AIR FORCE THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE The Office of the Secretary of Defense consists of a civilian and military staff that is designed to advise and assist the Secretary in the overall operation of the Department. The Secretary is assisted by a Deputy Secretary and an Under Secretary of Defense for Policy and one for Acquisition. In addition there are 12 Assistant Secretaries of Defense and 13 Defense Agency Directors. 3 THE JOINT CHIE FS OF STAFF The Joint Chiefs of Staff consists of the Chairman-who outranks all other officers of the Armed Forces while holding office-the Chief of Staff of the Army; the Chief of Naval Opera­ tions; the Chief of Staff of the Air Force; and the Commandant of the Marine Corps. By statute the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the principal military advisor to the President, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense. The Vice Chairman acts for the Chair­ man in his absence. The Joint Chiefs of Staff, subject to the authority and direction of the President and the Secretary of Defense, are assigned (among others) the functions of: (1) preparing strategic plans and providing for the strategic direction of the Armed forces; (2) establishing unified commands in strategic areas. UNIFIED AND SPECIFIED COMMANDS The Armed Forces of the United States are organized for the performance of military mis­ sions into combatant commands made up of forces from the various military departments under the operational command of unified or specified commanders. A unified command is composed of significant assigned components of two or more Services. A specified command is usually composed of forces from one Service, but may include units and have representa­ tion from other Services. ORGANIZATION AND MISSIONS Unified and specified commands are assigned broad continuing missions. These com­ mands are established, designated, and the force structure determined by the President, through the Secretary of Defense, with the advice and assistance of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. 4 SECRETARY OF DEFENSE r--------l--------, I CHAIRMAN, JCS I : (WHEN DIRECTED) : L - - ----- -- --- ---..J SPECIFIED COMMANDS I I STRATEGIC FORCES AIR COMMAND COMMAND UNIFIED COMMANDS I I I I I I I I SPECIAL EUROPEAN PACIFIC ATLANTIC SOUTHERN CENTRAL TRANSPORTATION SPACE OPERATIONS COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND CHAIN
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