Piracy in Somalia Awet Tewelde Weldemichael Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49696-4 — Piracy in Somalia Awet Tewelde Weldemichael Index More Information

Index

‘Aadde Muse (Mohamud Hirsi Muse), ancillary trades, ransom piracy and rise of, 89–91, 95–97, 157–158, 159 104–115 Abdallah, Ahmedou Ould, 29–30 anti-piracy initiatives Abdi, Mohamed (“Garfanje”), 86–88 abandonment of pirates at sea and, Abdi, Rashid, 100 193–194 Abdi Isse clan family, 75–78 best management practices, 177 Abdiweli Mohamed, Ali “Gas,” 56–57, decline in piracy and, 197–198 75–78, 130, 136–138, 162n.76 emergence of, 20 Abdullahi, Farah, 88 geopolitics and, 184–188 ab initio doctrine, 32–35 grassroots initiatives, 162–166 Abshir, Mohamed, 11–12, 70 international measures, 20, 171–195 Academy for Peace and Development local antipiracy responses, 157–158 (APD), 17–18 militarization of, 102–103, 171–173, Affi, Ladan, 33n.44, 186–187 175–176, 178–179 African countries, anti-piracy initiatives non-military measures, 178–179 and, 187–188 outcomes and missteps of, 188–194 African Union (AU), 32–35 piracy-terrorism nexus and, 179–184 African Union Mission in Somalia recommendations involving, 201–203 (AMISOM), 187–188 regional governments, 158–162 “Afweyne” (Mohamed Abdi Hassan), Somali criticism of, 186–187 81–82, 86–88, 127–132, 187–188 Union of Islamic Courts and, 85–86 Ahlu Sunna Wal Al-Jamaa, 10–11 violence against Somalis from, Ahmed, Sharif Sheikh, 89–91, 132 191–194 Ahmed “Saneeg,” 86–88 antiterrorism tactics Aidid, Mohamed Farah, 9–10, 52 anti-piracy initiatives and, 179 air-dropping of ransoms, 110, 126–127 violence against Somali fishermen from, alcohol consumption, smuggling by pirates 193–194 linked to, 145–150 Arab, Salah Hashi, 70 “Ali Baadiyow” Abdirizak Sheikh Osman, Arab League, 187–188 75–78 ARA Fisheries, 57–59 Ali Farah, Ali, 27–28, 43–44, 46n.103 Aris XIII tanker, 169 Al-Itihad Al-Islami, 9–10 arms traffic in Somalia, 157n.65 Alpi, Ilaria, 26n.22, 53n.57 artisanal fishermen in Somalia Al-Qanim fishing vessel, warship attack on, collusion in IUU by, 51–62 189–191 foreign violence against, 189–191 Al-Shabaab growth of, 40–41 ideological differences with pirates, IUU intensification and demise of, 2, 182–183 44–46, 47–48 pirates’ links to, 121, 166–169, predatory piracy adopted by, 78–88 180–181 Puntland as center for, 65–68 threat to Somalia from, 10–11, 94, 159 yields of, 41–42 ‘Aluula, 169 Asayr II fishing dhow, 169

229

230 Index

Atlantic Marine and Offshore Group, 55–56 turmoil in Puntland and, 89–91 Awdal trawler, 52–53 Coffen-Smout, Scott, 49–51, 52–53, 72–74, 161 Bahadur, Jay, 102–103, 182–183 Cold War *Bakeyle, 88 fishing industry in Africa and, 41–42 Bateman, Sam, 27 Somalia and, 7–8 “Battle of Hul,” 165 colonialism “bemboweyne,” reducation of pirates to, collapse of Somali fishing industry and 111–113 impact of, 44–46 best management practices, counterpiracy population movements in Somalia initiatives and, 177 and, 8–9 BMP4 manual, 177 Somali civil war and, 7–8 Boqor Abdullahi (”King Kong”), 70 Combined Maritime Forces (CMT), Boyah (Abshir Abdullahi Abudule), 72–74, 176 75–88, 111, 164–166 Combined Task Force (CTF), 176 Buccaneer tugboat, hijacking of, 182–183 conflict mediation, pirate-caused clan con- Bueger, Christian, 171 flict and, 155–157 burcad badeed (bandits of the sea), 13 consumer goods, piracy and cost increases for, 135, 136–138 Camorra, waste dumping activities of, Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of 24–25 Somalia (CGPCS), 49–51, 176, Cantrill, Richard, 102–103 191–194 car accidents, pirate drivers as cause of, corporate predatory practices 143–146 IUU fishing and, 35–36 Cassanelli, Lee, 8–9 piracy linked to, 14–16 catch-and-release anti-piracy tactic, waste dumping in Somalia as, 26–30 119–122, 186–187, 193–194 corruption, IUU fishing and, 51–62, 198–201 Central Regions State, formation of, CPO Korea hijacking, 169 10–11 Cretu, Virgil, 119–122, 122n.72 Chalk, Peter, 181 criminal activity Chandler, Paul and Rachel, 125–127 financing for piracy from, 91–92 children in piracy, 152–153 impact on Somali fishing of, 64–65 China Somali piracy linked to, 4 fishing in Somalia by, 41–42 upsurge in, 166–169 fishing subsidies in, 37 waste dumping and involvement of, geopolitics of piracy and, 185–186 24–30 Citizen’s Police Liaison Committee (CPLC) (Pakistan), 127–131 “Dadurow” (Abdulgadir Al-Nur), 189–191 “Clan Cleansing,” 7–8 Darod clan, 7–8, 9–10, 89–91, 95–97, clan networks and identity 156n.64 conflict within, 143–146 debt burdens of pirates, 111–114, 122–124, economic and political impact of, 8–9 138–139 elders’ authority in, piracy’s erosion of, defensive piracy 153–155 fishermen vigilantes and, 69–74 investment in piracy by, 91–92 rise of, 4, 12 IUU fishing and, 62–63 transition to predatory piracy, 78–88 livestock exports and conflicts in, weakness of security initiatives against, 139n.20 74–78 pirate-caused conflicts and, 155–157 Dickinson, Chris, 180–181 protection of pirates and, 95–97, 184n.51 Dirir, Abdirizak Mohamed, 130, security against piracy and, 74–78 189–191, 201 Somali National Movement and, 9–10 Distance Water Fishing Nations (DWFNs) Somali state collapse and, 9 destructive methods and violent activities transition to predatory piracy and, of, 48–49, 64–65, 72–74 81–82, 86–88 government subsidies of, 36–37, 62–63

Index 231

IUU fishing and, 35–36, 45–46, 115 IUU violence near, 189–191 partnerships with Somali fisheries, khat industry in, 148–150 41–42, 70 predatory piracy around, 88–93, predation of Somali resources by, 45–46, 169 115n.51, 115 violence by pirates in, 143–146 private security protection of, 75 distant water fishing nations (DWFN), Failed State Index (FSI), piracy linked piracy linked to, 2 to, 94 diya system (blood money), 155–157 failure rates for ransom piracy, 103–104, Dua, Jatin, 79–80, 93, 115–119 192–193 family structure, piracy’simpacton,150–152 economic conditions Farah, Abdirizak Dirie, 162 debt burden of pirates and, 138–139 Farah, Abdulkadir Nur “Gacmay,” impact of piracy on, 14–16, 72–74, 135, 164–166 196–201 Farah, Isse Haji, 52–53, 54 job-creation and humanitarian aid losses Farah, Nur, 59–60 from piracy and, 141–143 Farah, Shire Haji, 54, 57–59 livestock business losses and, 139–140 Farole, Abdirahman Mohamed, 45–46, in post-civil war Puntland, 65–68 92–93, 94–97, 126n.84 support for piracy as result of, 83–84, antipiracy initiatives of, 158–162, 196–201 162n.76 trickling down of insurance costs and Finley, Carmel, 31n.37 trade declines, 136–138 fishing industry in Somalia Edwards, Leslie, 129n.99 anti-terrorism violence against, 193–194 elders, authority of foreign partnerships with, 41–42, 64–65 grassroots antipiracy initiatives and, foreign violence against, 48–49, 64–65, 162–166 72–74, 189–191 piracy’s erosion of, 153–155 government restrictions on, 43–44 electronic waste, dumping of, 25 piracy and collapse of, 89–91, 134–135, Elmi, Afyare, 33n.44, 186–187 196–201 Enrico Ievoli chemical tanker, hijacking privatization of, 43–51 of, 183 in Puntland, 10, 65–68 environmental destruction, by Distance state collapse and rise of, 14–16, 20, Water Fishing Nations, 48–49 38–43, 44–46 EU Common Fisheries Policies, 37 technological advances and, 31–32 EU NAVFOR, 102–103, 122 tsunami devastation of, 80–81 European Union (EU) Five Year Development Plan (Somalia), fishing subsidies in, 37 40–41 international counter piracy measures Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and, 173–174 on IUU fishing, 45–46 waste dumping by, 25 Somali fishing data from, 39 European Union Naval Force, 175–176 sustainable fishing practices and, 35n.56 exclusive economic zone (EEZ) foreign partnerships with Somalia lack of Somali declaration of, 30–31 fishing industry and, 41–42, 64–65 UNCLOS provisions on, 33–34 piracy and decline of, 136–138 Eyl Freeman, Colin, 128 catch-n-release activity near, 119–122 FV Al-Amal,59–60 children as pirates in, 152–153 FV Jaber hijacking, 129, 130 counter-piracy measures in, 83–84, FV Naham 3 hijacking, 129, 130 157–158, 162–166 FV Poseidon,59–60 economic impact of piracy in, 134–135 FV Siraj hijacking, 129, 130 fishing industry in, 47, 59–60, 66–67, 72–74, 81–82 Gaddafi,Mu’amar al-, 187–188 governance in, 158–162 Galkayo Medical Center, resources directed IUU fishing near, 48–49 toward pirate violence by, 145–146

232 Index

Galmudug hostages’ fate in ransom piracy, 115, formation of, 10–11 127–132 piracy operations in, 94 humanitarian aid, piracy and loss of, “Gantal” Abdirizal Ahmed, 126–127 141–143 Gara’ad Hurlburt, Kaija, 193 Al-Shabaab presence in, 183 Hussein, Aden Abdirizak “Aden Sanjab,” catch-n-release near, 119–122 110, 122–124 clan authority in, 153–155 counter-piracy initiatives in, 162–166 illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing industry in, 66–67, 72–74, 75 fishing IUU fishing near, 48–49 corporate predatory practices and, 35–36 governance in, 158–162 current intensification of, 1, 198–201 khat industry in, 148–150 decline of piracy and expansion of, 55–56 predatory piracy in, 88, 92, 115, defensive piracy against, 72–74 143–146 financial and environmental costs of, 38 Garad Mohamed, 88, 107–108, 182–183 flouting of Somali restrictions by, 75 Garowe Psychiatric Center, 145–150 geography of Somali coastline and, Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea 62–63 and the Contiguous Zone, 31–32 global challenge of, 30–38 geopolitics grassroots efforts against, 164–166 counter-piracy measures and, 171–173, impact in Somalia of, 30–38, 43–51, 184–188 62–63, 68 piracy-terrorism nexus and, 179–184 local factors in Somalia and, 51–62 Gilmer, Brittany, 22–23, 178–179 piracy collusion with, 2, 14–16, 20, global economy, cost of piracy to, 196–201 166–169 Global South, foreign infringement on fish- ransom piracy proliferation and, 97–98, ing in, 32–35 196–201 government subsidies for fishing recommended international actions global impact of, 31–32 against, 201–203 IUU fishing linked to, 36–37, 62–63 resource piracy and, 4 grassroots antipiracy initiatives, 162–166 Somali state collapse and rise of, 11–12, Greenpeace, 25, 26 43–51, 62–63 grievance, as piracy motivator, 14–16 subsidies as catalyst for, 36–37, 62–63 Guilfoyle, Douglas, 178–179 vigilante targeting of, 69–74 “guns-for-fish” agreements, 41–42 violence against Somali fishermen and, 48–49, 64–65, 72–74, 189–191 Haakonsen, Jan, 39, 40–41 The Independent,25 Habar Gidir sub-clan, 9–10 Indian Ocean Hansen, Stig Jarle, 3, 30–31, 64–65, 81–82 geopolitics in, 184–185 Hart Group security services, 75–78 piracy expansion across, 99–104 Harti sub-clan, 96 Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, 34–35 Hawa Mohamed, Mrs., 145–150 inflation, piracy as cause of, 135 Hawiye clan, 7–8, 9–10, 156n.64 infrastructure failure, piracy and, 94–95 HDMS Esbern Snare hijacking, 114–115 Ing sailing yacht, hijacking of, 125–127 Heeb state, formation of, 10–11 INS Cankarso, 118 Hersi, Abdiwahid Mohamed “Jo’ar,” 70, INS Tir, 118 75–78 insurance industry High Seas Task Force, 38, 45–46 anti-piracy initiatives and, 180 Himan state, formation of, 10–11 cost increases linked to piracy in, Hirsi, Abdulkadir Musse, 119–122 136–138 HMCS Ville de Quebec, 180–181 intermediaries, in ransom piracy operations, Hobiyo-Haradhere cartel, 81–83, 85–86, 104–115 182–183 internally displaced population (IDP) hostage negotiators, ransom piracy raids piracy’s impact on, 150–152 and, 106 in Puntland State, 10, 65–66

Index 233

International Civil Aviation Organization Lang, Jack, 16, 30–31, 141–143 (ICAO), administration of Somali Latin American countries, fishing industry airspace by, 49–51 growth in, 31–32 International Consortium of Investigative “Law on Somali Territorial Sea and Journalists, 37 Ports,” 33 international counter-piracy measures, 20 legitimate defense, as piracy motivator, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 14–16 32–35 Lehr, Peter, 175–176 international law Le Ponant hijacking, 125–127 counterpiracy measures and, 171 Letter of Credit system, livestock exports IUU fishing as violation of, 49–51 and, 139–140 International Maritime Bureau (IMB)- licenses for fishing Piracy Reporting Center, 18–19 DWFNs’ defiance of, 75 anti-piracy initiatives and, 176 proceeds of sales of, 52–53 data on mother ships from, 100–102 Puntland moratorium on, 56–57 definition of piracy by, 22–23 Lindberg, Mark, 4, 13, 14–16 piracy data from, 74, 82–83, 103–104 Liss, Carolin, 78n.44 International Maritime Organization livestock exports, piracy and decline in, (IMO), 173–174 139–140 militarization of anti-piracy initiatives Lloyd’s List, 111–113, 180 and, 178–179 Lloyds of London, insurance costs of piracy International Peace-Building Alliance and, 136–138 (Interpeace), 17–18 local antipiracy responses, 157–158 International Recommended Transit “Looyan” (Mohamed Said Baafe), 107–108 Corridor, 119–122, 176 Lynn Rival sailing yacht, hijacking of, investment in piracy 125–127 risks and scams in, 113–114 sources for, 91–92 Maersk Alabama hijacking, 178–179 Iranian fishing vessels, IUU fishing and, 54, Mafia, waste dumping activities of, 24–25 198–201 Mahayni, Basil, 4, 13, 14–16 Islamic State (IS), theat to Somalia from, Mahdi, Ali, 52–53 155–157, 183–184 maritime insurance, fluctuations in, 1 Issaq clan, 7–8 Maritime Resources Assessment Group Isse, Islan, 164–166 (MRAG), 36–37 Isse Mohamud clan family, 74, 96, 164–166 Maritime Security Center – Horn of Africa Isse Yuluh, Mohamoud Yussuf, 88, 94–95, (MSCHOA), 176 107–108, 126–127, 155–157, 183–184 marriages, piracy’s impact on, 150–152 Mejerten sub-clan, 7–8, 9–10, 89–91, Japan, fishing subsidies in, 37 95–97, 153–155 Jennings, Todd, 49–51, 72–74 Menkaus, Ken, 3, 13–14, 93 Jental, Abdirizak Sanof Ina, 92–93 mental illness in Somalia, 145–150 job creation, piracy and loss of, 141–143 merqan (khat high), 102–103 Johansen, Jan, 125–127 Middle East anti-piracy initiatives and, 187–188 Kapteijns, Lidwien, 7–8 Somali fishing partnerships with, 47–48, Khan, Jawaid, 129 54, 65–68 Khan, Shahnaz, 129 militarization of anti-piracy initiatives, khat consumption, piracy and, 102–103, 102–103, 171–173, 175–176, 148–150 178–179, 180–181 kidnappings, upsurge in, 166–169 outcomes and missteps of, 188–194 Kraska, James, 180–181 military troops, entry into piracy by, 89–91 Kulmiye, Abdirahman Jama, 39, 44–46, 47, militia formation, Somali nation-state col- 166–169 lapse and, 9

234 Index

Ministry of Fisheries and Maritime North Atlantic Treaty Organization Resources (Somalia), 40–41 (NATO), 173–174 Mohamed, Mohamud Abdulkadir “John,” Northeast Fishing Company (NEFCO), 72–74 52–62 Mohamed Osman Mohamed Nur Mursel Mohamed, 189–191 “Gafanje,” 183 mother ships, pirates’ use of, 100–102 OCEANA, fishing subsidies research by, MT Enrico Ievoli, 107–108 37 MT Smyrni, 107–108 Oceans Beyond Piracy, 111–113, Munyo, Hassan, 52–53, 74 136–138, 193 as SSDF target, 70 Omar Mohamud clan family, 74, 96 Murphy, Martin N., 3–4, 13–14, One Earth Future Foundation, 38 70–71, 181 Operation Allied Protector, 173–174 Muse Saleban clan, 155–157 Operation ATLANTA, 175–176 MV Albedo hijacking, 127–131 Operation Ocean Shield, 173–174 MV Bahari Hindi hijacking, 72–74 Organization for the Protection of Somali MV BBC Trinidad hijacking, 113–114 Coastline (Ururka Badbaadinta MV Chios hijacking, 118 Xeebaha Somaliyeed, UBAXSO), MV Danica White hijacking, 111–113 70–71 MV Dover hijacking, 126–127 Organization of African Unity (OAU), 32–35 MV Eleni P hijacking, 113–114 Osman Mohamud sub-clan, 89–91, 96, MV Faina hijacking, 182–183, 184 126n.84, 157–158 MV Feisty Gas hijacking, 82, 111 MV Golden Nori hijacking, 111 Pakistan, MV Albedo hijacking negotiations MV Iceberg hijacking, 122–124, 130 and, 127–131 MV Limburg hijacking, 179, 181 Peace and Development Research Center MV Melati Satu hijacking, 169 (PDRC), 17–18, 48–49, 162–166 MV Pompei hijacking, 132 Pearson, Michael, 16 MV Rim hijacking, 95–97, 108–109, pelagic fish grounds, tuna fishing use of, 119–122 46n.103 MV Sembow hijacking, 141–143 Pelton, Robert Young, 18–19 MV Semlow hijacking, 82–83, 141–143 Pham, J. Peter, 5n.15 MV Shen Kno II hijacking, 70–71 Phillips, Michael, 45–46, 69 MV Sirius Star hijacking, 184 *Phillips (Captain), 178–179 MV Taipan hijacking, 104n.13 piracy MV Victoria hijacking, 107–108, 142 children in, 152–153 Mwangura, Andrew, 106, 113–114 clan conflicts caused by, 155–157 collapse of fishing sector as consequence “National Volunteer Coast Guard,” of, 89–91, 134–135 82–83, 88 data collection on, 78n.44, 82–83 ‘Ndrangheta, waste dumping activities of, defined, 22–23 24–25 deteriorating conditions for, 20 negotiations schema in ransom piracy, erosion of social values linked to, 104–115, 138–139 153–155 double-crossings and absence of trust in, failure rates of, 103–104, 192–193 106–109 fluctuations in, 1 Prantalay hijacking and, 117 global decline in, 85–86 profits from, 106 impact on families and marriages of, “The Next 9/11 Could Happen at Sea” 150–152 (Bennett), 180 impact on Somalia of, 20, 133–134, Nincic, Donna, 13–14, 94, 135, 141–143, 196–201 180–181 Indian Ocean expansion of, 99–104 nomadic culture in Somalia, 8–9 inflation and price hikes as result of, 135 non-military counter-piracy measures, insurance costs and trade impacts of, 178–179 136–138

Index 235

inter-clan pirate groups, 143–146 UAE training for, 160–161 IUU fishing expansion and decline of, waste dumping and, 29–30 55–56 Puntland State of Somalia job-creation and humanitarian aid losses antipiracy initiatives in, 158–162 from, 141–143 collaboration with piracy in, 95–97 loss of life for pirates and, 192–193 displaced refugee migration to, 10, 65–66 overview of research on, 3–4 economic impact of piracy in, 89–91, public perceptions of, 86–88, 142 136–138 recommended solutions to, 201–203 formation of, 9–10, 11–12 research methodology in approaches to, IUU fishing and corruption in, 53–62 16–19 livestock exports decline in, 139–140 scholarly research on, 12–16 mental illness in, 145–150 state collapse and growth of, 22–23, post-civil war entrepreneurship in, 65–66 196–201 semi-autonomy of, 4 substance abuse rates among pirates, tsunami devastation in, 80–81 145–150 weakness of security initiatives in, 74–78 terrorism and, 179–184 typologies of, 4 “Qandala Hafun network,” 88 political piracy, in Somalia, 4 Qayad, Mahdi Gedi, 26, 45–46 Port State Control (PSC), regulation mechanisms of, 27 Rajbhar, Rajoo, 128 poverty, piracy linked to increase in, ransom delivery systems, 109, 138–139 138–139 ransom piracy power relations defined, 4 anti-piracy initiatives and role of, fate of hostages in, 131–132 171–173, 201–203 financing sources for, 91–92 geopolitics of anti-piracy and, 184–188 initial low profile of, 86–88 Prantalay vessels, 115 negotiations schema in, 104–115 pre-crime concept, counterpiracy and, 173 proliferation of, 88–93, 196–201 predations-resistance frame, piracy scho- rival groups involved in, 86–88 larship and, 13 share allocations (saami) from, 92–93, predatory piracy 111–113 defensive piracy transition to, 78–88 state collapse and rise of, 10–11, 12, proliferation of, 88–93 14–16, 20 Somali state collapse and rise of, 12 support in Somalia for, 83–84 Somali support for, 83–84 ungovernable terrain and absent govern- price increases ment and, 93–97 debt burden of pirates and, 138–139 rape, piracy linked to increase in, 150–152 piracy linked to, 135, 136–138 Rapid Response Unit (Puntland), 126–127 Prince, Erik, 18–19, 160n.69, 162 Ras Asir trawler, 52–53 private security providers recruitment of pirates, 114–115, 134–135 anti-piracy measures and use of, 178–179 Reer Mahad clan family, 75 Puntland contracts with, 75–78 regional governments Somali suspicion of, 186–187 antipiracy initiatives of, 158–162 prostitution, piracy linked to, 150–152 IUU fishing and corruption in, 53–62 PT Interfisheries, 115 rescue operations, limits of, in ransom public perceptions of piracy, 142, 153–155 piracy attacks, 104–115 Puntland Development Research Center resource piracy (PDRC), 162–166 disinterest in, 12 Puntland Marine Police Force (PMPF), IUU fishing and, 4 59–60 risk assessment, cost-benefit analysis of inter-clan conflict and, 126n.84, piracy and, 102–103 155–157 IUU fishing and, 198–201 Sa’ad clan family, 81 piracy and, 94–95 Saeed, Mohammed Mussa “Aargoosto,” 88

236 Index

safety and security in Somalia, piracy and privatization of fishing industry in, deterioration of, 143–146 43–51 Said, Fouad Warsame “Hanaano,” 88, Puntland State semi-autonomy in, 4 182–183 regulation of fishing industry in, 43–44 Salama Fikira International, 109 state decay and collapse in, 10–11 Saleebaan clan family, 81 state restoration efforts in, 1, 198–199 Samatar, Abdi, 4, 13, 14–16 suspicion of anti-piracy initiatives in, Santiago Declaration on the Maritime 186–187 Zone, 31n.38 Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group Saracen International, 160–161, 162 (SEMG), 18–19 Sarfaz, Naeem, 129 Somalia Fisheries Protection Force, 55–56 Seabourne Spirit hijacking, 173–174 Somalia Fishguard Ltd, 55–56 Seafarers Assistance Program (SAP), SomaliaReport,18–19, 108–109, 104–115 134–135, 191 Secure Fisheries Project, 38 Somali-Canadian Coast Guard (SomCan), security initiatives against piracy 75–78 piracy-terrorism nexus and, 179–184 SOMALIFISH company, 41–42 state weaknesses concerning, 74–78 Somali High Seas Fishing Company share allocations (saami) of pirate groups, (SHIFCO), 41–42, 52–53, 70, 74 92–93, 111–113 Somaliland Shared Awareness and Deconfliction civil war and, 7–8 (SHADE), 176 displaced refugee migration to, 65–66 Sharmarke, Abdirashid Ali, 6–7 fishing industry in, 39 Shibin, Mohamed Saalil, 107 SNM break with, 9–10 ship communication systems, pirates’ con- state formation in, 9–10, 11 trol of, 104–115 Somali National Movement (SNM) Shortland, Anja, 14–16 annulment of Somaliland-Italian Somalia Siad Barre, Mohamed, 6–7, 10, 65–66 union and, 9–10 fishing industry development under, civil war and, 7–8 40–41 political piracy and, 4 foreign partnerships with, 41–42 Somali Salvation Democratic Front socioeconomic conditions (SSDF), 186–187 erosion of social values, piracy linked to, civil war and, 7–8, 9–10 153–155 divisions within, 11–12 piracy linked to, 4, 143–146 security initiatives of, 75–78 refugee migration patterns and, 8–9 vigilante groups and, 69–74 Somalia SOMITFISH company, 41–42 absence of anti-piracy laws in, 186–187 South Korea, 37 acceptance of piracy in, 13, 198–201 IUU fishing in Somalia by, 54, clan-families in, 8–9 57–59 consequences of piracy in, 20, 133–134 sovereignty issues exclusive economic zone established by, fishing industry and, 31–32 34–35 IUU fishing and, 49–51 fishing industry in, historical overview, Soviet Union 38–43 fishing industry in Africa and, 41–42 foreign actors in civil war in, 11–12 Somali dictatorship and, 6–7 governance without government in, 3 spendthrift lifestyles of pirates, 111, hazardous waste dumping in, 26–30 113–114, 122–124, 138–139, historical overview of events in, 6–12 143–146, 182–183 illegal, unregulated and unreported fish- state decay and collapse ing in, 30–38, 43–62 collapse of Somali fishing industry and, impact of piracy in, 20, 133–134, 44–46 196–201 history of, 9 local anti-piracy initiatives in, 157–158, local antipiracy responses, 157–158 197–198 ransom piracy in wake of, 93–97

Index 237

Somali piracy linked to, 4, 13–14, 22–23, Puntland antipiracy initiatives and, 196–201 159–162 Steed, John, 130 Resolution 1851, 173–174 substance abuse, smuggling by pirates Resolution 1976 for protection of linked to, 145–150 Somalia’s resources, 49–51 SV Quest hijacking, 107, 108–109, Somali Transitional Federal Government 125–127 and, 177–178 SV Tanit hijacking, 125–127 waste dumping investigations and, 29–30 United Somali Congress (USC), 7–8, telecommunications, piracy and, 94–95 9–10 terrorism United States piracy and, 179–184 anti-piracy measures by, 176 use of boats as weapons in, 181 fishing industry in Africa and, 41–42 Third World countries influence in fishing industry of, 31n.37 fishing industry growth in, 31–32 Somali dictatorship and, 6–7 waste dumping in, 25 surveillance of waste dumping by, 24–25 Thongchai Tavanapong family, 116 University of British Columbia Fisheries Tolba, Mostafa, 26 Centre, IUU fishing research by, 36–37 Towfiq Export Company, 141–143 UN Monitoring Group trade activity, piracy’s impact on, 136–138 on alleged Al-Shabaab-pirate connec- Transitional Federal Government (TFG) tions, 183 allegations of terrorism links to, 180–181 on anti-piracy measures, 175–176 antipiracy initiatives and, 161, 173–174, data on mother ships from, 100–102 177–178 IUU fishing and, 53–62 formation of, 89–91 negotiators’ profits data from, 106 skepticism of anti-piracy initiatives piracy-state collaboration and, 95–97 in, 189 on pirate-IUU collusion, 166–169 translators-cum-negotiators, ransom piracy predatory piracy incidents and, 78, and emergence of, 106–109 85–86 “Treasure Mapped” (Shortland), 14–16 ransom delivery data from, 110 Tromp (Dutch frigate), 104n.13 USS Cole, 181 Tsunami of 2004 exposure of waste dumping by, 28 van Zalinge, N. P., 41–42 transition to predatory piracy and, 80–81 vigilante groups 200-nautical-mile territorial waters, Somali defensive piracy and, 69–74 claim of, 30–31 state collapse and rise of, 14–16, 20 transition to predatory piracy by, 78–88 Union of Islamic Courts (UIC), 85–86 violence political ascendancy of, 89–91 by anti-piracy groups, Somalis as victims United Arab Emirates (UAE), 160–161 of, 191–194 United Kingdom Distance Water Fishing Nations perpe- influence in fishing industry of, 31n.37 tration of, 48–49, 64–65, 72–74, waste dumping by, 25 189–191 United Nations Conference on the Law of by pirates, 143–146 the Sea (UNCLOS I), 31–32, 33–34 United Nations Environmental Program Waldo, Mohamed Abshir, 204 (UNEP), 26, 35n.56 waste dumping United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime continuation of, 198–199 (UNODC), 130, 178–179 global challenges of, 24–30 United Nations Security Council (UNSC), international duplicity in, 29–30 13–14 piracy linked to, 2, 14–16, 20 IIU fishing investigations and, 30–31, recommended international actions 62–63 against, 201–203 international counterpiracy measures Willett, Lee, 185–186 and, 173–174 Winkler, Thomas, 191

238 Index

women hijacking of ships from, 85–86 grassroots antipiracy initiatives and role IUU fishing in Somalia by, 47–48, 54, of, 165 56–57 in khat trade, 102–103, 148–150 Yere, Abdullahi, 88, 92 piracy and violence against, 150–152 Yusuf, Abdinasir, 155–157 World Bank, Somali fisheries data from, 39 Yusuf, Abdullahi (Col.), 177–178 World Food Program (WFP) clan politics and, 75 international counter piracy measures as emerging leader, 9–10, 11–12, 30–31 and, 173–174 growth of piracy and, 70–71 pirate hijacking of vessels from, 141–143 IUU fishing and, 52–53, 54 as Transitional Federal Government lea- Xiang Hua Men hijacking, 108n.24 der, 89–91 Yusuf, Aweys Warsame, 65n.5 Yare, Awad, 191 Yusuf, Musa Osman, 189–191 Yassin, Mohamed, 41–42 Yemeni fishing industry Zedner, Lucia, 173