Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49696-4 — Piracy in Somalia Awet Tewelde Weldemichael Index More Information Index ‘Aadde Muse (Mohamud Hirsi Muse), ancillary trades, ransom piracy and rise of, 89–91, 95–97, 157–158, 159 104–115 Abdallah, Ahmedou Ould, 29–30 anti-piracy initiatives Abdi, Mohamed (“Garfanje”), 86–88 abandonment of pirates at sea and, Abdi, Rashid, 100 193–194 Abdi Isse clan family, 75–78 best management practices, 177 Abdiweli Mohamed, Ali “Gas,” 56–57, decline in piracy and, 197–198 75–78, 130, 136–138, 162n.76 emergence of, 20 Abdullahi, Farah, 88 geopolitics and, 184–188 ab initio doctrine, 32–35 grassroots initiatives, 162–166 Abshir, Mohamed, 11–12, 70 international measures, 20, 171–195 Academy for Peace and Development local antipiracy responses, 157–158 (APD), 17–18 militarization of, 102–103, 171–173, Affi, Ladan, 33n.44, 186–187 175–176, 178–179 African countries, anti-piracy initiatives non-military measures, 178–179 and, 187–188 outcomes and missteps of, 188–194 African Union (AU), 32–35 piracy-terrorism nexus and, 179–184 African Union Mission in Somalia recommendations involving, 201–203 (AMISOM), 187–188 regional governments, 158–162 “Afweyne” (Mohamed Abdi Hassan), Somali criticism of, 186–187 81–82, 86–88, 127–132, 187–188 Union of Islamic Courts and, 85–86 Ahlu Sunna Wal Al-Jamaa, 10–11 violence against Somalis from, Ahmed, Sharif Sheikh, 89–91, 132 191–194 Ahmed “Saneeg,” 86–88 antiterrorism tactics Aidid, Mohamed Farah, 9–10, 52 anti-piracy initiatives and, 179 air-dropping of ransoms, 110, 126–127 violence against Somali fishermen from, alcohol consumption, smuggling by pirates 193–194 linked to, 145–150 Arab, Salah Hashi, 70 “Ali Baadiyow” Abdirizak Sheikh Osman, Arab League, 187–188 75–78 ARA Fisheries, 57–59 Ali Farah, Ali, 27–28, 43–44, 46n.103 Aris XIII tanker, 169 Al-Itihad Al-Islami, 9–10 arms traffic in Somalia, 157n.65 Alpi, Ilaria, 26n.22, 53n.57 artisanal fishermen in Somalia Al-Qanim fishing vessel, warship attack on, collusion in IUU by, 51–62 189–191 foreign violence against, 189–191 Al-Shabaab growth of, 40–41 ideological differences with pirates, IUU intensification and demise of, 2, 182–183 44–46, 47–48 pirates’ links to, 121, 166–169, predatory piracy adopted by, 78–88 180–181 Puntland as center for, 65–68 threat to Somalia from, 10–11, 94, 159 yields of, 41–42 ‘Aluula, 169 Asayr II fishing dhow, 169 229 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49696-4 — Piracy in Somalia Awet Tewelde Weldemichael Index More Information 230 Index Atlantic Marine and Offshore Group, 55–56 turmoil in Puntland and, 89–91 Awdal trawler, 52–53 Coffen-Smout, Scott, 49–51, 52–53, 72–74, 161 Bahadur, Jay, 102–103, 182–183 Cold War *Bakeyle, 88 fishing industry in Africa and, 41–42 Bateman, Sam, 27 Somalia and, 7–8 “Battle of Hul,” 165 colonialism “bemboweyne,” reducation of pirates to, collapse of Somali fishing industry and 111–113 impact of, 44–46 best management practices, counterpiracy population movements in Somalia initiatives and, 177 and, 8–9 BMP4 manual, 177 Somali civil war and, 7–8 Boqor Abdullahi (”King Kong”), 70 Combined Maritime Forces (CMT), Boyah (Abshir Abdullahi Abudule), 72–74, 176 75–88, 111, 164–166 Combined Task Force (CTF), 176 Buccaneer tugboat, hijacking of, 182–183 conflict mediation, pirate-caused clan con- Bueger, Christian, 171 flict and, 155–157 burcad badeed (bandits of the sea), 13 consumer goods, piracy and cost increases for, 135, 136–138 Camorra, waste dumping activities of, Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of 24–25 Somalia (CGPCS), 49–51, 176, Cantrill, Richard, 102–103 191–194 car accidents, pirate drivers as cause of, corporate predatory practices 143–146 IUU fishing and, 35–36 Cassanelli, Lee, 8–9 piracy linked to, 14–16 catch-and-release anti-piracy tactic, waste dumping in Somalia as, 26–30 119–122, 186–187, 193–194 corruption, IUU fishing and, 51–62, 198–201 Central Regions State, formation of, CPO Korea hijacking, 169 10–11 Cretu, Virgil, 119–122, 122n.72 Chalk, Peter, 181 criminal activity Chandler, Paul and Rachel, 125–127 financing for piracy from, 91–92 children in piracy, 152–153 impact on Somali fishing of, 64–65 China Somali piracy linked to, 4 fishing in Somalia by, 41–42 upsurge in, 166–169 fishing subsidies in, 37 waste dumping and involvement of, geopolitics of piracy and, 185–186 24–30 Citizen’s Police Liaison Committee (CPLC) (Pakistan), 127–131 “Dadurow” (Abdulgadir Al-Nur), 189–191 “Clan Cleansing,” 7–8 Darod clan, 7–8, 9–10, 89–91, 95–97, clan networks and identity 156n.64 conflict within, 143–146 debt burdens of pirates, 111–114, 122–124, economic and political impact of, 8–9 138–139 elders’ authority in, piracy’s erosion of, defensive piracy 153–155 fishermen vigilantes and, 69–74 investment in piracy by, 91–92 rise of, 4, 12 IUU fishing and, 62–63 transition to predatory piracy, 78–88 livestock exports and conflicts in, weakness of security initiatives against, 139n.20 74–78 pirate-caused conflicts and, 155–157 Dickinson, Chris, 180–181 protection of pirates and, 95–97, 184n.51 Dirir, Abdirizak Mohamed, 130, security against piracy and, 74–78 189–191, 201 Somali National Movement and, 9–10 Distance Water Fishing Nations (DWFNs) Somali state collapse and, 9 destructive methods and violent activities transition to predatory piracy and, of, 48–49, 64–65, 72–74 81–82, 86–88 government subsidies of, 36–37, 62–63 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49696-4 — Piracy in Somalia Awet Tewelde Weldemichael Index More Information Index 231 IUU fishing and, 35–36, 45–46, 115 IUU violence near, 189–191 partnerships with Somali fisheries, khat industry in, 148–150 41–42, 70 predatory piracy around, 88–93, predation of Somali resources by, 45–46, 169 115n.51, 115 violence by pirates in, 143–146 private security protection of, 75 distant water fishing nations (DWFN), Failed State Index (FSI), piracy linked piracy linked to, 2 to, 94 diya system (blood money), 155–157 failure rates for ransom piracy, 103–104, Dua, Jatin, 79–80, 93, 115–119 192–193 family structure, piracy’simpacton,150–152 economic conditions Farah, Abdirizak Dirie, 162 debt burden of pirates and, 138–139 Farah, Abdulkadir Nur “Gacmay,” impact of piracy on, 14–16, 72–74, 135, 164–166 196–201 Farah, Isse Haji, 52–53, 54 job-creation and humanitarian aid losses Farah, Nur, 59–60 from piracy and, 141–143 Farah, Shire Haji, 54, 57–59 livestock business losses and, 139–140 Farole, Abdirahman Mohamed, 45–46, in post-civil war Puntland, 65–68 92–93, 94–97, 126n.84 support for piracy as result of, 83–84, antipiracy initiatives of, 158–162, 196–201 162n.76 trickling down of insurance costs and Finley, Carmel, 31n.37 trade declines, 136–138 fishing industry in Somalia Edwards, Leslie, 129n.99 anti-terrorism violence against, 193–194 elders, authority of foreign partnerships with, 41–42, 64–65 grassroots antipiracy initiatives and, foreign violence against, 48–49, 64–65, 162–166 72–74, 189–191 piracy’s erosion of, 153–155 government restrictions on, 43–44 electronic waste, dumping of, 25 piracy and collapse of, 89–91, 134–135, Elmi, Afyare, 33n.44, 186–187 196–201 Enrico Ievoli chemical tanker, hijacking privatization of, 43–51 of, 183 in Puntland, 10, 65–68 environmental destruction, by Distance state collapse and rise of, 14–16, 20, Water Fishing Nations, 48–49 38–43, 44–46 EU Common Fisheries Policies, 37 technological advances and, 31–32 EU NAVFOR, 102–103, 122 tsunami devastation of, 80–81 European Union (EU) Five Year Development Plan (Somalia), fishing subsidies in, 37 40–41 international counter piracy measures Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and, 173–174 on IUU fishing, 45–46 waste dumping by, 25 Somali fishing data from, 39 European Union Naval Force, 175–176 sustainable fishing practices and, 35n.56 exclusive economic zone (EEZ) foreign partnerships with Somalia lack of Somali declaration of, 30–31 fishing industry and, 41–42, 64–65 UNCLOS provisions on, 33–34 piracy and decline of, 136–138 Eyl Freeman, Colin, 128 catch-n-release activity near, 119–122 FV Al-Amal,59–60 children as pirates in, 152–153 FV Jaber hijacking, 129, 130 counter-piracy measures in, 83–84, FV Naham 3 hijacking, 129, 130 157–158, 162–166 FV Poseidon,59–60 economic impact of piracy in, 134–135 FV Siraj hijacking, 129, 130 fishing industry in, 47, 59–60, 66–67, 72–74, 81–82 Gaddafi,Mu’amar al-, 187–188 governance in, 158–162 Galkayo Medical Center, resources directed IUU fishing near, 48–49 toward pirate violence by, 145–146 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49696-4 — Piracy in Somalia Awet Tewelde Weldemichael Index More Information 232 Index Galmudug hostages’ fate in ransom piracy, 115, formation of, 10–11 127–132 piracy operations in, 94 humanitarian aid, piracy and loss of, “Gantal” Abdirizal Ahmed, 126–127 141–143 Gara’ad Hurlburt, Kaija, 193 Al-Shabaab presence in, 183 Hussein, Aden Abdirizak “Aden Sanjab,” catch-n-release near, 119–122 110, 122–124 clan authority in, 153–155 counter-piracy initiatives in, 162–166 illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing industry in, 66–67, 72–74, 75 fishing IUU fishing near, 48–49 corporate predatory practices and, 35–36 governance in, 158–162 current intensification of, 1, 198–201 khat industry in, 148–150 decline of piracy and expansion of, 55–56 predatory piracy in, 88, 92, 115, defensive piracy against, 72–74 143–146 financial and environmental costs of, 38 Garad Mohamed, 88,