Hermann Emil Fischer E the Most Outstanding Chemist in History
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Unerring in Her Scientific Enquiry and Not Afraid of Hard Work, Marie Curie Set a Shining Example for Generations of Scientists
Historical profile Elements of inspiration Unerring in her scientific enquiry and not afraid of hard work, Marie Curie set a shining example for generations of scientists. Bill Griffiths explores the life of a chemical heroine SCIENCE SOURCE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY LIBRARY PHOTO SCIENCE / SOURCE SCIENCE 42 | Chemistry World | January 2011 www.chemistryworld.org On 10 December 1911, Marie Curie only elements then known to or ammonia, having a water- In short was awarded the Nobel prize exhibit radioactivity. Her samples insoluble carbonate akin to BaCO3 in chemistry for ‘services to the were placed on a condenser plate It is 100 years since and a chloride slightly less soluble advancement of chemistry by the charged to 100 Volts and attached Marie Curie became the than BaCl2 which acted as a carrier discovery of the elements radium to one of Pierre’s electrometers, and first person ever to win for it. This they named radium, and polonium’. She was the first thereby she measured quantitatively two Nobel prizes publishing their results on Boxing female recipient of any Nobel prize their radioactivity. She found the Marie and her husband day 1898;2 French spectroscopist and the first person ever to be minerals pitchblende (UO2) and Pierre pioneered the Eugène-Anatole Demarçay found awarded two (she, Pierre Curie and chalcolite (Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2.12H2O) study of radiactivity a new atomic spectral line from Henri Becquerel had shared the to be more radioactive than pure and discovered two new the element, helping to confirm 1903 physics prize for their work on uranium, so reasoned that they must elements, radium and its status. -
Goverdhan Mehta Chemistry - a 21St Century Science for Global Sustainability: Is It Future Ready?
Goverdhan Mehta Chemistry - A 21st Century Science for Global Sustainability: Is it future ready? Goverdhan Mehta A ‘selfie’ with theSchool chemical of Chemistry world…… University of Hyderabad National Geophysical Research Institute, CSIR Foundation Day, Sept. 27, 2019 Introducing Chemistry through the Lens of Earth's Systems: What Role Can Systems Thinking Play in Developing Chemically and Environmentally Literate Citizens? J. Kornfeld, S. Stokoe. J. Chemical Education 2019, 96, 2910-2917 A bouquet of ‘matters’ that matter New symbols Passion Sustainability Legacies Ethics & values Responsible Connections Systems Directions Humility Ideas & icons Inspirations Un mélange de beaucoup de choses “Chemistry ought not to be for chemists alone” - Miguel de Unamuno ‘…Life, Universe and Everything’ Chemistry – a source of happiness…. Chem -Connectome ‘...I feel sorry for people who don’t know anything about chemistry. They are missing an important source of happiness....’ - Linus Pauling 1901-1994 S.A. Matlin, G. Mehta, H. Hopf. Chemistry Embraced by All. Science 2015, 347, 1179 Chemistry is in everything. and everything is in it, it is the basis of life, without it we wouldn't exist. Green tea has ~ 200 chemicals Coffee has ~ 1000 chemicals Wine has >1000 chemicals Light cigarette ~ 4000 chemicals Chemistry is ubiquitous/omnipresent Chemistry – Tracing the roots and to the present BCE Art & craft of mixing substances A giant knowledge leap Alchemy to modern science Evidence based science Discipline in a Table - systematization Mendeleev’s Periodic Law ‘Molecularization’ of chemical matter 20th Century A century of evolutionary march of chemistry 20h Century Value added products from almost anything “Utility science” and everything Molecular understanding of life processes and “Core Science” chemical matter Interdisciplinarity in forefront “Integrative Science” Resource stressed planet “Sustainability Science” 21st Century S. -
The Lock-And-Key Analogy in 20Th Century Biochemistry
From: Rebecca Mertens The Construction of Analogy-Based Research Programs The Lock-and-Key Analogy in 20th Century Biochemistry April 2019, 224 p., pb., ill. 34,99 € (DE), 978-3-8376-4442-5 E-Book: PDF: 34,99 € (DE), ISBN 978-3-8394-4442-9 When the German chemist Emil Fischer presented his lock-and-key hypothesis in 1899, his analogy to describe the molecular relationship between enzymes and substrates quickly gained vast influence and provided future generations of scientists with a tool to investigate the relation between chemical structure and biological specificity. Rebecca Mertens explains the appeal of the lock-and-key analogy by its role in model building and in the construction of long-term, cross-generational research programs. She argues that a crucial feature of these research programs, namely ascertaining the continuity of core ideas and concepts, is provided by a certain way of analogy-based modelling. Rebecca Mertens (PhD), born in 1984, is a postdoctoral researcher in the history and philosophy of science at the University of Bielefeld, Germany. She works on the role of analogies, models and forms of comparison in the history of molecular genetics and is a member of the collaborative research program "Practices of ComparisonÚ Ordering and Changing the World". During her graduate and doctoral studies, she was a visiting scholar at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris and a visiting graduate fellow at the Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science. For further information: www.transcript-verlag.de/en/978-3-8376-4442-5 © 2019 -
The Riches of Uranium Uranium Is Best Known, and Feared, for Its Involvement in Nuclear Energy
in your element The riches of uranium Uranium is best known, and feared, for its involvement in nuclear energy. Marisa J. Monreal and Paula L. Diaconescu take a look at how its unique combination of properties is now increasingly attracting the attention of chemists. t is nearly impossible to find an uplifting, and can be arrested by the skin, making found about uranium’s superior catalytic funny, or otherwise endearing quote on depleted uranium (composed mainly of 238U) activity may not be an isolated event. The Iuranium — the following dark wisecrack1 safe to work with as long as it is not inhaled organometallic chemistry of uranium was reflects people’s sinister feelings about this or ingested. born during the ‘Manhattan project’ — code element: “For years uranium cost only a few Studying the fundamental chemistry of name of the development of the first nuclear dollars a ton until scientists discovered you uranium is an exotic endeavour, but those who weapon during the Second World War. This could kill people with it”. But, in the spirit of embrace it will reap its benefits. Haber and field truly began to attract interest in 1956 rebranding, it is interesting to note that the Bosch found that uranium was a better catalyst when Reynolds and Wilkinson reported the main source of Earth’s internal heat comes than iron for making ammonia2. The preparation of the first cyclopentadienyl from the radioactive decay of uranium, isolation of an η1-OCO complex derivatives6. The discovery of thorium and potassium-40 that keeps the of uranium3 also showed uranocene electrified the field outer core liquid, induces mantle convection that, even though it is as much as that of ferrocene and, subsequently, drives plate tectonics. -
Historical Group
Historical Group NEWSLETTER and SUMMARY OF PAPERS No. 64 Summer 2013 Registered Charity No. 207890 COMMITTEE Chairman: Prof A T Dronsfield | Prof J Betteridge (Twickenham, 4, Harpole Close, Swanwick, Derbyshire, | Middlesex) DE55 1EW | Dr N G Coley (Open University) [e-mail [email protected]] | Dr C J Cooksey (Watford, Secretary: Prof. J. W. Nicholson | Hertfordshire) School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, | Prof E Homburg (University of St Mary's University College, Waldegrave | Maastricht) Road, Twickenham, Middlesex, TW1 4SX | Prof F James (Royal Institution) [e-mail: [email protected]] | Dr D Leaback (Biolink Technology) Membership Prof W P Griffith | Dr P J T Morris (Science Museum) Secretary: Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, | Mr P N Reed (Steensbridge, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ | Herefordshire) [e-mail [email protected]] | Dr V Quirke (Oxford Brookes Treasurer: Dr J A Hudson | University) Graythwaite, Loweswater, Cockermouth, | Prof. H. Rzepa (Imperial College) Cumbria, CA13 0SU | Dr. A Sella (University College) [e-mail [email protected]] Newsletter Dr A Simmons Editor Epsom Lodge, La Grande Route de St Jean, St John, Jersey, JE3 4FL [e-mail [email protected]] Newsletter Dr G P Moss Production: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS [e-mail [email protected]] http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/rschg/ http://www.rsc.org/membership/networking/interestgroups/historical/index.asp 1 RSC Historical Group Newsletter No. 64 Summer 2013 Contents From the Editor 2 Obituaries 3 Professor Colin Russell (1928-2013) Peter J.T. -
Epistemology of Research on Radiation and Matter: a Structural View
Kairos. Journal of Philosophy & Science 22, 2019 Center for the Philosophy of Sciences of Lisbon University Epistemology of Research on Radiation and Matter: a Structural View Isabel Serra (CFCUL) ([email protected]) Elisa Maia (CFCUL e IIBRC) ([email protected]) DOI 10.2478/kjps-2019–0016 Abstract The modern understanding of radiation got its start in 1895 with X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen, followed in 1896 by Henri Becquerel’s discovery of radioactivity. The development of the study of radiation opened a vast field of resear- ch concerning various disciplines: chemistry, physics, biology, geology, sociology, ethics, etc. Additionally, new branches of knowledge were created, such as atomic and nuclear physics that enabled an in-depth knowledge of the matter. Moreover, during the historical evolution of this body of knowledge a wide variety of new te- chnologies was emerging. This article seeks to analyze the characteristics of expe- rimental research in radioactivity and microphysics, in particular the relationship experience-theory. It will also be emphasized that for more than two decades, since the discovery of radioactivity, experiments took place without the theory being able to follow experimental dynamics. Some aspects identified as structural features of scientific research in the area of radiation and matter will be addressed through his- torical examples. The inventiveness of experiments in parallel with the emergence of quantum mechanics, the formation of teams and their relationship with technology developed from the experiments, as well as the evolution of microphysics in the sen- se of “Big Science” will be the main structural characteristics here focused. The case study of research in radioactivity in Portugal that assumes a certain importance and has structural characteristics similar to those of Europe will be presented. -
Named Organic Reactions (U – Z)
Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Rxns(U-Z).pdf 1 NAMED ORGANIC REACTIONS (U – Z) © Dr. John Andraos, 2000 - 2014 Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ONTARIO M3J 1P3, CANADA For suggestions, corrections, additional information, and comments please send e-mails to [email protected] http://www.chem.yorku.ca/NAMED/ Sakae Uemura Japanese, b. Japan Uemura oxidation Nishimura, T.; Onoue, T.; Ohe, K.; Uemura S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998 , 39 , 6011 Nishimura, T.; Onoue, T.; Ohe, K.; Uemura S. J. Org. Chem. 1999 , 64 , 6750 Biographical references: Ivar Karl Ugi 5 September 1930 – 29 September 2005 German, b. Kuressaare, Estland, Germany Ugi condensation Ugi, I.; Meyr, R.; Fetzer, U.; Steinbrueckner, C. Angew. Chem. 1959 , 71 , 386 Urban, R.; Ugi, I., Angew. Chem. Int. Engl. Ed . 1975 , 14 , 61 Biographical references: Chemical Research Faculties: An International Directory 1996 , American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., 1996 Wer ist Wer? Das Deutsche Who’s Who 1999/2000 , Schmidt-Römhild: Lübeck, 1999 Lemmen, P.; Fontain, E.; Bauer, J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006 , 45 , 193 Fritz Ullmann 2 July 1875 - 17 March 1939 German, b. Fürth, Germany Ullmann reaction Ullmann, F. Ann. Chem . 1904 , 332 , 38 Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Rxns(U-Z).pdf 2 Biographical references: Meyer, K.H., Helv. Chim. Acta 1940 , 23 , 93 Upjohn reaction Van Rheenen, V.; Kelly, R.C.; Cha, D.Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1976 , 1973 A. Verley French, b. ? Meerwein-Pondorff-Verley reduction see Hans Leberecht Meerwein Biographical references: Victor Villiger 1 September 1868 - 1934 Swiss, b. -
Otto Hahn Otto Hahn
R.N. 70269/98 Postal Registration No.: DL-SW-1/4082/15-17 ISSN : 0972-169X Date of posting: 26-27 of advance month Date of publication: 24 of advance month May 2017 Vol. 19 No. 8 Rs. 5.00 Otto Hahn Discoverer of Nuclear Fission Editorial: Consolidating 35 science communication activities in our country Otto Hahn: Discoverer of 34 Nuclear Fission Keep Your Eyes Healthy 31 Phenol: A Serious 30 Environmental Threat Accidental Discoveries in 28 Medical Science Cures for haemorrhoids— 24 Simple treatments and Surgeries Recent developments 21 in science and technology 36 Editorial Consolidating science communication activities in our country Dr. R. Gopichandran It is well known that the National Council of Science Museums of India’s leadership in science technology and innovation (STI) across the Ministry of Culture, Government of India, the National Institute the bilateral and multilateral framework also. The news feature service of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR) and the portal activity have well defined action plans to reach out to of CSIR, the National Council for Science and Technology fellow institutions and citizens with suitably embellished platform Communication (NCSTC) of the Department of Science and and opportunities for all to deliver together. Technology (DST), Government of India and Vigyan Prasar, also While these are interesting and extremely important, especially of DST, have been carrying out excellent science communication because they respond to the call to upscale and value add science activities over the years. It cannot be denied that the reach has been and technology communication, it is equally important to document quite significant collectively. -
Download Report 2010-12
RESEARCH REPORt 2010—2012 MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Cover: Aurora borealis paintings by William Crowder, National Geographic (1947). The International Geophysical Year (1957–8) transformed research on the aurora, one of nature’s most elusive and intensely beautiful phenomena. Aurorae became the center of interest for the big science of powerful rockets, complex satellites and large group efforts to understand the magnetic and charged particle environment of the earth. The auroral visoplot displayed here provided guidance for recording observations in a standardized form, translating the sublime aesthetics of pictorial depictions of aurorae into the mechanical aesthetics of numbers and symbols. Most of the portait photographs were taken by Skúli Sigurdsson RESEARCH REPORT 2010—2012 MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Introduction The Max Planck Institute for the History of Science (MPIWG) is made up of three Departments, each administered by a Director, and several Independent Research Groups, each led for five years by an outstanding junior scholar. Since its foundation in 1994 the MPIWG has investigated fundamental questions of the history of knowl- edge from the Neolithic to the present. The focus has been on the history of the natu- ral sciences, but recent projects have also integrated the history of technology and the history of the human sciences into a more panoramic view of the history of knowl- edge. Of central interest is the emergence of basic categories of scientific thinking and practice as well as their transformation over time: examples include experiment, ob- servation, normalcy, space, evidence, biodiversity or force. -
Antibodies with Some Bite Antibodies Have Yet to Be Determined, It Is Reasonable to Suppose That the Ester Or David E
-~-------------------------------------N8NSANDVIEWS----------------_N_A_TU_R_E_V-O_L_._32_5_22_J_A_N_U_A_RY__ 19~87 Enzyme catalysis kinetics and is subject to competitive inhibition. Although the detailed chemical mechanisms of these catalytic Antibodies with some bite antibodies have yet to be determined, it is reasonable to suppose that the ester or David E. Hansen carbamate is strained towards a tetra hedral geometry on binding, thus facilitat THE spectacular specificities and rate William Jencks', more directly, stated in ing the attack of the hydroxide ion. Fur enhancements of enzymes are without 1969 thermore, the Scripps group has already equal among all known catalysts. It is no If complementarity between active site and found that their antibody can act via both wonder then that the design of new en transition state contributes significantly to nucleophilic and general base catalysis, zymes has long been a goal of biochemists. enzyme catalysis, it should be possible to syn depending on the substrate used. Now two independent groups, one led by thesize an enzyme by constructing a binding The fact that this approach succeeded at Alfonso Tramontano and Richard Lerner site. One way to do this is to prepare an anti all gives great hope to those attempting to of the Scripps Clinic and Research Foun body to a haptenic group which resembles the isolate even more efficient antibody cat dation', and the other by Peter Schultz of transition state of a given reaction. The com alysts by this and by other strategies. In the University of California at Berkeley\ bining sites of such antibodies should be com addition, it may be possible to modify have taken steps towards this goal by plementary to the transition state and should cause an acceleration by forcing bound sub existing catalytic antibodies. -
Wilhelm Ostwald – the Scientist
ARTICLE-IN-A-BOX Wilhelm Ostwald – The Scientist Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald was born on September 2, 1853 at Riga, Latvia, Russia to Gottfried Ostwald, a master cooper and Elisabeth Leuckel. He was the second son to his parents who both were descended from German immigrants. He had his early education at Riga. His subsequent education was at the University of Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia) where he enrolled in 1872. At the university he studied chemistry under the tutelage of Carl ErnstHeinrich Schmidt (1822– 1894) who again was a pupil of Justus von Liebig. Besides Schmidt, Johannes Lemberg (1842– 1902) and Arthur von Oettingen (1836–1920) who were his teachers in physical chemistry were also principal influences. It was in 1877 that he defended his thesis ‘Volumchemische Studien über Affinität’. Subsequently he taught as Privatdozent for a couple of years. During this period, his personal life saw some changes as well. He wedded Helene von Reyher (1854–1946) in 1880. With Helene, he had three sons, and two daughters. Amongst his children, Wolfgang went on to become a famous colloid chemist. On the strength of recommendation from Dorpat, Ostwald was appointed as a Professor at Riga Polytechnicum in 1882. He worked on multiple applications of the law of mass action. He also conducted measurements in chemical reaction kinetics as well as conductivity of solutions. To this end, the pyknometer was developed which was used to determine the density of liquids. He also had a thermostat built and both of these were named after him. He was prolific in his teaching and research which helped establish a school of science at the university. -
CV Sir Arthur Harden
Curriculum Vitae Prof. Dr. Arthur Harden Name: Sir Arthur Harden Lebensdaten: 12. Oktober 1865 ‐ 17. Juni 1940 Arthur Harden war ein britischer Chemiker. Nach ihm sind die Harden‐Young‐Ester (Zuckerphospha‐ te) benannt. Für seine Forschungen über die Gärung von Zucker und dessen Gärungsenzyme wurde er im Jahr 1929 gemeinsam mit dem deutsch‐schwedischen Chemiker Hans von Euler‐Chelpin mit dem Nobelpreis für Chemie ausgezeichnet. Werdegang Arthur Harden studierte von 1882 bis 1885 Chemie am Owens College der University of Manchester. 1868 ging er mit einem Dalton Scholarship an die Universität Erlangen, um beim Chemiker Otto Fi‐ scher, einem Vetter von Emil Fischer (Nobelpreis für Chemie 1902), zu arbeiten. Dort wurde er 1888 promoviert. Im Anschluss arbeitete er als Dozent am Owens College. Ab 1897 war er am neu gegrün‐ deten British Jenner Institute of Preventive Medicine tätig. 1907 wurde er dort Leiter der Abteilung Biochemie. Außerdem erhielt er 1912 eine Professur für Biochemie an der University of London. Auch nach seiner Emeritierung im Jahr 1930 blieb Harden wissenschaftlich aktiv. So befasste er sich unter anderem mit dem Stoffwechsel von E.coli‐Bakterien sowie mit der Gärung. Gemeinsam mit dem deutsch‐schwedischen Wissenschaftler Hans von Euler‐Chelpin gelang es ihm, diesen Vorgang vollständig aufzuklären. Nobelpreis für Chemie 1929 Die Aufklärung der Gärung als eine der ältesten biologischen Technologien der Menschheit hatte bereits zuvor viele Wissenschaftler zu Forschungsarbeiten angeregt, unter ihnen Louis Pasteur und Justus Freiherr von Liebig. Arthur Harden wurde für seine Forschungen über die Gärung von Zucker und die daran beteiligten Gärungsenzyme im Jahr 1929 gemeinsam mit Hans von Euler‐Chelpin mit dem Nobelpreis für Chemie ausgezeichnet.