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Institute for Animation and Gaming, Enugu Odoh i INSTITUTE FOR ANIMATION AND GAMING, ENUGU (A STUDY ON PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL IN THE DESIGN OF SUSTAINABLE LEARNING SPACES) ODOH, PETER .E A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, ENUGU CAMPUS, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE. SUPERVISOR: ARC. DR. OKEY NDUKA JUNE, 2014. ii CERTIFICATION I hereby certify that this project was done by ODOH PETER EJIKE and has been read and approved by the Department of Architecture, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus. ………………………………………. ……………………………… Odoh, Peter Ejike Date Student ………………………………………. ……………………………… Arc. (Dr.) Okey Nduka, Ph.D Date Supervisor ………………………………………. ……………………………… Arc. Udeh. C.A Date Head, Department of Architecture iii DEDICATION To The Holy Spirit, for His Gift of Knowledge. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I thank God Almighty for seeing me through to the completion of this work. I would like to show my appreciation to my thesis supervisor Arc. Dr. Okey Nduka for his assistance, great support and continuous advice throughout the whole process of this study. Thank you for your patience, evaluations and inspiring comments about the study. I owe special thanks to all members of my family; to my amiable parents Mr. and Mrs. Odoh Cyprian, to my siblings John Chiemezie, Michael Chidiebere and Victor Okwuchukwu, and to my aunt Miss Odoh Benedette, who have supported me endlessly and encouraged me to be the person I am today. I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to my mentors; Arc. Eme-Anele Ngozi, Dr. Akubue Jideofor, Prof. Chukwuali C.B, Arc. Baderin Joy, and Arc. Afolabi Michael, for their immense contribution to my understanding of architecture. I would like to appreciate my colleagues especially Prisco, Loveday, Grace, Chisom, Ikenna, Okoro and Joy, my friends especially Shittu, Casablanca, Bobby, and Andrew, and my roommates Valentine, Mathias, Anthony and Ekene, for always standing next to me during this process. Finally I would like to express my gratitude to all my lecturers from the Department of Architecture for their various contributions towards the actualization of this project. v TABLE OF CONTENTS: Title Page…………………………………………………………………………………..…..i Certification……………………………………………………………………………….…..ii Dedication……………………………………………………………………………………..iii Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………….iv Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………...v List of Figures………………………………………………………………………...……....xiii List of Plates………………………………………………………………………………......xvi List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………..xx Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………..xi CHAPTER 1: 1.0 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….…………….1 1.1 Background of study………………………………………………..……..….…..2 1.1.1 How Do Passive and Sustainable Design Relate…….……………………...5 1.2 Statement of architectural problems…………………….…………………….….5 1.3 Aim ………………………………………………….…….………………….…..6 1.4 Objectives………………………………………………………………………...6 1.5 Motivation…………………………………………………………...…….……..7 1.6 Scope and limitations…………………………………………….…………..…..7 1.7 Research methodology………………………………………….………………..8 1.7.1 Analysis of collected data…………………………………...…....................9 CHAPTER 2: 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………………….…...11 2.1 Brief history of animation……………………..………………………...…....…12 vi 2.2 Animation and gaming institutes –a brief overview………………………..........15 2.2.1 Core departments within the institute……………………..…..….…….16 2.2.2 Curriculum………………………………………………….….……….17 2.2.3 Importance of animation institutes…………………………..…..…...…18 2.2.4 Key learning spaces in an animation institute………………...….…..…20 2.3 Learning spaces; what do we know about them?....................................................24 2.3.1 Perspectives on learning spaces…………………………….…..…..…...28 2.4 Types of learning spaces in a higher institution…..................................................31 2.5 Learning theory: (a look on how higher education students approach learning in 21st century Nigeria); …………………………………….………………….….32 2.6 Implications of learning theory on the design of learning spaces in higher institutions…………………………………………………….……….........35 2.7 Functions of learning spaces in higher institutions……………………….…….….37 2.8 Designing sustainable learning spaces for effective learning ………………....…..40 2.8.1 Day-lighting and student performance…………………………..……........…41 2.8.2 Indoor air quality and student performance……………………………….......45 2.9 Benefits of passive design strategies in higher educational buildings..........……...…48 CHAPTER 3: DESIGN CONSIDERATION: PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES: A Key to Sustainable Building Design………………56 3.1 Sources of Passive Energy ………………………………………………………………….58 vii 3.2 Understanding the Hot-Humid Climate of Enugu: An Overview………………………..60 3.2.1 Passive Design Guidelines in Hot and Humid Climates……………………….62 3.3 Principles of Passive Design……………………………………………………………...64 3.3.1 Orientation……………………………………………………………………….65 3.3.1.1 Solar Radiation……………………………………………...66 3.3.1.2 The Sun’s Path………………………………………………67 3.3.2 Window Design (Glazing)………………………………………………………..69 3.3.2.1 Types of Windows…………………………………………..70 3.3.2.2 Low-Emmisitivity Glass…………………………………….73 3.3.3 Insulation………………………………………………………………………...78 3.3.4 Thermal Mass……………………………………………………………………79 3.3.5 Natural Ventilation………………………………………………………………80 3.3.6 Zoning…………………………………………………………………………...83 3.4 Improving Comfort in Educational Buildings Using Passive Design Strategies…………84 3.4.1 Micro-Climatic Analysis………………………………………………………..84 3.5 Passive Cooling…………………………………………………………………………..86 3.5.1 Excluding Heat Gains…………………………………………………………..87 3.5.1.1 Dealing with Solar Radiation………………………………87 viii 3.5.1.2 Dealing with High Outside Temperature…………………..89 3.5.1.3 Dealing with Internal Gains……………………………….90 3.6 Complementing Passive Cooling In Tropical Humid Climates………………………….91 CHAPTER 4: 4.0 CASE STUDIES AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EXISTING AND SIMILAR STRUCTURES…………………………………………………………………………..….….94 4.1 THE ERSKINE INSTITUTE BUILDING, CANTERBURY UNIVERSITY, CHRISTCHURCH –NEW ZEALAND…………………………………………….……....…94 4.1.1 PROJECT OUTLINE: Project details…………………………………….…..…….96 4.1.2 Background of the Building…………………………………………….……...……97 4.1.3 Building Design……………………………………………………….……..……...98 4.1.3.1 Building Structure and Fabric…………………………………….…….103 4.1.4 Passive Design Strategies Used In the Building……………………………..…..104 4.1.4.1 Cooling Elements Employed……………………………………..….…104 4.1.4.2 Passive Ventilation Systems Employed in the Erskine Building…........106 4.1.4.3 Lighting………………………………………………...…………...….108 4.1.5 Energy and Thermal Performance…………………………………….…..….…..109 4.1.5.1 Annual Energy Use…………………………………………..…....……110 4.1.5.2 Summer and Winter Inside Temperatures……………………...…...….110 ix 4.1.6 Occupant Perceptions of the Erskine Building…………………………………111 4.1.6.1 The Survey……………………………………………………………111 4.1.6.2 Analysis of Collated Results From The Survey…………......……..…113 4.1.6.3 Users’ Comments…………………………………………………......115 4.1.7 Lessons Learnt From the Survey Conducted…………………………………...117 4.2 KATANA FILM AND ANIMATION INSTITUTE, THAILAND……………….….120 4.2.1 Project Outline.............................................................................................…...121 4.2.2 Building Design……………………………………………………….....…….121 4.2.3 Building Structure and Fabric…………………………………………………126 4.2.4 Lessons Learnt………………………………………………………..……….128 4.3 FACULTY OF LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF TURIN, ITALY.………………………………………………………………………………………129 4.3.1 Building design………………………………………………....………………129 4.3.2 Building envelope……………………………………………..………………..135 4.4 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY [NIIT] TRAINING CENTRE, PORT HARCOURT, RIVERS STATE…………….………….138 4.4.1 Background study……………………………………………………….……..139 4.4.2 Building design…………………………………………………….………….140 x 4.4.3 Lessons Learnt………………………………………………………………...143 4.5 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY [NIIT] TRAINING CENTRE, IKEJA, LAGOS STATE………………….…………………….144 4.5.1 Background study………………………………...………………………...…145 4.5.2 Building Design…………………………………………………………….…145 4.5.3 Lessons Learnt…………………………………………………………..…….149 4.6 Summary of research findings……………………………………..…………………....151 References…………………………………………………………………………………..153 CHAPTER 5: 5.0 PRESENTATION OF ANALYSES………………………………………………….155 5.1 Site analysis and design…………………………………………………….…………..155 5.1.1 Nigeria- a general overview………………………………………………......155 5.2 Enugu – a general overview…………………………………………………………158 5.2.1 History………………………………..……………………………………..159 5.2.2 Cityscape and architecture……………………………………………..……...160 5.2.3 Economy……………………………………………….……………………161 5.2.4 Energy………………………………………………………………………161 5.2.5 Demographics…………………………………………………………………162 xi 5.2.6 Transport………………………………………………………………………163 5.2.7 Education………………………………………………………………………..164 5.2.8 Climate………………………………………………………………………...164 5.2.8.1 Air masses……………………………………………………………...170 5.2.8.2 Vegetation……………………………………………………………...171 5.2.9 Architectural solutions with regards to Enugu climate…………………………...171 5.3 Site location studies…………………………………………….…………………………172 5.3.1 Site location………………………………………………………………………172 5.3.2 Factors that influenced the choice of site………………………………………...173 5.4 Site analysis………...…………………………………………………………………….174 5.4.1 Land use analysis…………………………………………………………………174 5.5 Physical features analysis………………………………………………………………...175 5.5.1 Sun and wind analysis……………………………………………………………175
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