FEDERAL REPUBLIC of NIGERIA Public Disclosure Authorized FEDERAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT (FPMU)

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd E1965 v9

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA Public Disclosure Authorized FEDERAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT (FPMU)

RURAL ACCESS AND MOBILITY PROJECT (RAMP)

Consulting Services for Detailed Engineering, Safeguard Studies & Preparation of Bidding Documents for Prioritised Roads in ENUGU STATE under RAMP 2

Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Report (ESIA)-Revised Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized

June, 2012

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

CONTACT INFORMATION

Firm: PHEMAN PENIEL CONSULTANTS Ltd

Address: 76B, Adeniyi Jones Avenue (2nd Floor), PO Box 14006, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria

Tel:. 0803 403 1493 0805 507 3665 0807 884 5071

Text: 0807 884 5071

Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Website: www.phemanpeniel.com

Contact Person: Engr. Dr. Emmanuel A. ADEYEMO, Ph.D., C.Eng., FASCE, FNSE,FNICE CEO/Managing Principal

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Title Page 1 Contact Information 2 Table of Contents 3 Submission Letter 5 Abbreviations and Acronyms 7 List of Tables 7 List of Figures 7 List of Pictures 7 Executive Summary 8

1.0 Introduction and General Description of Project 10 1.1 Background on the Project 10 1.2 Objective of RAMP2 10 1.3 Objectives of ESIA Study 10 1.4 Description of the Road Projects 11 1.5 Approach and Methodology 12 1.6 Report Structure 13

2.0 Policy, Legislative, Regulatory, and Administrative Considerations 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Policy and Regulatory Framework 15 2.3 Nigerian Regulatory Framework 16 2.4 Summary of World Bank Environment and Social Safeguard Policies 20 2.5 Conclusion 20

3.0 Description Of The Proposed Road Projects 21 3.1 Ownership Status, Pavement Conditions And Intervention Type of Project Roads 21 3.2 General Description of Project Roads 21 3.3 Project Justification 23

4.0 Description Of Project Environment And Social Context 27 4.1 Physical Setting 27 4.2 Socio-Cultural Environment 29 4.3 Natural Resources 32 4.4 Summary of socio-economic Data 32

5.0 Public Participation And Consultations 33 5.1 Public Consultations 33 5.2 Inventory of Potential Losses 33 5.3 Community Concerns 34

6.0 Environment Impacts And Mitigation Measures 35 6.1 Vegetation and Wildlife 35 6.2 Physical Impacts 35 6.3 Hazardous Materials and Solid Waste Management 35 6.4 Impact on Freshwater Resources 35 6.5 Impact on Water Supply 36 6.6 Construction Camps 36 6.7 Quarries/Borrow Pits 37

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

6.8 Secondary and Cumulative Impacts 37 6.9 Air Quality and Noise Levels 37

7.0 Social Impacts And Mitigation Measures 39 7.1 Contribution to Poverty Reduction 39 7.2 Improved Access to Services and Facilities 40 7.3 Impact on Cultural Environment 40 7.4 Health and Safety 40 7.5 Traffic and Access Issues 41 7.6 Risk of Spread of Communicable Diseases and Trafficking 42 7.7 Other Social Impacts-Stress on Resources and Infrastructure 43 7.8 Gender Issues 44

8.0 Environmental And Social Management Plan 46 8.1 Institutional Responsibilities 46 8.2 Responsibilities of the Contractor 47

9.0 Environmental Monitoring Plan 48 9.1 Introduction 48 9.2 Contingencies, Complaints and Incidents 48 9.3 Reporting and Review 49

APPENDICES: 49 Appendix A: Environmental and Social Screening Reports (Tables Ap1.1-Ap1.4) 50 Appendix B: Environmental and Social Management Plans (Tables Ap2.1-Ap2.4) 58 Appendix C: Environmental Monitoring Plans (Tables Ap3.1-Ap3.4) 88 Appendix D-2: Minutes of Consultation and Notification Meeting (Umuaniagu) 98 Appendix D-3: Minutes of Consultation and Notification Meeting (Ojor) 101 Appendix E: Summary of World Bank Environment and Social Safeguard Policies 104

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

June 18, 2012

The National Coordinator, (Federal Project Management Unit), RURAL ACCESS and MOBILITY PROJECT (RAMP), NAIC House, Plot 590, Zone AO, Along Airport Road, Central Area, Abuja, Nigeria

Dear Sir,

Re: Consulting Services for Detailed Engineering, Safeguard Studies & Preparation of Bidding Documents for Prioritised Roads in ENUGU STATE under RAMP 2

ESIA Report (Revised)

We hereby submit the revised ESIA Reports on the above project.

In accordance with the Terms of Reference (TOR) and the signed Contract Agreement.

Thank you very much.

Yours sincerely, Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd.

Engr. Dr. Emmanuel A. ADEYEMO CEO/Managing Principal

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

ABBREVIATIONS and ACRONYMS

AADT Average Annual Daily Traffic ADT Average Daily Traffic ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan AFD Agence Francaise de Developpment BEME Bill of Engineering Measurements and Evaluation CBN Central Bank of Nigeria DFID Department for International Development, UK DP Displaced Persons EMP Environmental Management Plan ESG Enugu State Government ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan FGD Focus Group Discussion FGN Federal Government of Nigeria FMoH Federal Ministry of Health FMW Federal Ministry of Works FPMU Federal Project Management Unit GDP Gross Domestic Product HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome IDA International Development Association LEEDS Local Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy LGA Local Government Authority NBS National Bureau of Statistics NEEDS National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy PAD Project Appraisal Document PAP Project Affected Person PIM Project Implementation Manual PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PRS Poverty Reduction Strategy RAMP Rural Access and Mobility Project RAP Resettlement Action Plan RoW Right of Way RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SEEDS State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy SPIU State Project Implementation Unit SSI Semi Structured Interview WHO World Health Organisation WB World Bank UN United Nations UNICEF United Nations International Children Education Fund

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

LIST OF TABLES Page

Table 1.1: Prioritised Clusters of Roads in Enugu State 10 Table2.1: Summary of Requirements of Bank Safeguards policies Triggered by the Activities of Ramp 11 16 Table 2.2: Comparison of Nigerian Land-use (1978) and World Bank’s OP 4.12 19 Table 3.1: Ownership Status, Pavement Condition and proposed Intervention Type 21 Table 4.1: Population Characteristics of Affected Communities 28 Table 4.2: Projected Population Distribution for the LGAs with RAMP Intervention Areas 29 Table AP 1.1: Environment and Social Screening for Cluster ₦1 Roads 51 Table AP 1.2: Environment and Social Screening for Cluster ₦2 Roads 53 Table AP 1.3: Environment and Social Screening for Cluster ₦3 Roads 54 Table AP 1.4: Environment and Social Screening for Cluster ₦4 Roads 55 Table AP 2.1: Environment and Social Management Plan for Cluster ₦1 Roads 60 Table AP 2.2: Environment and Social Management Plan for Cluster ₦2 Roads 67 Table AP 2.3: Environment and Social Management Plan for Cluster ₦3 Roads 74 Table AP 2.4: Environment and Social Management Plan for Cluster ₦4 Roads 81 Table AP 3.1: Environment Monitoring Plan for Cluster ₦1 Roads 88 Table AP 3.2: Environment Monitoring Plan for Cluster ₦2 Roads 90 Table AP 3.3: Environment Monitoring Plan for Cluster ₦3 Roads 92 Table AP 3.4: Environment Monitoring Plan for Cluster ₦4 Roads 94 Table AP 4.1: Matrix of Accessibility and Mobility Data 95 Table AP4.2: Matrix of Economic Efficiency Data 96 Table AP4.3: Matrix of Social Impact Data 97

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Road Map of Enugu State 13

LIST OF PICTURES

Pix D-1: Stakeholders@ Umuaniagu 95 Pix D-2: Women Group @ Umuaniagu 95 Pix D-3: Stakeholders @ Ojor 96

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ES.1: Introduction

ES.2 Objectives of ESIA Study

The overarching objective of the study was; a. To identify and evaluate the environmental effects, which will be caused by the proposed project, including any potential indirect and cumulative effects taking into account other initiatives planned in the study area. b. To identify and evaluate environmental and social-economic effects which will be caused by the proposed construction and operation of the road. c. To identify and describe procedures and measures that will mitigate the predicted adverse impacts of the project and measures that will enhance its beneficial effects. d. To ensure that proposed mitigation measures during construction stages are implemented. e. To undertake a cultural impact assessment and, f. Develop an environmental and social management monitoring plan.

ES.3 Potential Environmental and Social Impacts: Potential environmental and social impacts were identified on two (2) roads and in two communities listed below.

Road #13: UNTH-Enuguagu Ndiagu-Umuaniagu-Obe Amuri Road (11.88kM) at Umuaniagu Village.

 Three (3) major traditional religion shrines located within the RoW at Chainage 2+050 of the proposed road and belong to the community. They are a communal cultural heritage site . The shrines will be relocated to locations religiously acceptable to the community but will be outside the RoW of the proposed road. The community through the custodians of the shrines will be compensated for the cost of relocation.

 Between 2+050 and 2+550, there are 63 oil palm trees and 54 fruit trees on cassava farmland on the RoW of the proposed road. This is a case of land acquisition for the road project.. The owners will be compensated for both economic loss and land.

 4,500 square metres of cassava and farmland on the RoW of the proposed road. This is a case of land acquisition for the road project.. The owners will be compensated for both economic loss and land.

Road #12: Adani-Asaba-Igga-Ojor Road (9.94kM) @ Ojor Village.

 At Chainage 8+825, three major shrines (3m x 3m) and forty(40) minor shrines (worship spots under trees), all traditional religion shrines of the community are located within the RoW of the proposed road. They are a communal cultural heritage site . The shrines will be relocated to locations religiously acceptable to the community but will be outside the RoW of the proposed road. The community through the custodians of the shrines will be compensated for the cost of relocation.

 At 8+825 – 9+075, there is a 1,200 square metres of cassava and farmland on the RoW of the proposed road. This is a case of land acquisition for the road project. The owners will be compensated for both economic loss and land.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

 At 8+890, there is a community transformer with protective blockwall (5m x 5m) on the RoW of the proposed road. The transformer will be relocated about 10metres away from its current location. The cost of relocation will be paid to the community.

 At 9+200 - 9+800, there exists a land area (600m x 6m) i.e. 3m on either sides beyond the cassava farm to be acquired for the road. This is a case of land acquisition for the road project and compensation will be paid to the owner.

General Environmental Impact: For all settlements and villages on all the 15 Roads: Noise and Dust from construction activities.

ES.4 Project Environmental and Social Screening Categorization Each of the 15 potential project roads has been categorized, based on the visual survey and initial consultations into Category B. Based on the outcomes of the screening exercise which have been tabulated in Tables AP1.1, AP1.2, AP1.3 and AP1.4 in Appendix A, all the road projects in the four (4) clusters fall under Category B and are qualified to be financed under RAMP II because their environmental impacts are less adverse. The projects qualify for Category B because more than 50% of the screening outcomes are “Nos” according to Tables AP1.1, AP1.2, AP1.3 and AP1.4.

ES.5 Environment Impacts and Mitigation Measures

In addition to the compensatory measures recommended for the affected people, necessary mitigation measures have been recommended as they relate to ecology, physical environment, use of hazardous materials, generation of solid waste, effects on water supply and water resources, operation of construction camps and management of borrow pits during construction. The environmental impacts of the roads are less adverse. See Chapter 6.

ES.6 Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Social impacts have been identified and necessary positive impacts and mitigation recommendations as they relate to poverty reduction, improved access to services and facilities, cultural environments, health and safety, traffic and access, risk and spread of communicable diseases and trafficking, stress on resources and infrastructure and gender mainstreaming have been highlighted in the main report. The social impacts of the roads are positive. See Chapter 7.

ES.7: Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs)

The ESMPs for the four clusters of road are cost effective and are achievable. See Appendix B. There is no marginal cost implication except for the cost of ARAP which have been included in the Bills of Engineering Measurements and Evaluation for the two (2) affected roads. The cost estimates for institutional responsibilities and training needs have already been taken care of under Component #3 of RAMP2: Capacity Building and Project Administration and do not need to be duplicated in this report.

ES.8: Environmental Monitoring Plans (EMPs)

The EMPs for the four clusters of road are cost effective and are achievable. See Appendix C. There is no marginal cost implication except for the cost of ARAP which have been included in the Bills of Engineering Measurements and Evaluation for the two (2) affected roads. The cost estimates for institutional responsibilities and training needs have already been taken care of under Component #3 of RAMP2: Capacity Building and Project Administration and do not need to be duplicated in this report.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

1.0 INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT

1.1 BACKGROUND ON THE PROJECT The Federal Government of Nigeria has commenced with the implementation of the Rural Access and Mobility Project (RAMP) in Enugu State with support financing from the World Bank and the Agence Francaise De Developpment (AFD) and guided by the Government’s Rural Travel and Transport Policy (RTTP). The lead agency for the Federal Government is the Federal Department of Agriculture (FDA) of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD). The Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) is overseeing the project on behalf of FDA, while the Enugu State Government is expected to implement it.

The overall objectives of RAMP is to support participating state and local governments in providing improved all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural intervention areas, rehabilitate prioritized river crossings and support the institutional reforms in the transport sector leading to optimization and improvement of the sector management in Enugu State.

This component of RAMP2 involves the rehabilitation works for an indicative 203.45kM of rural and state roads in Enugu State as well as the related design studies and external supervision activities.

1.2 Objective of RAMP 2

The objective of RAMP 2 is to provide rural communities with improved access to social services and economic opportunities, and to enhance the capacity of relevant government institutions to better manage rural transport infrastructure. The indicative objective is to rehabilitate 203.45km of rural roads in Enugu State. Road standards will be determined as part of the road design studies, with proper economic justification. Considering traffic levels observed on rural roads in Enugu state (current average daily vehicle traffic (AADT) of less than 50 vehicles per day (vpd) and typical current motorcycle traffic of 50 to 100 cycles per day), it is expected that the RAMP-2 project will rehabilitate existing roads, without any paving/asphalt treatment involved. The list of the high priority roads in six (6) intervention areas in Enugu State is detailed in Table 1.1, the sub-division of the state into intervention areas is shown in Figure 1.2.

1.3 Objectives of ESIA Study

The overarching objective of the study was to examine the environmental effects of the proposed rural roads alignments and to advise the choice of the final alignment taking all environmental concerns into consideration. The specific objectives of the study were:

a. To identify and evaluate the environmental effects, which will be caused by the proposed project, including any potential indirect and cumulative effects taking into account other initiatives planned in the study area. b. To identify and evaluate environmental and social-economic effects which will be caused by the proposed construction and operation of the road. c. To identify and describe procedures and measures that will mitigate the predicted adverse impacts of the project and measures that will enhance its beneficial effects. d. To ensure that proposed mitigation measures during construction stages are implemented. e. To ensure that the ESIA study conforms with RAMP Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), Resettlement Plan framework (RPF) and the project’s Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP). f. To undertake a cultural impact assessment and, g. Develop environmental and social management and monitoring plans.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

1.4 Description of the Road Projects

Table 1.1 provides the names, lengths, locations and intervention areas of the high priority roads under the second stage of the Rural Access and Mobility Project (RAMP2) in Enugu State. The administrative map of Enugu State is shown in Figure 1.1.

Table 1.1: Prioritised Clusters of Roads in Enugu State Length Cluster Description: Intervention Areas and Road Links (KM) UDI Intervention Area Rd 32 Umuabi-Ehuhe Achi Road 9.48km Rd 36 Abor Road 4.46km Rd 37 Egede – Awhum Road 6.50km 1. Rd 39 St. Mary Ngwo – Nsude Road: 6.25km

EZEAGU/OJI RIVER Intervention Area Rd 41 Ugwuoba – Nkwere Inyi- Inyi Road 19.88km Rd 42Isu Abaraji – Akpugo Eze – Inyi Market Road 12.69km Total for Cluster #1 59.26kM NKANU EAST/NKANU WEST/ENUGU SOUTH Intervention Area Rd 13 UNTH – Enuguagu Ndiagu-Umuaniagu–Obe – Amuri Road 11.88km Rd 18 Mbogodo – Obinagu Uwani Akpugo – Ihuokpara Road 15.0km 2. ANINRI/AWGU Intervention Area

Rd 23 Mamaku-Awangbidi-Nkwe-Ezere-Isochi Road 9.28km Rd 24 Uhueze Nenwe – Nomeh – Mburubu – Nara Road 21.00km Total for Cluster #2 57.16kM IZI UZO Intervention Area Rd 3 Neke – Umualor Road 16.84km 3. Rd 5 Neke – Mbu – Ogbodo Aba – Obollo Etiti Road 25.38km Total for Cluster #3 42.22kM UZO UWANI Intervention Area Rd 9a Ukpabi – Nimbo – Ugbene Ajima – Eziani Road 28.62km 4. Rd 9b Ikwoka –Amagu – Ajuona – Akabusiyi – Obimo Road 6.25km Rd 12 Adani – Asaba – Igga - Ojor 9.94km Total for Cluster #4 44.81kM

Grand Total 203.45kM

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

1.5 Approach and Methodology

1.5.1 Research Reports and Surveys

This report is built upon the following works;

i. A preliminary Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) including Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plans of May 2008 produced by the Federal Project Management Unit of RAMP for Enugu and Osun States. ii. A preliminary Resettlement Policy Framework produced by the Federal Project Management Unit of RAMP. iii. Prioritisation Study Report for Enugu State prepared by Pheman Peniel Consultants for FPMU in 2010. iv. RAMP2 project appraisal document of 2011. v. Terms of Reference for the preparation of ESIA report by FPMU. vi. Reporting format prepared and made available by FPMU’s ESIA Consultant

These reports form an important backdrop to this report. They are available from the FPMU Office.

1.5.2 Compliance with the National, State and International Environmental Standards

The approach taken throughout this report is consistent with the environmental guidelines of the following bodies.

i. Federal Ministry of the Environment of Nigeria’s Environmental Guidelines(1999 Presidential Directives) ii. Enugu State’s Ministry of the Environmental Guidelines; iii. Environmental Impact Assessment Act Cap 139 LFN, 1992 iv. Land-use Act Cap 202 LFN 1990 v. Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Law No. 88, 1992 vi. Other Government laws and regulations regarding environment and social issues; vii. World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies (OP4.01, BP4.01 and GP4.01) viii. World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.12) on Involuntary Resettlement; ix. World Bank Rural Roads Checklist; . 1.5.2 Public Consultations To understand the biophysical nature of the roads alignment area the field team visited the site. A survey along the roads alignment was done and observations made of human habitat, vegetation and existing ecosystems and places of cultural significance among others. Thus, it was important to visit the site between 19th and 23rd March, 2012 for route alignment identification, confirmation and conduct baseline studies. This was followed by detailed site investigation for social and environmental studies carried out from 16th to 20th April, 2012 and a confirmatory census of PAPs from 28th to 30th May, 2012. During the site visits, the team was also able to meet the relevant stakeholders.

1.5.3 Inventory of Potential Losses

The combined team of the Consultant and SPIU have visited each section of the roads to identify any assets and people who may be negatively affected by the proposed road-works. An inventory of potential losses has been developed for each section and had formed the basis of the ARAPs. Discussions with affected persons and communities regarding compensation options and grievance redress procedures have been completed for the affected roads.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

1.5.4 Environment and Social Management Planning, Review and Clearing Process

In this context, the social and Environment management process has involved the following steps and procedures:

i. Scoping and Screening ii. Project Categorization and Justification for ESIA

1.5.5 Environment Impacts and Mitigation Measures

1.5.6 Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures

1.5.7 Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs)

The ESMPs for the four clusters of road which are cost effective and are achievable have been prepared.

1.5.8 Environmental Monitoring Plans (EMPs)

The EMPs for the four clusters of road which are cost effective and are achievable have been prepared.

1.5.9 Data Analysis and Presentation

Information/data obtained from the field was both qualitative and quantitative although the latter formed the bulk of it. In this case therefore the information was synthesised into a report on project impacts, proposed measures for mitigating the impacts including the opinions and concerns of the affected communities.

1.6 Report Structure

This report contains details of the Environmental Impact Assessment of the planned rural road upgrading projects in Enugu State under the Rural Access and Mobility Project (RAMP2). The report is arranged as follows:

Executive Summary Chapter One Introduction and General Description of Project Chapter Two Policy, Legislative, Regulatory and Administrative Considerations Chapter Three Description of the Proposed Project Chapter Four Description of the Project Environment and Social Context Chapter Five Public Participation and Consultation Chapter Six Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures Chapter Seven Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures Chapter Eight Environmental and Social Management Plans Chapter Nine Environmental and Social Monitoring Plans Appendices

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

Figure 1.1: Road Map of Enugu State

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

2.0 POLICY, LEGISLATIVE, REGULATORY AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

2.1 Introduction

The Nigerian government is committed to ensuring that the environment and the economic activities of people are not negatively impacted in any way in the project areas. Nigeria recognizes that improving safety in the road corridor by modifying existing land use within the safety corridor in the road reservation (i.e. partial or complete demolition of sheds, building and farmlands) requires the application of both national policies and laws and the relevant policies of the World Bank – the financing institution of the RAMP project. The Bank requires that environmental and social impacts of the project it supports be mitigated according to operational policies that spell out the principles and planning methods for mitigation work

An ESIA will be carried out in accordance with the laws of Nigeria and that of the World Bank Environmental and Social safeguards, which has resulted in the preparation of this ESIA. Though the World Bank recognizes improving road conditions as very important, the Banks applies ESIA whenever property must be acquired, or its use modified, for a project, when acquisition or modification results in the loss of income, residence or access to resources, either permanent or temporary.

2.2 Policy and Regulatory Framework

The following policy and regulatory frameworks guided the preparation of this ESIA:

2.2.1 World Bank Safeguard Policies

The World Bank Group is made up of two unique development institutions owned by 187 member countries: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA).Each institution plays a different but collaborative role in advancing the vision of inclusive and sustainable globalization. The IBRD aims to reduce poverty in middle-income and creditworthy poorer countries, while IDA focuses on the world's poorest countries. Their work is complemented by that of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) and the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).

Whereas:  The World Bank uses Safeguard Policies which apply to projects owned by States and the Public sector;  The IFC uses performance standards, and are used for projects owned or sponsored by the private sector;  The MIGA provides political risks guarantees that may accompany an investment in an untested environment.

This project is a public good under the ownership of the Federal and State Ministry of Works therefore; the World Bank Safeguard Policies are used. The World Bank has 10+2 Safeguard Policies to reduce or eliminate the adverse negative effects of development projects, and improve decision making.

With respect to this report (ESIA), the Environment Assessment (OP4.01, BP 4.01, GP 4.01) is applied. This policy screen early for potential impacts and select appropriate instrument to assess, minimize, and mitigate potentially adverse impacts. This policy promote public consultation of the affected groups and NGOs as early as possible for category A and B projects.

This policy requires Environment assessment (EA) of projects/investments proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus improve decision making. The EA is a process whose depth and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential Environment impact of

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd the activities proposed for funding under the RAMP II. The EA process takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land): human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and cultural property) and transboundary and global Environment aspects. The Environment and social impacts of the project will come from the activities and investments to be made under Component 2 of the project that is upgrading, rehabilitation and maintenance of transport infrastructure. However, since the exact technical details and location of the investments will not be identified prior to the appraisal of this project, the EA process calls for the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN), represented by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources (FMAWR) to prepare an Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) report which will establish a mechanism to determine and assess future potential Environment and social impacts of the State’s Project Implementation Unit (SPIU) project investments under the proposed RAMP II, and then to set out mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation of the project investments to eliminate adverse Environment and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels.

2.2.2 Involuntary Resettlement OP/BP 4.12

Significant efforts are to be made in the design and screening stages of proposed SPIU’s project investments, to avoid impacts on people, land, property, including person’s access to natural and other economic resources, as far as possible. Notwithstanding, land acquisition, compensation and resettlement of people seem inevitable for certain types of investments on certain occasions. These social issues are of crucial concern to the FGN and the Bank as its impact on poverty, if left unmitigated, is negative, immediate and widespread. Thus, OP 4.12 will be triggered in those cases. Therefore, a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) has been prepared by the government and approved by the Bank in compliance with OP 4.12. The RPF sets the guidelines for the Resettlement and Compensation Plans (RAPs) that would have to be prepared when any project investment triggers this policy. The RAPs would have to be submitted to Enugu State Ministry of Environment (EnMOE) and to the Federal Ministry of the Environment for approval; and would also have to be approved by the World Bank as a condition for the commencement of civil works.

This policy would be triggered when the planned activities of the SPIU cause involuntary taking of land and other assets resulting in: (a) relocation or loss of shelter, (b) loss of assets or access to assets (c) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must physically move to another location.

The World Bank Safeguard policy OP/BP 4.12, in most cases, is not triggered because people are being affected by physical displacement. It is triggered because the project activity causes land acquisition, whereby a physical piece of land is needed and people may be affected because they are cultivating on that land, they may have buildings on the land, they may be using the land for water and grazing of animals or they may otherwise access the land economically, spiritually or any other way which may not be possible during and after the project is implemented. Therefore, people are in most cases compensated for their loss (of land, property or access) either in kind or in cash of which the former is preferred.

The resettlement policy applies to all affected and displaced persons regardless of the total number affected, severity of impact and whether or not they have legal title to land. OP/BP 4.12 requires the RPF to be disclosed both in Nigeria and at the Bank Info shop before project appraisal. A summary of the requirements of the Bank Safeguards Policies triggered by the activities in RAMP II is presented below.

2.3 Nigeria Regulatory Framework

With regards to management of the bio-physical environment throughout Nigeria, the overall responsibility was held by the now defunct Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), which was absorbed into the Federal Ministry of Environment in 1999.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

Table 2.1: Summary of Requirements of Bank Safeguards Policies Triggered by the activities in RAMP II Bank Safeguards Action Required by By Whom Date action required by. Policy Triggered. Triggered Policy 1)Preparation of ESMF 1) ESMF by FMAWR 1) ESMF to be approved by OP/BP 4.01 through the FPMU Bank and disclosed in Nigeria Environment and Bank Info shop before Assessment project appraisal date. 2) Preparation of 2) Specific feeder specific rural road roads ESMPs by the 2) Sub project ESMP’s to be ESMPs Consultant under approved by the Bank, FPMU, the supervision of EnMOE, FME and SPIU and the FPMU and the disclosed in the State before SPIU commencement of civil works. 1) Preparation of RPF. 1) RPF by FMAWR 1) RPF to be approved by the OP/BP 4.12 through the FPMU World Bank and disclosed in Involuntary Nigeria and World Bank Info Resettlement shop before project appraisal date.

2) Preparation of Sub 2) ARAPS by the 2) Sub project ARAPs to be project ARAPs. Consultant approved by the Bank, FPMU, EnMOE, FME and SPIU and disclosed in the State before commencement of civil works.

Federal Ministry of Environment (1999 Presidential Directive) The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) was established by Decree No. 58 of 1988 and subsequently amended by Act 59 of 1992 with further amendment by Decree 14 of 1999. FEPA was absorbed into the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) in 1999 by a presidential directive and its functions among others are now the responsibility of the new Ministry. The FEPA Act has now been repealed in the NESREA Act No 25 of 2007. Though the FEPA Act has now been repealed in the NESREA Act No. 25 of 2007, the Regulations pursuant to it are still valid in Regulatory terms.

The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act No 25 of 2007 The Agency, shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, have responsibility for the protection and development of the environment, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria’s natural resources in general and environmental technology, including coordination and liaison with relevant stakeholders within and outside Nigeria on matters of enforcement of environmental standards, regulations, rules, laws, policies and guidelines.

NESREA mandate includes the establishment of federal Road air quality standards and effluent limitations, protection of air and atmospheric quality; protection of the ozone layer; control of the discharge of hazardous substances; inter alia and ensures that all major development projects in Nigeria are subject to mandatory Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) pursuant to EIA Act. No. 86 (Decree No. 86) of 1992.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act Cap 131 LFN 1992; This law makes it mandatory to have an EIA study for any major development project likely to have adverse effects on the environment and seeks to encourage the development of procedures for information exchange, notification and consultation between organs and persons when proposed activities are likely to have significant environmental effects on boundary or trans-state or on the environment of bordering towns and villages. The law prescribes the procedure for conducting and reporting EIAs.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

Sectoral EIA Guidelines In September 1995, FEPA (now Federal Ministry of Environment) published Sectoral EIA Guidelines for Infrastructural Projects. The Guidelines are for any project that involves:

 Coastal Development Project  Port and Harbour Development Project  Railways  Roads and Highways,  Airports  Urban development project  Domestic water supply and sanitation project  Electrification projects

Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Law No 88 of 1992 Section 333 requires every developer of Land exceeding 4000 m2 or four floors to submit a detailed EIA report to an appropriate Development Control Department in the area of project location.

Land Use Act Cap 202 LFN 1990. As contained in the Land Use Act of 1978, which was modified in 1990 all Land in Nigeria is vested in the Governor of each state, and shall be held in trust for the use and common benefit of all people. The administration of land area is divided into urban land, which will be directly under the control and management of the Governor of each state; and non urban land, which will be under the control and management of the Local Government. The Governor of each state will have the right to grant statutory rights of occupancy to any person for any purposes; and the Local Government will have the right to grant customary right of occupancy to any person or organization for agricultural, residential or any other purposes.

The rational for the Act was that dispute over land were resulting loss of lives and properties; moreover, that the management and ownership of land needed to be streamlined and simplified; and furthermore that citizens, irrespective of their social status, need support to realize their aspirations owning a place where they and their family can lead a secure and peaceful life. Therefore the twelve (12) sections found to be relevant to the RAP purpose are hereunder stated.

i) Section 1: Subject to the provisions of this Act, all land comprise in the territory of each state in the Federation are hereby vested in the Governor of each state and such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and common benefit of all Nigerians in accordance with the provisions of this Act.

i) Section 2 (a): All land in urban areas shall be under the control and management of the Governor of each state; and (b) all other land shall be under the control and management of Local government within the area of jurisdiction in which the land is situated.

ii) Section 5 (1): It shall be lawful for the governor in respect of land , whether or not in an urban area (a) to grant statutory rights of occupancy to any person for all purposes.

iii) Section 6 (1): It shall be lawful for a Local Government in respect of land not in an urban area (a) to grant customary rights of occupancy to any person or organization for the use of land in the Local Government area for Agriculture, Residential and other purposes; (b) To grant customary rights of occupancy to any person or organization for use of land for grazing purposes as may be customary in the local government area concerned.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

iv) Section 6 (3): It shall be lawful for a local Government to enter upon, use and occupy for public purposes any Land within the area of its jurisdiction, and for the purposes, to revoke any customary right of occupation on any such land.

v) Section 6 (5): The holder and occupier according to their respective interest of any customary right of occupancy revoked under subsection (3) of this section shall be entitled to compensation for the value at the date of revocation, of their unexhausted improvement.

vi) Section 6 (6): Where land in respect of which a customary right of occupancy is revoked under this Act was used for Agricultural purposes by the holder, the local Government shall allocate to such holder alternative land for use for the same purpose.

vii) Section 28 (1): It shall be lawful for the government to revoke a right of occupancy for overriding public interest.

viii) Section 29(1): If a right of occupancy is revoked, the holder and occupier shall be entitled to compensation for the value at the date of revocation of their unexhausted improvements.

ix) Section 29 (3): If the holder or occupier entitled to compensation under this section is a community the Governor may direct that any compensation payable to it shall be paid (a) to the community or (b) to the chief or leader of the community to be disposed of by him for the benefit of the community in accordance with the applicable customary law (c) into some fund specified by the Governor for the purpose for being utilized or applied for the benefit of the community.

x) Section 29 (4): Compensation under subsection (1) of this section shall be (a) the land for the amount equal to the rent, if any paid by the occupier during the year in which the right of occupancy was revoked, (b) Buildings, installation or improvements thereon, for the amount of the replacement cost of the building, installation or improvement, that is to say, such cost as may be assessed on the basis of the prescribed method of assessment as determined by the appropriate officer less any depreciation together with interest at the bank rate for delayed payment of compensation and in respect of any improvement in the nature of reclamation works, being such cost thereof as may be sustained by documentary evidence and proof to the satisfaction of the appropriate officer, (c) crops on land apart from any building, installation or improvement thereon, for an amount equal to the value as prescribed and determined by the appropriate officer.

xi) Section 33(1): Where the right of occupancy of any developed land on which a residential building had been erected is revoked under this Act, the Governor or the Local Government, as the case may be may in his or its discretion offer in lieu of compensation payable in accordance with the provision of this Act, resettlement in any other place or area by way of a reasonable alternative accommodation (if appropriate in the circumstance).

In the event of use of land for public interest, the Act specifies as follows:

 That the government should resettle and/or compensate occupants of land with Certificate of Occupancy (C of O); or  Issue notice to occupiers of land prior to displacement of land for public project.

In practice, government does not compensate known rightful owners of land/asset when the affected land/assets are located within the right of way of utilities. Rather, the government enforces involuntary displacement by demolition the structures and assets that are located within the land mapped for project.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

The ESIA for this road project will be aligned with the World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01) which indicates best practices to environment and social livelihoods of people affected by the implementation of the project.

2.3.1 Comparison between Land Law in the Federal Government of Nigeria and Bank OP 4.12

The RPF also presented a comparison of the Land Laws in Nigeria with the World Bank Policy. Whereas the law relating to land administration in Nigeria is wide and varied, entitlements for payment of compensation are essentially based on right of ownership. The Bank’s OP4.12 (Appendix 2) is fundamentally different from this and states that affected persons are entitled to some form of compensation whether or not they have legal title if they occupy the land by a cut-off date. However, as the proposed Road Rehabilitation is to be funded by the World Bank, the principle of OP 4.12 is not negotiable and must be adhered to. As a result, the ESIA would adopt the Land Use Act 1978 (modified in 1990) and where, there is conflict, the Bank OP 4.12 would take precedence. The comparison is presented in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2: Comparison of Nigerian Land Use Act (1978) and World Bank’s OP 4.12 Categories of PAPs/Type of Lost Asset Nigerian Land Use Act World Bank Recommends land-for-land Cash compensation based compensation, or cash compensation Land Owners upon market value at replacement cost. Entitled to compensation Entitled to some form of compensation based on the amount of subject to the legal recognition of their Land Tenants rights they hold upon land. occupancy. Entitled for compensation for crops, for Not entitled to compensation land replacement and income loss for land; entitled for compensation for minimal of the pre- Land Users compensation for crops project level. Entitled to in-kind compensation or cash compensation at full replacement cost including labour Owners of Non Cash compensation based and relocation expenses, prior to permanent Buildings on prevailing market value displacement. Entitled to in-kind compensation or cash compensation at full replacement cost including labour Owners of permanent Cash compensation based and relocation expenses, prior to Buildings on prevailing market value displacement.

The ARAP for this road project will be aligned with the World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.12) which indicates best practices to rehabilitation of livelihoods of people affected by the implementation of the project. Hence, where there are gaps between the Land Use Act (1978) and the World Bank Policy (OP 4.12), in regard to compensation of PAPs, the World Bank’s Policy will apply since it is to fund the project.

2.4 Summary of World Bank Environment and Social Safeguard Policies

These are listed under Appendix E.

2.5 Conclusion

However, in spite of the obvious similarities between Nigeria’s EIA Act and World Bank safeguard policy (OP/BP 4.01) on environmental assessment, in the event of disagreements, the more stringent will apply. 20

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ROAD PROJECTS

3.1 Ownership Status, Pavement Conditions and Intervention Types of Project Roads

Table 3.1 provides information on the existing ownership status, pavement conditions and the required intervention types of the project roads. From this table and the recent visit to the sites, it is evident that all the roads are currently unpaved and are essentially earth roads. Some of these roads are virtually impassable during wet season and they provide access to state and federal roads. All the roads also provide linkages with a number of villages along their routes. All the project roads are being proposed for upgrading to earth road with a graveled surface course.

3.2 General Description of Project Roads

3.2.1 Description of Project Roads

Each road has identifiable origin and destination and there are settlements and villages between the two points. The roads are mostly one lane earth road up to sub-grade level which comprises of good lateritic material and some clayey material in some sections. Along each road are markets, houses, places of worship, academic institutions and health centres. The roads are generally motorable, but some sections have been damaged due to lack of earth or lined drains. Concrete line drains are very important in all the roads as the earth drains are easily damaged due to loose soil of the gullies in the rainforest areas.

Some of the existing earth drains have failed because of lack of proper maintenance. During our reconnaissance survey to the road our team of engineers discovered some culverts which are either silted up or buried.

3.2.2 Existing Road Condition

The roads are mainly one-lane vehicle paths, very rough and not to modern rural road standards. Sections of the road have rocky, lateritic and clayey sub-grade. The width of the road throughout the entire stretch is bounded by either forests or farmlands. A certain degree of surface roughness and severity is pronounced along the entire length of the road.

3.2.3 Pavement

The roads have never been paved. The surface roughness is fair but generally the terrain of the project areas are a difficult one. Our visit to the project sites reveals that the dwellers along these road corridors have problem in getting to other areas of the state in terms of transportation. They all have lateritic surface. Most of the services are located in the villages on the corridor of the roads with electric poles and water main pipes. From observation, the sub-grade will provide a sound bearing stratum for the pavement structure and traffic load. However, on the road corridor exist various locations for borrow pit which by inspection are good for construction purpose.

The maximum speed attained on all the sections of the roads was 40 km/hr. The horizontal alignment is very poor and the transitions between the straights and the curves are not smooth enough as these have effects on the driving characteristics on the roads. The existing vertical alignment is fair for safety and motorability. The vertical curves have sharps slopes and do not provide adequate sight distance over crests. In addition there are culverts at most of the sags thereby reducing significantly the number of swampy locations. The average width of the roads for most part is 6 metres, especially in the villages and settlements and restricted to 2m-4m along the bushes as the edges of the roads have been overgrown with weeds.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

There intersections that exist along the project corridors are safe and not critical as they allow for free flow of traffic and have a good visibility. They have also been well channelized for easy and smooth flow of traffic. The right of way for most part especially in the areas of farmland is limited. Within the village the right of way is not limited as it is possible to obtain a width of 6m-7m at relevant points.

Table 3.1: Ownership Status, Pavement Condition and Proposed Intervention Type Owner Paved Un-Paved Distance Interventi Cluster Description: Intervention Areas and Road Links -ship (KM) (KM) (KM) on Type UDI Intervention Area Rd 32 Umuabi-Ehuhe Achi Road State 0.0 9.48km 9.48km Upgrading Rd 36 Abor Road LGA 0.0 4.46km 4.46km Upgrading Rd 37 Egede – Awhum Road State 0.0 6.50km 6.50km Upgrading 1. Rd 39 St. Mary Ngwo – Nsude Road: LGA 0.0 6.25km 6.25km Upgrading

EZEAGU/OJI RIVER Intervention Area Upgrading Rd 41 Ugwuoba – Nkwere Inyi- Inyi Road State 0.0 19.88km 19.88km Upgrading Rd 42 Isu Abaraji – Akpugo Eze – Inyi Market Road LGA 0.0 12.69km 12.69km Upgrading Total for Cluster #1 59.26kM NKANU EAST/NKANU WEST/ENUGU SOUTH

Intervention Area Rd 13 UNTH – Enuguagu Ndiagu-Umuaniagu–Obe – Amuri Road LGA 0.0 11.88km 11.88km Upgrading Rd 18 Mbogodo – Obinagu Uwani Akpugo – 2. Ihuokpara Road State 0.0 9.28km 9.28km Upgrading ANINRI/AWGU Intervention Area Rd 23 Mamaku-Awangbidi-Nkwe-Ezere-Isuochi Road LGA 0.0 15.0km 15.0km Upgrading Rd 24 Uhueze Nenwe – Nomeh – Mburubu – Nara Road LGA 0.0 21.00km 21.00km Upgrading Total for Cluster #2 57.16kM ISI UZO Intervention Area Rd 3 Neke – Umualor Road LGA 0.0 16.84km 16.84km Upgrading 3. Rd 5 Neke – Mbu – Ogbodo Aba – Obollo Etiti Road State 0.0 25.38km 25.38km Upgrading Total for Cluster #3 42.22kM UZO UWANI Intervention Area Rd 9a Ukpabi – Nimbo – Ugbene Ajima – Eziani Road LGA 0.0 28.62km 28.62km Upgrading Rd 9b Ikwoka –Amagu – Ajuona – Akabusiyi – Obimo 4. Road LGA 0.0 6.25km 6.25km Upgrading Rd 12 Adani – Asaba – Igga - Ojor State 0.0 9.94km 9.94km Upgrading Total for Cluster #4 44.81kM

0.0 203.45kM 203.45k Grand Total M

3.2.5 Drainage

Concrete line drains do not exist along the routes at all, only earth drains which have failed are visible along the project roads. However, some sections of some of the roads such as Abor and Mmaku-Awamgbidi-Nkwe-Ezere- Isiochi Roads have unfailed line drains. There is need for new culverts in some sag locations in order to achieve adequate draining of the flood run-off properly. Most of the culverts are silted up and it was gathered that when it rains most of them are overtopped as they are inadequate in capacity to control flooding.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

3.2.6 Bridges

Some of the roads have bridges while some do not have bridges.

3.2.7 Description of the Proposed Works

The project roads will involve works at the pre-construction phase, construction phase and operational phase.

Pre-construction phase activities involved:

 Location of borrow pits, Project-affected Persons (PAPs) and the affected natural and human resources  Identification of environmental and social impacts and preparation of ESIA.  Preparation of ARAP  Location of sources of water to be used in construction activities; and  Road alignment survey and traffic survey along the roads.  Engineering design  Economic Analysis, Cost Estimation, Bid Document, Tendering and Contract Awards.

Construction phase activities will involve the following:

 Construction/upgrading of all roads listed on Table 3.1 of a total length of 203.45km;  Placement of road signs along the road.

Construction of the roads in communities will also require the provision of some basic road infrastructure such as road signs etc other activities will include:

 Haulage of materials;  Construction of temporary work camps;  Earthworks; and Construction supervision and monitoring.

After road reconstruction, the following measures will be undertaken:

 Landscaping on specific sites where necessary;  Tree planting along the corridors, and  Road safety measures, such as bumps and signage.

3.3 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION

3.3.1 Background Information

Nigeria occupies an area of approximately 924,000 square kilometers and shares borders with Niger, Chad, Cameroon, and Benin. The topography ranges from mangrove swampland along the coast to tropical rain forest and savannah to the north. The Sahara desert encroaches upon the extreme northern part of the country while gully erosion threatens the carrying capacity of lands in the south. Natural resources include minerals, forest and water resources. The forests provide hardwood that is widely exploited as timber-poles, scaffolding planks and stakes and as fuel wood as well as fruits and seeds. Inland waters provide over 120 species of fish while aquaculture has been gaining much prominence in the supply of fresh fish. Nigeria is the most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa with about 140 million people. The population of Nigeria is predominantly rural, with about 36 per cent living in urban areas. Nigeria has over 110 universities and boasts of an educated labor force. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization rates Nigeria’s farmland from

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd low to medium in productivity, but notes that most of the country is cultivable and would have medium to good productivity, if properly managed. The principal export crops are cocoa and rubber, which together account for nearly 60 percent of non-oil merchandises exports.

The country’s proven oil reserve, located mainly in the southeast and coastal area, amount to an estimated proven 32 billion barrels, sufficient to last for about 37 years at the current rate of production. With the production of 2 million barrels per day (mbd), Nigeria is the sixth largest producer in OPEC. Proven natural gas reserves are estimated at 174 trillion cubic feet (equivalent to 30 billion barrels of crude oil), with energy content slightly higher than the country’s oil reserves. These reserves are comparable to those of Algeria, and will last for 110 years at current production levels. It is expected that the export of gas will be substantial after the year 2004. Nigeria is also blessed with abundant solid mineral deposits including coal, tin ore, kaolin, gypsum, columbite, gold, gemstones, barites, graphite, marble, tantalite, uranium, salt, soda, and sulphur. The main non- oil exports include: cocoa, coffee, copper, cotton, ginger, groundnut, groundnut oil, gum Arabic, palm oil, rubber, soya-bean and timber.

3.3.2 Enugu State

Based on the 2006 National Population and Housing Census Figures, Enugu State has a population of 3,267,837 (1,596,042 males and 1,671,795 females) within a total area of 7,737.6 sq. km. This gives a population density of about 429 persons per sq. km., which is high when compared with the average national density of about 154 persons per sq. km. Expectedly, population concentration is highest in the urban centres, with densities ranging between 300 and 600 per sq.km. In a state where the great majority of the people are rural, densities affect the intensity of land use and productivity of the land. Four population density regions are recognised. Areas with over 600 persons per sq. km and between 400 and 600 persons per sq. km. make up the congested rural districts. Farmland is scarce in these two high density areas. The medium density areas support between 200 and 400 persons per sq. km, while the sparsely settled areas have an average density of less than 200 persons per sq. km. Enugu State comprises of five (5) urban local government areas and twelve (12) rural local government areas.

Settlement in the towns is usually laid out in distinct camps and residential quarters. In Enugu urban centre, for example, residences are delineated into the Government Residential Area (GRA), the Ogui, Asata, Uwani, New Haven, Awkunanaw, Garki, Abakpa Nike and Ogui Nike Areas, the Independence Layout, the Colliery Camps, China Town and the Railway Artisan Quarters. Some are high density, while others are medium and low density areas. The rural settlements are dispersed over much of the farmlands. For almost every community, however, there are vast unoccupied areas set aside as farmlands and somewhat far removed from the settlements. These farmlands are called 'agu' in each case, and it is from them that most of the year's harvests are taken. Rural settlement nucleations are the exception rather than the rule.

3.3.3 Need For and Objectives of the Project

The rapid growth population within the urban settlement has strained the existing infrastructure since transportation in the state is predominantly land-based, and this is adversely affecting levels of efficiency and productivity within the state. With the inadequacy experience in infrastructural development, there is great need therefore for the government to develop a strategic approach in decongesting the urban area of the state by the linking the suburb and the rural areas of the state with good road network in order to facilitate the movement of people from the area. This will discourage the populace from migrating to the urban area to settle thereby reducing the burden on the urban infrastructure.

Furthermore, the existing federal and state highways do not provide connections to the rural areas and there is an urgent need for alternative rural routes to achieve the required network of urban-rural roads. The planned project is therefore meant to serve as an alternative route for motorist in order to achieve a balanced road interconnections in Enugu State

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The need for the planned rural road projects is therefore clearly evident. Economic development is facilitated to a very large extent through infrastructure provision and development, and specifically access to this infrastructure. A well-functioning rural infrastructure system is crucial for the economic growth of Enugu State.

3.3.4 Benefit of the Proposed Project

There are several benefits expected to accrue from this project. The beneficiaries include the project proponents, the State and the local economy. The following are some of the benefits of the project: Besides creating opportunities for agricultural, commercial and business activities, the planned project will improve access to the rural areas and act as a catalyst for rural economic empowerment.. In addition, the benefits of developing the project include the following: i. Improve the transportation of people from rural areas to urban areas and to improve the rural road network in Enugu State. ii. commercial activity will increase within the rural areas due to the planned projects leading to the creation of sustainable jobs and employment opportunities; iii. vehicular emissions and air pollution resulting from traffic congestion would be significantly reduced and contribute to a cleaner environment ; iv. Improve the socio-economic interactions within each village and its environs.

3.3.5 Value of the Project

The total cost for the proposed projects is yet to be determined as of time of this study. However, it is expected that the value will include the cost of basic and detailed engineering designs, earthworks, construction and other related activities. Of this amount, at least 45 to 50% will be injected into the local economy. Therefore, the value of the project includes this injection into the local economy and the potential employment and other benefits that are expected to result from the project.

3.3.6 Sustainability of the Project

The sustainability of this project is hinged on a number of considerations:

i. The commitment and interest of the government and people of Enugu State to solving the infrastructural problems of Enugu State, as part of efforts towards turning Enugu State into a food basket and encouraging accelerated rural development.

ii. The implementation Agency of the state government, SPIU has already shown high level of commitment in solving the rural transportation challenges of the state with successful implementation of the rural road maintenance strategy which confirms the sustenance of the planned project;

iii. The overarching desire of the average Nigerian especially the people of Enugu State to ease traffic into the rural areas of the state, which will guarantee their support for the project;

Based on the foregoing considerations the project can be adjudged to have high sustainability likelihood.

3.3.7 Project Alternatives

Usually there are several alternatives to any project. The selection of a particular alternative is premised on several considerations, including the desirability/acceptability of the project, the government’s position or inclinations to the project, the potential environmental and social impacts of the project, the economic viability of the project, etc. For the proposed roads rehabilitation project, a number of alternatives were

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd considered and these include: a no-project alternative; delayed project alternative; an alternative site and the planned project alternative. A summary of these alternatives is presented below:

3.3.7.1 No-Project Alternative This alternative assumes that the entire project concept will be cancelled and scrapped. This is an inferior alternative when compared to the option of going ahead with the project. Although if this option is taken, it would mean that the negative environmental and social impacts of the project would be completely avoided, not implementing the project will also lead to:

(i) Continued lack of rural access and mobility (ii) Continued lack of economic empowerment, development and transformation in the rural areas. (iii) Failure to generate employment opportunities as anticipated;

3.3.7.2 Delayed Project Alternative This option means that the project will not be implemented at this time; rather, a delay will be in effect until such a time when certain conditions are met or requirements fulfilled. This kind of option is usually adopted when there are regulatory requirements that need to be met, when the political and economic climate is inclement for project implementation or in a period of war. Presently, the country is not at war. Similarly, the government of Nigeria is encouraging and courting foreign direct investment (FDI) and socio-economic development. The planned project can attract foreign investment, in addition to all the added values indicated earlier. Therefore, delaying the project will in turn delay the realization of the positive benefits expected from the project. In addition, given the very high level of inflation in Nigeria’s economy, a delay of 1 year could potentially cause up to a 25% increase in project costs. Therefore the option of delaying the project is not an optimal one.

3.3.7.3 Alternative Project Location A prior study identified the current routes as being one of the priority roads under RAMP. While there are other route options, the costs, especially in terms of resettlement and compensation are quite high and would render the entire project unfeasible. Therefore, the current project routes appears to be the most expedient, based on the various considerations and as such, an alternative location will not be optimal.

3.3.7.4 The Planned Project Alternative This alternative assumes that the planned project will proceed as conceptualized. This means that the rural roads will be reconstructed and will cover a total distance of 203.45km. This alternative will also include the construction of drainage along the route.

This alternative involves a lot of construction work, along with the associated positive and negative impacts. The essence of a project of this nature is to ensure that activities are undertaken in a way that minimizes the negative impacts while enhancing the positive impacts. To this end, there is a need for detailed description of the project, so that any activity that can result in negative impacts on the environment (biophysical and socio-economic) can be easily identified and remedial measures planned for them. A detailed description of the proposed project is presented in Chapter Three of this report.

3.3.8 Summary

In summary, the selected alternatives appear to be the most optimal, which takes into consideration the needs of the people and an economically profitable scenario. While it is expected that certain negative biophysical and socio-economic impacts will be expressed by the project, it is certain that if adequate measures are put in place to mitigate the negative impacts of the project, it would result in overall net positive impacts on both the local and national economies.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

3.3.9 Environment and Social Management Planning, Review and Clearing Process

It is anticipated that the rural/feeder road will be implemented through a mix of contracts including normal contracts for complete road networks and contracts supporting the development of labour based contractors, as well as small maintenance contractors. In this context, the social and Environment management process has involved the following steps and procedures:

3.3.9.1 Scoping and Screening For the initially selected investments and in this report, scoping and screening process was carried out for all proposed roads in each cluster. This involves: (i) visual inspection of roads and initial consultations; and (ii) identification of safeguard issues for each individual road. Based on this, a Screening Report, has been submitted in Tables AP1.1, AP1.2, AP1.3 and AP1.4 under Appendix 1 which include:

 A summary of Environment and Social conditions for all individual roads, based on visual inspection and consultations;  A summary of main Environment and Social issues to be addressed.

3.3.9.2 Project Categorization and Justification for ESIA Each potential project road has been categorized, based on the visual survey and initial consultations. Project roads have therefore been categorized into one of two categories. Based on the outcomes of the screening exercise which have been tabulated in Tables AP1.1, AP1.2, AP1.3 and AP1.4. All the road projects in the four (4) clusters fall under Category B and are qualified to be financed under RAMP II because their environmental impacts are less adverse.

The Environmental and Social Impact Screening results came out with a B Categorisation for all the road clusters and therefore a limited ESIA will be needed to assess the limited environmental impact on the environment within the specific locations of the projects. The projects qualify for Category B because more than 50% of the screening outcomes are “Nos” according to Tables AP1.1, AP1.2, AP1.3 and AP1.4 in Appendix B..

3.3.9.3 Category B Project

A proposed project is classified as Category B if it’s potential adverse Environment impacts on human populations or Environmentally important areas-including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats-are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. The scope of EA for a Category B project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than that of Category A EA. Like Category A EA, it examines the project's potential negative and positive Environment impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve Environment performance.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

4.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL CONTEXT

4.1 PHYSICAL SETTING

4.1.1 Geology

Enugu State occupies much of the highlands of Awgu, Udi and Nsukka. The hills are flanked by the rolling lowlands of Oji River, Adada and Anambra Basins to the west, and the Ebonyi (Aboine) River Basin to the east. The area contains about nine geological formations. From east to west, and in terms of age and sequence of exposure, the formations are: The Asu River Group of the Albian (Lower Cretaceous) Age, made up of shales, sandstones and siltstones. The sediments later become folded, giving rise to the Abakaliki anticlinorium and the related Afikpo synclinorium both within the present Ebonyi State, as well as the syclinal basin lying between the Niger and Eze Aku shales formation of the Turonian Age which contains shales, siltstones, of sandstones and limestones. Awgu Ndeaboh Shales Formation of the Coniacian Santonian Age. Enugu Shales (to the North) and Awgu Sandstones (to the South) lie along the same axis. They were laid in the Campanian substage. Lower Coal Measures Formation (Mamu reformation) is of the Meastrichtian Age. This is the coal bearing formation. False-bedded Sandstones Formation i.e. (Ajali Sandstones) is also of the Meastrichtian Age. The body of the sand stone is thick, friable and poorly sorted. The Upper Coal Measures Formation (Nsukka Formation) is of the Nadian Age. The formation consists of coarse sandstones or with shale intercalations and fragments of iron stones and ferruginized shales and sandstones. It abounds extensively on the Udi-Nsukka Plateau where differential erosion has left the resistant portions standing out as rounded, conical, domey, cuestalike, elongated and sometimes a flattopped hill, some hundreds of metres above the ground level.These are Upper Cretaceous Sediments which were probably uplifted during the Tertiary formation, giving rise to the Enugu Okigwe escarpment in Imo Shale Clay Formation of the Pleistocene Age. It is about 1,000 metres thick and overlies the Upper Coal Measures conformably. The Alluvium Deposits which belong to the Recent Age in Enugu State occurs farthest to the northwest, and belongs to the Niger Anambra flood plain.

4.1.2 Relief and Drainage

All the formations trend generally north to south, and various prominent landforms and related features have been carved out of them. The prominent landforms include the Nsukka-Okigwe cuesta which, in Enugu State, is to made up of two distinctive features the Enugu and Awgu Escarpments and the Udi-Nsukka Plateau. The scarpface of the cuesta landforms is formed by resistant sandstones of the Lower Coal Measures, while the less resistant false-bedded Sandstones, form the gentler upper slopes and the crest. The escarpments are very much indented by deep river to valleys, and intense gullying has taken place at the headwaters of most of the streams. To the west and southwest of the Nsukka Plateau it falls gently towards the lowlands along the Niger and Imo rivers. The plateau is very extensive, some 48km wide in Nsukka area and 16km in Udi and Awgu. Apart from the residual hills, the plateau is also characterised by low density drainage and wide, flat-bottom dry valleys. The dry valleys are thought to be former normal river valleys that later got dried up by infiltration into the false-bedded Sandstones. Climatic change is another cause of dry valleys but, in the case of progressive migration of the Enugu Escarpment, the alternative cause may be the progressive migration of the water table caused by gullying and ravination. Enugu State is drained by one main river system, the Anambra Mamu River System in the west. The Anambra Mamu River drains extensive areas of Uzo Uwani Local Government Area in the north west and Awgu in southwest. For most of the rainy season the Uzo Uwani lowlands in particular, are completely covered by floods. The impeded drainage of the soil provides a good environment for specialised agricultural practices, especially rice and yam production, and fish farming.

4.1.3 Soils and Soil Erosion

The soils are made up of shallow and stony lithosols found on the steep slopes of the cuesta and often left uncultivated, the ferrallitic soils, also called Red Earth or Acid. Soil erosion, both from physical and manmade causes, is rampant in several parts of the state. It shows in rills along roadside embankments, in sheet wash

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd across compounds and farmlands, and in gullying, sometimes very dramatic, along definitive channels and zones. The major gullies are concentrated on the edges of the highly friable sandstones which yield easily to erosion and induce gullying even on slopes as low as 5%. About 65 per cent of the entire area of Enugu State is affected by sheet erosion.

4.1.4 Vegetation

The vegetation on the highlands of Awgu and stretching through its rocky promontories to link with the undulating hills of Udi, is of the semitropical rainforest type. It is characteristically green and is complemented in the Nsukka area by typical grassy vegetation. Fresh water swamp forests occur in the Niger-Anambra Basin.

4.1.5 Climate

The climate is comparatively congenial, and particularly equable in the hilly and ecologically transitional region of Nsukka. The mean monthly temperature in the hottest period of February to April is about 32.6oC and the annual rain fall ranges between 132mm to 160mm. The rain is almost entirely seasonal, most of it falling between May and October.

4.1.6 Ecological Problems

There are a number of ecological problems. Apart from soil erosion, there are the hazards of excessive sandiness in the Ezeagu-Udi corridor, and rainfed massive floods of Uzo-Uwani area. Deforestation constitutes a man-made hazard that has adversely affected ecological balance and agricultural prospects in the state.

4.2 SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

4.2.1 Project Area Population

A total of two(2) communities which have identifiable social impacts within the two intervention areas through which the roads pass were identified. Ojoo and Umuaniagu (Ozalla) were communities with permanent and temporal structures that will be affected by the road projects. The populations of major communities along the project roads are summarized in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1: Population Characteristics of Affected Communities

Population Characteristics

Actual 2006 Population Projected 2012 Population Intervention Area #. /Community Total Male Female Total Male Female NKANU EAST/NKANU 1. WEST/ENUGU SOUTH Intervention Area (Umuaniagu/Ozalla Community) Rd 13 1,152 634 518 1,376 757 619 UZO UWANI 2. Intervention Area (Ojor Village) Rd 12 408 224 184 487 268 219

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4.2.2 Demographic Characteristics of Enugu State

Based on the 2006 National Population and Housing Census Figures, Enugu State has a population of 3,267,837 (1,596,042 males and 1,671,795 females) within a total area of 7,737.6 sq. km. This gives a population density of about 429 persons per sq. km., which is high when compared with the average national density of about 154 persons per sq. km. See Table 4.2 for more details on population statistics. Expectedly, population concentration is highest in the urban centres, with densities ranging between 300 and 600 per sq.km. In a state where the great majority of the people are rural, densities affect the intensity of land use and productivity of the land. Four population density regions are recognised. Areas with over 600 persons per sq. km and between 400 and 600 persons per sq. km. make up the congested rural districts.

Farmland is scarce in these two high density areas. The medium density areas support between 200 and 400 persons per sq. km, while the sparsely settled areas have an average density of less than 200 persons per sq. km.

Table 4.2: Projected Population Distribution for the LGAs within RAMP Intervention Areas

Popula 2006 tion Per #. Local Populatio Area Square Government n Figures Sq. Km km Area (A) (B) Projected Population (3% Annual Growth)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 1 Aninri 133723 368.615 363 137735 141867 146122 150506 155022 159,672 2 Awgu 198134 447.17 443 204078 210200 216506 223002 229692 236,583 3 Enugu South 198723 70.98 2,800 204685 210825 217150 223665 230374 237,285 4 Isi-Uzo 148415 870.39 171 152868 157454 162177 167042 172054 177,216 5 Nkanu East 148774 708.515 210 153237 157834 162569 167446 172470 177,644 6 Nkanu West 146695 262.735 558 151096 155629 160298 165107 170060 175,162 7 Oji-River 126587 394.945 321 130385 134296 138325 142475 146749 151,151 8 Udi 234002 908.64 258 241022 248253 255700 263371 271273 279,411 9 Uzo-Uwani 124480 918.275 136 128214 132061 136023 140103 144306 148,635 Total 1,459,533 4,950 5,260 1503319 1548419 1594871 1642717 169199 174,275

The above local government areas in the six (6)intervention areas have a total population of 1,459,533 according to the 2006 population census. As shown in Table 3.2 population distribution varies within LGAs with Udi having the highest of 234002 (2006) and Uzo-Uwani having the least of 124480 (2006). The projected population shows that by 2012 Udi will have grown to 279,411. Both in and out-migrations are said to be prevalent in most of the intervention areas.Out-migration is mainly by the youth, both literates and illiterates. Major factors that account for the out-migration are; Search for employment and wealth, Pursuit of further education, Search for better life in urban centres, Peer group influence and Move away from parental control and traditions.

4.2.3 Education: Much importance is attached to education in Enugu State. Government is generally in control of the educational institutions (except most of the commercial schools) and invests about forty-five per cent of its annual budget on them. The commercial schools are owned by private interests. The state has more than 210 Secondary Schools, two Technical Colleges and 118 Commercial/Vocational Schools. Every community has at least one primary school, and primary school education is tuition free. There are also a number of higher educational institutions for the training of intermediate and higher level manpower. They include Institute of Management and Technology (IMT), Enugu; and the College of Education, Eha Amufu. Two Universities exist in the state; the Enugu State University of Technology (ESUT) with campuses at Enugu and Agbani, and a federal

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd university, the University of Nigeria (UNN) with campuses at Nsukka and Enugu. The Enugu State Government has also established College of Education (Technical) at Enugu.

4.2.4 Health Care Delivery: The provision of medical facilities ranks second to education in the state's social infrastructural priorities. Hospitals and health centres are provided in all the local government areas and maternity homes in almost every community. There are also a good number of private hospitals and clinics in the towns and villages. Teaching and Specialist Hospitals in the state include the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu which occupies a position of excellence in the treatment of cardiac diseases; the Orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu and the Psychiatric Hospital, Enugu. In addition, the State Government has established ESUT Teaching Hospital at Enugu. There is a Dental Training School at Enugu, and the Park Lane Hospital, Enugu, is the state government's most highly developed general hospital. A Mobile free health service is operated in the State to ensure that modern medical care is delivered free of charge at the grassroots.

4.2.5 Transport and Communication: A well developed network of roads connects important centres of commerce and industry within the state and other parts of the country. The state has four major trunk roads: Enugu-Abakaliki Road, which leads to Ebonyi, Abia and Cross River states; Enugu-Port Harcourt Road, which passes through Abia and Imo States to Port Harcourt; Enugu-Onitsha Road which leads out to Delta, Edo, Ondo and other western states and Lagos; Enugu (Ninth Mile Corner) to Makurdi Road which opens into far northern parts of Nigeria. The roads to Port Harcourt and Onitsha are two-lane dual-carriage ways.

The former Directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI) helped very much in the construction of rural feeder and intra-community roads. Taxi cabs, buses and motorcycles ("Okada" or "Inaga") are responsible for passenger traffic movement within the towns. In the rural areas, it is the motorcycle mainly assisted by bicycle, and head porterage. Passenger service network is in private hands. Regular air services are frequent to and from the Enugu Airport. The Nigerian Postal Services Ltd. has remarkably improved postal services in the state, and a number of private courier services supplement the role of the Express Mail Service (EMS) of the post offices. The state has a good federal-owned telecommunications system made up of telephone, tele graph, telex and fax. Modern day mobile telecommunication firms such as MTN, Glo, Airtel, Etisalat etc are also on ground providing mobile telecommunication services thereby linking Enugu State to other parts of Nigeria and the world in general.

4.2.6 Tourism and Recreation: Tourism infrastructure is developed through the Enugu State Tourism Committee. The Committee works with cooperating agencies in a determined effort to transform several attractive spots in the state to viable tourist centres. In this effort, hotels, zoological gardens and amusement parks have been built and developed. The Nike Lake Resort Hotel, a five star hotel built on the banks of the Nike Lake (known locally as 'Gwurugwuru'), is one of such hotels. Zoological gardens are located in Enugu and the University of Nigeria, Nsukka Campus. Amusement parks for public relaxation are to be found in several parts of Enugu and other major cities. Important and revered shrines are preserved, such as the Omaba Opi in Nsukka and the "Ani Agbogugu." These shrines contain within them awe-inspiring carvings and moulds, and other exquisite symbolisations of the presence of deities, male and female alike. In the same way, there are sacred streams regarded as the abode of some merciful gods and goddesses, and deemed to have curative powers. Visitors make tourist pilgrimages to these streams among which are the Dugudu Lake of Umunkwo in lgbo-Etiti, the lnyi stream in Oji River, and the Adada River of Nsukka. The Opi lake complex at Opi, Nsukka is another tourist feature which excites interest: it consists of about eight lakes in an intricate arrangement, each inhabited by crocodiles. There are sacred squares and hills, some regarded as the cradle and bulwark of the lives of members of the community. Such areas are used only tor oath-taking in settlement of disputes. There are also caves (Ogba) which inspire awe because of their natural structure, e.g. the Ogba Ebi of Odume Amoh, the Ogba and Ekwu of Obodo Akpu in Nenwe, and the Ogba Ike of lnyi. The Ezeagu Tourist Complex combines a cave, warm and cold springs and the Heneke Lake surrounded by variant vegetation of riverine lustre. The lake is about three kilometres long. Galleries, art and craft shops, including works of contemporary art and museum pieces, are located in several parts of the state. These include the art gallery at the Institute of African Studies and the archaeological museum of the University of Nigeria Nsukka Campus.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

There are also royal houses, administrative buildings, traditional factories and military defence posts which have some historical significance and cultural attraction. They have been identified by the Directorate of Culture and the Antiquities Commission for preservation. These include the Chief Nwodo Royal House with the complement of a Royal Cemetery at Ukehe, the iron smelting site at Lejja which dates back to the 15th Century B.C., and the Iron smelting chamber at Umundu, Igbo Eze LGA, said to date back to the Iron Age. The masquerade festival is easily one of the greatest tourist attractions of Enugu State. The government has elevated it to international standards with the institution of the annual Mmanwu (Masquerade) festival held in November each year. The major event displays a glittering array of no less than 2,000 masquerades in resplendent colours, led through the major streets of Enugu by uproarious drummers in the company of carvoting dancers. Masquerades from various parts of the country participate in the carnival.

4.3 NATURAL RESOURCES

The natural resources of the state include its vast agricultural lands, its extensive rainfed flood areas and its forest and forest products such as the oil palm and lumber wood.

4.3.1 Agriculture, Forestry and other Basic Activities: Agriculture, predominantly subsistence, ranks first in the people's economic activities. It can be divided into two types: Agriculture on the plateau is based on the extensive cultivation of the conventional staples of yam, cassava, maize, sweet potato, grain legumes, pawpaw, banana, plantain and vegetables. Income from the farm is supplemented by earnings from the sale of products from local economic tree crops like oil palm, cashew, kola nut, coconut, mangoes, breadfruit (ukwa), castor beans, oilbeans, et cetera. Most of these tree crops are located on the compound land farm plots. Terrace farming is important on the hill slopes of Nsukka, Lejja, Udi and Maku. Livestock keeping is also important. Floodplain agriculture is practiced in parts of the Niger-Anambra plains especially at Adani and Omor. It is based on comparatively largescale cultivation of rice and yam, and also, fish farming.

A number of agricultural enterprises have been established to tap the agricultural potentialities. They include the Ada Rice Production (Nigeria) Ltd. and the Enugu State River Project which are public production projects located at Adani in Uzo Uwani Local government Area. Others are the United Palm Produce Ltd. at Ibite Olo, Ugwuoba and lnyi, and the Premier Cashew Industry Ltd at Oghe. Public Participation in commercial private agricultural production, that is, running joint ventures on large scale crop farming, livestock and fish farms and in forest plantations with farmers, private entrepreneurs and corporate bodies, local or foreign, if possible by public initial investment and Small Holder Agricultural Production, whereby the government seeks to emphasise the role of the smallholder in the private sector are on groung. The projected agricultural development schemes include: Irrigation (the Olo Kalawa and the Agba Umanakalawa Schemes) for maize, rice, tomatoes, onion and pepper. Oil Palm Development in lnyi, Ugwuoba, Ibite Olo, Umulokpa and Uzo Uwani for which about 2,800 hectares have been acquired, and 1053 hectares already planted.

4.3.2 Mineral Resources: Minerals abound in Enugu State although most of them are not yet exploited. Coal is mined at Enugu. Other known minerals in the state include iron ore, silica, clay, kaolin and pyrite. Prospects of the existence of petroleum and natural gas are being vigorously explored. Also the prospects of striking oil in the state cannot be ruled out, apart from coal which is being exploited.

4.4 Summary of Socio-economic Data

The overall/summary of socio-economic data of the six (6) intervention areas are given in Appendix F under Tables AP4.1, AP4.2 and AP4.3. For the purpose of clearity, the data have been divided into three parts as follows;

(i) Accessibility and Mobility (ii) Economic Efficiency (iii) Social Impact

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

5.0 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND CONSULTATIONS

5.1 Public Consultations

To understand the biophysical nature of the roads alignment area the field team visited the site. A survey along the roads alignment was done and observations made of human habitat, vegetation and existing ecosystems and places of cultural significance among others. Thus, it was important to visit the site between 19th and 23rd March, 2012 for route alignment identification, confirmation and conduct baseline studies. This was followed by detailed site investigation for social and environmental studies carried out from 16th to 20th April, 2012 and public consultations on 28th to 30th May, 2012. During the site visits, the team was also able to meet the relevant stakeholders.

Public Consultation is a requirement for ESIA study by the Federal Ministry of the Environment and the World Bank. The Consultant through the help of SPIU and community leaders held consultations with project affected communities and persons living adjacent to the road alignments during the site visits. During these meetings, the communities were informed of the environmental and social impacts of the proposed roads on their farmlands, shrines and communal facility. Therefore, village consultations with the two communities (Umuaniagu and Ojor) have been carried out and sensitive cultural and heritage sites have been identified. The consultations were an “open” forum with any parties interested in the project invited to participate. A number of smaller focus group discussions were also held with women and youth of the villages. The meetings were well attended and the results of the consultation process are incorporated into the relevant sections of this ESIA report. Details of the consultations attendees, group photographs and minutes of meetings are included in Appendix D.

Additional field work, consultations, and meetings were undertaken by the Consultant supported by SPIU and traditional rulers to the two specific project roads (Roads #12 and #13) in May, 2012. These consultations will continue throughout implementation and ensure that a broader consultative approach is applied and is effective in addressing community concerns and changes in design and construction.

Consultations have occurred with:

• Communities adjacent to or likely to be affected by the road works Umuaniagu and Ojor Communities. • Traditional rulers, and community spokespersons. • Women’s Associations. • Youth groups.

Meetings/Consultations were held with the communities where 100 community members were present at Umuaniagu (Ozalla) and 40 community members were in attendance at Ojor. One major decision at these meetings was the acceptance by the people of the communities for the roads to pass through their communities. Men and women from both communities attended these public consultations.

5.2 Inventory of Potential Losses

The project road at Umuaniagu will have the following direct social impact on the community.

i. Three (3Nos.)Major Shrines on the RoW of the project road

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

ii. Cassava Farmland of an area of 4,500 Square metres. iii. 281 Baskets of Cassava to be harvested from the cassava farmland iv. 63 Oil Palm Trees v. 54 Other Economic Trees

Also, the project road at Ojor will have the following direct social impact on the community.

i. Three (3Nos.)Major Shrines on the RoW of the project road ii. Forty (40Nos.)Minor Shrines on the RoW of the project road iii. Cassava Farmland of an area of 1,200 Square metres. iv. Virgin land of an area of 3,600 Square metres. v. 75 Baskets of Cassava to be harvested from the cassava farmland vi. A Transformer to be shifted

The major environmental impacts and the indirect social impacts are listed in Chapters 6 and 7 of this ESIA report

5.3 Community Concerns

Through the public consultation with communities along the road, community leaders and lead agencies the following were some of the key concerns arising and that are similar.

Use of locally available human resources: Members of the communities proposed that both SPIU and the would-be Contractor should ensure that skilled and casual labourers are sourced from the communities along the roads. The Contractor should also use construction materials from local sources such as sand, aggregate and stones.

Preservation of water facilities/sources: Sources of drinking water such as hand-dug wells and surface water resources are a valuable source of water to the community and their locations are very close to the road. It is therefore imperative that the contractor should deploy technical solution to avoid damage to these sensitive facilities and resources.

Cutting down of trees: The rights of way of the roads will not encroach on most of the trees and where such will take place adequate compensation will be made to the community or person affected.

Loss of farmland: The communities expressed concerns on the possibility of destruction of their farmland during upgrading of the road. The Contractor should ensure that clearing of vegetation should be kept to a minimum at road upgrades and in the borrow pits. Ultimately, the community support the improvement of the road since it will bring about numerous social economic benefits along the entire road alignment. However, it emphasizes the need to be involved in the overall project and more specifically in sustainable utilization of the available natural and human resources. Local leaders are an entry point into the community hence the Contractor should ensure that they are involved at all stages of the project specifically where the road passes adjacent to their locality. In so doing, this will go a long way in ensuring the smooth implementation of the project.

Effects on cultural heritage: Community shrines will be affected by the road projects. These shrines will be shifted outside the right of way of the road and the community will be compensated for such involuntary relocation.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

6.1 Ecological Impacts: Vegetation and Wildlife

Among the major feasible vegetation impacts is complete destruction of those species along the route and infliction of mechanical damage on other species. This can lead to complete extinction of some species in some particular areas. The destruction of vegetation along the route can engender soil erosion and consequent damage to the existing road, especially where there are a lot of open soil surfaces. The photoperiodism of many plants in the immediate vicinity may be further affected, if there are plans to work more at night than in the day-time. It is expected that floodlights and campfires will clearly illuminate the project area to facilitate project activities if there are going to be plans to work at night. With regards to wildlife, some species currently inhabit the immediate project areas, as they are extensively bushy and records little human presence most of the day. Thus, some species such as rodents, ‘bush meats’, rainbow lizards as well as swift avian species, which can fly away at the nearest human approach are regularly observed in the area. Destruction of the few trees and other plants along the project routes, that provide habitat for the wildlife species could displace them and force the species to migrate. Human presence and activities along the project route will scare wildlife and illuminate the area, such that wildlife species inhabiting adjoining areas, will be physiologically stressed during construction activities. Mitigation measures for reducing and avoiding impacts on vegetation and wildlife include:

i. Cleared but unpaved areas shall be revegetated in order to reduce soil erosion along the roadsides; ii. As much as possible, clearing shall be limited to work-areas; iii. As much as possible, site illumination shall be limited to areas where work activities are going on, so as to minimize impact on photoperiodism of plants in the project area.

6.2 Physical Impacts

The small scale of the construction works proposed including limited cut and fill requirements and the proposal to follow the existing alignment means that the impact on soils and erosion will be insignificant. As a result of the upgrading works (sealing and improved drainage and culverts etc) there will be a significant reduction in the existing level of erosion and sedimentation observed along the road. Dust nuisance particularly at roadside settlements will be significantly reduced after the sealing of the roads.

For the clearing of areas adjacent to the road for the storage of materials, equipment and construction camps (day camps and if necessary overnight camps) during construction site selection criteria should include minimum vegetation clearance. The ESMP includes mitigation measures for these cleared sites including drainage and rehabilitation post construction.

6.3 Hazardous Materials and Solid Waste Management

Potentially hazardous substances in the form of petroleum products will be used in the construction of the roads. These substances include (but are not limited to) oil and diesel for equipment. Waste will be generated by workers on site. Provisions for ensuring appropriate sanitary and solid waste management facilities, and hazardous materials management procedures are outlined in the ESMP.

6.4 Impacts on Fresh Water Resources

The sealing of the roads, repair of culverts and consistent standard of drainage design proposed for the project will result in better management of stormwater runoff in road reserve and where storm flows discharge to surface watercourses. The impact will be an increase in the quality of water resources available for safe drinking water to the communities and eco-systems supported by the water resources. The improved water quality will also support eco-tourism activities around the State. The reduction in the sediment load carried by

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd the stream and rivers into inland waters also enhances the quality of coral and sea life. This has ecological and socio-economic benefits related to tourism and supply of food-catch for communities.

Fishing, recreational and tourism activities are known to take place on a number of the streams and rivers that the road crosses. Direct discharge of untreated runoff during construction to streams and rivers should be avoided through the use of diversion drains, sediment traps, and settlement ponds (as appropriate to the individual sites). These mitigation measures are identified in the ESMP. Constructed drains, as part of the upgrade, should also carefully consider discharge locations and ideally should drain to land to allow for natural filtration rather than surface water resources. The villages use a range of sources for water supply, including rain water collection, groundwater and surface water from streams and rivers.

6.5 Impacts on Water Supply

Direct runoff from the road into the rivers needs to be prevented during the construction stage through appropriate site drainage arrangements. This could be achieved through the use of concrete bunds or other barriers around the bridge area that direct runoff into drainage channels that discharge into areas away from the river on both sides of the bridge. This could be achieved through building up the road level across the bridge to establish a drainage gradient that diverts runoff away from the river on both sides of the bridge. Roadside drains should be designed to accommodate and channel the runoff away from the bridge. If the above mitigation measures are properly implemented by the project there would likely be no significant impact on water quality at the intake.

The project will not affect the quality of the water supply of villages located on or near the road. Any existing community owned infrastructure must be protected from damage during construction and retained within the new road. The potential pollution of groundwater sources that are used for water supply for villages during extraction of material from quarry activity will be mitigated by measures and conditions required by quarry permits. Consultation with the water utility of the State on groundwater systems is also central to preventing any negative social impacts on groundwater supplies. The extraction of water for the compaction of the road during construction from surface water sources may be necessary during dry periods. The quantity of water required for compaction is also dependent on the frequency of rain. Due to the weather dependent nature of the water take the location and quantity of water takes for the purpose of permitting will be determined during construction. Approval for the contractor to take water in accordance with an agreed schedule of rivers and quantities has been provided by the water utility for water use related to construction. The agreed schedule of rivers and quantities of water required for construction will have to be approved based on the capacity of the river to support this level of supply without affecting the quantity of water available for downstream users.

6.6 Construction Camps

It is proposed that the main construction camp will be in one of the villages and workers will be transported each day to work site. The contractor may be required to accommodate up to 20 workers in each of the construction camps. The contractor will access the need for these camps as the construction programme develops. Construction camps normally include workers’ living and eating areas and the grounds where equipment is stored and serviced. They often include areas where materials are stockpiled. The management of the construction equipment operation and servicing should ensure the prevention of spills and pollution. The ESMP includes provisions for ensuring appropriate sanitary and solid waste management facilities at construction camps to reduce environmental degradation. Issues such as health and safety, risk of spread of communicable diseases and stress on resources and infrastructure, potentially resulting in issues with communities are also included. Water permits may also be required to supply both overnight construction and day camps with drinking water if a new source needs to be developed.

Day camps will also be established for the storage of equipment and materials for each 5km stretch of road being rehabilitated. These sites will also used by workers during breaks throughout the work-day. There will be

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd sufficient portable toilets located on the sites, a container and area for the workers to eat and rest. It is considered that the temporary use of these sites will have a minimal impact on the surrounding environment. The sewage from the portable toilets must be disposed of at a local landfill sewage treatment ponds. Sanitation systems should be located at a minimum of 100m from surface water. Construction camps and the day camps provide economic opportunities for nearby communities selling food to the workers. The ESMP includes mitigation measures for mitigation measures for impacts of construction site activities.

6.7 Quarries/ Borrow Pits

There are a number of sources for the pavements materials available for construction of the projects. Firstly there will some material available as a result of the construction of the road; where cuts are made the material will be used as fill for base material. Additional material will be quarried from existing licensed pits at different points around road. In view of the fact that there are a number of licensed borrow pits available for use by the contractor it is recommended that these existing licensed pits be utilized wherever possible to avoid the need for developing new pits, and the associated environmental impacts from clearing vegetation and extraction. The decision of which quarries and borrow pits are to be used will also be dependent on costs related to transport of materials from pit to site, extraction access to the pit and fees or royalties to be paid.

The Quarry Management Plan (QMP) to be prepared by the contractor will provide mitigation measures relating to potential environmental impacts resulting from the extraction of material.

6.8 Secondary and Cumulative Impacts

Road improvements can lead to secondary impacts associated with improved access. Secondary impacts are difficult to measure but can ultimately have more profound consequences on the environment than primary or direct impacts. Over time they can affect larger geographical areas of the environment than anticipated. Monitoring of these impacts over time is necessary to measure any potential impact. Positive and negative potential secondary impacts may include;

 Increased exploitation of natural resources such as forests and protected areas as these become more easily accessed. This requires the relevant government departments to increase monitoring and enforcement procedures for the protection of forest and protected areas.  Increased runoff from sealed road. o Incremental changes within the watershed may occur as a result of a change in drainage systems potentially generating additive effects resulting in damage to the function of ecosystems and communities relying on the ecosystem’s service o The effect of roadside drainage systems associated with the project are generally positive. Sections of the road currently prone to flooding will benefit from the implementation of a properly designed road drainage system.  Urban growth adjacent to the road. o Vegetation clearance, o Increased solid waste, o Competition for water and land resources. o Need for construction of improved services such as sanitation, power and telecommunications.

6.9 Air Quality and Noise Levels

The main impacts of construction activities on air quality will be in terms of gaseous emissions and suspended particulate. The various vehicles and machinery that will be used during the various stages of construction (such as tippers, pay loaders, graders, jack-hammers, etc.) will emit various gaseous pollutants such as NO2, SO2, CO, etc. These various gaseous pollutants cause serious negative effects on air quality and human health. Also, dust from

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd stripping, grubbing and trenching for roadside drainage will result in the release of coarse and fine particulates into the atmosphere and this will result in further degradation of air quality in the general vicinity of the project area.

Similarly, the roaring of various equipment and machinery, such as the jack-hammers, pay-loaders, tippers, levelers, compacters, etc. will lead to an elevation of ambient noise levels in the immediate project area. Currently, noise levels along the route fall below the 90dBA maximum recommended for 8-hr occupational exposure limits.

Mitigation measures for reducing and avoiding impacts on air quality and noise levels include:

i. The contractor will ensure that all project machinery comply with international emission limits. In order to sustain this, all equipment and machinery to be used for project activities shall be regularly serviced and maintained; ii. As much as possible, all open soil surfaces shall be regularly sprinkled with water to reduce dust and particulate generation. iii. Project equipment shall comply with noise emission limits. This will be achieved by the use of silenced/muffled engines. In addition, project workers, especially those who have to work in close proximity to noise emitting machinery/equipment shall be provided with adequate hearing protection devices and facilities.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

7.0 SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

Most of the existing roads currently provides the villages access to the headquarters of the local government areas and the capital of Enugu State.

Households in each of the villages are mostly engaged in subsistence agriculture including growing of yam, cassava, banana, maize etc.. Households in the villages have livelihoods associated with the forest including harvesting of crops. There are small stores in the villages and some home-based shops or canteens operated by women out of their kitchens.

Only a few of the villages are connected to the national electricity grid by PHCN; the other villages either supply their own electricity with household generators or no alternative sources. Communication networks have recently improved with the roll-out of the global system mobile telecommunication network which provides cellular network access to the villages.

7.1 Contribution to Poverty Reduction

The project can contribute to local poverty reduction and improve the livelihoods and well-being of the people in the project area by provision of income generation opportunities such as construction employment and provision of goods and services to workers. It is expected that the SPIU will instruct that preference be given to village workers where possible, and that un-skilled work be reserved for village workers.

The following guidelines are provided to assist in the implementation of the projects;

(i) Explicit prohibition of the use of foreign unskilled labour; (ii) Limits on the import of semi-skilled workers where such workers already exist or can be reasonably trained within the local areas. (iii) Unskilled labour for the projects should be sourced locally in the first instance. (iv) A balanced approach should be taken in procurement for retaining good local labour and provide training with continued employment, where possible selected from local villages (v) Payment of legal wages to workers; (vi) No use of child labour for construction (vii) Encourage the inclusion of women as well as the poor and vulnerable persons in the local construction force (viii) Equal wages for men and women for work of equal value; and (ix) SPIU should also encourage the use of locally sourced materials in the road reconstruction to the maximum extent possible.

Following reconstruction and sealing of the road, an improved flow of traffic, goods and passengers will provide opportunities for those seeking employment or economic opportunities outside the villages. This will help enable the transition from household level subsistence living to greater market production. Improved access to health services and education opportunities for communities will also contribute to poverty reduction.

Additional vehicles (cars and vans) into the project area will increase transport services for passengers and cargo, reduce travels times for both vehicles and pedestrians, as well as reducing costs associated with vehicle travel along the road (vehicle operating cost savings). The existing poor road conditions damaged vehicles beyond the communities’ capacity to maintain them.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

Following completion of the construction programme there will be need for a maintenance program to ensure the sustainability of the investment and improvements to access. By facilitating this program through the service performance agreements with the Client there will be increased opportunities for the engagement of community contracts through simple labour-based equipment support (LBES) methods. The main components of the LBES approach include (1) introducing LBES methods of road construction and maintenance whenever cost effective; (2) training and employing local small-medium sized community contractors, and (3) supporting access to equipment through leasing, hire purchase and/or other methods. The contractor should undertake to promote and support community road and bridge maintenance skills as part of its obligations to provide an ongoing maintenance plan.

Participation in any proposed LBES maintenance programs will provide opportunities for women and men to acquire skills in road works, which they could then apply to community-level infrastructure. Regular involvement in economic activities empowers women in particular by providing an opportunity to earn money and to be involved in decision making. Access to income provides women an opportunity to acquire productive assets, further contributing to their economic empowerment. Overall, the community will benefit from the increased purchasing power of the workers in their communities.

The potential economic benefits can be summarized and measured in terms of:

 Improved connectivity for communities to health services;  Improved access for tourism related activities, and benefits to the tourism sector in general;  Induced agricultural production;  Time savings (as a result of improved travel and vehicle speeds);  Passenger and freight cost savings;  Vehicle operating cost savings;  Generated traffic; and wages paid to local labour during rehabilitation and for ongoing maintenance activities.

7.2 Improved Access to Services and Facilities

During the construction phase the benefits derived from improving access will not be realized. Indeed it will be important that construction activities do not unreasonably hamper access and movement of goods and people around the villages during the civil works and road construction. The contractor is required to prepare and submit a traffic management plan that will address this and must provide appropriate notice for any approved disruption or closure.

During the operations phase, the social impacts and benefits in respect of improved access to services and facilities are the same as those already described for poverty reduction. No mitigation measures are required.

7.3 Impacts on Cultural Environment

A survey of villages located near each road was undertaken to identify sites of cultural, historical and archaeological importance that should be documented before the commencement of construction. The results of the consultation with the chiefs and landowners were that two sites (Umuaniagu (Ozalla) and Ojor in Nkanu East/Nkanu West/Enugu South and Uzo Uwani Intervention Areas) of cultural or historical value were identified within the five hundred metre boundary from the road.

7.4 Health and Safety

The project’s construction phase can cause a range of health and safety impacts. The main impacts on health and safety are associated with;

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

(i) Air pollution and noise; (ii) Contamination of local water supplies (runoff from road works, groundwater contamination in borrow pits and waste water from construction camps); (iii) Risk of accidents at work sites; (iv) Traffic safety issues; and (v) The risk of spread of communicable disease is considered to be medium to high.

Observing general health and safety requirements, including provision of safety and protective gear an equipment to workers, will reduce the risk of accidents at the work sites. If construction camps are established they will be equipped with a health post, which will include first aid and basic medical supplies. To reduce the risk of incidents at the camp or work site, access to any construction camps and work sites by other than those authorized will be prohibited.

Mitigation measures for reducing and avoiding impacts on health and safety include:

 Provision of adequate protection to the general public in the vicinity of the work sire, including advance notice of commencement of works, installing safety barriers if required by villagers, and signage or marking of the work areas;  Provision of safe access across the works site to people whose villages and access are temporarily affected during road rehabilitation activities;  Use of signs and other appropriate safety features to indicate construction works are being undertake;  Adequate signage and security provided at the work camp site and prevention of unauthorized people (including children) entering the work camp site or workshop area;  The contractor will include an environmental specialist to undertake environmental management responsibilities such as preparing ESMPs, monitoring and also to address health and safety concerns and liaise with SPIU and villages;  The contractor will provide adequate health care facilities including a health post and access to first aid facilities if construction camps are set up. The contractor will provide construction workers personal protection equipment and training of all in basic sanitation, hygiene and health care issues, health and safety matters, and on the specific hazards of their work;  The contractor will ensure that no wastewater is discharge to local water bodies;  The contractor will ensure safe and clean facilities including sanitation and drinking water is provided to all workers;  The contractor will ensure any borrow pits used for coronus and other materials extraction are properly restored to ensure groundwater resources are not contaminated;  No site-specific landfills will be established at the construction camps;  Septic tanks and garbage receptacles will be set up at construction camp site camps, which will be regularly cleared by the contractors to prevent outbreak of diseases. Waste will be disposed of at sites approved by the Environment Unit, LGAs and local land owners;  Adequate signage and security will be provided at the work camp site to prevent unauthorized people (including any camp) to ensure that disease vectors such as stagnant water bodies and puddles do not form.

7.5 Traffic and Access Issues

The current design for the proposed works do not include significant road realignments so all proposed works will occur within the existing road right of way. The contractor is required to submit a traffic management plan that will address access and safety issues during construction.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

It is recognized that there may be some disturbance during this period therefore neighbouring properties, though some disturbance during this period therefore neighbouring properties, though some distance from site, and have been consulted. It is considered that the impacts will mostly be contained within the site.

Road improvement projects can also inadvertently cause adverse impacts on road and traffic safety as a result of higher vehicle speeds due to improved road conditions. An increased traffic volume and possibility of higher vehicle speeds can create the potential for accidents involving pedestrians. In the villages, children often play on roads, and families traditionally use roads as a central area for social gathering, particularly in the evening. Traffic speed, especially through villages, is a risk requiring management for the operational phase of the project. In general traffic safety will be improved following rehabilitation and routine maintenance of the project road, inclusion of the shoulder and minor widening of existing road formation where it is less than 6m (within the RoW) to allow for safe passing of vehicles.

The design improvement that could encourage higher speeds will be mitigated through signage and physical speed deterrent such as speed humps (favoured by villages consulted). A reduced design standard through villages, which force drivers to slow down, is also acceptable national practice. Awareness raising through village meetings and through road safety campaign and awareness is recommended to reinforce behaviour change messages.

It should be noted that overgrown vegetation poses a traffic hazard, especially when it reduces sight lines around corners. Vehicles are known to cross to the other side of the road to avoid heavily vegetated areas along sections of the existing road, posing accident risks to oncoming vehicles. Clearance of road-side vegetation should be included as part of the road maintenance program.

Mitigation measures for reducing and avoiding impacts on traffic and access include:

 Signs and other appropriate safety features will be used to indicate construction works and being undertaken;  Preparation (by the contractor) of a traffic management plan addressing access issues during construction activities (as required by the tender document);  Provision of safe access across the works site to people whose villages and access are temporarily affected during road rehabilitation activities; and  Consideration of a reduced design standard through villages, and/or inclusion of signage and physical measures (such as speed humps and chicanes) to reduce traffic speed in the vicinity of villages.

7.6 Risk of Spread of Communicable Disease and Trafficking

The transmission of communicable diseases such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and Human Immune- Deficiency Virus (HIV) is a potential impact of the construction phase posed by construction workers engaging in either commercial sex or sexual relationships with local people.

The high risk of spread of STI and HIV associated with a project is a function of a number of factors including;

(i) Lack of knowledge about the risk; (ii) The length of time large and relatively mobile populations will be located in the project area; and (iii) Engagement in high-risk behaviours (such as increased alcohol consumption and multiple partners etc).

The project will require a construction workforce of approximately 80 people. The workforce is required for supervision, equipment and vehicle operation, vegetation clearing, material sourcing, pipe and culvert

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd construction, erosion control works, pavement construction, bitumen spraying, management, as well as ancillary works such as cooking, cleaning and security provision. This construction workforce could be located on each of the project roads for 18 months.

Experience with construction camps of infrastructure projects in areas with limited health awareness, is that during construction phase there is a risk for both the construction workforce and the communities along the road. A STIs/HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention campaign in conjunction with the ongoing efforts of Government, Donors and the NGO partners is considered to be the most effective mitigation of these risks.

Mitigating the risk of spread of STIs/HIV/AIDS during the construction and operation phase of the project will include implementation of the STIs/HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention program for all major construction and will include:

 Provision for the contractor to ensure the construction workforce attends STI and HIV/AIDS prevention workshops. The workshops will be delivered to the contractor’s workforce prior to commencement of any civil works;  Village based community awareness-raising about transmission of STIs and HIV, reproductive health and safe sex. The program will be implemented prior to contractor mobilization in the area;  The contractor providing adequate health care facilities including an HIV/AIDS education post and first aid facilities within the construction campsite; and  If required a follow-up awareness campaign at an appropriate time during construction to be determined by the contractor and the provider

7.7 Other Social Impacts-Stress on Resources & Infrastructure

Workers accommodated temporarily in construction camps can place stress on resources and infrastructure of adjacent communities, which could lead to antagonism between residents and the contractor. A typical camp area will include a container for equipment adjacent to the road, a simple rain shelter and 2 toilets. These areas will be determined in consultation with villages as they will require clearing of roadside vegetation and possible temporary resettlement issues.

The provision of two (2) construction camps for the storage of materials, equipment and accommodation for up to 12 workers may also be established during construction. Provision of water may also require water permits to be sought from the water utility prior to establishment.

The contractor will where possible utilize the community contract system with the support of SPIU to engage local labour to clear scrub and over-hanging vegetation prior to construction. This will reduce the pressure of construction camps on the surrounding resources.

Mitigation Measures

 If two construction camps (site office and overnight accommodation) are required the contractor will provide temporary facilities such as health care, eating and sleeping areas ( including a cook and provision of meals), water and electricity supply, telecommunications, so that existing facilities and services of adjacent villages are not over-burdened.  The contractor will be responsible for removing all temporary structures and reinstating the land to its pre-project condition at the completion of the works for both day camps and, if necessary, the construction camps.  Construction workers should be limited to project sites (immediate site of works on the road and camp site).

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

 Workers should be briefed on land owner and property boundaries and village protocol, rules and terms of conduct (especially when addressing women and elders).  Contract employment rules will be enforced relating to any damage of productive trees and gardens, and access to the beach, foreshore and freshwater springs.  SPIU to brief the contractor on the provisions of the consultation plan to allow the development of a communications plan for outlining protocol between the project team and community, in particular the contractors Stakeholder Liaison Manager, village chief and elders, as well as communication between the contractor and project.  The contractor will be responsible for the behaviour of construction workers outside working hours for those construction workers accommodated outside the site area. In the event that there are complaints that will be dealt with immediately and seriously, by the contractor, and the method of addressing the grievance will be relayed to the complainant. If the complainant is not satisfied that the complaint has been resolved, the worker causing the complaint should be restricted to working on another site. The lodgement and resolution of complaints will be recorded and monitored.  Children and teenagers should be expressly forbidden entry to the construction camp. This would also assist in reducing the risk of coerced or transactional sex and other forms of child exploitation.  Access to the construction camp and work site should be carefully monitored. Only authorized personnel shall be permitted entry into the construction camp.

The increasing demand for land as a result of improved access may have an indirect negative impact on the land owners. The increase in land values in recent years has led to disputes within and between communities over the rightful owners of pieces of land and therefore who has the right to lease land. These disputes can fracture communities and result in expensive and time consuming court cases.

7.8 Gender Issues

Clear gender differences exist in terms of access to resources and entitlements. Current social, economic and political indicators highlight the disadvantaged position of women in all areas. Women’s focus group discussions undertaken during the consultations recognized the following issues underlying potential impacts on women of the project.

 The gendered nature of transport in the project area and the differential impacts of failing infrastructure between the genders;  Women’s participation in construction activities; and  Role of women community contractors and the barriers they face in responding to the implementation of a gender-equitable community road maintenance program.

The results of the consultations identified both negative and positive social impacts on women that could result from the project. The main benefits of the project identified by the women related to improving their economic opportunities as a result of greater access to the local government headquarters and the markets. There will also be economic opportunities during construction with both traditional gender roles such as provision of food to construction workers and potential for employment by the contractor related to construction.

Mitigation measures that can be included in the project to maximize benefits for women, and to remove any constraints on the participation of women, can include:

 Identify and remove any potential gender-bias within the procurement processes for construction workers;

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

 Provide training and information on LBES and maintenance procedures that address gender issues including a greater focus on gender-balanced community participation, enabling an understanding of the gender impact of failing infrastructure, and of the non-economic benefits of investment;  Encouraging community contractors to include women;  Identify means (such as micro-finance or revolving credit schemes) to overcome other possible barriers such as difficulty in securing the start-up capital that a small-scale contractor or community contracting group requires to purchase equipment and tools and to provide flexibility with cash flow (especially prior to first invoice being paid);  Support women’s involvement in economic opportunities along traditional gender roles such as provision of food to construction workers while encouraging women’s involvement in less traditional roles such as construction activities.  Requirement for equal work for both men and women;  Requirement for Contractor (construction) and SPIU (maintenance) to submit records of labour, dis-aggregated by gender and origin.

The improved access to services and facilities in the villages have longer-term gender benefits of improving the education and health status of women with increased opportunities of employment outside the village (in addition all community members will also be able to access health services especially during emergencies). The gendered outcomes of the project will be enhanced with women’s participation in construction and maintenance activities.

With the implementation of LBES maintenance activities in the villages participation will need to be balanced with the usual (paid and non-paid) workload of women and men. Women may be disproportionately affected since in addition to providing labour, they will continue doing household chores and other unpaid work. This means that they may experience even more fragmented use of their time and have less time for leisure and rest.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

8.0 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

This Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) identifies the potential environmental and social impacts and outlines the mitigation measures for the identified impacts required for the project roads. The Contractors will be required to produce an Environmental Management Implementation Plan (EMIP) for the projects to detail how the Contractor will implement the specific site mitigation measures. This will be completed and approved by the client prior to commencement of the upgrade works.

Institutional responsibilities and reporting and review requirements associated with all the road projects that will be implemented under the RAMP2 are described below. This is followed by the detailed ESMP matrices for the four road clusters (Tables AP2.1 to AP2.4) and Environmental Monitoring Plan its EMoP matrices (Tables AP3.1 to AP3.4) for the four road clusters respectively.

The ESMP identifies the following:

i. Potential environmental impacts that need to be mitigated. ii. Environmental mitigation measures that will be implemented to address the potential impacts. iii. Authority responsible for implementing the environmental mitigation measures. iv. Schedule for implementing the mitigation.

8.1 Institutional Responsibilities

8.1.1 State Project Implementation Unit (SPIU)

The SPIU will be responsible for ensuring that the overall project is implemented in accordance with the RAMP2 contracts and related agreements, laws of Nigeria and Enugu State, State ESMF and RAMP2 guidelines. These include but are not limited to the following:

• RAMP2 Environmental Guidelines • Government of Nigeria laws and regulations regarding the environment and social issues; • Enugu State laws and regulations regarding the environment and social issues; • World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.12) on Involuntary Resettlement • World Bank Rural Roads Checklist • Gender Policy

The cost estimates for institutional responsibilities and training needs have already been taken care of under Component #3 of RAMP2: Capacity Building and Project Administration and do not need to be duplicated in this report.

8.1.2 The Engineer – Appointed Supervising Consultants on behalf of FPMU/SPIU

The Supervising Consultant will initially supervise the overall project works. At an agreed date, this responsibility will transfer to the SPIU, with the Supervising Consultant providing technical support. The Engineer will be responsible for ensuring, on a day-to-day basis, that the mitigation measures and monitoring activities identified in this ESMP are implemented.

The Engineer will be responsible for the following activities:

i. Undertaking its specific responsibilities for implementation of environmental mitigation measures as specified in Tables AP2.1 to 2.4.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

ii. Carrying out regular monitoring of the Contractor’s construction activities to ensure that the work is carried out in full compliance with the ESMP and provisions set out in the contract.

iii. Holding monthly site meetings with the Contractor to review environmental performance and compliance with relevant environmental mitigation measures specified in the ESMP, identify areas of satisfaction and shortcomings in the Contractor’s work and provide guidance to resolve areas where the work is deficient.

iv. Auditing the Contractor’s implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Plan (Tables AP2) including facilitating and coordinating the environmental monitoring and supervision responsibilities of external parties such as local communities and appropriate NGOs.

v. Prepare monthly environmental monitoring reports, and quarterly summaries for inclusion in progress reports to FPMU and SPIU.

8.2 The Responsibilities of the Contractor

The Contractor will be responsible for:

i. Preparing an Environmental Management Implementation Plan (EMIP), which indicates how the Contractor will implement the ESMP, namely the Contractor’s responsibilities as specified in Tables AP3.1 to 3.4.

ii. Implementing the relevant environmental controls and mitigation measures as set out in the ESMP (Tables AP2.1 to 2.4).

iii. Quality management Plan to be developed for every quarry and borrow pits.

iv. Communication Plan for the project.

v. Following all reasonable directions and corrective actions given by the Engineer including co-operating with the monthly site environmental performance meetings convened by the Engineer.

vi. Carrying out all works in such a manner as to cause as little impact as possible to the environment. vii. Reporting on environmental issues in monthly site progress reports, environmental issues and complaints.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

9.1 Introduction

The Environmental Monitoring Plan identifies the environmental monitoring requirements to ensure that all the mitigation measures identified in the ESMP are implemented effectively. Environmental monitoring methodology for this project includes:

i. Audit of detailed designs. ii. Audit and approval of site environmental planning documents. iii. With the communities and other stakeholders as required. Routine site inspection of construction works to confirm or otherwise the implementation and effectiveness of the required environmental and social mitigation measures. Non-compliance with the required environmental and social mitigation measures identified in the ESMP will be advised to the Contractor in writing by the SPIU including the Supervising Consultants as required. The non-compliance notification will identify the problem, including the actions the Contractor needs to take for implementing the corrective action.

Environmental Monitoring Plans (EMPs) are given in Tables AP3.1 to 3.4 in Appendix C.

9.2 Contingencies, Complaints and Incidents

9.2.1 Environmental Complaints and Incidents

Complaints and incidents will be referred to the Contractor’s Stakeholder Liaison Manager or designated Environmental Officer) for undertaking complaint/incident investigation procedures. In general the following approach should be followed:

i. Log complaint/incident and date of receipt ii. Investigate the complaint/incident to determine its validity, and to assess whether the source of the problem iii. Identify and undertake any action required iv. Log the date of resolution v. Report the complaint in monthly monitoring report including actions, resolution status and any outstanding actions required.

The SPIU already has extensive guidelines for managing grievances associated with land and related assets such as crops. Timely redress of any grievances associated with the road works is vital to the satisfactory completion of resettlement and to completion of the program on schedule. The following Grievance Redress Procedures are intended to complement the Government systems and to provide options for fast-track resolution of grievances. Affected persons have the right to file complaints or queries in the event that there are any grievances resulting from loss of assets or other concerns because of the road constructions. The following procedures should be followed:

The aggrieved person should register their grievance with the SPIU.

i. Within five working days, SPIU will attempt to settle the grievance with additional explanation efforts and some mediation with the aim of settling the dispute amicably. The contractor and the Supervising Consultants may provide advice. In some cases, other Government agencies such as the Department of Lands or the Department of Agriculture may be asked to assist or to manage the grievance under their normal procedures. These agents will ensure that aggrieved persons have access to information about their rights under the Government’s systems and these procedures. FPMU/SPIU may also seek participation from its contractors.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

ii. In cases where a resolution is not easily found within the five days, SPIU may establish a Grievance Committee comprising knowledgeable persons and community leaders, experienced in the subject area and with skills in mediation to assist with the management of the grievance. Mediation meetings will be held with interested persons. Government agents and chiefs should be encouraged to provide their time for free as part of their contribution to the project. There shall be no charges for the aggrieved person under these steps.

iii. Aggrieved people remain free to pursue their grievance under existing Government regulations or to open a court case. Normal charges will apply. It is hoped that the mediation processes will provide effective and quick resolutions so that lengthy processes and courts of law become a “last resort” option.

At all stages of these procedures, special efforts will be made to consider the needs of vulnerable people including sole supporting parents, and people with disabilities. Special attention will be paid to the special needs of women and young children.

SPIU will establish a database to document all grievances and track their outcome, and summarize this information on their website and in its regular reports to the FPMU and FMARD. The Contractor will be required to be proactive in identifying and addressing grievances and to maintain a database and track and report all grievances.

9.3 Reporting and Review

Throughout the construction period, the Contractor will prepare monthly environmental monitoring reports and quarterly summaries for SPIU. The SPIU will in turn forward the reports to FPMU. These reports will form part of the Contractor’s monthly and quarterly project progress reports to the Client, and will generally cover the following aspects:

i. Description and results of environmental monitoring activities undertaken during the month. ii. Status of implementation of relevant environmental mitigation measures pertaining to the works iii. Key environmental problems encountered and actions taken to rectify problems. iv. Summary of non-compliance notifications issued Contractor during the month. v. Summary of environmental complaints received and actions taken. vi. Key environmental issues to be addressed in the coming month.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

APPENDICES

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

1. Table AP1.1: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FOR CLUSTER #1 ROADS A. General Information/Project Brief 1. Name of Project Road CLUSTER #1 Roads 2. Location of Project Road UDI & EZEAGU/OJI RIVER Intervention Area 3. Length of Project Road 59.26kM

B. SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No N/A Remarks Project Location 1. What is the nearest habitation? Name type of premises House 2. Approximate distance to the nearest premises 85m 3. Is the proposed road on a slope? What is the angle of elevation? X 4. Adjacent to or within any Environmentally Sensitive Area 4.1: Protected Area X 4.2: Wetland/Floodplains X 4.3: Buffer Zone of Protected Area X 4.4: Special Area for Protecting Biodiversity X 4.5: Bay/Lagoon X 4.6: Rivers/Waterways/Canals X 4.7: Coastal Zone X 5. Affect to Natural Biological Environment 5.1: Wildlife Habitat X 5.2: Ecology of Fisheries X 5.3: Threatened and Endangered Species X 5.4: Trees on Proposed Road RoW X 6. Adjacent to or Within any Historic Culturally Important Site X 7. Any Health Centre in the Community? X Primary Health Centre Name of Place Location (Chainage) Existing conditions, problems and causes of problems: Potential problem from road works:

Villages along Villages along the Dust and noise from construction activities may affect health of community and Dust and noise from construction activities may the route route health centre patients affect health of community and health centre patients 8. Any Displacement/Resettlement of Activities? Compensation Issues? X 9. Economics and Environment (List) X 9.1: Might the proposed activity cause elimination or relocation X 9.2: Might the activity cause generation of employment? X 9.3: Might the activity cause reduction in employment? X 9.4: Might the proposed activity cause generation of social conflicts? X 10. General (Positive Impacts) . Will the project create: 10.1: Create job opportunities to support the enhancement of living standard of the community X 10.2: Contribute to poverty reduction in the project areas X 10.3: Contribute to sustainable development X 11. Soil and Water Resources

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

11.1: Surface Water Hydrology X 11.2: Surface Water Quality X 11.3: Ground Water Quality X 11.4: Soil Erosion X 11.5: Geology X 11.6: Climate X 12. Environmental Hazard or Pollution Threat 12.1: Might the activity cause an increase or probability of increase of Environmental hazard X 12.2: Might the activity be susceptible to environmental hazard due its location X 12.3: Might the activity affect the quality of water resources within, adjacent to or near the project area X 12.4: Might the activity result in a deleterious effect on the quality of any water resources/watershed area X 13. Resources Conservation and Use 13.1: Might the activity affect commercial fisheries or aquaculture resources or production X 14. Air Quality and Atmospheric Environment 14.1: If the activity results in the generation of dust, will it affect the project area, immediate adjacent areas? Who readily? X Community, Hospital 14.2: If the activity results in the generation of noise, will it affect the project area, immediate adjacent areas? Who readily? X Community, Hospital 15. Community Facilities/Services/Open Spaces/Recreations 15.1: Might the proposed activity result in change in community facilities, services or institutions? X 15.2: Might any impacts to existing community structures/business enterprises or housing? X 15.3: Will the activity result in impact to lifestyle values system? X 15.4: Might any site/open space/use of access or recreation areas significance be affected? X 16. Visual Resources/Aesthetics of the Site 16.1: Might the activity cause a change in the visual character in or near the area through alteration? X 16.2: Might the activity affect views or access to views of natural or cultural landscape features? X 16.3: Might the activity introduce new materials, colours and forms to the immediate landscape? X

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

2. Table AP1.2: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FOR CLUSTER #2 ROADS A. General Information/Project Brief 1. Name of Project Road CLUSTER #2 Roads NKANU EAST/ NKANU WEST/ENUGU 2. Location of Project Road SOUTH & ANINRI/AWGU Intervention Areas 3. Length of Project Road 57.16kM

B. SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No N/A Remarks Project Location 1. What is the nearest habitation? Name type of premises House 2. Approximate distance to the nearest premises 100m 3. Is the proposed road on a slope? What is the angle of elevation? X Road #23, Road #5, 30o 4. Adjacent to or within any Environmentally Sensitive Area 4.1: Protected Area X 4.2: Wetland/Floodplains X 4.3: Buffer Zone of Protected Area X 4.4: Special Area for Protecting Biodiversity X 4.5: Bay/Lagoon X 4.6: Rivers/Waterways/Canals X 4.7: Coastal Zone X 5. Affect to Natural Biological Environment 5.1: Wildlife Habitat X 5.2: Ecology of Fisheries X 5.3: Threatened and Endangered Species X 5.4: Trees on Proposed Road RoW X 6. Adjacent to or Within any Historic Culturally Important Site X Shrine with a tree Name of Place Location (Chainage) Existing conditions, problems and causes of problems: Potential problem from road works: Umuaniagu Village on Road #13 Chainage 2+050 Three (3) major shrines are located within the RoW of the proposed road. Destruction of shrines. 7. Any Health Centre in the Community? X Primary Health Centre Name of Place Location (Chainage) Existing conditions, problems and causes of problems: Potential problem from road works:

Villages along the Dust and noise from construction activities may affect health of Dust and noise from construction activities may route Villages along the route community and health centre patients affect health of community and health centre patients 8. Any Displacement/Resettlement of Activities? Compensation Issues? X Farmland & Palm Trees Name of Place Location (Chainage) Existing conditions, problems and causes of problems: Potential problem from road works: Umuaniagu 63Nos. Palm trees, 54 Other economic crops and Village on Road 63Nos. Palm trees, 54 Other economic crops and 4,500 square metres of 4,500 square metres of Cassava Farmland will be #13 2+050 to 2+550 Cassava Farmland on the RoW of the proposed road destroyed. 9. Economics and Environment (List)

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

9.1: Might the proposed activity cause elimination or relocation X See 6 and 8 above 9.2: Might the activity cause generation of employment? X 9.3: Might the activity cause reduction in employment? X 9.4: Might the proposed activity cause generation of social conflicts? X 10. General (Positive Impacts) . Will the project create: 10.1: Create job opportunities to support the enhancement of living standard of the community X 10.2: Contribute to poverty reduction in the project areas X 10.3: Contribute to sustainable development X 11. Soil and Water Resources 11.1: Surface Water Hydrology X 11.2: Surface Water Quality X 11.3: Ground Water Quality X 11.4: Soil Erosion X 11.5: Geology X 11.6: Climate X 12. Environmental Hazard or Pollution Threat 12.1: Might the activity cause an increase or probability of increase of Environmental hazard X 12.2: Might the activity be susceptible to environmental hazard due its location X 12.3: Might the activity affect the quality of water resources within, adjacent to or near the project area X 12.4: Might the activity result in a deleterious effect on the quality of any water resources/watershed area X 13. Resources Conservation and Use 13.1: Might the activity affect commercial fisheries or aquaculture resources or production X 14. Air Quality and Atmospheric Environment 14.1: If the activity results in the generation of dust, will it affect the project area, immediate adjacent areas? Who readily? X Community, Hospital 14.2: If the activity results in the generation of noise, will it affect the project area, immediate adjacent areas? Who readily? X Community, Hospital 15. Community Facilities/Services/Open Spaces/Recreations 15.1: Might the proposed activity result in change in community facilities, services or institutions? X 15.2: Might any impacts to existing community structures/business enterprises or housing? X 15.3: Will the activity result in impact to lifestyle values system? X 15.4: Might any site/open space/use of access or recreation areas significance be affected? X 16. Visual Resources/Aesthetics of the Site 16.1: Might the activity cause a change in the visual character in or near the area through alteration? X 16.2: Might the activity affect views or access to views of natural or cultural landscape features? X 16.3: Might the activity introduce new materials, colours and forms to the immediate landscape? X

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

3. Table AP1.3: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FOR CLUSTER #3 ROADS A. General Information/Project Brief 1. Name of Project Road CLUSTER #3 Roads 2. Location of Project Road ISI UZO Intervention Area 3. Length of Project Road 42.33kM

B. SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No N/A Remarks Project Location 1. What is the nearest habitation? Name type of premises House 2. Approximate distance to the nearest premises 150m approx. 3. Is the proposed road on a slope? What is the angle of elevation? X 4. Adjacent to or within any Environmentally Sensitive Area 4.1: Protected Area X 4.2: Wetland/Floodplains X 4.3: Buffer Zone of Protected Area X 4.4: Special Area for Protecting Biodiversity X 4.5: Bay/Lagoon X 4.6: Rivers/Waterways/Canals X 4.7: Coastal Zone X 5. Affect to Natural Biological Environment 5.1: Wildlife Habitat X 5.2: Ecology of Fisheries X 5.3: Threatened and Endangered Species X 5.4: Trees on Proposed Road RoW X 6. Adjacent to or Within any Historic Culturally Important Site X 7. Any Health Centre in the Community? X Community Health Centre Name of Place Location (Chainage) Existing conditions, problems and causes of problems: Potential problem from road works:

Villages along the Villages along the Dust and noise from construction activities may affect health of community and Dust and noise from construction activities may route route health centre patients affect health of community and health centre patients 8. Any Displacement/Resettlement of Activities? Compensation Issues? X 9. Economics and Environment (List) X 9.1: Might the proposed activity cause elimination or relocation X 9.2: Might the activity cause generation of employment? X 9.3: Might the activity cause reduction in employment? X 9.4: Might the proposed activity cause generation of social conflicts? X 10. General (Positive Impacts) . Will the project create: 10.1: Create job opportunities to support the enhancement of living standard of the community X 10.2: Contribute to poverty reduction in the project areas X 10.3: Contribute to sustainable development X 11. Soil and Water Resources

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

4. Table AP1.4: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FOR CLUSTER #4 ROADS A. General Information/Project Brief 1. Name of Project Road CLUSTER #4 Roads 2. Location of Project Road UZO UWANI Intervention Area 3. Length of Project Road 44.81kM

B. SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No N/A Remarks Project Location 1. What is the nearest habitation? Name type of premises House 2. Approximate distance to the nearest premises 120m, Approx 3. Is the proposed road on a slope? What is the angle of elevation? X Road #9b 4. Adjacent to or within any Environmentally Sensitive Area 4.1: Protected Area X 4.2: Wetland/Floodplains X 4.3: Buffer Zone of Protected Area X 4.4: Special Area for Protecting Biodiversity X 4.5: Bay/Lagoon X 4.6: Rivers/Waterways/Canals X 4.7: Coastal Zone X 5. Affect to Natural Biological Environment 5.1: Wildlife Habitat X 5.2: Ecology of Fisheries X 5.3: Threatened and Endangered Species X 5.4: Trees on Proposed Road RoW X 6. Adjacent to or Within any Historic Culturally Important Site X Shrine with a tree Name of Place Location (Chainage) Existing conditions, problems and causes of problems: Potential problem from road works:

3 major shrines and 40 minor shrines are located within the RoW of the Ojor Community 8+825 proposed road. All the shrine will be destroyed. 7. Any Health Centre in the Community? X Primary Health Centre Name of Place Location (Chainage) Existing conditions, problems and causes of problems: Potential problem from road works:

Villages along the Villages along the Dust and noise from construction activities may affect health of community and Dust and noise from construction activities may route route health centre patients affect health of community and health centre patients 8. Any Displacement/Resettlement of Activities? Compensation Issues? X Cassava Farmland Name of Place Location (Chainage) Existing conditions, problems and causes of problems: Potential problem from road works: 1,200 square metres of Cassava Farmland will be Ojor Community 8+825 – 9+075 1,200 square metres of Cassava Farmland on the RoW of the proposed road eliminated. Name of Place Location (Chainage) Existing conditions, problems and causes of problems: Potential problem from road works:

Ojor Community 9+200 – 9+800 3,600 square metres of virgin land to be encroached upon Encroachment and loss of valuable land

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

9. Economics and Environment (List) 9.1: Might the proposed activity cause elimination or relocation X See 6 and 8 above 9.2: Might the activity cause generation of employment? X 9.3: Might the activity cause reduction in employment? X 9.4: Might the proposed activity cause generation of social conflicts? X 10. General (Positive Impacts) . Will the project create: 10.1: Create job opportunities to support the enhancement of living standard of the community X 10.2: Contribute to poverty reduction in the project areas X 10.3: Contribute to sustainable development X 11. Soil and Water Resources 11.1: Surface Water Hydrology X 11.2: Surface Water Quality X 11.3: Ground Water Quality X 11.4: Soil Erosion X 11.5: Geology X 11.6: Climate X 12. Environmental Hazard or Pollution Threat 12.1: Might the activity cause an increase or probability of increase of Environmental hazard X 12.2: Might the activity be susceptible to environmental hazard due its location X 12.3: Might the activity affect the quality of water resources within, adjacent to or near the project area X 12.4: Might the activity result in a deleterious effect on the quality of any water resources/watershed area X 13. Resources Conservation and Use 13.1: Might the activity affect commercial fisheries or aquaculture resources or production X 14. Air Quality and Atmospheric Environment 14.1: If the activity results in the generation of dust, will it affect the project area, immediate adjacent areas? Who readily? X Community, Hospital 14.2: If the activity results in the generation of noise, will it affect the project area, immediate adjacent areas? Who readily? X Community, Hospital 15. Community Facilities/Services/Open Spaces/Recreations 15.1: Might the proposed activity result in change in community facilities, services or institutions? X 15.2: Might any impacts to existing community structures/business enterprises or housing? X Community Transformer Name of Place Location (Chainage) Existing conditions, problems and causes of problems: Potential problem from road works: Community transformer will be eliminated. Ojoo Community 8+900 Community transformer on the RoW of the proposed road. Community may be cut off from national grid. 15.3: Will the activity result in impact to lifestyle values system? X 15.4: Might any site/open space/use of access or recreation areas significance be affected? X 16. Visual Resources/Aesthetics of the Site 16.1: Might the activity cause a change in the visual character in or near the area through alteration? X 16.2: Might the activity affect views or access to views of natural or cultural landscape features? X 16.3: Might the activity introduce new materials, colours and forms to the immediate landscape? X

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

APPENDIX B:

TABLE AP2.1: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) FOR CLUSTER #1 ROADS Potential Impact Mitigation Measure Performance Indicator Responsibility Cost (NGN) Pre-Construction Stage Contractor Direct provider Spread of Implementation of awareness and prevention &recognized cost paid by STIs/HIV/AIDS program-contractor Program implemented provider SPIU/FPMU Contractor Direct provider Implementation of awareness and prevention &recognized cost paid by program-community (villages) Program implemented provider SPIU/FPMU Social disruption due to construction workers in Villages and works site protocols and grievance area, including concerns redress procedures discussed with communities about security, stealing, and workers; worker awareness campaign as part Contractor, and increase problems of mobilization; prohibition on unauthorized Workers awareness SPIU, No marginal of women people entering camp site/ work areas program completed communities cost Local custom Access through or to land to obtain materials or requirements for access discharge water etc. shall only be done after through land, for consultation with FPMU, the Engineer, and in Relevant consultations To be paid by materials or discharge accordance with the consultation plan completed Contractor Contractor Stockpile plan prepared and approved by Materials stockpile areas shall be nominated in the Engineer. No or minimal stockpile plan and approved by the Engineer prior observed run-off and no to construction and managed (including slope increased turbidity in Run-off from material angle and run-off diversion ditches) to minimize rivers observed from No marginal stockpile locations run-off to surrounding terrain these sources. Contractor cost Construction Stage Borrow Pits and Use existing Enugu State Ministry of Works Existing borrow pits Contractor Quarries (MoWI) and Infrastructure permitted limestone identified and QMP No marginal quarries and borrow pits for road base materials. submitted and approved cost Should the use of new or extended quarries be necessitated, note that these require an EIA, EMP, and permits in advance in accordance with Government and FPMU guidelines. Quarry license obtained For any proposed new hard rock (basalt) quarries opened:  The approval of applicable land owners, lessee To be paid by (custom owners, province or MoWI ) will be Contractor Contractor required before extraction of any material can occur

 A quarry permit is required pursuant to the mines and minerals (Licences) Regulations. This will require an EIA and EMP in accordance with Government and FPMU Guidelines Approval obtained

 In accordance with the contract a Quarry

Management plan is required incorporating

details of quarry opening activities; quarrying Quarry Management plan operations, quarry closing and site prepared rehabilitation.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

For all quarry operations (existing or new quarries):  Drains are to be constructed around the uphill side of the borrow pit to prevent runoff entering the area and will direct all runoff away from the borrow pit into stable disposal Uphill drains areas. constructed.

 The base of the borrow pit is to be drained at all times (to prevent build-up of still water that provide a suitable environment for mosquitoes to breed). The drains must not directly No marginal discharge to waterways. Contractor cost

 Borrow pits are to be situated well away from Bottom drains operating groundwater wells and the water table level and no direct discharge managed to prevent contamination of to water courses. groundwater resources.

 Overburden is to be stockpiled for spreading in the borrow pit surface when operations are complete. Runoff is not to pond in the stockpiled area

 The face of the borrow pit is to be stable at all times

 Blasting operations are to be carried out by certified personnel. Where appropriate and/or considered aesthetically desirable, areas that have been quarried will be rehabilitated. A No nearby wells. rehabilitation plan should be developed in consultation with the Environment Unit and the local community. Rehabilitation should include covering of the water table to avoid future contamination.

Overburden stockpiled

Borrow pit face stable.

Certified personnel responsible for blasting.

Rehabilitation completed in accordance with Quarry management plan.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

No run-off diversions to be directed to private property, unless approved by a provincial representative and the Engineer, and any run-off Run-off diversions No marginal management shall be consistent with the site EMIP approved by Engineer Contractor cost Side slopes of embankments designed to reflect soil No slope failures No marginal strength observed on side slopes Contractor cost Gabion baskets or rock rip-rap to be used around Bridge abutments No marginal bridge abutments as appropriate protected Contractor cost Site inspection records Embankments and stream or river channels to be indicating monitoring No marginal monitored for signs of erosion undertaken. Contractor cost Stockpiles of rock and Stones and rocks kept on hand and used in event of stones around stream No marginal bank or channel erosion courses. Contractor cost Minimal vegetation No marginal Minimize size and duration of cleared areas clearance Contractor cost Retain topsoil (in stockpiles no higher than 2m, away from drainage paths and including run-off Topsoil stockpiles No marginal ditches) for use in re-vegetation as required observed. Contractor cost No exposed soil areas Contractor and Undertake progressive re-vegetation of cleared following completion of Community No marginal areas if required works. Contractors cost Avoid clearing gravel or spreading activities during No gravel spreading No marginal rain or if rain is imminent during heavy rain Contractor cost Vehicle traffic to be restricted to designated paths Temporary traffic lanes No marginal within the site clearly designated. Contractor cost Land and soil stability For all drainage works on assessment of impact on No land or soil stability related to proposed additional water flows on stability of adjacent issues. No marginal drainage works slopes must be measured. Contractor cost No evidence of direct site Water Quality run-off into water Install sediment fences and/or sediment traps to courses or resultant collect sediment prior disturbance and construction increased turbidity in To be paid by works and to be checked after each rainfall these water bodies Contractor Contractor No evidence of runoff Use of silt control grass (appropriate for local into water bodies and To be paid by ecosystems) to protect water supply from siltation rivers/streams. Contractor Contractor River, stream or creek crossing works should not be carried out ( or works stopped) during peak No evidence of flows to prevent washout of sediment and erosion equipment or waste control measures, and waste material affected material downstream of No marginal downstream users. site. Contractor cost Evidence of sediment Sediment controls measures to be maintained on a controls operating No marginal regular basis effectively. Contractor cost No evidence of direct Placement of diversion ditches around stockpiles, run-off from stockpiles No marginal camp (day and overnight) into water courses Contractor cost Rivers and streams to be protected from pollution, No evidence of direct site silting, flooding or erosion through the installation run-off into water To be paid by of sediment traps, ponds, silt fences and bunds courses. Contractor Contractor Debris, spent fuel or oil, waste materials not to be dumped near streams or rivers. Spills require immediate attention including removal of contaminated material (for disposal in approved No evidence of dumping landfill) and remediation of the site to the site waste materials in No marginal satisfaction of the Engineer unauthorized areas. Contractor cost

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

Site surface water including run-off of groundwater seepage shall not be discharged directly to any aquatic environment. If saturation occurs all work No evidence of direct site in this locality shall cease and many only resume run-off into water No marginal on approval of the Engineer. courses. Contractor cost Engineer’s approval of No marginal Culverts to comply with design specifications design specification Contractor cost No stockpiles observed Spoil and material stockpiles not to be located within 15m of water No marginal within 15m of streams or rivers or drinking wells. courses Contractor cost

All waste-water and waste generated by the project Solid and liquid waste to be collected and disposed of in approved manner collection and disposal No marginal and location system operating on site Contractor cost Run-off from potentially polluted surfaces, such as vehicle and machinery storage areas, site huts, Sediment and grease construction camp etc., must be captured and traps installed around No marginal treated on site plant maintenance areas. Contractor cost Consult with relevant authorities (including village Interference with water committees) responsible for utility services to existing infrastructure minimize physical impacts on public infrastructure No disruption to public No marginal (telecommunications, and disruption to services infrastructure or utilities. Contractor cost electricity, water) Abandoned service infrastructure (as approved by No evidence of the Engineer) shall be cut (ducts, pipes or cables), unauthorized waste No marginal removed and stocked piled for later disposal disposal Contractor cost Community or individually owned infrastructure uncovered during construction should be protected from damage. Consultation with the owner of the No disruption to infrastructure to determine whether infrastructure is community or privately being used and should be retained within the new owned infrastructure or No marginal road is required. utilities. Contractor cost In the case of any disruption of utilities for a period that has the potential to affect income generation or health (water supply disruption) an appropriate response (water trucks to deliver water or goodwill No complaints related to entitlements offered ) must be facilitated by disruption of services to No marginal Contractor. households. Contractor cost Provide protective gear and equipment as well as Soil contamination education to workers handling hazardous materials from spillage of oil or other chemicals or Store oil, fuel and chemicals in secure area/ substances compound , with concrete floor and weatherproof No evidence of oil and/or roof and surrounded by bunds that will prevent spilt chemical seepage into oil, other chemicals or substances escaping to the ground around fuel and No marginal ground, chemical storage depots. Contractor cost Develop a hazardous materials spill response/ cleanup plan to implement in the event of a spill Spill response clean-up No marginal occurring plan available on site Contractor cost

Health and Safety  Provision of adequate protection to the Adequate protection Contractor No marginal general public in the vicinity of the work provided cost sire, including advance notice of

commencement of works, installing

safety barriers if required by villagers, and signage or marking of the work areas;  Provision of safe access across the works site to people whose villages and access Safe access across the Contractor No marginal works site provided cost are temporarily affected during road

rehabilitation activities;

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

 Use of signs and other appropriate safety Signs and safety Contractor No marginal features to indicate construction works measures installed cost are being undertake;

 Adequate signage and security provided Signage and security Contractor No marginal at the work camp site and prevention of provide for safety of cost unauthorized people (including children) people. entering the work camp site or workshop area;  The contractor will provide adequate Health post in-place and Contractor No marginal health care facilities including a health functional. cost post and access to first aid facilities if construction camps are set up. The contractor will provide construction workers personal protection equipment and training of all in basic sanitation,

hygiene and health care issues, health and

safety matters, and on the specific hazards of their work;  The contractor will ensure that no Plan on wastewater Contractor No marginal wastewater is discharge to local water discharge submitted to cost bodies; SPIU

 The contractor will ensure safe and clean Clean working Contractor No marginal facilities including sanitation and environment in-place cost drinking water is provided to all workers;  The contractor will ensure any borrow pits used for coronus and other materials extraction are properly restored to ensure Borrow pit installed Contractor No marginal groundwater resources are not cost

contaminated;  No site-specific landfills will be established at the construction camps;  Septic tanks and garbage receptacles will Septic Tanks and Contractor No marginal be set up at construction camp site receptacles in0place cost

camps, which will be regularly cleared by

the contractors to prevent outbreak of diseases. Waste will be disposed of at sites approved by the Environment Unit, LGAs and local land owners.

Traffic and Access  Signs and other appropriate safety Signs and safety Contractor No marginal Issues features will be used to indicate measures installed cost construction works and being undertaken;

 Preparation (by the contractor) of a traffic Traffic management plan Contractor No marginal management plan addressing access submitted to SPIU cost issues during construction activities (as required by the tender document);  Provision of safe access across the works Safe access facility Contractor No marginal site to people whose villages and access installed cost

are temporarily affected during road

rehabilitation activities; and  Consideration of a reduced design Reduced design standard Contractor No marginal standard through villages, and/or submitted to SPIU cost

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

inclusion of signage and physical measures (such as speed humps and chicanes) to reduce traffic speed in the vicinity of villages.

Social Impacts-Stress  If two construction camps (site office and Temporary facilities Contractor No marginal on Resources & overnight accommodation) are required provided cost Infrastructure the contractor will provide temporary

facilities such as health care, eating and

sleeping areas ( including a cook and provision of meals), water and electricity supply, telecommunications, so that existing facilities and services of adjacent villages are not over-burdened.

 The contractor will be responsible for Removal of temporary Contractor No marginal removing all temporary structures and structures and restoring cost reinstating the land to its pre-project the land to it pre-project condition at the completion of the works conditions carried out for both day camps and, if necessary, the construction camps.  Construction workers should be limited Enforcement of Contractor No marginal to project sites (immediate site of works restriction on site cost on the road and camp site).  Workers should be briefed on land owner Workers adequately Contractor No marginal and property boundaries and village sensitised cost protocol, rules and terms of conduct (especially when addressing women and

elders).

 SPIU to brief the contractor on the Consultation plan SPIU No marginal provisions of the consultation plan to communicated to cost allow the development of a Contractor communications plan for outlining protocol between the project team and community, in particular the contractors

Stakeholder Liaison Manager, village

chief and elders, as well as communication between the contractor and project.  The contractor will be responsible for the behaviour of construction workers Signed undertaking by Contractor No marginal Contractor received by cost outside working hours for those SPIU construction workers accommodated outside the site area. In the event that there are complaints that will be dealt with immediately and seriously, by the contractor, and the method of addressing the grievance will be relayed to the

complainant. If the complainant is not

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

satisfied that the complaint has been resolved, the worker causing the complaint should be restricted to working

on another site. The lodgement and

resolution of complaints will be recorded and monitored.  Children and teenagers should be expressly forbidden entry to the Adequate notices placed Contractor No marginal construction camp. This would also assist in construction camps cost in reducing the risk of coerced or and security detailed around camp. transactional sex and other forms of child

exploitation.  Access to the construction camp and Camp security put in- Contractor No marginal work site should be carefully monitored. place cost Only authorized personnel shall be permitted entry into the construction camp.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

 The contractor will ensure that all project Air Quality and Noise machinery comply with international emission International emissions Contractor No marginal Levels limits. In order to sustain this, all equipment standards complied with. cost and machinery to be used for project activities shall be regularly serviced and maintained;  As much as possible, all open soil surfaces All open places sprinkled Contractor No marginal shall be regularly sprinkled with water to with water. cost reduce dust and particulate generation.  Project equipment shall comply with noise emission limits. This will be achieved by the Noise emissions limit Contractor No marginal use of silenced/muffled engines. In addition, complied with cost project workers, especially those who have to work in close proximity to noise emitting machinery/equipment shall be provided with adequate hearing protection devices and facilities.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

TABLE AP2.2: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) FOR CLUSTER #2 ROADS Potential Impact Mitigation Measure Performance Indicator Responsibility Cost (NGN) Pre-Construction Stage Contractor Direct provider Spread of Implementation of awareness and prevention &recognized cost paid by STIs/HIV/AIDS program-contractor Program implemented provider SPIU/FPMU Contractor Direct provider Implementation of awareness and prevention &recognized cost paid by program-community (villages) Program implemented provider SPIU/FPMU Social disruption due to construction workers in Villages and works site protocols and grievance area, including concerns redress procedures discussed with communities about security, stealing, and workers; worker awareness campaign as part Contractor, and increase problems of mobilization; prohibition on unauthorized Workers awareness SPIU, No marginal of women people entering camp site/ work areas program completed communities cost FPMU, Contractor, Land acquisition, A number of potential losses and relocations have SPIU with other resettlement, tree, crop been identified and will be addressed through an relevant govt and structure clearance ARAP. ARAP implemented agencies Refer ARAP Access through or to land to obtain materials or Local custom discharge water etc. shall only be done after requirements for access consultation with FPMU, the Engineer, and in through land, for accordance with the ARAP and the consultation Relevant consultations To be paid by materials or discharge plan completed Contractor Contractor Stockpile plan prepared and approved by Materials stockpile areas shall be nominated in the Engineer. No or minimal stockpile plan and approved by the Engineer prior observed run-off and no to construction and managed (including slope increased turbidity in Run-off from material angle and run-off diversion ditches) to minimize rivers observed from No marginal stockpile locations run-off to surrounding terrain these sources. Contractor cost Construction Stage Borrow Pits and Use existing Enugu State Ministry of Works Existing borrow pits Contractor Quarries (MoWI) and Infrastructure permitted limestone identified and QMP No marginal quarries and borrow pits for road base materials. submitted and approved cost Should the use of new or extended quarries be necessitated, note that these require an EIA, EMP, and permits in advance in accordance with Government and FPMU guidelines. Quarry license obtained For any proposed new hard rock (basalt) quarries opened:  The approval of applicable land owners, lessee To be paid by (custom owners, province or MoWI ) will be Contractor Contractor required before extraction of any material can occur

 A quarry permit is required pursuant to the mines and minerals (Licences) Regulations. This will require an EIA and EMP in accordance with Government and FPMU Guidelines Approval obtained

 In accordance with the contract a Quarry

Management plan is required incorporating

details of quarry opening activities; quarrying Quarry Management plan operations, quarry closing and site prepared rehabilitation.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

 Overburden is to be stockpiled for spreading in the borrow pit surface when operations are complete. Runoff is not to pond in the stockpiled area

 The face of the borrow pit is to be stable at all times

Overburden stockpiled

Borrow pit face stable.

Certified personnel responsible for blasting.

Rehabilitation completed in accordance with Quarry management plan.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

Health and Safety  Provision of adequate protection to the Adequate protection Contractor No marginal general public in the vicinity of the work provided cost sire, including advance notice of

commencement of works, installing

rehabilitation activities; Signs and safety Contractor No marginal  Use of signs and other appropriate safety measures installed cost features to indicate construction works are being undertake;  Adequate signage and security provided Signage and security Contractor No marginal provide for safety of cost at the work camp site and prevention of people. unauthorized people (including children) entering the work camp site or workshop area;  The contractor will provide adequate Health post in-place and Contractor No marginal health care facilities including a health functional. cost

post and access to first aid facilities if

construction camps are set up. The contractor will provide construction workers personal protection equipment and training of all in basic sanitation, hygiene and health care issues, health and safety matters, and on the specific

hazards of their work; Plan on wastewater Contractor No marginal  The contractor will ensure that no discharge submitted to cost wastewater is discharge to local water SPIU bodies;  The contractor will ensure safe and clean Clean working Contractor No marginal facilities including sanitation and environment in-place cost

drinking water is provided to all workers;

 The contractor will ensure any borrow pits used for coronus and other materials Borrow pit installed Contractor No marginal extraction are properly restored to ensure cost groundwater resources are not contaminated;

 No site-specific landfills will be

established at the construction camps; Septic Tanks and Contractor No marginal  Septic tanks and garbage receptacles will receptacles in0place cost be set up at construction camp site camps, which will be regularly cleared by the contractors to prevent outbreak of

diseases. Waste will be disposed of at

sites approved by the Environment Unit, LGAs and local land owners.

Traffic and Access  Signs and other appropriate safety Signs and safety Contractor No marginal Issues features will be used to indicate measures installed cost

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

construction works and being undertaken;  Preparation (by the contractor) of a traffic management plan addressing access Traffic management plan Contractor No marginal submitted to SPIU cost issues during construction activities (as

required by the tender document);  Provision of safe access across the works Safe access facility Contractor No marginal site to people whose villages and access installed cost are temporarily affected during road rehabilitation activities; and

 Consideration of a reduced design Reduced design standard Contractor No marginal standard through villages, and/or submitted to SPIU cost inclusion of signage and physical measures (such as speed humps and chicanes) to reduce traffic speed in the vicinity of villages.

Social Impacts-Stress  If two construction camps (site office and Temporary facilities Contractor No marginal on Resources & overnight accommodation) are required the provided cost Infrastructure contractor will provide temporary facilities such as health care, eating and sleeping areas ( including a cook and provision of meals), water and electricity supply, telecommunications, so that existing facilities and services of adjacent villages are not over- burdened.  The contractor will be responsible for Removal of temporary removing all temporary structures and structures and restoring reinstating the land to its pre-project condition the land to it pre-project Contractor No marginal at the completion of the works for both day conditions carried out cost camps and, if necessary, the construction camps.  Construction workers should be limited to project sites (immediate site of works on the Enforcement of road and camp site). restriction on site  Workers should be briefed on land owner and Contractor No marginal property boundaries and village protocol, rules Workers adequately cost and terms of conduct (especially when sensitised addressing women and elders). Contractor No marginal  Contract employment rules will be enforced cost relating to any damage of productive trees and gardens, and access to the beach, foreshore and freshwater springs. Contract employment  SPIU to brief the contractor on the provisions rules enforced of the consultation plan to allow the Contractor No marginal development of a communications plan for cost outlining protocol between the project team and community, in particular the contractors Stakeholder Liaison Manager, village chief Consultation plan and elders, as well as communication between communicated to the contractor and project. Contractor SPIU No marginal  The contractor will be responsible for the cost

behaviour of construction workers outside

working hours for those construction workers accommodated outside the site area. In the

event that there are complaints that will be

dealt with immediately and seriously, by the

contractor, and the method of addressing the grievance will be relayed to the complainant.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

If the complainant is not satisfied that the Signed undertaking by complaint has been resolved, the worker Contractor received by causing the complaint should be restricted to SPIU Contractor No marginal working on another site. The lodgement and cost resolution of complaints will be recorded and monitored.  Children and teenagers should be expressly Adequate notices placed Contractor No marginal forbidden entry to the construction camp. This in construction camps cost would also assist in reducing the risk of and security detailed coerced or transactional sex and other forms of around camp. child exploitation.  Access to the construction camp and work site should be carefully monitored. Only Camp security put in- Contractor No marginal authorized personnel shall be permitted entry place cost into the construction camp.

Gender Issues  Identify and remove any potential gender-bias Procurement plan within the procurement processes for submitted to SPIU and Contractor No marginal construction workers; implemented cost  Provide training and information on LBES and maintenance procedures that address gender Training carried out and issues including a greater focus on gender- information disseminated Contractor No marginal balanced community participation, enabling an cost understanding of the gender impact of failing infrastructure, and of the non-economic benefits of investment;  Encouraging community contractors to include women; Women included as Contractor No marginal  Support women’s involvement in economic community contractors cost opportunities along traditional gender roles such as provision of food to construction Women engaged as workers while encouraging women’s providers of traditional Contractor No marginal involvement in less traditional roles such as gender roles cost construction activities.  Requirement for equal work for both men and Equal work for men and Contractor No marginal women; women given out cost  Requirement for Contractor (construction) and to submit records of labour, dis-aggregated by Disaggregated labour list Contractor gender and origin. submitted  The contractor will ensure that all project Air Quality and Noise machinery comply with international emission International emissions Contractor No marginal Levels limits. In order to sustain this, all equipment standards complied with. cost and machinery to be used for project activities shall be regularly serviced and maintained;  As much as possible, all open soil surfaces All open places sprinkled Contractor No marginal shall be regularly sprinkled with water to with water. cost reduce dust and particulate generation.  Project equipment shall comply with noise emission limits. This will be achieved by the Noise emissions limit Contractor No marginal use of silenced/muffled engines. In addition, complied with cost project workers, especially those who have to work in close proximity to noise emitting machinery/equipment shall be provided with adequate hearing protection devices and facilities.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

TABLE AP2.3: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) FOR CLUSTER #3 ROADS Potential Impact Mitigation Measure Performance Indicator Responsibility Cost (NGN) Pre-Construction Stage Contractor Direct provider Spread of Implementation of awareness and prevention &recognized cost paid by STIs/HIV/AIDS program-contractor Program implemented provider SPIU/FPMU Contractor Direct provider Implementation of awareness and prevention &recognized cost paid by program-community (villages) Program implemented provider SPIU/FPMU Social disruption due to construction workers in Villages and works site protocols and grievance area, including concerns redress procedures discussed with communities about security, stealing, and workers; worker awareness campaign as part Contractor, and increase problems of mobilization; prohibition on unauthorized Workers awareness SPIU, No marginal of women people entering camp site/ work areas program completed communities cost Local custom Access through or to land to obtain materials or requirements for access discharge water etc. shall only be done after through land, for consultation with FPMU, the Engineer, and in Relevant consultations To be paid by materials or discharge accordance the consultation plan completed Contractor Contractor Stockpile plan prepared and approved by Materials stockpile areas shall be nominated in the Engineer. No or minimal stockpile plan and approved by the Engineer prior observed run-off and no to construction and managed (including slope increased turbidity in Run-off from material angle and run-off diversion ditches) to minimize rivers observed from No marginal stockpile locations run-off to surrounding terrain these sources. Contractor cost Construction Stage Borrow Pits and Use existing Enugu State Ministry of Works Existing borrow pits Contractor Quarries (MoWI) and Infrastructure permitted limestone identified and QMP No marginal quarries and borrow pits for road base materials. submitted and approved cost Should the use of new or extended quarries be necessitated, note that these require an EIA, EMP, and permits in advance in accordance with Government and FPMU guidelines. Quarry license obtained For any proposed new hard rock (basalt) quarries opened:  The approval of applicable land owners, lessee To be paid by (custom owners, province or MoWI ) will be Contractor Contractor required before extraction of any material can occur

 A quarry permit is required pursuant to the mines and minerals (Licences) Regulations. This will require an EIA and EMP in accordance with Government and FPMU Guidelines Approval obtained

 In accordance with the contract a Quarry

Management plan is required incorporating

details of quarry opening activities; quarrying Quarry Management plan operations, quarry closing and site prepared rehabilitation.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

 Overburden is to be stockpiled for spreading in the borrow pit surface when operations are complete. Runoff is not to pond in the stockpiled area

 The face of the borrow pit is to be stable at all times

Overburden stockpiled

Borrow pit face stable.

Certified personnel responsible for blasting.

Rehabilitation completed in accordance with Quarry management plan.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

Health and Safety  Provision of adequate protection to the Adequate protection Contractor No marginal general public in the vicinity of the work provided cost sire, including advance notice of

commencement of works, installing

rehabilitation activities;

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

 Use of signs and other appropriate safety Signs and safety Contractor No marginal features to indicate construction works measures installed cost are being undertake;

hygiene and health care issues, health and

camps, which will be regularly cleared by

the contractors to prevent outbreak of diseases. Waste will be disposed of at sites approved by the Environment Unit, LGAs and local land owners.

are temporarily affected during road

rehabilitation activities; and  Consideration of a reduced design Reduced design standard Contractor No marginal standard through villages, and/or submitted to SPIU cost

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

inclusion of signage and physical measures (such as speed humps and chicanes) to reduce traffic speed in the vicinity of villages.

Social Impacts-Stress  If two construction camps (site office and Temporary facilities Contractor No marginal on Resources & overnight accommodation) are required the provided cost Infrastructure contractor will provide temporary facilities such as health care, eating and sleeping areas ( including a cook and provision of meals), water and electricity supply, telecommunications, so that existing facilities and services of adjacent villages are not over-burdened.  The contractor will be responsible for removing Removal of temporary Contractor No marginal all temporary structures and reinstating the land structures and restoring cost to its pre-project condition at the completion of the land to it pre-project the works for both day camps and, if necessary, conditions carried out the construction camps.  Construction workers should be limited to Enforcement of Contractor No marginal project sites (immediate site of works on the restriction on site cost road and camp site).  Workers should be briefed on land owner and Workers adequately Contractor No marginal property boundaries and village protocol, rules sensitised cost and terms of conduct (especially when addressing women and elders).  Contract employment rules will be enforced Contract employment Contractor No marginal relating to any damage of productive trees and rules enforced cost gardens, and access to the beach, foreshore and freshwater springs.  SPIU to brief the contractor on the provisions No marginal of the consultation plan to allow the Consultation plan SPIU cost development of a communications plan for communicated to outlining protocol between the project team and Contractor community, in particular the contractors Stakeholder Liaison Manager, village chief and elders, as well as communication between the contractor and project.

 The contractor will be responsible for the behaviour of construction workers outside Signed undertaking by Contractor No marginal Contractor received by cost working hours for those construction workers SPIU accommodated outside the site area. In the

event that there are complaints that will be dealt with immediately and seriously, by the

contractor, and the method of addressing the

grievance will be relayed to the complainant. If

the complainant is not satisfied that the complaint has been resolved, the worker

causing the complaint should be restricted to

working on another site. The lodgement and

resolution of complaints will be recorded and monitored.

 Children and teenagers should be expressly Adequate notices placed Contractor No marginal forbidden entry to the construction camp. This in construction camps cost would also assist in reducing the risk of coerced and security detailed or transactional sex and other forms of child around camp. exploitation.

 Access to the construction camp and work site Camp security put in- Contractor No marginal should be carefully monitored. Only authorized place cost personnel shall be permitted entry into the

construction camp.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

TABLE AP2.4: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) FOR CLUSTER #4 ROADS Potential Impact Mitigation Measure Performance Indicator Responsibility Cost (NGN) Pre-Construction Stage Contractor Direct provider Spread of Implementation of awareness and prevention &recognized cost paid by STIs/HIV/AIDS program-contractor Program implemented provider SPIU/FPMU Contractor Direct provider Implementation of awareness and prevention &recognized cost paid by program-community (villages) Program implemented provider SPIU/FPMU Social disruption due to construction workers in Villages and works site protocols and grievance area, including concerns redress procedures discussed with communities about security, stealing, and workers; worker awareness campaign as part Contractor, and increase problems of mobilization; prohibition on unauthorized Workers awareness SPIU, No marginal of women people entering camp site/ work areas program completed communities cost FPMU, Contractor, Land acquisition, A number of potential losses and relocations have SPIU with other resettlement, tree, crop been identified and will be addressed through an relevant govt and structure clearance ARAP. ARAP implemented agencies Refer ARAP Access through or to land to obtain materials or Local custom discharge water etc. shall only be done after requirements for access consultation with FPMU, the Engineer, and in through land, for accordance with the ARAP and the consultation Relevant consultations To be paid by materials or discharge plan completed Contractor Contractor Stockpile plan prepared and approved by Materials stockpile areas shall be nominated in the Engineer. No or minimal stockpile plan and approved by the Engineer prior observed run-off and no to construction and managed (including slope increased turbidity in Run-off from material angle and run-off diversion ditches) to minimize rivers observed from No marginal stockpile locations run-off to surrounding terrain these sources. Contractor cost Construction Stage Borrow Pits and Use existing Enugu State Ministry of Works Existing borrow pits Contractor Quarries (MoWI) and Infrastructure permitted limestone identified and QMP No marginal quarries and borrow pits for road base materials. submitted and approved cost Should the use of new or extended quarries be necessitated, note that these require an EIA, EMP, and permits in advance in accordance with Government and FPMU guidelines. Quarry license obtained For any proposed new hard rock (basalt) quarries opened:  The approval of applicable land owners, lessee To be paid by (custom owners, province or MoWI ) will be Contractor Contractor required before extraction of any material can occur

 A quarry permit is required pursuant to the mines and minerals (Licences) Regulations. This will require an EIA and EMP in accordance with Government and FPMU Guidelines Approval obtained

 In accordance with the contract a Quarry

Management plan is required incorporating

details of quarry opening activities; quarrying Quarry Management plan operations, quarry closing and site prepared rehabilitation.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

 Overburden is to be stockpiled for spreading in the borrow pit surface when operations are complete. Runoff is not to pond in the stockpiled area

 The face of the borrow pit is to be stable at all times

 Blasting operations are to be carried out by No nearby wells. certified personnel. Where appropriate and/or considered aesthetically desirable, areas that have been quarried will be rehabilitated. A rehabilitation plan should be developed in consultation with the Environment Unit and the local community. Rehabilitation should include covering of the water table to avoid Overburden stockpiled future contamination.

Borrow pit face stable.

Certified personnel responsible for blasting.

Rehabilitation completed in accordance with Quarry management plan.

Erosion or Install sediment fences and/or sediment traps to sedimentation caused collect sediment prior to any site disturbance and during clearing, construction works and to be checked after each To be paid by earthworks or activities rainfall Sediment traps installed Contractor Contractor in streams and rivers No evidence of spoil dumping or extraction of No dumping of spoil on or extraction of material materials at nearby within 100m of streams, rivers or coastal area streams and coastal No marginal without correct Government permit. areas. Contractor cost No run-off diversions to be directed to private property, unless approved by a provincial representative and the Engineer, and any run-off Run-off diversions No marginal management shall be consistent with the site EMIP approved by Engineer Contractor cost

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

Side slopes of embankments designed to reflect soil No slope failures No marginal strength observed on side slopes Contractor cost Gabion baskets or rock rip-rap to be used around Bridge abutments No marginal bridge abutments as appropriate protected Contractor cost Site inspection records Embankments and stream or river channels to be indicating monitoring No marginal monitored for signs of erosion undertaken. Contractor cost Stockpiles of rock and Stones and rocks kept on hand and used in event of stones around stream No marginal bank or channel erosion courses. Contractor cost Minimal vegetation No marginal Minimize size and duration of cleared areas clearance Contractor cost Retain topsoil (in stockpiles no higher than 2m, away from drainage paths and including run-off Topsoil stockpiles No marginal ditches) for use in re-vegetation as required observed. Contractor cost No exposed soil areas Contractor and Undertake progressive re-vegetation of cleared following completion of Community No marginal areas if required works. Contractors cost Avoid clearing gravel or spreading activities during No gravel spreading No marginal rain or if rain is imminent during heavy rain Contractor cost Vehicle traffic to be restricted to designated paths Temporary traffic lanes No marginal within the site clearly designated. Contractor cost Land and soil stability For all drainage works on assessment of impact on No land or soil stability related to proposed additional water flows on stability of adjacent issues. No marginal drainage works slopes must be measured. Contractor cost No evidence of direct site Water Quality run-off into water Install sediment fences and/or sediment traps to courses or resultant collect sediment prior disturbance and construction increased turbidity in To be paid by works and to be checked after each rainfall these water bodies Contractor Contractor No evidence of runoff Use of silt control grass (appropriate for local into water bodies and To be paid by ecosystems) to protect water supply from siltation rivers/streams. Contractor Contractor River, stream or creek crossing works should not be carried out ( or works stopped) during peak No evidence of flows to prevent washout of sediment and erosion equipment or waste control measures, and waste material affected material downstream of No marginal downstream users. site. Contractor cost Evidence of sediment Sediment controls measures to be maintained on a controls operating No marginal regular basis effectively. Contractor cost No evidence of direct Placement of diversion ditches around stockpiles, run-off from stockpiles No marginal camp (day and overnight) into water courses Contractor cost Rivers and streams to be protected from pollution, No evidence of direct site silting, flooding or erosion through the installation run-off into water To be paid by of sediment traps, ponds, silt fences and bunds courses. Contractor Contractor Debris, spent fuel or oil, waste materials not to be dumped near streams or rivers. Spills require immediate attention including removal of contaminated material (for disposal in approved No evidence of dumping landfill) and remediation of the site to the site waste materials in No marginal satisfaction of the Engineer unauthorized areas. Contractor cost Site surface water including run-off of groundwater seepage shall not be discharged directly to any aquatic environment. If saturation occurs all work No evidence of direct site in this locality shall cease and many only resume run-off into water No marginal on approval of the Engineer. courses. Contractor cost Engineer’s approval of No marginal Culverts to comply with design specifications design specification Contractor cost

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

No stockpiles observed Spoil and material stockpiles not to be located within 15m of water No marginal within 15m of streams or rivers or drinking wells. courses Contractor cost

Health and Safety  Provision of adequate protection to the Adequate protection Contractor No marginal general public in the vicinity of the work provided cost sire, including advance notice of

commencement of works, installing

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

entering the work camp site or workshop area;  The contractor will provide adequate Health post in-place and Contractor No marginal functional. cost health care facilities including a health

post and access to first aid facilities if construction camps are set up. The contractor will provide construction workers personal protection equipment and training of all in basic sanitation, hygiene and health care issues, health and

safety matters, and on the specific

hazards of their work; Plan on wastewater Contractor No marginal  The contractor will ensure that no discharge submitted to cost wastewater is discharge to local water SPIU bodies; Clean working Contractor No marginal  The contractor will ensure safe and clean environment in-place cost facilities including sanitation and drinking water is provided to all workers;  The contractor will ensure any borrow pits used for coronus and other materials Borrow pit installed Contractor No marginal extraction are properly restored to ensure cost groundwater resources are not

contaminated;

 No site-specific landfills will be established at the construction camps; Septic Tanks and Contractor No marginal  Septic tanks and garbage receptacles will receptacles in0place cost be set up at construction camp site camps, which will be regularly cleared by

the contractors to prevent outbreak of diseases. Waste will be disposed of at sites approved by the Environment Unit, LGAs and local land owners.

are temporarily affected during road

rehabilitation activities; and  Consideration of a reduced design Reduced design standard Contractor No marginal standard through villages, and/or submitted to SPIU cost inclusion of signage and physical measures (such as speed humps and chicanes) to reduce traffic speed in the vicinity of villages.

Social Impacts-Stress  If two construction camps (site office and Temporary facilities Contractor No marginal

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

on Resources & overnight accommodation) are required provided cost Infrastructure the contractor will provide temporary facilities such as health care, eating and

sleeping areas ( including a cook and

provision of meals), water and electricity supply, telecommunications, so that existing facilities and services of adjacent villages are not over-burdened.  The contractor will be responsible for removing all temporary structures and Removal of temporary Contractor No marginal structures and restoring cost reinstating the land to its pre-project the land to it pre-project condition at the completion of the works conditions carried out for both day camps and, if necessary, the construction camps.  Construction workers should be limited to project sites (immediate site of works Enforcement of Contractor No marginal restriction on site cost on the road and camp site).

 Workers should be briefed on land owner Workers adequately Contractor No marginal and property boundaries and village sensitised cost protocol, rules and terms of conduct (especially when addressing women and elders).

 Contract employment rules will be Contract employment Contractor No marginal enforced relating to any damage of rules enforced cost productive trees and gardens, and access to the beach, foreshore and freshwater springs.  SPIU to brief the contractor on the Consultation plan SPIU No marginal provisions of the consultation plan to communicated to cost allow the development of a Contractor communications plan for outlining protocol between the project team and community, in particular the contractors Stakeholder Liaison Manager, village chief and elders, as well as

communication between the contractor

and project.  The contractor will be responsible for the behaviour of construction workers Signed undertaking by Contractor No marginal outside working hours for those Contractor received by cost construction workers accommodated SPIU

outside the site area. In the event that

there are complaints that will be dealt with immediately and seriously, by the contractor, and the method of addressing the grievance will be relayed to the complainant. If the complainant is not satisfied that the complaint has been

resolved, the worker causing the complaint should be restricted to working on another site. The lodgement and resolution of complaints will be recorded and monitored.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

 Children and teenagers should be Adequate notices placed Contractor No marginal expressly forbidden entry to the in construction camps cost construction camp. This would also assist and security detailed around camp. in reducing the risk of coerced or

transactional sex and other forms of child exploitation. Camp security put in- Contractor No marginal  Access to the construction camp and place cost work site should be carefully monitored. Only authorized personnel shall be permitted entry into the construction camp.

Gender Issues  Identify and remove any potential Procurement plan gender-bias within the procurement submitted to SPIU and Contractor No marginal processes for construction workers; implemented cost  Provide training and information on LBES and maintenance procedures that Training carried out and address gender issues including a greater information disseminated Contractor No marginal focus on gender-balanced community cost participation, enabling an understanding of the gender impact of failing infrastructure, and of the non-economic benefits of investment;  Encouraging community contractors to Women included as Contractor No marginal include women; community contractors cost  Support women’s involvement in economic opportunities along traditional Women engaged as gender roles such as provision of food to providers of traditional Contractor No marginal construction workers while encouraging gender roles cost women’s involvement in less traditional roles such as construction activities.  Requirement for equal work for both men and women; Equal work for men and Contractor No marginal  Requirement for Contractor women given out cost (construction) and to submit records of labour, dis-aggregated by gender and Disaggregated labour list Contractor origin. submitted  The contractor will ensure that all project Air Quality and Noise machinery comply with international emission International emissions Contractor No marginal Levels limits. In order to sustain this, all equipment standards complied with. cost and machinery to be used for project activities shall be regularly serviced and maintained;  As much as possible, all open soil surfaces All open places sprinkled Contractor No marginal shall be regularly sprinkled with water to with water. cost reduce dust and particulate generation.  Project equipment shall comply with noise emission limits. This will be achieved by the Noise emissions limit Contractor No marginal use of silenced/muffled engines. In addition, complied with cost project workers, especially those who have to work in close proximity to noise emitting machinery/equipment shall be provided with adequate hearing protection devices and facilities.

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

APPENDIX C:

Table AP3.1: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN (EMoP)FOR CLUSTER #1 ROADS Frequency of Parameter Location Monitoring (Visual Inspection) Inspection Responsibility Pre- Construction Phase

STI/HIV/AIDS Check contractor records, consultation with Prior to Supervising Prevalence Camp employees, discussions with NGO construction Consultant

Villages and Discussion with NGO, Consultation with Prior to Supervising Camp villages construction Consultant Check custom welcome and meeting to Village and site Villages and explain village protocols and site access Prior to Supervising Protocols Camp and safety rules. construction Consultant Construction Phase Daily by Visual inspection to ensure requirements of contractor Contractor; Borrow Pits/ EMP and Quarry Management Plans are Weekly by Supervising Borrow Pits/ Quarries Quarries sites properly implemented. SPIU Consultant Visual inspection (i) ensure vegetation Monthly by clearance minimized; (ii) no garden or Contractor Contractor; agricultural land used; (iii) no dump sites Monthly by Supervising Spoil areas Read Corridor near rivers and streams SPIU Consultant Daily by Coastal areas contractor Contractor; adjacent to road Visual inspection of culverts, bridges and Weekly by Supervising Erosion corridor coastal areas for any occurrence of erosion SPIU Consultant Visual inspection of storage facilities as per Weekly by Construction EMP and emergency response plan. Ensure Contractor Contractor; Hydrocarbon and camp/workshop storage sites are using concrete base with a Monthly by Supervising chemical storage area containment bunds SPIU Consultant Visual inspection of work methods and Daily by practices to ensure that workers have Contractor Contractor; Construction protective gear and equipment and training Monthly by Supervising Hazardous Materials Camp in the use of hazardous materials. SPIU Consultant Daily by contractor Contractor; Construction Visual inspection that solid waste is Weekly by Supervising Waste Management Camps disposed as per EMP SPIU Consultant Surface water quality Daily by Contractor Contractor; Weekly by Supervising Streams and rivers Visual inspection, consultation with users SPIU Consultant Daily by Visual inspection that sediment traps, Contractor Nearby water ponds, silt fences and bunds are in place Weekly by Water Section of courses and operating effectively. SPIU the Water Utility After pollution Directly down event by streams of Visual inspection, contractor and Water Section of pollution event consultation with users SPIU the Water Utility Daily by Contractor Contractor; Emissions, dust, After complaint Supervising Air quality particulate matter Visual inspection by SPIU Consultant Daily by Contractor Contractor; Consultation (ensure schedule being After complaint Supervising Noise Sensitive areas adhered to) by SPIU Consultant

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

Monthly by Contractor; Monitoring of progress of re-vegetation Contractor and Supervising Re-vegetation Road corridor activities per EMP SPIU Consultant

Frequency of Parameter Location Monitoring (Visual Inspection) Inspection Responsibility Consultation and visual observations- complaints viz-a-viz workers; village rules Monthly by Contractor; Villages along the being adhered to; access to camp Contractor and Supervising Social impact project road prohibited to other than authorised staff SPIU Consultant Ongoing by Contractor; Consult with villages along project road to Contractor and Supervising Community Road corridor monitor environmental concerns SPIU Consultant Contractor; Check contractors records and observe Ongoing by Supervising Labour, LBES, and break-down of local and imported labour Contractor and Consultant and Gender Policies Road corridor and gender breakdown SPIU SPIU Operation Phase Twice/year for 3 years, mid- Sensitive areas term and post – (villages, schools, evaluation Noise health post) Villages (as per EMP) monitoring SPIU Twice/year for 3 years, mid- Subproject term and post – corridor incl. Visual assessment of erosion protection evaluation Erosion erosion resulting from project monitoring SPIU Twice/year for 3 years, mid- Visual assessment of increased suspended term and post – Road corridor, solids from road or areas of erosion, if evaluation Water Quality streams and rivers identified monitoring SPIU Twice/year for Collect road accident data; Safety issues 3 years, mid- discussed in schools term and post – Community crossing and safety evaluation Road Safety Road corridor committees operating monitoring SPIU Twice/year for 3 years, mid- term and post – Ongoing monitoring of re-vegetation as per evaluation Re-vegetation Road corridor EMP monitoring SPIU

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

Table AP3.2: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN (EMoP) FOR CLUSTER #2 ROADS Frequency of Parameter Location Monitoring (Visual Inspection) Inspection Responsibility Pre- Construction Phase

STI/HIV/AIDS Check contractor records, consultation with Prior to Supervising Prevalence Camp employees, discussions with NGO construction Consultant

Villages and Discussion with NGO, Consultation with Prior to Supervising Camp villages construction Consultant Check custom welcome and meeting to Village and site Villages and explain village protocols and site access Prior to Supervising Protocols Camp and safety rules. construction Consultant Construction Phase Daily by Visual inspection to ensure requirements of contractor Contractor; Borrow Pits/ EMP and Quarry Management Plans are Weekly by Supervising Borrow Pits/ Quarries Quarries sites properly implemented. SPIU Consultant Visual inspection (i) ensure vegetation Monthly by clearance minimized; (ii) no garden or Contractor Contractor; agricultural land used; (iii) no dump sites Monthly by Supervising Spoil areas Read Corridor near rivers and streams SPIU Consultant Daily by Coastal areas contractor Contractor; adjacent to road Visual inspection of culverts, bridges and Weekly by Supervising Erosion corridor coastal areas for any occurrence of erosion SPIU Consultant Visual inspection of storage facilities as per Weekly by Construction EMP and emergency response plan. Ensure Contractor Contractor; Hydrocarbon and camp/workshop storage sites are using concrete base with a Monthly by Supervising chemical storage area containment bunds SPIU Consultant Visual inspection of work methods and Daily by practices to ensure that workers have Contractor Contractor; Construction protective gear and equipment and training Monthly by Supervising Hazardous Materials Camp in the use of hazardous materials. SPIU Consultant Daily by contractor Contractor ; Construction Visual inspection that solid waste is Weekly by Supervising Waste Management Camps disposed as per EMP SPIU Consultant Surface water quality Daily by Contractor Contractor ; Weekly by Supervising Streams and rivers Visual inspection, consultation with users SPIU Consultant Daily by Visual inspection that sediment traps, Contractor Nearby water ponds, silt fences and bunds are in place Weekly by Water Section of courses and operating effectively. SPIU the Water Utility After pollution Directly down event by streams of Visual inspection, contractor and Water Section of pollution event consultation with users SPIU the Water Utility Daily by Contractor Contractor ; Emissions, dust, After complaint Supervising Air quality particulate matter Visual inspection by SPIU Consultant Daily by Contractor Contractor ; Consultation (ensure schedule being After complaint Supervising Noise Sensitive areas adhered to) by SPIU Consultant Monthly by Contractor ; Monitoring of progress of re-vegetation Contractor and Supervising Re-vegetation Road corridor activities per EMP SPIU Consultant

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

Frequency of Parameter Location Monitoring (Visual Inspection) Inspection Responsibility Consultation and visual observations- complaints viz-a-viz workers; village rules Monthly by Contractor; Villages along the being adhered to; access to camp Contractor and Supervising Social impact project road prohibited to other than authorised staff SPIU Consultant Ongoing by Contractor; Consult with villages along project road to Contractor and Supervising Community Road corridor monitor environmental concerns SPIU Consultant Contractor, Check contractors records and observe Ongoing by Supervising Labour, LBES, and break-down of local and imported labour Contractor and Consultant and Gender Policies Road corridor and gender breakdown SPIU SPIU Operation Phase Twice/year for 3 years, mid- Sensitive areas term and post – (villages, schools, evaluation Noise health post) Villages (as per EMP) monitoring SPIU Twice/year for 3 years, mid- Subproject term and post – corridor incl. Visual assessment of erosion protection evaluation Erosion erosion resulting from project monitoring SPIU Twice/year for 3 years, mid- Visual assessment of increased suspended term and post – Road corridor, solids from road or areas of erosion, if evaluation Water Quality streams and rivers identified monitoring SPIU Twice/year for Collect road accident data; Safety issues 3 years, mid- discussed in schools term and post – Community crossing and safety evaluation Road Safety Road corridor committees operating monitoring SPIU Twice/year for 3 years, mid- term and post – Ongoing monitoring of re-vegetation as per evaluation Re-vegetation Road corridor EMP monitoring SPIU

ESIA Report Enugu State RAMP 2 06/2012 Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

Table AP3.3: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN (EMoP) FOR CLUSTER #3 ROADS Frequency of Parameter Location Monitoring (Visual Inspection) Inspection Responsibility Pre- Construction Phase

STI/HIV/AIDS Check contractor records, consultation with Prior to Supervising Prevalence Camp employees, discussions with NGO construction Consultant

Villages and Discussion with NGO, Consultation with Prior to Supervising Camp villages construction Consultant Check custom welcome and meeting to Village and site Villages and explain village protocols and site access Prior to Supervising Protocols Camp and safety rules. construction Consultant Construction Phase Daily by Visual inspection to ensure requirements of contractor Contractor; Borrow Pits/ EMP and Quarry Management Plans are Weekly by Supervising Borrow Pits/ Quarries Quarries sites properly implemented. SPIU Consultant Visual inspection (i) ensure vegetation Monthly by clearance minimized; (ii) no garden or Contractor Contractor; agricultural land used; (iii) no dump sites Monthly by Supervising Spoil areas Read Corridor near rivers and streams SPIU Consultant Daily by Coastal areas contractor Contractor; adjacent to road Visual inspection of culverts, bridges and Weekly by Supervising Erosion corridor coastal areas for any occurrence of erosion SPIU Consultant Visual inspection of storage facilities as per Weekly by Construction EMP and emergency response plan. Ensure Contractor Contractor; Hydrocarbon and camp/workshop storage sites are using concrete base with a Monthly by Supervising chemical storage area containment bunds SPIU Consultant Visual inspection of work methods and Daily by practices to ensure that workers have Contractor Contractor; Construction protective gear and equipment and training Monthly by Supervising Hazardous Materials Camp in the use of hazardous materials. SPIU Consultant Daily by contractor Contractor ; Construction Visual inspection that solid waste is Weekly by Supervising Waste Management Camps disposed as per EMP SPIU Consultant Surface water quality Daily by Contractor Contractor ; Weekly by Supervising Streams and rivers Visual inspection, consultation with users SPIU Consultant Daily by Visual inspection that sediment traps, Contractor Nearby water ponds, silt fences and bunds are in place Weekly by Water Section of courses and operating effectively. SPIU the Water Utility After pollution Directly down event by streams of Visual inspection, contractor and Water Section of pollution event consultation with users SPIU the Water Utility Daily by Contractor Contractor ; Emissions, dust, After complaint Supervising Air quality particulate matter Visual inspection by SPIU Consultant Daily by Contractor Contractor ; Consultation (ensure schedule being After complaint Supervising Noise Sensitive areas adhered to) by SPIU Consultant Monthly by Contractor ; Monitoring of progress of re-vegetation Contractor and Supervising Re-vegetation Road corridor activities per EMP SPIU Consultant

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Frequency of Parameter Location Monitoring (Visual Inspection) Inspection Responsibility Consultation and visual observations- complaints viz-a-viz workers; village rules Monthly by Contractor; Villages along the being adhered to; access to camp Contractor and Supervising Social impact project road prohibited to other than authorised staff SPIU Consultant Ongoing by Contractor; Consult with villages along project road to Contractor and Supervising Community Road corridor monitor environmental concerns SPIU Consultant Contractor, Check contractors records and observe Ongoing by Supervising Labour, LBES, and break-down of local and imported labour Contractor and Consultant and Gender Policies Road corridor and gender breakdown SPIU FPMU Operation Phase Twice/year for 3 years, mid- Sensitive areas term and post – (villages, schools, evaluation Noise health post) Villages (as per EMP) monitoring SPIU Twice/year for 3 years, mid- Subproject term and post – corridor incl. Visual assessment of erosion protection evaluation Erosion erosion resulting from project monitoring SPIU Twice/year for 3 years, mid- Visual assessment of increased suspended term and post – Road corridor, solids from road or areas of erosion, if evaluation Water Quality streams and rivers identified monitoring SPIU Twice/year for Collect road accident data; Safety issues 3 years, mid- discussed in schools term and post – Community crossing and safety evaluation Road Safety Road corridor committees operating monitoring SPIU Twice/year for 3 years, mid- term and post – Ongoing monitoring of re-vegetation as per evaluation Re-vegetation Road corridor EMP monitoring SPIU

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Table AP3.4: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN (EMoP) FOR CLUSTER #4 ROADS Frequency of Parameter Location Monitoring (Visual Inspection) Inspection Responsibility Pre- Construction Phase

STI/HIV/AIDS Check contractor records, consultation with Prior to Supervising Prevalence Camp employees, discussions with NGO construction Consultant

Villages and Discussion with NGO, Consultation with Prior to Supervising Camp villages construction Consultant Check custom welcome and meeting to Village and site Villages and explain village protocols and site access Prior to Supervising Protocols Camp and safety rules. construction Consultant Construction Phase Daily by Visual inspection to ensure requirements of contractor Contractor; Borrow Pits/ EMP and Quarry Management Plans are Weekly by Supervising Borrow Pits/ Quarries Quarries sites properly implemented. SPIU Consultant Visual inspection (i) ensure vegetation Monthly by clearance minimized; (ii) no garden or Contractor Contractor; agricultural land used; (iii) no dump sites Monthly by Supervising Spoil areas Read Corridor near rivers and streams SPIU Consultant Daily by Coastal areas contractor Contractor; adjacent to road Visual inspection of culverts, bridges and Weekly by Supervising Erosion corridor coastal areas for any occurrence of erosion SPIU Consultant Visual inspection of storage facilities as per Weekly by Construction EMP and emergency response plan. Ensure Contractor Contractor; Hydrocarbon and camp/workshop storage sites are using concrete base with a Monthly by Supervising chemical storage area containment bunds SPIU Consultant Visual inspection of work methods and Daily by practices to ensure that workers have Contractor Contractor; Construction protective gear and equipment and training Monthly by Supervising Hazardous Materials Camp in the use of hazardous materials. SPIU Consultant Daily by contractor Contractor ; Construction Visual inspection that solid waste is Weekly by Supervising Waste Management Camps disposed as per EMP SPIU Consultant Surface water quality Daily by Contractor Contractor ; Weekly by Supervising Streams and rivers Visual inspection, consultation with users SPIU Consultant Daily by Visual inspection that sediment traps, Contractor Nearby water ponds, silt fences and bunds are in place Weekly by Water Section of courses and operating effectively. SPIU the Water Utility After pollution Directly down event by streams of Visual inspection, contractor and Water Section of pollution event consultation with users SPIU the Water Utility Daily by Contractor Contractor ; Emissions, dust, After complaint Supervising Air quality particulate matter Visual inspection by SPIU Consultant Daily by Contractor Contractor ; Consultation (ensure schedule being After complaint Supervising Noise Sensitive areas adhered to) by SPIU Consultant Monthly by Contractor ; Monitoring of progress of re-vegetation Contractor and Supervising Re-vegetation Road corridor activities per EMP SPIU Consultant

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Frequency of Parameter Location Monitoring (Visual Inspection) Inspection Responsibility Consultation and visual observations- complaints viz-a-viz workers; village rules Monthly by Contractor; Villages along the being adhered to; access to camp Contractor and Supervising Social impact project road prohibited to other than authorised staff SPIU Consultant Ongoing by Contractor; Consult with villages along project road to Contractor and Supervising Community Road corridor monitor environmental concerns SPIU Consultant Contractor, Check contractors records and observe Ongoing by Supervising Labour, LBES, and break-down of local and imported labour Contractor and Consultant and Gender Policies Road corridor and gender breakdown SPIU SPIU Operation Phase Twice/year for 3 years, mid- Sensitive areas term and post – (villages, schools, evaluation Noise health post) Villages (as per EMP) monitoring SPIU Twice/year for 3 years, mid- Subproject term and post – corridor incl. Visual assessment of erosion protection evaluation Erosion erosion resulting from project monitoring SPIU Twice/year for 3 years, mid- Visual assessment of increased suspended term and post – Road corridor, solids from road or areas of erosion, if evaluation Water Quality streams and rivers identified monitoring SPIU Twice/year for Collect road accident data; Safety issues 3 years, mid- discussed in schools term and post – Community crossing and safety evaluation Road Safety Road corridor committees operating monitoring SPIU Twice/year for 3 years, mid- term and post – Ongoing monitoring of re-vegetation as per evaluation Re-vegetation Road corridor EMP monitoring SPIU

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Appendix D: PICTURES and MINUTES OF MEETINGS

Pix D-1: Stakeholders at Umuaniagu

Pix D-2: Women Group at Umuaniagu

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Pix D-3: Stakeholders at Ojor

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Appendix D-2:MINUTES OF THE CONSULTATION AND NOTIFICATION MEETING ON THE PROPOSED UNTH-ENUGUAGU NDIAGU-UMUANIAGU-OBE AMURI ROAD (11.88kM) HELD IN UMUANIAGU (OZALLA) ON THE 29TH MAY, 2012 AT 10.00AM

1.0 ATTENDANCE

i. Chairman, Mr. Joseph Nwogbodo (Community Head) ii. Engr. Fidelis Nweke, SPIU State Coordinator, Enugu State iii. Dr. Shakirudeen Odunuga, Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd iv. Engr . Bidemi Bello, Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd v. Engr. S. Igwuodo, SPIU, Enugu State vi. Engr. Nsiegbunam, SPIU State, Enugu State vii. 51 Female Participants viii. 49 Male Participants

2.0 OPENING

The meeting commenced at about 10.00am with Engr F. Nweke introducing members of the team present. Mr. Joseph Nwogbodo, who is a community/family head and Chairman of the meeting led the PAPs in introducing themselves one after the other.

3.0 MEETING OBJECTIVES

Project Description: The intentions of FPMU/RAMP and the objectives of RAMP to upgrade the rural road network in Enugu State and particularly the construction of the 11.88kM long UNTH-Enuguagu Ndiagu- Umuaniagu-Obe- Amuri Road on the side of which their community lies was explained by Engr. Fidelis Nweke. He made the participants to understand the need for their participation in the realization of the objectives of the project and continued consultation towards the success of the project. He pointed out that the project may involve certain environmental and social impacts on their society.

Project Objectives: The key objectives of the proposed road project, the safeguard issues involved and how some impacted farmlands, plantations and community structures have been identified for mitigation measures and resettlement action plan were presented to the Chairman and the participants. He made the audience to appreciate that the project is a World Bank-assisted one which requires that adequate environmental and social impact assessments and mitigation measures have to be carried out for the sustainability of the project.

Dr. Odunuga further reiterated that FPMU would embark on the project and has also identified social and environmental issues that

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the project will impact and what could be done to address the potential negative impacts of the project.

He mentioned that all parties including members of Umuaniagu community would be involved in the execution and management of the proposed project before and during and after construction.

He further presented the list and extent of and led the meeting to confirm and approve the landed property, farmlands, shrines and structures which his team has identified under environmental and social screening.

Deliberations, Approval and Confirmation: Extensive consultations on the level of impacts the proposed road would have on the community and their properties were made by the audience. Both men and women from different families asked pertinent questions and sought clarifications on the types of impact, mitigation measures, resettlement action plans, compensation and the construction programme and type to be adopted. Both Engr. Nweke and Dr. Odunuga provided answers to their questions and allayed their fears of either not being compensated or environmental degradation.

An inspection of the identified landed properties, farmland, shrines and structures that will be affected by the proposed project was carried out jointly by the participants and the project team.

Based on this inspection exercise, the following properties were confirmed by both parties as falling under environmental and social impact.

vi. Three (3Nos.)Major Shrines on the RoW of the project road vii. Cassava Farmland of an area of 4,500 Square metres. viii. 281 Baskets of Cassava to be harvested from the cassava farmland ix. 63 Oil Palm Trees x. 54 Other Economic Trees

The Chairman presented the outcome of the exercise to the house and the whole house further confirmed and approved the above five items as falling under environmental and social impact. He further promised that these issues will be adequately taken care of during project implementation.

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4.0 CLOSING

The Chairman commended the efforts of FPMU/SPIU and the World Bank for bringing development projects to their area and promised and promised to give full cooperation towards the success of the project.

The meeting came to a close at 1.30pm, Nigerian time.

SIGNED SIGNED Mr. Joseph Nwobodo Dr. Shakirudeen Odunuga Community Head Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

SIGNED Engr. Fidelis Nweke State Coordinator, SPIU, Enugu State

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Appendix D-3: MINUTES OF THE CONSULTATION AND NOTIFICATION MEETING ON THE PROPOSED ADANI-ASABA-IGGA-OJOR ROAD (9.94kM) HELD IN OJOR ON THE 30TH MAY, 2012 AT 11.00AM

1.0 ATTENDANCE

i. Chairman, HRH. Igwe Emmanuel Umunna (Community Head) ii. Engr. Fidelis Nweke, SPIU State Coordinator, Enugu State iii. Dr. Shakirudeen Odunuga, Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd iv. Engr . Bidemi Bello, Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd v. Engr. S. Igwuodo, SPIU, Enugu State vi. Engr. Nsiegbunam, SPIU State, Enugu State vii. 20 Female Participants viii. 20 Male Participants

2.0 OPENING

The meeting commenced at about 10.00am with Engr F. Nweke introducing members of the team present. HRH. Igwe Emmanuel Umunna, who is the community/family head and Chairman of the meeting, led the PAPs in introducing themselves one after the other.

3.0 MEETING OBJECTIVES

Project Description: Engr. F. Nweke explained the intentions of FPMU/RAMP and the objectives of RAMP to upgrade the rural road network in Enugu State and particularly the construction of the 9.94kM long Adani- Asaba-Igga-Ojor Road on the side of which their community lies. He made the attendees to understand the need for their participation in the realization of the objectives of the project and continued consultation towards the success of the project. He pointed out that the project may involve certain environmental and social impacts which have been identified by the project team.

Project Objectives: Dr. Odunuga explained the key objectives of the proposed road project, the safeguard issues involved and how some farmlands, plantations and community structures have been identified for as falling under environmental and social impacts and resettlement action plan to the Chairman and the participants. He made the audience to appreciate that the project is a World Bank-assisted one which requires that adequate care will be taken during project implementation to prevent environmental degradation and compensation should be paid to all those who are going to either be displaced or relocated.

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Dr. Odunuga further reiterated that FPMU would embark on the project and has also identified the associated environmental and social impacts and what could be done to mitigate their potential negative impacts.

He mentioned that all parties including members of Ojor community would be involved in the execution and management of the proposed project before and during and after construction.

He made them to understand that being stakeholders they would be compensated for any loss of land, farm produce, shrines and structures in accordance with the guidelines of the World Bank and the Federal Ministry of the Environment. He further presented the list and extent of and led the meeting to confirm and approve the landed property, farmlands, shrines and structures which his team has identified as falling under environmental and social impacts of the proposed road project.

Deliberations, Approval and Confirmation: The whole audience was engaged in extensive consultations on the level of impacts the proposed road would have on the community. Both men and women from different families asked pertinent questions and sought clarifications on the types of impact, mitigation measures, resettlement action plans, compensation and the construction programme and type to be adopted. Both Engr. Nweke and Dr. Odunuga provided answers to their questions and allayed their fears of environmental degradation and not being compensated.

The meeting rose and carried out an inspection of the identified landed properties, farmland, shrines and structures that will be affected by the proposed project.

Based on this inspection exercise, the following properties were confirmed by the project team and the participants as coming under environmental and social impacts of the proposed project.

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The Chairman presented the outcome of the exercise to the house and the whole house further confirmed and approved the above five items as coming under environmental and social impacts of the proposed project.

4.0 CLOSING

The Chairman commended the efforts of FPMU/SPIU and the World Bank for bringing development projects to their area, thanked the PAPs for honouring the invitation to and participating meaningfully in the consultation and promised to give full support towards the advancement of the project to realisation.

The meeting came to a close at 3.00pm, Nigerian time.

SIGNED SIGNED HRH Igwe Emmanuel Umunna Dr. Shakirudeen Odunuga Community Head Pheman Peniel Consultants Ltd

SIGNED Engr. Fidelis Nweke State Coordinator, SPIU, Enugu State

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APPENDIX E:

Summary of World Bank Environment and Social Safeguard Policies

 Environment Assessment (OP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the Environment assessment of Bank lending operations. The Bank undertakes Environment screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA process. This Environment process will apply to all sub-projects to be funded by RAMP II.

 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank does not support projects involving the significant conversion of natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives for the project and its citing, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the Environment costs. If the Environment assessment indicates that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project includes mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank. Such mitigation measures include, as appropriate, minimizing habitat loss (e.g. strategic habitat retention and post-development restoration) and establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area. The Bank accepts other forms of mitigation measures only when they are technically justified. Should the subproject-specific ESMPs indicate that natural habitats might be affected negatively by the proposed sub-project activities with suitable mitigation measures, such sub- projects will not be funded under the RAMP II.

 Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and Environmently sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and Environment control methods. An assessment is made of the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and Environmently sound pest management. This policy will most likely not apply to RAMP II

 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. The other safeguards instrument prepared for this project that is the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) reports discuss the applicability of this policy in detail.

 Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20). This directive provides guidance to ensure that indigenous peoples benefit from development projects, and to avoid or mitigate adverse effects of Bank-financed development projects on indigenous peoples. Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves. Sub-projects that 104

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would have negative impacts on indigenous people will not be funded under RAMP II

 Forests (OP 4.36). This policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects: (a) projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests; (b) projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; and (c) projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. The Bank does not finance projects that, in its opinion, would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical habitats. If a project involves the significant conversion or degradation of natural forests or related natural habitats that the Bank determines are not critical, and the Bank determines that there are no feasible alternatives to the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the Environment costs, the Bank may finance the project provided that it incorporates appropriate mitigation measures. Sub-projects that are likely to have negative impacts on forests will not be funded under the proposed project.

 Cultural Property (OPN 11.03). The term “cultural property” includes sites having archeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. The Bank’s general policy regarding cultural property is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. Specifically, the Bank (i) normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage; and (ii) will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. The management of cultural property of a country is the responsibility of the government. The government’s attention should be drawn specifically to what is known about the cultural property aspects of the proposed project site and appropriate agencies, NGOs, or university departments should be consulted; if there are any questions concerning cultural property in the area, a brief reconnaissance survey should be undertaken in the field by a specialist. This project will not fund sub-projects that will have negative impacts on cultural property.

 Safety of Dams (OP 4.37). For the life of any dam, the owner is responsible for ensuring that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety to the dam, irrespective of its funding sources or construction status. The Bank distinguishes between small and large dams. Small dams are normally less than 15 m in height; this category includes, for example, farm ponds, local silt retention dams, and low embankment tanks. For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate. This policy does not apply to RAMP II since the policy is not triggered under the project.

 Projects on International Waterways (O7.50). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and good will of riparians is essential for the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways and attaches great importance to riparians

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making appropriate agreements or arrangement for the entire waterway or any part thereof. Projects that trigger this policy include hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation,

 drainage, water and sewerage, industrial, and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways. This policy will not apply to RAMP II .  Disputed Areas (OP/BP/GP 7.60). Project in disputed areas may occur, the Bank and its member countries as well as between the borrower and one or more neighbouring countries. Any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located requires formal procedures at the earliest possible stage. The Bank attempts to acquire assurance that it may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed can go forward without prejudice to the claims of the country having a dispute. This policy is not expected to be triggered by sub-projects. This policy is unlikely to be triggered by sub-projects to be funded under the proposed project.

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APPENDIX F: Table AP4.1: Accessibility and Mobility Data for Six (6) High Priority Intervention Areas

Length of Length of Area Length of Length of Tracks/ Rivers/ of Area Number Motor Dist. b/w INTERVENTION Paved Unpaved Footpaths Stream Highlands of Plane of Parks IA and #. AREA Road(kM) Road (kM) (kM) (kM) (kM2) Land (kM2) Vehicles (Number) SC (kM) 1. Aninri/Awgu 142.60 452.1 62.88 149.5 267.09 390.79 9,000 2 59.0 2. Nkanu West/ Nkanu East/ Enugu South 222.25 465.15 77.13 208.0 61.84 865.55 26,650 3 18.70 3. Isi Uzo 0.00 245.5 86.50 222.0 34.82 652.80 2,500 1 195.0 4. Uzo Uwani 19.0 373.80 88 62.125 275.48 459.14 3,530 1 70.0 5. Udi 273.0 321.00 151.5 85.40 254.42 563.36 7,170 1 32.0 Oji River 6. /Ezeagu 92.3 699.20 58.13 157.50 101.68 711.77 14,352 2 30.00

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APPENDIX F: Table AP4.2: Economic Efficiency Data for Six (6) High Priority Intervention Areas

Annual Annual Value of Annual Annual Annual Expend Expend Agric Agric Transport Area of Total Expend. on Expend on Econs on #. INTERVENTION Farmland Produce Fare Forest Revenue Health on Educ Services Services AREA Area(Ha) (NGN) (NGN) (Ha) (NGN) (NGN) (NGN) (NGN) (NGN) 1. Aninri/Awgu 52.07 26.04M 250 46.6 886.4M 101.35M 18.33M 9.06M 58.63M 2. Nkanu West/ Nkanu East/ Enugu South 50.78 25.40M 250 - 1,395M 130.37M 23.12M 159.12M 49.83M 3. Isi Uzo 31.24 15.62M 450 140 621.M 47.4M 6.34M 45.25M 42.21M 4. Uzo Uwani 5,364.55 2,682.3M 600 - 377.5M 60.7M 6.21M 75.56M 37.5M 5. Udi 15.63 7.82M 200 911.0 496.1M 62.2M 13.73M 57.20M 37.6M 6. Oji River /Ezeagu 2,730.52 1,365.3M 200 1,248.6 845.5M 87.3M 7.42M 90.87M 62.0M

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APPENDIX F: Table AP4.3: Social Impact Data for Six (6) High Priority Intervention Areas

Number of Number of Enrolment in Enrolment in Number of #. INTERVENTION Number of Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Markets/ AREA Hospitals Schools Schools Schools Schools Population Industries 1. Aninri/Awgu 73 150 41 31,756 15,707 331,857 32 2. Nkanu West/ Nkanu East/ Enugu South 150 156 46 32,899 32,604 494,192 47 3. Isi Uzo 34 83 8 11,659 6,060 148,415 14 4. Uzo Uwani 43 59 14 10,500 4,496 124,480 27 5. Udi 52 98 28 12,875 11,766 234,002 26 6. Oji River /Ezeagu 90 161 41 20,052 13,033 296,305 40

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