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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81553-6 - Astrophysics for Physicists Arnab Rai Choudhuri Index More information Index 21 cm line 175, 181–184, 266–269 asymmetric drift 213–215 2dF Survey 293 AU (astronomical unit) 1 3C 273 21, 278, 280–281 γ -ray burst (GRB) 295–296 B band 9 , see cosmological constant B − V 9, 78, 80–83, 159 Balmer lines 78 absolute bolometric magnitude 79, 82–83 Barnard’s star 5 absolute magnitude 9 barred spiral galaxies 263–264 absolute visual magnitude 79, 81–83 baryogenesis 340–341 absorption coefficient 23, 28, 31, 48, 53–54 bending of light 401–404 absorption cross-section 53 Bernoulli’s principle 257, 292 absorption line, see spectral line Bianchi identity 369, 371 accelerated particles, see cosmic rays Big Bang 314–315, 325–326, 331–334, accretion 112, 114, 145–149 339–341 accretion disk 145–149, 282–286 Big Bang nucleosynthesis 100–101, 326, acoustic wave 104–105, 224, 226 331–334, 337 action-at-a-distance 299 binary pulsar 13, 143–145, 415 active galactic nucleus (AGN) 276–278, binary stars 79–80, 110–112 283–286, 345–346 binary X-ray sources 20, 145–149 active galaxies 219, 276–286, 345–346 binding energy (of nuclei) 91–92 adaptive optics 17 bipolar outflows (in star-forming affine parameter 399 regions) 194 afterglow (of gamma-ray burst) 295 blackbody radiation 23–25, 30, 33–34, 57, age of Universe 3, 89, 198, 203, 275, 321–322 148, 314–315, 323, 342, 426–427 AGN (active galactic nucleus) 276–278, black hole 10–11 283–286, 345–346 as central engine of active galaxies Alfven´ wave 258 282–286, 346 Alfven’s´ theorem of flux freezing 230–234 as stellar end state 110, 128, 149 Almagest 4 general relativistic issues 392, 406–407 ancient astronomy 4 observations 149, 284 Andromeda Galaxy (M31) 2, 21, 157–158, bolometric magnitude 8 261, 273, 287 Boltzmann distribution law 32–33, 48, angular size distance 432 179–180, 333 angular size test 431–432 Boltzmann equation 207–209, 217–218 apparent magnitude 8–9 Bose–Einstein statistics 328 Aries constellation 6 bosons 328–330, 353 Aristotle 5 bound-bound transitions 48 astronomical unit (AU) 1 bound-free transitions 48–49 463 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81553-6 - Astrophysics for Physicists Arnab Rai Choudhuri Index More information 464 Index bremsstrahlung 187, 248, 253–254, 289–291, cooling function 191–192 344 Copernicus 4, 5 broad-line region (BLR) 285 corona 113–114, 243–244, 253 brown dwarfs 85, 151 coronal gas (in interstellar space) 187, 191, Butcher–Oemler effect 292–293 193 butterfly diagram 122–123 cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) 315–317, 330, 336, 341–344, cD galaxy 287 437–440 celestial coordinates 5–8 cosmic rays 14, 190–191, 220 celestial equator 6–7 acceleration mechanism 243–248 celestial poles 6–7 in external galaxies 266, 278, 296 celestial sphere 6–7 radiation emission by 19, 250–252 Cepheid variables 156, 164–165, 261, cosmological constant 309–310, 320, 271, 273 421–425, 427–428, 433–440 CfA Survey 293–295 cosmological parameters (values of) Chandra X-ray Observatory 19 density parameters 439–440 Chandrasekhar mass limit 10, 85, 101, 127 Hubble constant 275 derivation 135–137, 151 cosmological principle 294, 304–306 Type Ia supernova production 117, 435 cosmological redshift 271, 275–276, 308, 321, chemical equilibrium 327–330, 332 426–427 chemical potential 327–329 cosmological tests 428–435 Christoffel symbol 364–366 cosmology, see Universe closed Universe 311, 318–319 Big Bang 314–315, 325–326, 331–334, clouds, see interstellar clouds 339–341 clusters of galaxies 253, 264, 270, 286–293, CMBR 315–317, 330, 336, 341–344, 296, 343–344, 353, 439 437–440 CMBR (cosmic microwave background early Universe, see early Universe radiation) 315–317, 330, 336, 341–344, Newtonian cosmology 298, 306–311, 420 437–440 nucleosynthesis 100–101, 326, 331–334, CNO cycle 99–101, 103 337 CO lines 185, 195–196 relativistic cosmology 12, 298, 304–309, COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) 315, 419–440 342–343 structure formation 349–353 cold dark matter 338, 351–353 time table 325–327 colliding galaxies 287–288, 291–292 covariant derivative 364–365, 384 collisional excitation and de-excitation covariant vector 358–359 179–180, 187 Cowsik–McClelland limit 337 collisional relaxation (in stellar systems) 198, Crab nebula 21, 115, 140, 141 201–203 Crab pulsar 140, 141, 143 collisional stellar dynamics 198, 204–207 critical density (of the Universe) 310 collisionless Boltzmann equation 207–209, current sheet 241 217–218 curvature 300, 303–304, 367–370 collisionless stellar dynamics 198, 207–217 curve of growth 54–55 colour–magnitude diagram 81–82 Cygnus A 21, 276 Coma cluster 287, 289–292 Cygnus X-1 21, 149 co-moving coordinates 307–308 Compton effect 343–344 dark energy 423 Compton Gamma Ray Observatory 21, 295 dark matter conduction 67, 113 detection by gravitational lensing 404–405 constellations 6 from rotation curves of spiral galaxies 269, contraction (of tensors) 359–360 289 contravariant vector 358–359 in clusters of galaxies 289 convection 67–70, 71, 90, 103–104 nature 334, 336–339 cooling flow 291 role in structure formation 351–353 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81553-6 - Astrophysics for Physicists Arnab Rai Choudhuri Index More information Index 465 de Vaucouleurs law 265, 296 Eulerian time derivative 221 death line (of pulsars) 145 extrasolar planets 123–124 declination 6–7 Faber–Jackson relation 265, 270, 274 decoupling, see matter-radiation decoupling Faraday rotation 190 degeneracy pressure 71, 84–85, 117, 127–132, Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction 139, 149 229 degenerate matter 71, 127 Fermi acceleration 245–248 density parameter 311, 324 Fermi gas 127–132, 139, 328–330, 353 density wave theory 199 Fermi–Dirac statistics 71, 129, 139, 328 deuterium abundance 334 fermions, see Fermi gas differential rotation 120, 161, 236 Fermi’s golden rule 48 diffraction 16, 27 first law of thermodynamics 313, 421 displacement current 228 fluid mechanics 218, 220–223, 379–380 Doppler shift 79, 161, 164, 175–176, flux freezing 230–234 266–267, 271, 276, 308 free-free transitions 48–49 dynamical friction 206–207, 287 Friedmann equation 309, 420 dynamo theory 123, 191, 237–239 galactic cannibalism 287 early Universe galactic coordinates 7–8, 160 baryogenesis 340–341 galaxies Big Bang 314–315, 325–326, 331–334, active galaxies 219, 276–286, 345–346 339–341 at high redshift 345–349 formation of atoms 52, 341–343 collisional relaxation 198, 203 horizon problem 339–340 distances to 2–3, 261, 273–274 inflation 340 elliptical galaxies 262–266, 270, 286, 287, nucleosynthesis 100–101, 326, 331–334, 291–293 337 interstellar medium (ISM) 239–241, spacetime dynamics 320–324, 423–424 265–270, 291–292 time table 325–327 large-scale distribution (superclusters and eclipsing binaries 80 voids) 293–295 ecliptic 6–7 magnetic field 239–241, 266 Eddington approximation 41–44, 58 morphological classification 262–265 Eddington luminosity 86, 147–148, 283 rotation 265–269 effective radius (of elliptical galaxies) 265 size 2, 263–264 Einstein coefficients 178–183, 195 spiral galaxies 157, 199, 262–270, 276, Einstein ring 404–405 286, 291–293 Einstein tensor 370–371, 378, 381–384 structure 197–199 Einstein–de Sitter model 318 surface brightness 27, 432–433 Einstein’s equation 303–304, 306, 309, galaxy clusters, see clusters of galaxies 381–384, 390, 410, 419–422 galaxy collisions 287–288, 291–292 elliptical galaxies 262–266, 270, 286, 287, galaxy formation 270, 349 291–293 Galaxy (our) emission coefficient 23, 28, 31 asymmetric drift 213–216 emission line, see spectral line interstellar extinction and reddening energy-momentum tensor 379–381, 157–160, 194 419–420 interstellar medium (ISM), see interstellar epicycle theory 166–169, 215 medium equation of continuity 222, 225, 229 magnetic field 14, 187–191, 243 equation of state 70–71, 127, 130–132, 139 orbits of stars 166–173 equatorial mounting 7 rotation 160–165 equivalence principle 300 shape and size 2, 153, 155–157 equivalent width 54 solar neighbourhood 169–173, 211–217 ether 5 Galileo 4, 16, 120 Euler equation 223, 225, 229–230 GALLEX 108 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81553-6 - Astrophysics for Physicists Arnab Rai Choudhuri Index More information 466 Index gamma ray burst (GRB) 295–296 in cosmology 339–340, 438 gauge transformation (in general relativity) of black hole 406–407 409 horizon problem 339–340 general relativity 10–12, 13, 357 hot coronal gas 187, 191, 193 formulation 378–384 hot dark matter 338 gravitational redshift 389–390 HR (Hertzsprung–Russell) diagram 76, gravitational wave 13–14, 143, 411–415, 80–89, 109–111 417 Hubble constant 271, 274–275, 307, 344 linearized theory 407–410 Hubble Deep Field 346–347 metric, see metric Hubble Key Project 274–275 non-technical introduction 297–308 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) 17, 115, 116, relativistic cosmology 419–435 262–264, 284, 288, 345, 347, 435 singularity and horizon 405–407 Hubble test 429–431 time and length measurements 387–389 Hubble time 145, 275 generalized coordinates 358 Hubble’s law 271–273, 314, 428–430 generalized force 358 hydrodynamic equations, see fluid mechanics generalized velocity 358 hydrostatic equilibrium equation 63, 113 geodesic 301, 303–304, 371–373, 385 geodesic deviation equation 385, 413 ideal fluid approximation 222 gigaparsec (Gpc) 2–3 induced emission 48, 52, 54, 178–180 gigayear (Gyr) 3 induction equation 229,