Early Muslim Polemic Against Christianity: Abū Īsā Al-Warrāq’S “Against the Incarnation” Edited by David Thomas Index More Information

Cambridge University Press ˛ 978-0-521-81132-3 - Early Muslim Polemic Against Christianity: Abū Īsā al-Warrāq’s “Against the Incarnation” Edited by David Thomas Index More information

INDEX

Abbasids, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 18, 24, 37, 49 al-Asharı,Abu al-Hasan, 21, 23, 24, 25, 30, Abd al-Jabbar al-Asadabadı, 17, 18, 22, 23, 32, 75, 282 n. 6 25, 32, 45, 47, 53, 76, 77, 79–81, 283 n. 24, 295 n. 5, 296 n. 14, 301 n. 60, 304 n. Baghdad, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 21, 22, 23, 53, 75 93 al-Balkhı,Abu Mashar Jafar, 19 Abel, A., x, 60, 77 al-Balkhı,Abu al-Qasim, 53, 75 Abraham, as friend of God, 14, 42–3, 45, 46, al-Baqillani, Abu Bakr, 77–9, 80, 81, 295 n. 5 48, 76 Barıha, 3–4 Abu Alı al-Jubbaı, 17, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, Bible, 16, 17, 28, 40, 41, 68, 296 n. 16, see also 45–7, 71, 76–7, 80, 293 n. 76 Christian scriptures, Gospels Abu Bakr, Caliph, 31, 32 Bishr Ibn al-Mutamir, 16 Abu Hafs al-Haddad, 23 borrowing between Christians and Muslims, Abu Hashim al-Jubbaı,75 9–14 Abu al-Hudhayl al-Allaf, 12, 13, 16, 38, 53, 56 Christians, 18, 19, 20, 27, 34, 37, 38, 40, 41, Abu Isa al-Warraq, 97 42, 74, 75, 284 n. 54, 299 n. 40, 301 n. and dualism, 21–2, 24, 25–6, 27, 30–1, 74 62, see also Jacobites, Melkites, and Ibn al-Rawandı, 21, 22, 25, 26–7, 33, Nestorians 34, 284 n. 48, 284 n. 51 anonymous adoptionist group, 13–14, and Shıism, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 31–3, 34 42–3 as a monotheist, 27, 33 in early Islamic society, 3–6 attitude towards Islam, 28–9 intellectual borrowing between Muslims biographical details, 21–3 and, 9–14 period of activity, 23–5 minor sects, 30–1, 34, 40, 89, 273, 277 religious outlook, 29–33 on the Incarnation, 48–58 suspicions about his beliefs, 25–8 part of the Ahl al-Dhimma, 8–9 works, 25, 26, 27–8, 31, 32, 33–5, 74, see relations with Muslims, 6–9 also Maqalat al-nas and Radd ala al- religious encounters with Muslims, 14–20 Nasara scriptures, 15, 16, 17, 39, 40, 41 Abu Raita, Habıb b. Khidma, 15, 56, 57–8, churches and monasteries, 3, 4, 5, 6, 82 69–70, 289 n. 69, 289 n. 71, 296 n. 16 “Covenant of Umar”, 8 Ahl al-dhimma,8,9 creed, 16, 41, 52, 73, 91, 195, 296 n. 14, 302 n. Ahl al-ijbar, see “People of Compulsion” 66 Ahl al-tayman, see “People of the South” Alı Ibn Abı Talib, Caliph, 21, 25, 31, 33 Daysanites, 19, 30 Alı al-Tabarı, 6, 16, 17, 40–1, 44, 286 n. 16, Dhimmıs,8,9 296 n. 14, 299 n. 45 Dirar Ibn Amr, 16 Ammar al-Basrı, 13, 14, 15, 16, 38, 53–6, 57, divine nature of the Messiah, divinity, lahut, 70, 294 n. 3, 295 n. 6, 296 n. 16, 298 n. 44, 47, 64, 65, 67, 72, 76, 93, 95, 109, 111, 37, 300 n. 50 117, 119, 121, 139–41, 143, 147, 151, 185, Apollinaris, followers of, 63, 277 203, 205, 211, 213–15, 241–3 Arians, 63, 89, 195, 277 dualists, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25–7, 29, 30, 31, Arius, 91, 195, 237, 245 32, 33, 34, 35, 59, 65, 68, 74, 80, 290 n. 2

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press ˛ 978-0-521-81132-3 - Early Muslim Polemic Against Christianity: Abū Īsā al-Warrāq’s “Against the Incarnation” Edited by David Thomas Index More information

312 Index

Eunomius, followers of, 63, 277 al-Iranshahrı,19 Eutyches and his followers, 52, 62, 63, 273, 277 al-Iskafı,Abu Jafar Muhammad, 16

Gospels, 16, 39, 40, 41, 44, 48, 49, 76, 288 n. Jacob Baradaeus, 139 57, 299 n. 49, 302 n. 65, 302 n. 66, see Jacobites, ix, x, 49, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, also Bible, Christian scriptures 65, 69, 77, 78, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 103, Gregorians, 63, 277 107, 111, 115, 119, 121, 137, 239, 245, 247, 271, 273, 275, 277 Hadıths, 7 metaphorical explanations of the uniting, Hafs al-Fard, 16 261–71, see also fire under metaphors of Harun al-Rashıd, Abbasid Caliph, 9 the uniting al-Hashimı, Abdullah, 5, 7 on the activity of the Trinity in the uniting, Hisham Ibn al-Hakam, 3, 21, 23, 32, 34 103–5 Hisham b. Salim al-Jawalıqı,21 on the Messiah’s conception and birth, human body of the Messiah, jasad, 39, 43, 107–17 45–6, 54, 55, 56, 57–8, 67, 70, 72, 73, 76, on the Messiah’s crucifixion and death, 72, 78, 80, 91, 95, 109, 117, 151–7, 165, 167, 95, 117–25 169, 173–9, 223–31, 233, 259, 271, 293 n. on the Messiah’s nature, 239–71 70, 299 n. 47 on the uniting, 39, 40, 44, 46, 66, 76, 80, 87, human nature of the Messiah, humanity, 89, 93, 115, 251–61 nasut, 44, 45, 47, 64, 72, 76, 93, 95, 109, sub-sects, 62, 63, 89, 273, 277, 304 nn. 92, 93 119, 121, 139–41, 143, 147, 165, 187, 203, Jarudiyya, 24 205, 211, 213–15, 223, 225–7, 241–3, see jasad, see human body of the Messiah also universal human nature Jesus the Messiah, 14, 16, 27, 38, 39, 40, 42, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, 6 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 64, 68, 72, hypostasis, uqnum, 39, 55, 58, 66, 69, 70, 80, 76, 80, 81, 147, 149, 284 n. 54, 287 n. 41, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97–107, 111, 115, 127–37, 299 n. 45, see also Christians, divine 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 155, 163–5, nature of the Messiah, human body of 169, 215–19, 221, 223, 225, 229, 233–7, the Messiah, human nature of the 249, 251, 255, 257, 259 Messiah, Jacobites, Melkites, Nestorians crucifixion of, 38, 39, 64, 72, 73, 80, 91, 93, Ibn al-Ikhshıd, Abu Bakr, 75 95, 113–15, 117–23, 135, 155–65, 185–7, Ibn al-Jawzı,Abu al-Farash, 22, 23, 25, 26 195, 225, 239, 259, 287 n. 41 Ibn al-Kalbı,Abu al-Mundhır, 18, 281 n. 66 miracles of, 38, 48, 68–9, 171–3, 179, 284 n. Ibn Khallad, Abu Alı,75 54, 287 n. 41, 300 nn. 55, 56 Ibn Kullab, Abdullah b. Saıd, 12 Son of man, 199, 239, 259 Ibn al-Muqaffa,18 upbringing of, 111–13, 133, 259 Ibn al-Nadım, 22, 35, 295 n. 12 Jews and Judaism, 16, 19, 27, 28, 31, 34, 52, Ibn al-Rawandı, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26–27, 33, 34, 74, 284 n. 54 284 n. 48, 284 n. 51 jism, see physical body Ibn Taymiyya, Ahmad, ix jizya,7,9 Incarnation, ix, x, 17, 31, 34, 36, 37, 58, 59, John of Damascus, 10, 14–15, 50–1, 52, 53 61, 65, 66, 67, 74, 75, 95 John I, Patriarch of Antioch, 49 Abd al-Jabbar on, 79–81 Julianists, 62, 63, 89, 273, 277 Abu Alı al-Jubbaı on, 45–7, 71, 76–7 al-Jushamı,Abu Saıd, 24, 25, 35 Abu Raita on, 57–8, 69–70 Alı al-Tabarı on, 40–1 kalam, 10, 11–12, 13, 16, 35, 47, 77 Ammar al-Basrı on, 53–6, 70 al-Khayyat,Abu al-Hasan, 21, 23, 25, 26 al-Baqillanı on, 77–9 al-Kindı, Abd al-Masıh, 5, 15, 280 n. 37 early Muslim reactions to, 37–44 al-Kindı,Abu Yaqub, 16–17 in Christian Arab thought, 48–58 al-Jahiz on, 41–3 lahut, see divine nature of the Messiah John of Damascus on, 50–1 Leo III, Byzantine emperor, 15, 292 n. 51 later Muslim reactions to, 44–8 al-Nashi al-Akbar on, 44–5, 75–6 Macedonius, followers of, 63, 277 al-Qasim Ibn Ibrahım on, 39–40 Madelung, W., 24, 282 n. 16, 283 n. 24 Theodore Abu Qurra on, 51–3 al-Mahdı, Abbasid Caliph, 4, 16, 17, 38, Timothy I on, 49–50 49–50

Index 313

al-Mamun, Abbasid Caliph, 5, 6, 15 Mutazila, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 25, 26, Mani, 23, 24, 25, 27 42, 44, 45, 47, 53, 56, 58, 71, 75, 76, 77, Manichaeans and Manichaeism, 19, 21, 22, 79, 80, 213, 289 n. 78, 298 n. 36, 302 n. 71 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 al-Mansur, Abbasid Caliph, 24 al-Najashı,Ahmad b. Alı, 22, 25, 285 n. 77 Maqalat al-nas wa-ikhtilafuhum, 19–20, 21, al-Nashi al-Akbar, 44–5, 48, 75–6, 77, 80, 22, 26, 30–1, 34, 68, 74, 80, 91, see also 297 n. 24 Abu Isa’s works nasut, see divine nature of the Messiah Marcionites, 19, 30 al-Nawbakhtı,Abu Muhammad, 23, 80, 283 Maronites, 63, 89 n. 24 Mary, mother of Jesus, 38, 39, 40, 46, 49, 55, al-Nazzam, Ibrahım, 16, 42, 300 n. 56 56, 64, 67, 73, 76, 79, 80, 87–275 passim, Nestorians, ix, 4, 6, 14, 16, 38, 41, 49, 51, 284 n. 54 53, 55, 60, 61, 62, 64, 69, 70, 71, 80, 87, al-Masudı,Abu al-Hasan, 22, 23, 24, 25 91, 95, 97, 103, 107, 109, 113, 115, 119, Mazdakians, 19, 30 137, 141, 143, 155, 187, 243, 249, 261, Melkites, ix, 44, 51, 60, 62, 63, 64, 72, 80, 87, 271 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 105, 115, 121, 125, 157, on the activity of the Trinity in the uniting, 163, 215, 219, 223, 271, 275, 297 n. 24, 103–5 299 n. 41, 300 n. 50, 301 n. 60, see also on the Messiah’s action, 77, 197–203 universal human nature on the Messiah’s conception and birth, on the activity of the Trinity in the uniting, 107–17 99–101, 105–7 on the Messiah’s crucifixion and death, on the Messiah’s conception and birth, 79, 117–25 115, 125–55 on the Messiah’s nature, 181–97 on the Messiah’s crucifixion and death, on the Messiah’s will, 203–19 93–5, 121–5, 155–65 on the uniting, 39, 44, 46, 49, 75, 76, 78, on the Messiah’s nature, 219–39 91–3, 141, 143, 295 n. 6 on the uniting, 39, 46, 72, 76, 78, 87, 93, 97, Nestorius, 52, 139, 265, 297 n. 16 215 on the universal human, 64, 79, 87, 93, 95, Paul, apostle, 41 105, 125–51, 155, 163, 223, 225, 227–31, Paul of Samosata and his followers, 63, 89, 233–5, 237 195, 237, 245, 277 metaphors of the uniting, 49–50, 77–8, 89, “People of Compulsion”, Ahl al-ijbar, 203, 109, 165–181 247 control, tadbır, 54, 67, 69, 78, 80, 81, 89, 95, “People of the South”, Ahl al-tayman,57 109, 157–63, 169–73, 179, 233, 247, 300 Photinus, followers of, 63, 277 n. 50 physical body, jism, 45, 127, 167, 169, 173, fire and coal, 57, 93, 261–71 175, 205, 233, 243, 298 n. 36, 300 n. 54 fire and a dinar, 93, 261–71 Platti, E., x, 65, 83, 291 n. 9, 295 n. 12, 302 n. fire and iron, 44, 265 68 habitation and garment, 78, 80, 89, 109, 169, 295 n. 6 al-Qasim Ibn Ibrahım, 17, 39–40, 41, 43, 44, inhering, 44, 78, 80, 89, 169, 225, 229, 293 65, 289 n. 79 n. 70 Quran, 4, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 28, 29, 32, mixing and mingling, 45, 67, 78, 80, 81, 89, 33, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 109, 139, 165–7, 173 54, 58, 68, 74, 76, 273, 275, 284 n. 54, 284 Muhammad, the Prophet, 7, 8, 15, 16, 17, 22, n. 60, 285 n. 81, 287 n. 41, 291 n. 27, 299 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 49, 68, 74 n. 45, 300 n. 56, 303 n. 86, 304 n. 92 Muhammad Ibn Abdullah, Alid pretender, 24 Radd ala al-Nasara,Abu Isa’s only surviving Muhammad al-Qasim al-Taliqanı, Alid work, 19, 27, 30, 33, 34, 56, 57, 60, 74, pretender, 24 80, see also Abu Isa’s works mulhid/ilhad, 22, 25, 26 influence of, 75–82 al-Murdar, Isa b. Subayh, 16, 38, 289 n. 78 its integrity in its surviving form, 60–3 Murjia, 22 manuscripts of, 82–3 al-Mustaın, Abbasid Caliph, 24 purpose of, 71–5 al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid Caliph, 6, 9 sources of, 68–71 al-Mutasim, Abbasid Caliph, 6, 24 structure of, 63–6

314 Index

Raﬁdiyya, 24, 25, 31–2, 33, 34 al-Turtushı,Abu Bakr, 8 religious encounters between Christians and al-Tusı,Abu Jafar, 22 Muslims, 14–20 Umar Ibn al-Khattab, Caliph, 8, 31, 32 Sabellians, 63, 89, 277 Umar II, Umayyad Caliph, 15, 288 n. 55, 292 al-Sarakhshı,Ahmad b. al-Tayyib, 19 n. 51 Severus, 52 Umayyads, 10, 15, 32, 34, 292 n. 51 al-Shabushtı,Abu al-Hasan, 5 uniting of wills, 203–19 al-Shahrastanı,Abu al-Fath, 22, 23–4, 25 universal human nature, 64, 79, 87, 93, 95, al-Sharıf al-Murtada, Alı b. al-Husayn, 22, 105, 125–55, 163, 223–5, 227–37 25, 26, 30, 35 uqnum, see hypostasis Stroumsa, S., 27–8, 34, 284 n. 51, 284 n. 55, 284 n. 57 al-Wathiq, Abbasid Caliph, 6

taannus/taannasa, 51, 52, 87 Yahya Ibn Adı, x, 34, 48, 60, 61, 62, 63, 82, tadbır, see metaphors of the uniting 83, 97, 273, 275, 291 n. 18, 294 n. 1, 295 tajassud/tajassada, 39, 51, 52, 69, 87 n. 6, 303 n. 89, 304 n. 93 tawhıd, 10, 17, 18, 58 Yahya Ibn Umar, Sahib al-Kufa, Alid Theodore Abu Qurra, 15, 16, 51–3, 54, 55, pretender, 24 57, 73, 78, 289 n. 69, 293 n. 70, 301 Yasu (Jesus), 147, 149, 299 n. 45 n. 60 Timothy I, Nestorian patriarch, 4, 16, 17, 38, Zaydiyya, 24 49–50, 53, 70, 288 n. 59, 295 n. 6 zindıq/zanadiqa, 22, 25, 26 Trinity, ix, 12–13, 16, 17, 34, 37, 39, 44, 45, Zoroastrianism, 16, 19, 25, 30 47, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, zunnar,7,8 66, 67, 73, 75, 76, 77, 80, 91, 189, 297 n. Zurqan, Abu Yala Muhammad al-Mismaı, 24 19