CHAPTER OB JE CT IV ESKEY TE RMS © Jones & Bartlett Learning

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER OBJECTIVES At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1. DiscussNOT the developmentFOR SALE of nursingOR DISTRIBUTION as a Richards, and Mary Eliza MahoneyNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION profession from biblical times until the contributed to the development of 19th century. modern nursing. 2. Describe how Florence Nightingale 4. Discuss the contributions of nurses came to be seen as the founder of during wartime. © Jones &modern Bartlett nursing. Learning, LLC 5. Describe the© rolesJones of doctor & Bartlett of nursing Learning, LLC NOT FOR3. Discuss SALE how OR early DISTRIBUTION nurses such as practice andNOT clinical FOR nurse SALE leader inOR the DISTRIBUTION Dorothea Dix, Clara Barton, Linda modern healthcare community.

advanced practice nurses Edith Nourse Rogers New England Hospital for Annie G. Fox Ednah Dow Cheney Women and Children Brahmanism© Jones & BartlettEdwin Learning, Smith Surgical LLC papyrus © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Clara BartonNOT FOR SALE ORPapyrus DISTRIBUTION Paula of ActinNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION clinical nurse leader Florence Nightingale Sally Louisa Tompkins Colonel Anna May Hays Helen Fairchild Theodor Fliedner Colonel Mildred Clark Kate Cumming Thomas Fuller deaconess Linda Richards Valentine Seaman © JonesDeborah & Bartlett Learning, LLCMarie Zakrzewska © JonesVivien Bullwinkel & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORdoctor SALE of nursing OR DISTRIBUTION practice Mary Eliza Mahoney NOTwidow FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Dorothea Dix Mosaic Law

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORCHAPTER DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR1 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION History of Nursing as a Profession © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Origins of Nursing Nursing has been referred to as both the oldest art and the youngest profession. © JonesIts origins & Bartlett can be traced Learning, back to the LLC dawn of civilization through the© traditionalJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORmother–child SALE relationshipOR DISTRIBUTION as well as to the important role of the villageNOT healerFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION in many primitive societies. However, in more sophisticated societies such as that of ancient Egypt the importance of the nursing discipline became evident, as nurses assisted in the recovery of patients experiencing traumatic injuries, such as those sustained on the battle eld. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONA papyrus dating back to the 17th century ..NOT, known FOR as theSALE Edwin OR Smith DISTRIBUTION Surgical Papyrus, is one of the oldest documents pertaining to medicine. It is the earliest known surgical prototype textbook and lists the proper surgical treatment for a variety of traumatic injuries that begin with the head and proceed downward anatomically. Although magic was considered a major part of medical© treatment Jones at & the Bartlett time, the EdwinLearning, Smith papyrus LLC only resorts to use © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC of magic withNOT one FOR described SALE case, OR relying DISTRIBUTION instead on descriptions of logical NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION treatment of patients (Tour Egypt, 2010). e origins of many of the practices still used in modern nursing can be seen in the directives of the Mosaic Law that was followed by the ancient Israel- © Jonesites from& Bartlett the 15th centuryLearning, .. until LLC the rst century .. when the© JewsJones began & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORto be dispersedSALE OR throughout DISTRIBUTION the known world. As in many societiesNOT of that FOR era, SALE OR DISTRIBUTION responsibility for the health of the public rested with the male-dominated priestly tribe of the© Levites. Jones and eBartlett people Publishers. were taught NOT to FORprevent SALE disease OR DISTRIBUTION through

46042_CH01_6085.indd 1 2/8/12 4:16 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 CHAPTER 1 History of Nursing as a Profession

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORa SALEregimen ORof personal DISTRIBUTION hygiene and speci c times set aside forNOT work, FOR rest, andSALE OR DISTRIBUTION sleep. Speci c and detailed instructions were provided regarding ‹ e proper treatment of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and menstruation © Jones & Bartlett Learning,‹ e selection LLC of food that met dietary requirements© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION‹ Recognizing communicable disease so NOTpriests FORcould beSALE noti ed OR of an DISTRIBUTION outbreak ‹ When to implement quarantine procedures e Bible has the distinction of being the document that records the rst © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC nurse mentioned by name© Jonesin history. & Deborah Bartlett was Learning,recorded in the LLC 24th chap- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONter of the book of GenesisNOT as being FOR the SALEnurse of ORRebekah, DISTRIBUTION who was traveling to meet her future husband, Isaac (Donahue, 1996). Hygiene and the prevention of illness were further emphasized by Indian Brahmanism a er 1500 .. e religion’s teachings included topics such as © Jones &medicine Bartlett and Learning,surgery. Indian LLC surgery was considered to be© the Jones most highly & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORskilled SALE of any OR of DISTRIBUTIONthe known ancient civilizations. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Brahmanism, also referred to as Hinduism, further emphasized recognizing symptoms unique to speci c disease processes, such as those speci c to diabetes mellitus. One ancient Indian document speci ed the roles ful lled © Jones & Bartlett Learning,by each member LLC of a medical team, with the© Jonesnurse responsible & Bartlett for knowledge Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONof medication preparation in addition to “cleverness,”NOT FOR devotion SALE to OR the patient,DISTRIBUTION and purity of both mind and body. Nurses are frequently referred to in Indian historical documents, although they were usually men or, in rare instances, older women. However, it is important to note that at this time in Indian his- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC tory, nurses were already© required Jones to exhibit& Bartlett exceptional Learning, standards, LLC skill at their cra , and a high level of integrity. Documentation from this period in India NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION speci ed the characteristics required of a nurse (Donahue, 1996): ‹ Appropriate behavior ‹ Cleanliness © Jones ‹& DevotionBartlett to Learning, employer LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR‹ SALEKind OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ‹ Skilled at every type of service ‹ Clever in general ‹ Able to cook © Jones & Bartlett Learning,‹ Skilled LLCin bathing a patient © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION‹ Skilled in providing massage NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ‹ Able to assist a patient in walking and moving about © Jones‹ Skilled and Bartlett in bed Publishers. making NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ‹ Able toNOT prepare FOR or compound SALE ORmedications DISTRIBUTION as needed NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ‹ Skilled in caring for a patient that had a di culty recovery ‹ Always willing to carry out any act, whether commanded by the physician or the patient © JonesIn this & periodBartlett in history, Learning, nursing asLLC a vocation was predominantly© comprisedJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORof males. SALE However, OR a DISTRIBUTION er the third century .. the gradual entranceNOT of women FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION into nursing was a ected primarily by three factors: the improvement in the social stature of women in the Roman Empire, the teachings of Christianity regarding the equality of men and women in service to God, and the require- © Jones & Bartlett mentLearning, of Christians LLC to continue the work of Christ© Jones with the & neglectedBartlett poor. Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORAs DISTRIBUTION the Christian church began to assume careNOT of the poorFOR and SALE the sick OR of the DISTRIBUTION community, women as well as men began to share this task. Among women, deaconesses and widows began to emerge as nurses and became the prototype for the modern community health nurse. Deaconesses worked equally© Jones with male & Bartlettdeacons and Learning, were usually LLCrequired to be unmarried © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC or widowed.NOT eir FOR role as SALE visiting ORnurses DISTRIBUTION was carried out in addition to attend- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ing to the spiritual needs of their parishioners. Widows also served as visiting nurses for the poor and were usually required to swear a vow of chastity, leading to their ultimate development into nuns. A counterpoint to deaconesses and widows were the matrons of the Roman Empire who had converted to Chris- © Jonestianity. & Bartlett eir positions Learning, of authority LLC in society and considerable wealth© Jones allowed & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORthem toSALE have the OR freedom DISTRIBUTION to lay the foundation for community healthNOT nursing FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (Donahue, 1996). Paula of Actin, in particular, was an extremely wealthy and learned Christian widow believed to be the rst to train nurses systematically and to teach nursing as an art rather than as merely a service to the poor. How- ever, at that time a well-trained nurse was still considered to be one who not © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC only cared for the sick but also cooked, cleaned, and waited on any other indi- NOT FOR SALE ORviduals DISTRIBUTION in residence at the moment who mightNOT require FOR service SALE (Moses, OR 2011). DISTRIBUTION Transition to Secular Nursing As the Middle© Jones Ages progressed, & Bartlett eventually Learning, the Reformation LLC developed and a © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC clear-cut religiousNOT FOR division SALE resulted, OR generating DISTRIBUTION both a Catholic Church and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Protestantism. In England more so than in any other country in Europe monks and nuns were forced from monasteries, and hospitals and other facilities that had once been used to care for the poor and sick by religious orders were either © Jonesclosed & orBartlett given over Learning, to other groups LLC with less pure motives. For ©the Jones rst time & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORnursing SALE began ORto be DISTRIBUTIONless associated with religion. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION To ll the void produced by the lack of nuns and other women with similar religious dedications,© women Jones andfrom Bartlett the lowest Publishers. levels NOTof society FOR wereSALE o OR en DISTRIBUTION recruited

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORand SALE assigned OR nursing DISTRIBUTION duties to replace a certain amount of aNOT prison FOR sentence. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Hospitals became severely utilitarian, and sanitary conditions were unknown. An 18th century hospital was described as having up to six patients stretched across the width of one bed. Patients never received bed baths, and it was stan- dard practice for a patient with a highly contagious disease to be laid in the same © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC bed with a patient who had a reasonably treatable illness, because the cause of NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONinfection was not understood at that point NOTin history FOR (Donahue, SALE 1996). OR DISTRIBUTION It was at this time that men seemed to take their exit from nursing. A er this period, nursing in Catholic countries was carried out by women in some type of religious order, whereas in Protestant countries nursing began to be © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC seen as a female-dominated occupation. However, leadership of hospitals was NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONalmost always a male function,NOT FOR and virtuallySALE noOR authority DISTRIBUTION was given to the women who provided oversight of the nurses hired to carry out the menial chores that were then considered to be “nursing.” Because of the low character of many of the women who were acting as nurses at that time, an attempt was © Jones &made Bartlett to develop Learning, quali cations LLC for women who sought to function© Jones as nurses & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORin SALE hospitals. OR eDISTRIBUTION set developed by omas Fuller, an EnglishNOT physician, FOR wasSALE OR DISTRIBUTION as follows (Donahue, 1996): ‹ Middle aged ‹ Healthy, particularly free from “vapors” and coughing © Jones & Bartlett Learning,‹ Capable LLC of being at the bedside throughout© Jones the course & Bartlett of the entire Learning, illness LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION‹ Ready to respond at the rst call of theNOT patient FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ‹ Capable of speaking very little, and then only in low tones, and able to walk so ly ‹ Having keen eyes to observe any alteration in the patient’s color, manner, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC or growth © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION‹ Able to do “everythingNOT the bestFOR way” SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ‹ Able to do everything quickly ‹ Clean in her habits ‹ Well tempered and able to humor the sick person © Jones ‹& CheerfulBartlett and Learning, pleasant and LLC never cross or sad © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR‹ SALECapable OR of observing DISTRIBUTION the patient both night and day NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ‹ Not subject to practicing gluttony, drinking, or smoking ‹ Following the physician’s orders carefully ‹ Childless (Table 1-1) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONEmergence of ModernNOT FOR NursingSALE OR DISTRIBUTION Modern nursing had its genesis in the e orts of eodor Fliedner, a Lutheran © Jonesminister and Bartlett who revivedPublishers. the NOT order FOR of SALEdeaconesses OR DISTRIBUTION a er contact with the Mora-

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Qualifi cations for Nurses in India after Qualifi cations for Nurses Developed by © Jones &1500 Bartlett Learning, LLC Dr. Thomas© Fuller Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR appropriateSALE OR behavior DISTRIBUTION middle-agedNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION cleanliness healthy, free from “vapors” and coughing devotion to the employer able to be at the bedside throughout the course of the entire illness © Jones & Bartlett Learning,kind LLC © Jonescheerful, & Bartlett pleasant, never Learning, cross or sad LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONskilled at every type of service NOT ableFOR to SALEdo “everything OR DISTRIBUTION the best way” clever in general able to do everything quickly able to cook capable of speaking very little, in low tones, and able to walk softly skilled© inJones bathing & a patientBartlett Learning, LLChaving keen eyes to observe ©any Jones alteration & in Bartlett Learning, LLC patient’s color, manner, or growth NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION skilled in providing massage clean in her habits able to assist a patient in walking and well-tempered and able to humor the sick moving about person skilled in bedmaking able to observe the patient night and day © Jones &able Bartlett to prepare Learning, or compound LLC medications not subject© to Jonesgluttony, &drinking, Bartlett or smoking Learning, LLC NOT FOR asSALE needed OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION skilled in caring for a patient that had a ready to respond at the fi rst call of the diffi culty recovery patient willing to carry out any act, whether directed following the physician’s orders carefully © Jones & Bartlett Learning,by physician LLC or patient © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT havingFOR noSALE children OR DISTRIBUTION

vians, who had revived the use of deaconesses in 1745. Recognizing the great need these© individuals Jones had& Bartlett lled in the Learning, healthcare community LLC of the time, Pas- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC tor FliednerNOT founded FOR a hospital SALE and OR training DISTRIBUTION center at Kaiserswerth, Germany NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION in 1836. By 1850 the renown of the Deaconess Institute had spread beyond the borders of Germany into other European countries, and Florence Nightingale chose to come there for instruction at that time (Wentz, 1936). © JonesMiss & Bartlett Nightingale Learning, was born in LLC1820 into a wealthy English family© Jones that was & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORprogressive SALE enough OR DISTRIBUTIONto see the bene ts of a thorough education forNOT both FOR men SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and women. At a time when even wealthy women received only a rudimen- tary education, she was schooled in various languages as well as science and mathematics. As an© adult Jones traveling and Bartlett in EuropePublishers. she NOTnoted FOR various SALE facilities OR DISTRIBUTION where

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORnursing DISTRIBUTION was taught in systematic curriculums,NOT thus fuelingFOR herSALE OR DISTRIBUTION already burning desire to attain some type of life work involving the care of others. Her parents objected to her a liation with any hospital because of the terrible conditions that existed in these facilities at the time, with the worst such hospitals in England. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONBy 1854 the Crimean WarNOT had broken FOR out, SALE and English OR DISTRIBUTION news- papers were lled with reports of the appalling care being provided to soldiers in English eld hospitals. e care provided in French eld hospitals was known to be far superior, primarily due to the e orts of the French Sisters of Charity, who had ac- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC companied France’s expedition to the Crimea in large numbers NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION to care forNOT the wounded. FOR SALE Miss Nightingale OR DISTRIBUTION had previously become acquainted with England’s Secretary of War, who was so impressed with her and her desire to work with the sick and the dying that he wrote to her asking for her help in organizing the © Jones & Bartlett careLearning, of the English LLC wounded in Turkey (Donahue,© Jones 1996). & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONBy October 1854 Miss Nightingale had beenNOT appointed FOR super- SALE OR DISTRIBUTION intendent over the female nurses in the English eld hospitals in Turkey and sailed for Scutari along with 38 nurses. Upon her arrival she found four miles of beds holding approximately 3,500 wounded patients in a space designed for © Jones & Bartlett Learning,1,700 men. LLC e only light was given o by© candlesJones jammed & Bartlett into empty Learning, beer LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONbottles, and an open sewer ran under the NOTbuilding. FOR ere SALE was no OR water, DISTRIBUTION soap, towels, knives or forks, or clothing for the patients and very little edible food. e death rate was slightly over 42%. To change the hospital from merely a storehouse for the dying into an area where the seriously ill and wounded could convalesce, Miss Nightingale opted to establish ve kitchens for decent food © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC preparation and a laundry© Jones as well as & areas Bartlett where recuperating Learning, soldiers LLC could NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONread and listen to music.NOT In the eveningFOR SALE she frequently OR DISTRIBUTION made rounds alone with her lantern to observe the progress of the most critical patients, acquiring the now-famous title of “ e Lady with the Lamp.” Within 6 months of the imple- mentation of the hygienic measures that Miss Nightingale insisted upon, the © Jones mortality& Bartlett rate inLearning, the hospital LLCdropped to 2.2% (Donahue, 1996).© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEAs a result OR of DISTRIBUTION Florence Nightingale’s growing fame fromNOT engineering FOR theSALE OR DISTRIBUTION monumental change in English military health care and the gratitude she received from the British public, she achieved enough in uence to develop a training program for nurses in a school devoted solely to this purpose. is © Jones & Bartlett Learning,was developed LLC despite the objections of many© Jones English physicians& Bartlett who Learning, believed LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONthat such training was unnecessary becauseNOT the FOR nurse wasSALE essentially OR DISTRIBUTION in the same position as a “housemaid” and therefore required no special training or instruction (Donahue, 1996). © Jones and Bartlett Publishers. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NursingNOT FOR During SALE OR theDISTRIBUTION Civil War NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION e development of nursing in America was a slow process, with the rst nurses being servants, criminals, and paupers who cared for the sick. During the 17th and 18th centuries in America nurses from various religious orders © Joneswere & asked Bartlett to come Learning, in and reform LLC hospitals that had become obstacles© Jones to a & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORpatient’s SALE recovery OR rather DISTRIBUTION than assisting with the recovery process.NOT However, FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION this changed with Dorothea Dix. Miss Dix was the superintendent of female nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War and was given the authority to organize hospitals for the care of the wounded soldiers, appoint nurses to serve © Jones & Bartlett inLearning, such eld hospitals, LLC and oversee the distribution© Jones of supplies & Bartlett for the troops. Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORAlthough DISTRIBUTION not a trained nurse by profession, MissNOT Dix FOR had a wealthSALE of ORadmin- DISTRIBUTION istrative and organizational skills acquired during her e orts 20 years earlier to create more humane living conditions for the mentally ill and criminals in America’s prisons. Like omas Fuller a century earlier, Miss Dix developed a set of requirements for women seeking to obtain an appointment as a nurse (Donahue,© 1996): Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ‹ Between the ages of 35 and 50 ‹ Healthy and free of chronic diseases ‹ “Matronly,” “good conduct,” “superior” education, and “serious” © Jonespersonality & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR‹ Neat, SALE orderly, OR and DISTRIBUTION industrious NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ‹ Able to produce at least two references to attest to the candidate’s character, morality, integrity, and ability to care for the sick ‹ Obedience and conformity with developed rules © Jones & Bartlett ‹Learning, Able to serve LLC in this capacity for at least 3 months,© Jones with & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONpreference given to those able to serve for longerNOT periods FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (Tables 1-2 and 1-3)

Another woman making a contribution to the war e ort was Clara Barton, who independently organized and operated a huge war ©relief Jones e ort on& Bartlettbehalf of the Learning, Union Army. LLC She o en © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC used her ownNOT money FOR to SALE supply theOR recuperating DISTRIBUTION soldiers with NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION adequate food, clothing, bedding, and medical supplies. A er the War she learned of the existence of the International Red Cross and worked with this organization for several years. She © Jonessoon & began Bartlett e orts Learning, to organize an LLC American Red Cross, which © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORdid not SALE come toOR fruition DISTRIBUTION until 1882. Miss Barton served as the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION rst president of the American Red Cross and gave her home to be its national headquarters (Barton, 1904). © Jones and Bartlett Publishers. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© JonesQualifi & Bartlett cations for Learning, Nurses Developed LLC by Qualifi cations ©for Jones Nurses Developed& Bartlett by Learning, LLC NOT FORDr. Thomas SALE Fuller OR DISTRIBUTION Dorothea Dix NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION middle-aged between the ages of 35 and 50 healthy, free from “vapors” and coughing healthy and free of chronic diseases able to be at the bedside throughout the able to produce at least two references © Jones & Bartlett Learning,course of the entireLLC illness © regardingJones &character, Bartlett morality, Learning, integrity, LLCand ability to care for the sick NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION cheerful, pleasant, never cross or sad “serious” personality able to do “everything the best way” able to serve for at least three months; preference given to those able to serve longer able to do© everythingJones & quickly Bartlett Learning,superior LLC education © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC capable ofNOT speaking FOR very SALE little, inOR low DISTRIBUTIONtones, matronly NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and able to walk softly having keen eyes to observe any alteration in neat, orderly patient’s color, manner, or growth © Jonesclean & inBartlett her habits Learning, LLC good conduct © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORwell-tempered SALE OR and DISTRIBUTIONable to humor the sick industrious NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION person able to observe the patient night and day obedience and conformity with developed rules not subject to gluttony, drinking, or smoking © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORready DISTRIBUTION to respond at the fi rst call of the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION patient following the physician’s orders carefully having no children © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

e Confederacy also saw its share of women who made signi cant contributions to the developing profession of nursing, with Sally Louisa Tompkins and Kate Cumming being the most famous. Sally Louisa Tompkins was born © Jones & Bartlett Learning,into a wealthy LLC Virginia family and responded© Jones to the Confederate & Bartlett government’s Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONcall for the public to assist in caring for theNOT wounded. FOR Miss SALE Tompkins OR founded DISTRIBUTION Robertson Hospital in Richmond in 1861 and subsidized it primarily with her © Jonesown and funds. Bartlett To preventPublishers. the NOT hospital FOR fromSALE beingOR DISTRIBUTION taken over by the military, Miss

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCQualifi cations for Nurses© JonesQualifi cations& Bartlett for Nurses Learning, LLC NOT FOR QualifiSALE cations OR DISTRIBUTION for Nurses Developed by Dr. ThomasNOT Developed FOR SALE by Dorothea OR DISTRIBUTION in India after 1500 Fuller Dix appropriate behavior middle-aged between the ages of 35 and 50 cleanliness healthy, no “vapors” or healthy and free of chronic © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC coughing© Jones & Bartlettdiseases Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONdevotion to the employer able to beNOT at bedside FOR SALE ableOR to DISTRIBUTION produce at least throughout entire illness two references regarding character, morality, integrity, and ability to care for the sick kind© Jones & Bartlett Learning,cheerful, pleasant, LLC never “serious” personality© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORcross DISTRIBUTION or sad NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION skilled at every type of able to do “everything the able to serve for at least service best way” three months; preference given if serving longer clever in general able to do everything quickly superior education © Jones &able Bartlett to cook Learning, LLCspeaking very little, in low © Jonesmatronly & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONtones, and able to walk softlyNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION skilled in bathing a patient keen eyes to observe any neat, orderly alteration in patient’s color, manner, or growth © Jones & Bartlett Learning,skilled in providingLLC massage clean in her© Joneshabits & Bartlettgood Learning, conduct LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONable to assist a patient in well-temperedNOT andFOR able SALE to industriousOR DISTRIBUTION walking and moving about humor the sick person skilled in bedmaking able to observe patient night obedience, conformity with and day rules able to prepare/compound not subject to gluttony, medications© Jones as needed & Bartlett Learning,drinking, or smoking LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION skilled in managing a diffi cult responds at the fi rst call of recovery the patient willing to carry out any act follows physician’s orders as directed by physician or carefully © Jones &patient Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONhaving no children NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORTompkins SALE ORconvinced DISTRIBUTION President Je erson Davis to appoint NOTher as FORcaptain SALE of OR DISTRIBUTION cavalry, making her the only woman to hold a commission in the Confederate Army. e military rank became invaluable to

Miss Tompkins because it came with a salary that could be used to defray the © Jones & Bartlett Learning,costs of LLC operating the hospital along with© the Jones privilege of& accessingBartlett medical Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONsupplies and government rations. By the timeNOT the FOR hospital SALE closed in OR 1865 DISTRIBUTION at the conclusion of the war, Robertson Hospital had treated a total of 1,333 patients and sustained only 73 deaths, yielding a survival rate of 94.5%. is was remarkable at a time when the radical reforms of Florence Nightingale had occurred only a decade earlier (Hagerman, 1996). © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC In comparison with the southern born-and-bred Sally Louisa Tompkins, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Kate Cumming was originally born in Scotland but moved with her family to Mobile, Alabama, in her youth and considered herself a southerner. A er join- ing a party of 40 women who volunteered to journey to Corinth, Mississippi, to nurse the wounded, Miss Cumming became determined to seek a permanent © Jones &position Bartlett in a ConfederateLearning, hospital. LLC Despite the objections of© herJones family & and Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORthe SALE public, OR by 1862 DISTRIBUTION she had been appointed to the position NOTof matron, FOR or theSALE OR DISTRIBUTION administrator, of the mobile eld hospitals of Dr. Samuel Stout, the medical di- rector for the Army of Tennessee. In her position of matron Miss Cumming not only managed each mobile hospital’s departments and supervised its workforce © Jones & Bartlett Learning,but cooked, LLC sewed, wrote letters, and foraged© Jones in the surrounding & Bartlett countryside Learning, LLC for supplies. Her observations of the daily life of a confederate hospital during NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONthis time were chronicled in a diary that sheNOT kept FOR and published SALE aOR er the DISTRIBUTION war, giving us an invaluable picture of the hardships of that period and the strength of character of another of the great women of history who contributed to the nursing profession (Hilde, 2009). © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONDevelopmentNOT FOR of SALE Schools OR DISTRIBUTION of Nursing © Jones & eBartlett advent of Learning,the Civil War LLCbrought the woefully inadequate© preparationJones & ofBartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORnurses SALE in the OR United DISTRIBUTION States to the forefront of the public’s consciousness.NOT FOR Also, SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the public became more open to the idea of establishing formal training programs for nurses as more women from socially prominent families selected nursing as a vocation. e rst formal instructional program for nurses is usually credited to Dr. Valentine Seaman, medical chief of New York Hospital. Dr. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Seaman initiated LLC a program of study for ©nurses Jones in 1799 & thatBartlett continued Learning, until LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONhis death in 1817. is program becameNOT the framework FOR SALE for the OR entity DISTRIBUTION that ultimately became Cornell University-New York Hospital School of Nursing © Jones(Engle, and 1980).Bartlett Publishers. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

46042_CH01_6085.indd 10 2/8/12 4:16 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Nursing During World War I 11

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC As progressNOT continued FOR SALE toward theOR development DISTRIBUTION of formal training programs NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION for nurses, the need for nurses to collaborate with female physicians in an e ort to advance the professions of nursing and medicine became evident. us, in 1862 the New England Hospital for Women and Children was founded by Drs. Marie Zakrzewska and Ednah Dow Cheney. For more than 100 years it was © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC a teaching hospital for female physicians and later nurses run by an all-female NOT FORsta that SALE o ered OR an educationDISTRIBUTION comparable with that received byNOT male physi-FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION cians. It was the rst facility in the Boston area to o er obstetrics, gynecology, and pediatrics in one facility (Reiskind, 1995). e rst graduate of the facility’s nurses’ training program was Linda Rich- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ards in 1873. Considered to be the rst trained nurse in America, Miss Rich- NOT FOR SALE ORards, DISTRIBUTION whose diploma is housed in the SmithsonianNOT Institution FOR SALE in Washington, OR DISTRIBUTION DC, became the night supervisor at Bellevue Hospital and implemented major changes during her tenure: she insisted on the use of gas light at night rather than merely using a candle stub, she developed a system of charting and main- taining individual© Jones patient & Bartlettrecords, and Learning, she revealed theLLC high mortality rate for © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC new mothersNOT who FOR were dying SALE of puerperal OR DISTRIBUTION fever, leading to these patients being NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION housed separately. A er only 1 year Miss Richards became the superintendent of the Boston Training School, which was a liated with Massachusetts Gen- eral Hospital. Remarkably, she was able to combine administrative duties with actual bedside patient care during this time (Carnegie, 1986). © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORAnother SALE historically OR DISTRIBUTION prominent gure who graduated fromNOT the nurses’ FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION training program at the New England Hospital for Women and Children was Mary Eliza Mahoney, the rst African-American professional nurse. A er working for the hospital since the age of 15, Miss Mahoney was admitted as a nursing student at the age of 33. At a time when the program admitted only © Jones & Bartlett oneLearning, African-American LLC student and one Jewish© studentJones into & Bartletteach class, Learning,she LLC NOT FOR SALE ORwas DISTRIBUTION one of only four students who completed theNOT program FOR out SALE of an admitted OR DISTRIBUTION class of 42 students. Working for many years as a private-duty nurse caring for patients in the New England area, Miss Mahoney went on to found the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses. Today she is a member of the American© Jones Nurses &Association’s Bartlett NursingLearning, Hall of LLC Fame and the National © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Women’s HallNOT of FameFOR (Carnegie, SALE OR 1986). DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Nursing During World War I Army and Navy Nurses Corp nurses who cared for casualties produced by © JonesWorld & BartlettWar I saw typesLearning, of injuries LLC that had never been produced© Jones before in & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORwartime. SALE e adventOR DISTRIBUTION of both machine guns and poison gas generatedNOT FOR hor- SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ri c wounds that required new methods of treatment. e exact number of nurses who served© in Jones either and Corps Bartlett is Publishers.uncertain NOTbecause FOR nursesSALE OR tended DISTRIBUTION to be

46042_CH01_6085.indd 11 2/8/12 4:16 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 12 CHAPTER 1 History of Nursing as a Profession

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORgrouped SALE together OR DISTRIBUTION into a general category of women who servedNOT inFOR the war, SALE OR DISTRIBUTION but it is documented that by 1918 a total of 1,386 women were serving in the Navy Nurse Corps. e Red Cross estimates that almost 20,000 nurses were assigned to active duty during World War I and served either with the Army Nurse Corps, Navy Nurse Corps, U.S. Public Health Service, or the Red © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Cross overseas service. Most of these nurses served in the Army Nurse Corps NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION(Schreiber, 1999). NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Many World War I nurses worked aboard trains that could evacuate up to 400 patients from front-line facilities in an e ort to move them closer to em- barkation points back to the United States. Each such train, also referred to as © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC a “moving hospital,” was equipped with electric lights, steam heat, electric fans, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONand lavatories. However,NOT these trains FOR also SALE complicated OR DISTRIBUTIONrecovery, as the wounded not only contended with signi cant injuries but also with the jolting motion, noise, and debris associated with long-distance train travel (Schreiber, 1999). One World War I era nurse who became famous posthumously through © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC her poignant letters was Helen Fairchild. Serving as one of 64 Pennsylvania NOT FORnurses SALE who OR joined DISTRIBUTION the American Expeditionary Force a er NOTAmerica FOR entered SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the War in 1917, Miss Fairchild wrote of standing in mud above her ankles as she assisted in the operating suite. Her chief nurse described her and her fellow nurses as working 14-hour shi s with negligible amounts of rest. Tragically, © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Miss Fairchild LLC would not live to see her wonderfully© Jones descriptive& Bartlett letters Learning, pub- LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONlished. While working with the British BaseNOT Hospital FOR in France, SALE she OR volunteered DISTRIBUTION for front-line duty at a casualty clearing station where she was exposed to mus- tard gas. She was found to have a large gastric ulcer and underwent surgery to repair it, but the surgery was not successful. Miss Fairchild died in January 1918 as a result of hepatic complications from the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC surgery that© likelyJones were & worsened Bartlett as Learning,a result of her LLCexposure to NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the mustardNOT gas (Patrick,FOR SALE 2011). OR DISTRIBUTION Nursing During World

© Jones & BartlettWar Learning, II LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORAs DISTRIBUTION the prospect of war in Europe began to loom,NOT the ArmyFOR and SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Navy Nurse Corps had already been established and its members had served alongside the veterans of World War I. However, the federal government was slow to recognize the great need for © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCnurses in the military until© a Joneser the bombing & Bartlett of Pearl Learning, Harbor LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONin December 1941. In May NOTof that FORyear Congresswoman SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Edith Nourse Rogers had introduced the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps bill in an e ort to mobilize the much-needed nurses as © Jones and Bartlett Publishers. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

46042_CH01_6085.indd 12 2/8/12 4:16 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Nursing During World War II 13

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC well as otherNOT female FOR personnel SALE to OR assist DISTRIBUTION the war e ort. Concurrently, by July NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1942 Congress created the WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service) through the Women’s Naval Reserve Act. is group of personnel was considered from their creation to be part of the Navy rather than an auxiliary. Ultimately, more than 140,000 women served in the Women’s Army Corps and © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC at least 100,000 served as Navy WAVES (Metropolitan State College of Denver, NOT FOR2004). SALEAs a result OR of theDISTRIBUTION valiant e orts of the nurses who served inNOT World FOR War SALE OR DISTRIBUTION II, less than 4% of the American soldiers who received treatment in the eld or were evacuated died either from their wounds or from disease. Re ecting the changing attitude in America toward the use of women in wartime as well © Jones & Bartlett asLearning, the great service LLC being provided by the nurses© Jones in various & Bartletttheaters of Learning,war LLC NOT FOR SALE ORworldwide, DISTRIBUTION by 1944 the Army was granting itsNOT nurses FOR o cers’ SALE commissions OR DISTRIBUTION and full retirement privileges, along with pay equal to that of male counterparts and dependents’ allowances. Between 1943 and 1948 the federal government provided free education to nursing students (Bellafaire, 2003). On December© Jones 7, 1941, & Bartlett the day of Learning, the attack on LLC Pearl Harbor, 82 Army © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC nurses wereNOT stationed FOR in SALEHawaii serving OR DISTRIBUTION three Army medical facilities. Tripler NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Army Hospital was deluged with hundreds of casualties, and the wounded lay in the hallways awaiting their turn in the surgical suite. Medical supplies were in short supply as the wounded continued to pour into each facility, and sterile supplies ran out completely. Scissors were passed from one operating table to © Jonesanother, & Bartlett rags served Learning, double duty asLLC both cleaning material and face© Jonesmasks for & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORphysicians SALE and ORnurses, DISTRIBUTION and operations were performed without theNOT bene FOR t of SALE OR DISTRIBUTION gloves. e chief nurse at Hickam Field, First Lieutenant Annie G. Fox, became the rst Army nurse to receive the Purple Heart because of her example of calm, courage, and leadership during this ordeal (Bellafaire, 2003). © Jones & Bartlett Learning,During most LLC of 1941 Army nurses were increasingly© Jones sent& Bartlett to the Philip- Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORpines DISTRIBUTION as tension in that area increased. e PhilippinesNOT FOR were oSALE cially attackedOR DISTRIBUTION by Japan on December 8, 1941, and consequently 45 nurses were sent from the island of Corregidor and Bataan to prepare two emergency hospitals. Of these hospitals, General Hospital 1 received more than 1,200 battle casualties requiring ©surgical Jones procedures & Bartlett such asLearning, amputations LLC within the rst month. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC is hospitalNOT was FOR bombed SALE in March OR 1942 DISTRIBUTION and received a direct hit, throwing NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION patients from their beds. Body parts were found later that had been blown into the trees by the impact of the blast. e dedication of the nurses serving in this area can be demonstrated by © Jonesthe heroism& Bartlett of those Learning, who stayed LLC to care for the wounded. When© Jonesit became & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORclear thatSALE the island OR ofDISTRIBUTION Corregidor would fall, as many nurses as possibleNOT FOR were SALE OR DISTRIBUTION evacuated to Australia. However, when the American forces surrendered to the Japanese on Corregidor, 55 Army nurses remained who had continued © Jones and Bartlett Publishers. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

46042_CH01_6085.indd 13 2/8/12 4:16 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 14 CHAPTER 1 History of Nursing as a Profession

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORto DISTRIBUTIONcare for the wounded at Malinta Hospital. NOT ese nurses FOR were SALE OR DISTRIBUTION taken to an internment camp in Manila and remained prisoners of war until they were liberated by U.S. forces in 1945 (Doherty, 2000). © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCAlong with starvation, tropical© Jones diseases, & Bartlett and deprivation Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONof the very basic necessitiesNOT of life, FOR one group SALE of 22 OR Australian DISTRIBUTION nurses who had been shipwrecked in Indonesia faced being con- fronted and ultimately massacred by Japanese forces. e women were forced to march into the sea and then were shot as Japanese troops opened machine gun re, despite the nurses having their © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Red Cross badges clearly evident. Of the 22 nurses only 1, Vivien NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION BullwinkelNOT, received FOR a woundSALE that OR was DISTRIBUTION not fatal and survived by pretending to be dead. She survived the massacre only to be captured and placed in an internment camp in Sumatra. How- ever, in the internment camp Miss Bullwinkel was reunited with © Jones & Bartlett someLearning, of her nurse LLC colleagues who had survived© their Jones shipwreck, & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORand SALE together OR they DISTRIBUTION formed a support system that led to all exceptNOT eight FOR nurses SALE OR DISTRIBUTION surviving the camp internment (Doherty, 2000). Nursing During the Vietnam © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONWar NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION e Army Nurse Corps began its service in Vietnam in 1956 when three Army nurses arrived in Saigon to teach South Vietnamese nurses nursing procedures and nursing care techniques. is number of personnel expanded © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC until by December 1968,© 900 Jones nurses & were Bartlett serving inLearning, 23 Army hospitals LLC and a NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONconvalescent center housingNOT a FORcombined SALE total ORof more DISTRIBUTION than 5,000 beds. e Army nurses in Vietnam were led by Colonel Mildred Clark and Colonel Anna May Hays, with Colonel Hays promoted to Brigadier General in 1970. Colonel Hays became the rst nurse in American military history to attain general o cer rank. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE e nurses OR serving DISTRIBUTION in Vietnam were on average 23 to 24 yearsNOT old FOR and were SALE OR DISTRIBUTION essentially new to nursing, with only 35% having more than 2 years of expe- rience as a nurse. ey served a 12-month tour in Vietnam like all soldiers stationed there and typically worked six 12-hour days per week. Along with their assigned days on duty caring for military personnel, the Army nurses in © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Vietnam chose LLC to continue to provide medical© Jones assistance & Bartlett to the Vietnamese Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONcivilians during their o hours. ey conductedNOT clinicsFOR where SALE basic OR care DISTRIBUTION could

46042_CH01_6085.indd 14 2/8/12 4:16 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Role Evolution in Modern Nursing 15

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC be administered,NOT FORimplemented SALE sick OR calls DISTRIBUTION at local orphanages, and led classes NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION on child care for the residents of area villages (Norman, 1990). e nurses stationed in Vietnam treated far more disease-related cases than battle eld injuries, speci cally malaria, viral hepatitis, skin diseases, fevers, © Jonesand diarrheal& Bartlett illnesses. Learning, Battle eld LLCinjuries were most o en the result© Jones of assault & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORri es, SALErocket-propelled OR DISTRIBUTION grenades, and booby traps. Multiple woundsNOT tended FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION to be seen when rapid- re weapons were used. Blasts from mines resulted in severe injuries that were contaminated with debris and shrapnel, setting the stage for horri c infections. However, along with more traumatic injuries, the Vietnam era nurses also were witness to new advances in the treatment © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC of casualties. Rapid evacuation by air, the availability of whole blood, well- NOT FOR SALE ORestablished DISTRIBUTION eld hospitals, and advanced surgicalNOT techniques FOR SALE all combined OR DISTRIBUTIONto generate a mortality rate of 2.6% per thousand patients compared with the 4.5% experienced during World War II. Vietnam era nurses were renowned for their creativity and ability to impro- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC vise equipment in the harshest of conditions: weights were made for traction by wrappingNOT rocks FOR in a Red SALE Cross ORbag, aDISTRIBUTION drinking straw was made from a piece NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of plastic gastrointestinal tubing, examination tables were built from discarded scrap lumber, and colostomy bags were formed from plastic dressing wrappers. Such ingenuity allowed the nurses to provide care for thousands of patients © Jonesunder & theBartlett worst circumstances Learning, until LLC the nal Army nurse le the© Republic Jones of & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORVietnam SALE in March OR 1973 DISTRIBUTION (Norman, 1990). NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Role Evolution in Modern

© Jones & Bartlett NursingLearning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONe LPN-to-RN student is one who is already seekingNOT FOR to assume SALE a new OR role DISTRIBUTIONin the healthcare community, and as healthcare reform continues to make sweep- ing changes in modern medicine and the ways nursing care is delivered, such a student may nd that he or she is in a position to not only assume a new role but to tailor© that Jones role to & his Bartlett or her own Learning, speci cations. LLC For example, the Ameri- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC can AssociationNOT of FOR Colleges SALE of Nursing OR DISTRIBUTION(AACN; 2005) favors requiring nurses NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION who choose to become advanced practice nurses such as nurse practitioners, nurse midwives, or certi ed registered nurse anesthetists to acquire a clinical doctorate, thus allowing them to be referred to as doctor of nursing practice (DNP). According to the AACN, such a degree will allow practitioners who © Joneshave & acquired Bartlett the Learning,degree to be on LLC the same professional level as© other Jones disci- & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORplines, SALE such as audiology,OR DISTRIBUTION dentistry, medicine, pharmacy, physicalNOT therapy, FOR and SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

46042_CH01_6085.indd 15 2/8/12 4:16 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 16 CHAPTER 1 History of Nursing as a Profession

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORpsychology, DISTRIBUTION that have already required a practiceNOT doctorate FOR SALEfor OR DISTRIBUTION entry into practice as a health professional. However, the degree is not without controversy; the American Medical Association has expressed great concern regarding the requirement of a clinical doctorate that could potentially allow these advanced practice © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC nurses to uses the title of “doctor” (Miller, 2008). NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Although the DNP may open new career avenues for nurses who are interested in a practice-focused doctorate, nurses who obtain such a degree and attempt to teach at the college level may © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC nd it di © cult Jones to obtain & aBartlett faculty position Learning, and also LLCto acquire a permanent status because the PhD rather than the DNP is con- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION sidered to be the ultimate degree at such an instructional level (Apold, 2008). Because of such controversy, the usefulness of the DNP to nursing as a profession and to the individual nurse seeking to further his or her career in the 21st century remains © Jones & Bartlett toLearning, be seen. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION e clinical nurse leader (CNL) is another nursing role that may play a part in implementing healthcare reform. Initially, in 2003 the AACN proposed the CNL role as a way of responding to the increasing level of care required by the public and the changes in the healthcare environment. e © Jones & Bartlett Learning,CNL is intended LLC to be capable of leading ©in allJones settings & of Bartlett healthcare Learning,delivery LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONbut is not intended to be an administrativeNOT or management FOR SALE position. OR DISTRIBUTIONe CNL is accountable for the healthcare outcomes for a speci c set of clients through the use of nursing practice based on clinical research and is capable of func- tioning both as a provider and manager of care. e CNL may be called on to © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC coordinate, delegate, or ©supervise Jones care & thatBartlett is provided Learning, by the healthcare LLC team (AACN, 2007). NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION e CNL role requires a thorough understanding of scal management, allowing the nurse to e ectively manage resources, whether human, en- © Jones & Bartlett Learning,vironmental, LLC or material. He or she© must Jones be able & toBartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONunderstand how to manage the budgetNOT for FOR a nursing SALE OR DISTRIBUTION unit as well as how to develop a marketing plan and how to function in an organization (AACN, 2007). Measurement of the performance of the CNL will be determined by the extent to which this nurse can © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC improve both clinical© Jones outcomes & Bartlett and cost outcomesLearning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION for clients. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC SummaryNOT FOR ofSALE Key OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Points in Chapter is chapter described the historical development of © Jonesnursing & Bartlett as a profession. Learning, Important LLC concepts and indi- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORviduals SALE discussed OR are DISTRIBUTION as follows: NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

‹ Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus ‹ Provisions of the Mosaic Law and modern © Jones & Bartlett Learning,nursing LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR‹ DISTRIBUTIONContribution of deaconesses and widows toNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION development of modern nursing ‹ Florence Nightingale ‹ Dorothea Dix ‹ Clara Barton© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ‹ Sally LouisaNOT Tompkins FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ‹ Kate Cumming ‹ New England Hospital for Women and Children ‹ Linda Richards © Jones‹ Mary & Bartlett Eliza Mahoney Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORIn addition, SALE the OR e orts DISTRIBUTION of nurses during wartime to care for patientsNOT were FOR dis- SALE OR DISTRIBUTION cussed, speci cally in relation to World War I, World War II, and the Vietnam War. e evolution of the new roles of DNP and CNL and their relationship to the nursing community were discussed as well. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORConclusion DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Like many professions, the history of nursing has been a lengthy one, stretching from Biblical times until the present day (Figure 1-1), where it continues to evolve. However, unlike other professions, it has played a part in literally every nation’s development© Jones because & Bartlett of the universalLearning, need LLCfor well-being, the desire © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC to be nurturedNOT in FOR a wholesome SALE environment, OR DISTRIBUTION and the importance of healing NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of body, mind, and spirit in an environment of safety and security. Nurses will continue to ful ll these needs for humankind worldwide as we move beyond the 21st century. © JonesCommunication & Bartlett Learning, is a vital part LLC of the healing process that has© always Jones char- & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORacterized SALE nursing. OR Communication DISTRIBUTION occurs primarily with the patientNOT but FOR also SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

46042_CH01_6085.indd 17 2/8/12 4:16 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 18 CHAPTER 1 History of Nursing as a Profession

17th Century © Jones & Bartlett1633: Learning, Daughters LLC of Charity of Saint Vincent de ©Paul Jones founded & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Ø NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1645: North America’s fi rst hospital established Ø 18th–19th Century (1830s–1850s) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1836: Nursing Society© of JonesPhiladelphia & Bartlettfounded Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTØ FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1844: Dorothea Dix testifi ed before New Jersey legislature regarding inadequate treatment of the mentally ill; Florence Nightingale traveled to the Institute of Deaconesses at Kaiserworth Germany to be trained as a nurse © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Ø LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1850: SchoolNOT for FOR Nurses SALE opened OR by NursingDISTRIBUTION Society of Philadelphia; Florence NightingaleNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION began nurse’s training at Institute of St. Vincent de Paul in Alexandria, Egypt Ø 1853: Crimean War broke out; Florence Nightingale visited the Daughters of Charity in Paris for additional training © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Ø NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1854: Florence Nightingale appointed as Superintendent of Crimean War Nursing Staff Ø (1860s–1870s) 1860: Florence Nightingale published fl edgling nursing textbook in the form of Notes on © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Nursing: What it is© and Jones What it& is Bartlett Not Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTØ FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1861–1865: American Civil War broke out and American Army Nurses Corp established; Congress authorized women employed as nurses in American Army hospitals for the starting salary of $12/month © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Ø LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1873:NOT Linda RichardsFOR SALE graduated OR from DISTRIBUTION New England Hospital for Women and ChildrenNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Training School for Nurses and became America’s fi rst professional nurse; America’s fi rst nursing school based on Nightingale’s principles opened at Bellevue Hospital in New York City © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Ø © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR1879: SALE Mary Eliza OR Mahoney DISTRIBUTION graduated from New England HospitalNOT for FORWomen SALE and Children OR DISTRIBUTION Training School for Nurses and became America’s fi rst African-American professional nurse

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Ø © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC (1880s–1890s) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR1881: DISTRIBUTION Clara Barton became fi rst president of theNOT American FOR Red SALE Cross OR DISTRIBUTION Ø 1886: First American nursing journal published Ø © Jones & Bartlett Learning,1893: Lillian LLC Wald, founder of America’s visiting© Jones nurses, & beganBartlett teaching Learning, home-based LLC nursing NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONclasses in New York City; Nightingale NOTPledge FOR fi rst used SALE by a graduatingOR DISTRIBUTION nursing class at Harper Hospital in Detroit Michigan Ø 1897: American Nurses Association held its fi rst meeting © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCØ © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION(1900s–1910s) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1901: New Zealand became fi rst country to regulate nurses nationally Ø 1902: Ellen Dougherty of New Zealand became fi rst registered nurse in the world; Lina © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Rogers Struthers LLC hired as North America’s© fi rst Jones school nurse& Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Ø NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1908: U.S. Navy Nurse Corp established Ø 1909: University of Minnesota awarded fi rst Bachelors Degree in Nursing © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesØ & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (1920s–1930s)NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1923: Yale School of Nursing became fi rst autonomous American school of nursing; Mary Breckinridge founded Frontier Nursing Service Ø 1938: Nurses Memorial in Arlington National Cemetery erected to honor World War I nurses © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONØ NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (1940s and beyond) 1942: U.S. Army nurses imprisoned in the Philippines Ø © Jones & Bartlett Learning,1949: LLC U.S. Air Force Nurse Corps established© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Ø NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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1956: Columbia University School of Nursing became ﬁ rst American university to grant a © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Master’s LLCDegree in a clinical nursing specialty© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Ø NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1965: First nurse practitioner role established at University of Colorado Ø 1967: Dame Cicely Saunders established ﬁ rst hospice in London © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ©Ø Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION1971: American hospice NOTmovement FOR was SALE established OR DISTRIBUTION Ø 1979: First nursing doctorate established at Case Western Reserve University Source: AAHN Nursing History Calendar. (2007). Retrieved from American Association for the History of Nursing website:© Jones http://www.aahn.org/nursinghistorycalendar.html & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

with family members, the physician, and other caregivers. is process is discussed in the next chapter. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONCritical Thinking QuestionsNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1. Review the dietary and hygienic teachings that are speci c to the Mosaic Law. Which nursing practices used today can be traced back to © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC these instructions?© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2. If the instructions NOTof the MosaicFOR SALELaw speci OR c to DISTRIBUTION dietary and hygienic practices were implemented today, do you believe the result would be successful? Give the rationale for your answer. 3. Review the characteristics of a nurse under Brahmanism in ancient India. Do you believe the modern-day nurse embodies any of these © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC characteristics? If so, which ones? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4. Do you believe the characteristics that were expected of nurses in the Brahmin-dominated society were realistic? Give the rationale for your answer. 5. Review the set of characteristics that were considered to be necessary © Jones & Bartlett Learning,for a LLCnurse in India a er 1500, as well© asJones the characteristics & Bartlett speci Learning, ed for LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONa nurse during the 17th century. CompareNOT themFOR and SALE discuss OR how DISTRIBUTION they are similar and how they are di erent. © Jones and Bartlett Publishers. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

46042_CH01_6085.indd 20 2/8/12 4:16 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Scenarios 21

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 6. CompareNOT and FOR contrast SALE the contributions OR DISTRIBUTION of Dorothea Dix, Clara NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Barton, Sally Louisa Tompkins, and Kate Cummings to nursing during the American Civil War era. 7. Compare and contrast the contributions of Linda Richards and Mary Eliza Mahoney to the development of modern nursing. Do you believe © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC some of the same obstacles these nursing pioneers faced still exist in NOT FORnursing SALE today? OR DISTRIBUTIONBe able to support your answer. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 8. Compare and contrast the contributions of Helen Fairchild and Vivien Bullwinkel to the development of modern nursing. What coping methods do you believe these heroic nurses used to help them practice © Jones & Bartlett Learning,nursing under LLC such terrible conditions? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Scenarios 1. Florence Nightingale used the outbreak of the Crimean War as an opportunity© Jones to take & nursingBartlett much Learning, further along LLC the route to becoming © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC a respectableNOT FOR profession. SALE What OR do DISTRIBUTION you believe would be needed today NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION to progress nursing further to becoming a profession that is entered equally by both men and women? 2. Compare and contrast the requirements for a nurse in India a er 1500 with those speci ed by omas Fuller, as well as those developed by © Jones &Dorothea Bartlett Dix. Learning, How did they LLC change over that 300-year period© Jones of time, & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR andSALE how didOR they DISTRIBUTION remain relatively unchanged? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 3. Develop a set of quali cations to be a nurse in the 21st century. How do your requirements compare with those for an Indian nurse, those developed by omas Fuller, and those speci ed by Dorothea Dix? © Jones & Bartlett Learning,4. Consider theLLC hardships faced by nurses during© Jones the various & Bartlett wartime Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONtheaters of World War II. Do you believe NOTtoday’s FOR modern SALE nurse wouldOR DISTRIBUTION be able to cope as well as these nurses did when faced with similar challenges? Be able to support your answer. 5. What preparation do you believe is needed for the modern nurse to be equipped to deal with a prison-of-war situation such as that faced by © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the nurses on the island of Corregidor during World War II? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 6. How do you believe the role of the nurse changed from World War I to World War II? How do you believe the role of the nurse was a ected by changes that occurred in modern medicine during this period of time? © Jones7. &Create Bartlett a table Learning, that compares LLC the hardships experienced, role(s)© Jones served, & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR andSALE circumstances OR DISTRIBUTION under which nurses provided care in WorldNOT War FOR I, SALE OR DISTRIBUTION World War II, and the Vietnam War. © Jones and Bartlett Publishers. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

46042_CH01_6085.indd 21 2/8/12 4:16 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 22 CHAPTER 1 History of Nursing as a Profession

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORNCLEX SALE OR DISTRIBUTION® Questions NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Using the information you obtained from studying this chapter, go online to complete the following NCLEX®-format review questions.1 Visit http:// go.jblearning.com/terryLPN using the access code in the front cover of your © Jones & Bartlett Learning,book. is LLC interactive resource allows you© toJones answer &each Bartlett question Learning, and in- LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONstantly review your results. Practice until youNOT can FORanswer SALE at least 75%OR success- DISTRIBUTION fully and then try to improve your score with each successive attempt. 1. Health-related instructions provided to the Israelites by the priestly tribe of the Levites included (select all that apply): © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC a. selection of food that was in accordance with dietary requirements NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. proper treatment of a woman during pregnancy and childbirth c. recognizing communicable disease so that the person could be put to death d. speci c times for work, rest, and sleep during the course of each day © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 2. Characteristics required of nurses in India during the period in which NOT FOR SALEBrahmanism OR DISTRIBUTION was practiced included ______NOT . FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a. skill in caring for women b. skill in caring for children c. skill in bathing a patient © Jones & Bartlett Learning,d. skill LLC in assisting with surgery © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION3. “Able to do everything the best way”NOT is most FOR likely SALEconsidered OR a DISTRIBUTION characteristic of a nurse during the time of a. omas Fuller in the 18th century b. Brahminism-era India a er 1500 .. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC c. eodor Fliedner© Jonesin the 19th & century Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION d. Florence NightingaleNOT inFOR the 19th SALE century OR DISTRIBUTION 4. “Clever in general” is most likely considered a characteristic of a nurse during the time of a. omas Fuller in the 18th century © Jones & Bartlettb. Brahminism-era Learning, India LLC a er 1500 .. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEc. OReodor DISTRIBUTION Fliedner in the 19th century NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION d. Florence Nightingale in the 19th century 5. e individual who most e ectively revived the Order of the Deaconesses was ______. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,a. Dorothea LLC Dix © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1 NCLEX and NCLEX-RN are registered trademarks of the National Council of State © JonesBoards and of Bartlett Nursing, Publishers. Inc. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC b. FlorenceNOT FORNightingale SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION c. eodor Fliedner d. Clara Barton 6. © Jones &Florence Bartlett Nightingale Learning, cared forLLC wounded and dying soldiers© during Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC which war or military campaign? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a. American Civil War b. Spanish-American War c. World War I © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC d. Crimean War NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 7. e superintendent of female nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War was ______. a. Dorothea Dix b. Florence© Jones Nightingale & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC c. KateNOT Cumming FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION d. Clara Barton 8. “Matronly with a serious personality” is a requirement for a female © Jones &nurse Bartlett from the Learning, set of quali cationsLLC developed by ______.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR a.SALE Dorothea OR Dix DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. Florence Nightingale c. Kate Cumming d. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Clara Barton LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR 9.DISTRIBUTION e American Red Cross was organized byNOT ______. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a. Sally Louisa Tompkins b. Kate Cumming c. Clara Barton © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC d. DorotheaNOT FOR Dix SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 10. e woman who founded a hospital and became appointed as captain of cavalry during the Civil War was a. Sally Louisa Tompkins © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC b. Kate Cumming NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION c. Clara Barton

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR11. SALE e ORrst trained DISTRIBUTION nurse in America is known to be NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a. Ednah Dow Cheney b. Linda Richards c. Mary Eliza Mahoney © Jones & Bartlett Learning,d. Helen LLC Fairchild © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION12. e nurse who became known as theNOT rst African-American FOR SALE OR trained DISTRIBUTION nurse was a. Ednah Dow Cheney b. Linda Richards © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC c. Mary Eliza Mahoney© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION d. Helen FairchildNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION e. e nurses who coped with wounded transported on trains known as “moving hospitals” were most likely to have served in which wartime era? © Jones & Bartlettf. Civil WarLearning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEg. World OR WarDISTRIBUTION I NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION h. World War II i. Vietnam War 13. Helen Fairchild is most closely associated with which era of wartime © Jones & Bartlett Learning,nursing? LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONa. Civil War NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. World War I c. World War II d. Vietnam War © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 14. A nurse who joined© theJones Navy Nurse& Bartlett Corps when Learning, it was newly LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION established was mostNOT likely FOR to have SALE served OR during DISTRIBUTION which era of wartime nursing? a. Civil War b. Vietnam War © Jones & Bartlettc. World Learning, War II LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEd. World OR War DISTRIBUTION I NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 15. A nurse who was a member of the WAVES was most likely to have served during which era of wartime nursing? a. Civil War © Jones & Bartlett Learning,b. Vietnam LLC War © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONc. World War II NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION d. World War I © Jones and Bartlett Publishers. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 16. e WorldNOT WarFOR II eraSALE nurse ORwho wasDISTRIBUTION the rst Army nurse to receive the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Purple Heart was a. Vivien Bullwinkel b. Annie G. Fox © Jones &c. BartlettMildred Clark Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORd. SALE Anna MayOR Hays DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 17. e nurse who became the rst nurse in American military history to attain general o cer rank was a. Vivien Bullwinkel © Jones & Bartlett Learning,b. Annie G.LLC Fox © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONc. Mildred Clark NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION d. Anna May Hays 18. e doctor of nursing practice degree can most accurately be described as a. an© administrative Jones & Bartlett or management Learning, position LLCrequiring knowledge of © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC scalNOT management FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. preparation for the nurse to lead in all settings of healthcare delivery c. a clinical doctorate most likely used by an advanced practice nurse d. the ultimate degree for a nurse who wishes to provide instruction at © Jones & Bartlettthe college Learning, level LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 19. NOT FOR SALE e clinical OR nurse DISTRIBUTION leader role can most accurately be describedNOT as FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a. an administrative or management position requiring knowledge of scal management b. preparation for the nurse to lead in all settings of healthcare delivery c. a clinical doctorate most likely used by an advanced practice nurse © Jones & Bartlett Learning,d. the ultimate LLC degree for a nurse who wishes© Jones to provide & Bartlett instruction Learning, at LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONthe college level NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

For more information on the topics in this chapter and others, please see Appendix on p. 299 for a list of web © Joneslinks to &additional Bartlett resources. Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

References © JonesAmerican & Bartlett Association Learning, of Colleges LLC of Nursing (AACN). (2005). Understanding© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORthe SALE doctor ofOR nursing DISTRIBUTION practice (DNP): Evolution, perceivedNOT bene tsFOR and SALE OR DISTRIBUTION challenges. Retrieved from http://www.aacn.nche.edu/DNP/dnpfaq.htm © Jones and Bartlett Publishers. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORAmerican SALE ORAssociation DISTRIBUTION of Colleges of Nursing (AACN). (2007).NOT White FOR paper SALE OR DISTRIBUTION on the education and role of the clinical nurse leader. Retrieved from http:// www.aacn.nche.edu/Publications/WhitePapers/ClinicalNurseLeader.htm Apold, A. (2008). e doctor of nursing practice: Looking back, moving for- ward. Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 4(2), 101–107. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Barton, C. (1904). A Story of the Red Cross. New York, NY: Appleton and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONCompany. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Bellafaire, J. A. (2003). e Army Nurse Corps in World War II. Retrieved from http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/72-14/72-14.HTM Carnegie, M. (1986). Path We Tread: Blacks in Nursing. Philadelphia, PA: Lip- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC pincott, Wilkins, and© Williams. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONDoherty, M. (2000). LettersNOT from FOR Belsen SALE 1945: ORAn Australian DISTRIBUTION Nurse’s Experi- ences with the Survivors of War. St. Leonards, Australia: NSW College of Nursing. Donahue, M. P. (1996). Nursing: e nest art (2nd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Engle, R., Jr. (1980). Medical center archives. In New York Hospital Train- NOT FOR SALEing School OR for DISTRIBUTION Nurses (Cornell University-New York HospitalNOT FORSchool SALE of OR DISTRIBUTION Nursing). Retrieved from http://www.med.cornell.edu/archives/history /timeline.html?name1=Historical+Timeline&type1=2Active Hagerman, K. (1996). Dearest of Captains: A Biography of Sally Louisa Tomp- © Jones & Bartlett Learning,kins. Richmond, LLC VA: Bradylane Publishing.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONHilde, L. (2009). Kate Cumming. EncyclopediaNOT ofFOR Alabama SALE. Retrieved OR DISTRIBUTION from http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/ Article.jsp?id=h-1101 Metropolitan State College of Denver. (2004). Women in the military (military life). e Women Army Corps. Retrieved from http://www.mscd.edu /history/camphale/wim_001.html © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Miller, J. (2008). e doctor© Jones of nursing & practice: Bartlett Recognizing Learning, a need LLC or graying NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the line between doctorNOT and FOR nurse? SALE Medscape OR Journal DISTRIBUTION of Medicine, 10(11), 253. Moses, A. (2011). St. Paula of Rome. e Self-Ruled Antiochian Orthodox Chris- tian Archdiocese of North America. Retrieved from http://www.antiochian © Jones & .org/node/17350Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORNorman, SALE E.OR (1990). DISTRIBUTION Women at War: e Story of Fi y MilitaryNOT Nurses FOR Who SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Served in Vietnam. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania. Patrick, B. K. (2011). Army Nurse Helen Fairchild. Military.com. Retrieved from http://www.military.com/Content/MoreContent? le=ML_fairchild_bkp Reiskind, M. (1995). Hospital Founded by Women for Women. Jamaica Plain © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Historical LLC Society. Retrieved from http://www.jphs.org/victorian/hospital-© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONfounded-by-women-for-women.html NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Schreiber,NOT C. (1999). FOR World SALE War OR I nurses DISTRIBUTION volunteer for service. NurseWeek NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION World War I. Retrieved from http://www.nurseweek.com/features/99-12 /ww1.html Tour Egypt. (2010). e Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. Retrieved from http:// www.touregypt.net/edwinsmithsurgical.htm © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Wentz, A. (1936). Fliedner the Faithful. Minneapolis, MN: Board of Publication NOT FORof theSALE United OR Lutheran DISTRIBUTION Church in America. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

For a full suite of assignments and additional learning activities, use the access code located in the front of © Jones & Bartlett Learning,your LLC book to visit this exclusive© Joneswebsite: & http://go. Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONjblearning.com/terryLPN. If youNOT do FORnot have SALE an access OR DISTRIBUTION code, you can obtain one at the site.

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