© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER OBJECTIVESCHAPTER At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1. DiscussNOT the developmentFOR SALE of nursingOR DISTRIBUTION as a Richards, and Mary Eliza MahoneyNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION profession from biblical times until the contributed to the development of 19th century. modern nursing. 2. Describe how Florence Nightingale 4. Discuss the contributions of nurses came to be seen as the founder of during wartime. © Jones &modern Bartlett nursing. Learning, LLC 5. Describe the© rolesJones of doctor & Bartlett of nursing Learning, LLC NOT FOR3. Discuss SALE how OR early DISTRIBUTION nurses such as practice andNOT clinical FOR nurse SALE leader inOR the DISTRIBUTION Dorothea Dix, Clara Barton, Linda modern healthcare community. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION KEY TERMS advanced practice nurses Edith Nourse Rogers New England Hospital for Annie G. Fox Ednah Dow Cheney Women and Children Brahmanism© Jones & BartlettEdwin Learning, Smith Surgical LLC papyrus © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Clara BartonNOT FOR SALE ORPapyrus DISTRIBUTION Paula of ActinNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION clinical nurse leader Florence Nightingale Sally Louisa Tompkins Colonel Anna May Hays Helen Fairchild Theodor Fliedner Colonel Mildred Clark Kate Cumming Thomas Fuller deaconess Linda Richards Valentine Seaman © JonesDeborah & Bartlett Learning, LLCMarie Zakrzewska © JonesVivien Bullwinkel & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORdoctor SALE of nursing OR DISTRIBUTION practice Mary Eliza Mahoney NOTwidow FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Dorothea Dix Mosaic Law © Jones and Bartlett Publishers. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 46042_CH01_6085.indd 16 2/8/12 4:16 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORCHAPTER DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR1 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION History of Nursing as a Profession © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Origins of Nursing Nursing has been referred to as both the oldest art and the youngest profession. © JonesIts origins & Bartlett can be traced Learning, back to the LLC dawn of civilization through the© traditionalJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORmother–child SALE relationshipOR DISTRIBUTION as well as to the important role of the villageNOT healerFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION in many primitive societies. However, in more sophisticated societies such as that of ancient Egypt the importance of the nursing discipline became evident, as nurses assisted in the recovery of patients experiencing traumatic injuries, such as those sustained on the battle eld. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONA papyrus dating back to the 17th century ..NOT, known FOR as theSALE Edwin OR Smith DISTRIBUTION Surgical Papyrus, is one of the oldest documents pertaining to medicine. It is the earliest known surgical prototype textbook and lists the proper surgi- cal treatment for a variety of traumatic injuries that begin with the head and proceed downward anatomically. Although magic was considered a major part of medical© treatment Jones at & the Bartlett time, the EdwinLearning, Smith papyrus LLC only resorts to use © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC of magic withNOT one FOR described SALE case, OR relying DISTRIBUTION instead on descriptions of logical NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION treatment of patients (Tour Egypt, 2010). e origins of many of the practices still used in modern nursing can be seen in the directives of the Mosaic Law that was followed by the ancient Israel- © Jonesites from& Bartlett the 15th centuryLearning, .. until LLC the rst century .. when the© JewsJones began & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORto be dispersedSALE OR throughout DISTRIBUTION the known world. As in many societiesNOT of that FOR era, SALE OR DISTRIBUTION responsibility for the health of the public rested with the male-dominated priestly tribe of the© Levites. Jones and eBartlett people Publishers. were taught NOT to FORprevent SALE disease OR DISTRIBUTION through © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 46042_CH01_6085.indd 1 2/8/12 4:16 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 CHAPTER 1 History of Nursing as a Profession © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORa SALEregimen ORof personal DISTRIBUTION hygiene and speci c times set aside forNOT work, FOR rest, andSALE OR DISTRIBUTION sleep. Speci c and detailed instructions were provided regarding ‹ e proper treatment of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and menstruation © Jones & Bartlett Learning,‹ e selection LLC of food that met dietary requirements© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION‹ Recognizing communicable disease so NOTpriests FORcould beSALE noti ed OR of an DISTRIBUTION outbreak ‹ When to implement quarantine procedures e Bible has the distinction of being the document that records the rst © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC nurse mentioned by name© Jonesin history. & Deborah Bartlett was Learning,recorded in the LLC 24th chap- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONter of the book of GenesisNOT as being FOR the SALEnurse of ORRebekah, DISTRIBUTION who was traveling to meet her future husband, Isaac (Donahue, 1996). Hygiene and the prevention of illness were further emphasized by Indian Brahmanism a er 1500 .. e religion’s teachings included topics such as © Jones &medicine Bartlett and Learning,surgery. Indian LLC surgery was considered to be© the Jones most highly & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORskilled SALE of any OR of DISTRIBUTIONthe known ancient civilizations. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Brahmanism, also referred to as Hinduism, further emphasized recogniz- ing symptoms unique to speci c disease processes, such as those speci c to diabetes mellitus. One ancient Indian document speci ed the roles ful lled © Jones & Bartlett Learning,by each member LLC of a medical team, with the© Jonesnurse responsible & Bartlett for knowledge Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONof medication preparation in addition to “cleverness,”NOT FOR devotion SALE to OR the patient,DISTRIBUTION and purity of both mind and body. Nurses are frequently referred to in Indian historical documents, although they were usually men or, in rare instances, older women. However, it is important to note that at this time in Indian his- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC tory, nurses were already© required Jones to exhibit& Bartlett exceptional Learning, standards, LLC skill at their cra , and a high level of integrity. Documentation from this period in India NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION speci ed the characteristics required of a nurse (Donahue, 1996): ‹ Appropriate behavior ‹ Cleanliness © Jones ‹& DevotionBartlett to Learning, employer LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR‹ SALEKind OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ‹ Skilled at every type of service ‹ Clever in general ‹ Able to cook © Jones & Bartlett Learning,‹ Skilled LLCin bathing a patient © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION‹ Skilled in providing massage NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ‹ Able to assist a patient in walking and moving about © Jones‹ Skilled and Bartlett in bed Publishers. making NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 46042_CH01_6085.indd 2 2/8/12 4:16 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Transition to Secular Nursing 3 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ‹ Able toNOT prepare FOR or compound SALE ORmedications DISTRIBUTION as needed NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ‹ Skilled in caring for a patient that had a di culty recovery ‹ Always willing to carry out any act, whether commanded by the physician or the patient © JonesIn this & periodBartlett in history, Learning, nursing asLLC a vocation was predominantly© comprisedJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORof males. SALE However, OR a DISTRIBUTION er the third century .. the gradual entranceNOT of women FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION into nursing was a ected primarily by three factors: the improvement in