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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting CULTURAL AND SOCIAL CORRELATES OF ADULT OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN UPSTATE NEW YORK By STACEY ANN GIROUX A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2012 1 © 2012 Stacey Ann Giroux 2 To Mom and Pop 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people supported me not only while I worked on this research but also throughout my time in graduate school. My parents, Don and Chris Giroux, never told me I couldn’t be or do anything, whether as a young child with aspirations as a leaf- picker or as an idealistic twenty-something who believed she could make a difference in the world as an anthropologist. They also provided help, shelter and money at various difficult points during graduate school. For this and more I thank them. My sister, Carolyn Giroux, has provided comic relief and her excellent proofreading skills. James Wells, who was a close friend when I began graduate school and is now my partner of eight-plus years, I thank especially for emotional support. His is a unique soul, and, having gone through the dissertation process himself, he always seemed to know what to say, what not to say, when to push me, and perhaps most importantly, when to simply listen. When I was still an undergraduate at the University of Missouri, Gery Ryan’s medical anthropology class inspired me to switch from archaeology to cultural anthropology almost overnight. Gery is the person I would call my first mentor, and he showed me that it was possible to pursue anthropology as a career, that I had the right stuff for it, and then helped me to do just that. When asked, he continued to help me throughout graduate school. In Gainesville, my graduate committee has been one of the most supportive and level-headed that I could have wished for. My chair, Russ Bernard, began mentoring me even from our first meeting, when he came to speak at the University of Missouri. I thank him for his endless energy and guidance. Anita Spring has held me to high standards both in seminar and in this research and dissertation. Della McMillan 4 continues to encourage me and provide me with advice on every topic under the sun. Elena Andresen’s expertise in public health and data analysis has immensely strengthened this and any future work I undertake. I also thank the staff in the anthropology department, especially Karen Jones, for all their help over the years. The students of Russ group (SOR) became friends and allies, and I thank especially Rosalyn Negron, Fatma Soud, Amber Wutich, Mark House, Lance Gravlee, David Kennedy, Elli Sugita and Adam Kis. Fatma Soud was also part of a small group of friends I met in my first statistics class. Without her, Sherri Smith, and the late Cindy Malecki, I would not have mastered the material. Sherri Smith became a close friend, and I thank her and Rodney Housen for their constant and incredible generosity. Other people in Gainesville provided friendship and support, especially Cyrille Guillo. In upstate New York, I thank all the people who gave me their time and shared parts of their lives with me. I thank Megan Dorr, Dennis Bowen, Kate Dorr, and the rest of their family, who provided good food, friendship, and much needed breaks from research. Megan’s friendship during that time was one of the most valuable assets I’ve ever claimed. I also thank Anamaria Iosif-Ross for her personal and professional friendship. The people at the law firm of Kernan and Kernan, where I was employed on and off during the research and writing phases, encouraged me and were willing to try to work with my strange schedule. Andrew Kinney managed to give me the help I needed when I needed it most. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 12 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 13 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 17 2 CULTURE, FOOD AND NUTRITION ...................................................................... 22 Early Work .............................................................................................................. 22 Post World War II .................................................................................................... 26 A Critical Mass ........................................................................................................ 28 “A turning point” ...................................................................................................... 32 Recent Work ........................................................................................................... 38 Summary ................................................................................................................ 45 3 DISEASES OF AFFLUENCE .................................................................................. 46 The Theory of Epidemiologic Transition.................................................................. 49 An Anthropological Theory of Epidemiologic Transition .......................................... 54 Anthropological Work on Chronic Disease .............................................................. 59 Diseases of Affluence and the Nutrition Transition ................................................. 62 “Diseases of Affluence?” ......................................................................................... 64 Summary ................................................................................................................ 68 4 OBESITY ................................................................................................................ 76 Culture and Fatness ............................................................................................... 76 Pursuing Health, Pursuing Thinness ....................................................................... 79 Obesity in the United States ................................................................................... 82 Overweight and Obesity in New York State and the Study Area ............................ 85 Causes, Consequences, Proposed Solutions ......................................................... 85 Summary ................................................................................................................ 93 5 THE ETHNOGRAPHIC SETTING .......................................................................... 98 Native Americans in the Mohawk Valley and Central New York ............................. 98 6 The Mohawk Valley Today .................................................................................... 100 Local Experiences ................................................................................................ 107 Summary .............................................................................................................. 110 6 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ................................................................................ 114 Timeline for Research and Phases of Data Collection .......................................... 115 The Sample .......................................................................................................... 124 Research in the Home Culture .............................................................................. 125 Researcher Effects ............................................................................................... 127 Research Assistants ............................................................................................. 129 Summary .............................................................................................................. 132 7 FREELISTS, CULTURAL CONSENSUS MODELING AND BEHAVIOR CONSONANCE .................................................................................................... 135 Cultural Models Hypotheses ................................................................................. 136 Freelists ................................................................................................................ 139 The Cultural Consensus Model, Cultural Consensus Data and Analysis .............. 141 Behavior Consonance........................................................................................... 148 Exploring Other Relationships .............................................................................. 153 Additional Possibilities and Research ................................................................... 162 Summary .............................................................................................................. 163 8 SOCIAL NETWORKS, FOOD AND OBESITY ...................................................... 182 Background ........................................................................................................... 182 Social Network Hypotheses .................................................................................. 184 The Social Network Interview ..............................................................................
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