DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of the Black Lives Matter Movement on Local Newspaper Attention to Black Victims of Lethal Policing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of the Black Lives Matter Movement on Local Newspaper Attention to Black Victims of Lethal Policing WHEN BLACK MOVEMENTS MATTER: EFFECTS OF THE BLACK LIVES MATTER MOVEMENT ON LOCAL NEWSPAPER ATTENTION TO BLACK VICTIMS OF LETHAL POLICING Todd Jiajin Lu A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Sociology in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2020 Approved by: Neal Caren Kenneth (Andy) Andrews Mosi Ifatunji Deen Freelon © 2020 Todd Jiajin Lu ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Todd Lu: When Black Movements Matter: Effects of the Black Lives Matter Movement on Local Newspaper Attention to Black Victims of Lethal Policing (Under the direction of Neal Caren) Scholars of mass media and racism highlight racial stereotypes and legitimation of racist discourse in coverage of minority communities. However, the Black Lives Matter movement drew widespread media attention to high profile cases of police brutality against Black civilians and racist policing practices in the United States. Using a unique dataset of media coverage of 501 Black victims killed by US law enforcement between 2014 and 2016 in over two hundred local newspapers, this paper tests four main movement pathways—resource mobilization, frame resonance, political process theory, and social media activism—that explain why some Black victims killed by police received more local newspaper attention than others. This paper finds support for resource mobilization and frame resonance theories while no support for political process theory and social media activism. Black victims of lethal policing were more likely to receive local newspaper coverage when they were unarmed, where a local racial justice organization was present, and where local Black Lives Matter protests were present. Furthermore, the effect of protest was mediated through successful frame alignment with an injustice frame rather than a criminality frame. Local protests only mattered for unarmed Black victims and did not matter for armed Black victims. Implications for scholarship of mass media, race/ethnicity, and social movements are discussed. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my co-advisors, Neal Caren and Andy Andrews, for their insightful feedback and continued support throughout my thesis writing process. I would also like to thank Mosi Ifatunji for his guidance in centering scholarship of race and ethnicity into my research program and Deen Freelon for his methodological expertise in social media and computational analyses. I would also like to thank members of the Culture and Politics Workshop and the Race Workshop at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Furthermore, this paper would also have not seen the light of day without the personal support and mentorship from my early mentors at the University of California in Los Angeles: Edward Walker, Zsuzsa Berend, and Ashley Gromis. Finally, I would like to thank my family for helping me to navigate this intellectual marathon of graduate school. To my immigrant parents Zhuanmei Wang and Lushan Lu (known to me as Mom and Dad), thank you for your unconditional support in my pursuit of academia. To my siblings Lisa and Michael, thank you for making our journey in life much more bearable with your sharp wits and inquisitive minds. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES.............................................................................................. vi INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................................ 6 Mass Media and Racism ............................................................................................................. 6 Black-Led Movements in the Making of Media Attention ......................................................... 7 The Case of Black Lives Matter .................................................................................................. 9 Movement Pathways to Media Attention .................................................................................. 12 Resource Mobilization, Injustice Frames, and the Efficacy of Protest ................................. 12 Alternative Explanations ....................................................................................................... 16 METHODS AND DATA ............................................................................................................. 19 Dependent Variable ................................................................................................................... 21 Independent Variables ............................................................................................................... 22 Resource Mobilization ........................................................................................................... 22 Frame Resonance and Victim-Level Characteristics ............................................................. 23 Political Process Theory ........................................................................................................ 24 Social Media Activism .......................................................................................................... 25 Controls ................................................................................................................................. 27 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 29 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 33 TABLES AND FIGURES ............................................................................................................ 40 APPENDIX A: Granger Causality Test ........................................................................................ 48 APPENDIX B: List of Top Ten Nielsen’s Designated Media Area by N Newspapers ............... 49 APPENDIX C: List of Top Ten Newspapers ............................................................................... 50 APPENDIX D: Negative Binomial Regression ............................................................................ 51 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 54 v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1: Local Newspaper Coverage of Black Victims (Two Weeks after Death): One Year Before and After Ferguson….……………………………………..………… 40 Table 2: Descriptive Statistics of Victim-Day Variables……………………………………….. 41 Table 3: Descriptive Statistics of Black Victims…………………………………………….…. 42 Table 4: Correlation Matrix…………………………………………………………………….. 43 Table 5: Logistic Regression: Effects on Local Newspaper Coverage of Black Victims……… 44 Figure 1: Interaction of Victim Armed Status on Effect of Protest…………………………….. 47 vi INTRODUCTION Policing of Black communities in the US has in recent years received widespread national scrutiny from protests around high profile cases of police killings of Black Americans. While Black Americans represent only around 12% of the US population according to the 2010 Census (Humes et al. 2011), they represent around 27% of Americans killed by police between 2013 and 2016 (Mapping Police Violence 2016). Recent protests by the Black Lives Matter movement has drawn national attention to racial disparities in policing, but police brutality in Black communities is nothing new in the United States. In response to the 1960s urban riots, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, more commonly known as the “Kerner Commission.” The commission presented its report in 1968 and underlined the role of police brutality in generating urban uprisings: “The police are not merely a “spark” factor. To some Negroes, police have come to symbolize white power, white racism and white repression. And the fact is that many police do reflect and express these white attitudes. The atmosphere of hostility and cynicism is reinforced by a widespread belief among Negroes in the existence of police brutality and in a “double standard” of justice and protection-- one for Negroes and one for whites” (Kerner Commission 1968) Years after the 1960s, Black communities continued to resist following further cases of police brutality against Black men, most notably in protests and riots in Miami (1980), Los Angeles (1992), Cincinnati (2001), and Oakland (2009), among others. In this latest iteration, the Black Lives Matter movement generated sustained national public attention to Black people killed by police. Instead of isolated events, such killings became tied to a broader narrative of over- policing in Black communities and the systematic incarceration and destruction of Black lives. 1 Whereas the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag emerged initially with public outrage over the 2012 death of Black teenager Trayvon Martin, the movement garnered national news attention following the 2014 Ferguson uprising against the death of Black teenager Michael Brown by white police officer Darren Wilson. In subsequent mobilizations, the movement challenged the color-blind context of the US under the first Black President as it directly brought forward to the national public images and videos of police violence against Black Americans.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Striving for Anti-Racism: a Beginner's Journal!
    Striving For Anti-Racism: A Beginner’s Journal BY BEYOND THINKING Special Thanks Anti-racism work does not happen in a vacuum. This journal would not be possible without the brilliance of Jennifer Wong, Karimah Edwards, Kyana Wheeler, Lauren Kite, and Cat Cuevas. Jennifer Wong, Creative Designer Attorney, and also the love of my life (!) Karimah Edwards, Editor Hummingbird Cooperative Kyana Wheeler, Anti-Racist Consultant and Advisor Kyana Wheeler Consulting Lauren Kite, Anti-Racist Consultant and Advisor Cat Cuevas, Anti-Racist Consultant and Advisor Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................4 How to Use This Journal........................................................ 7 I. WORKSHEETS & RESOURCES ................................. 9 Values ........................................................................................10 Emotions ................................................................................. 12 Racial Anxiety Self-Assessment (Round 1) .......14 Biases ........................................................................................ 16 Cultural Lenses ................................................................... 17 Privileges .................................................................................18 Privilege Bingo.................................................................... 19 Microaggressions .............................................................20 Common Forms of Resistance ..............................
    [Show full text]
  • Bad Cops: a Study of Career-Ending Misconduct Among New York City Police Officers
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Bad Cops: A Study of Career-Ending Misconduct Among New York City Police Officers Author(s): James J. Fyfe ; Robert Kane Document No.: 215795 Date Received: September 2006 Award Number: 96-IJ-CX-0053 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Bad Cops: A Study of Career-Ending Misconduct Among New York City Police Officers James J. Fyfe John Jay College of Criminal Justice and New York City Police Department Robert Kane American University Final Version Submitted to the United States Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice February 2005 This project was supported by Grant No. 1996-IJ-CX-0053 awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Points of views in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Demonstrations, Demoralization, and Depolicing
    Demonstrations, Demoralization, and Depolicing Christopher J. Marier Lorie A. Fridell University of South Florida Direct correspondence to Christopher J. Marier, Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. SOC107, Tampa, FL 33620 (email: [email protected]; ​ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-6315). ​ Christopher J. Marier is a PhD candidate at the University of South Florida. His areas of interest include race and justice, policing, and cross-national research. He is a recipient of the University of South Florida Graduate Fellowship Award. Lorie A. Fridell is Professor of Criminology at the University of South Florida, former Director of Research at the Police Executive Research Forum, and CEO of Fair and Impartial Policing, a ​ ​ national law enforcement training program. NOTE: Draft version 1.1, 8/10/2019. This paper has not been peer reviewed. This paper has not yet been ​ published and is therefore not the authoritative document of record. Please do not copy or cite without authors’ permission. DEMONSTRATIONS, DEMORALIZATION & DEPOLICING 1 Abstract Research Summary This study examined relationships between public antipathy toward the police, demoralization, and depolicing using pooled time-series cross-sections of 13,257 surveys from law enforcement officers in 100 U.S. agencies both before and after Ferguson and contemporaneous demonstrations. The results do not provide strong support for Ferguson Effects. Post-Ferguson changes to job satisfaction, burnout, and cynicism (reciprocated distrust) were negligible, and while Post-Ferguson officers issued fewer citations, they did not conduct less foot patrol or attend fewer community meetings. Cynicism, which was widespread both before and after Ferguson, was associated with less police activity of all types.
    [Show full text]
  • Stories of Fourth Amendment Disrespect: from Elian to the Internment
    Fordham Law Review Volume 70 Issue 6 Article 18 2002 Stories of Fourth Amendment Disrespect: From Elian to the Internment Andrew E. Taslitz Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Andrew E. Taslitz, Stories of Fourth Amendment Disrespect: From Elian to the Internment, 70 Fordham L. Rev. 2257 (2002). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol70/iss6/18 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fordham Law Review by an authorized editor of FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Stories of Fourth Amendment Disrespect: From Elian to the Internment Cover Page Footnote Visiting Professor, Duke University Law School, 2000-01; Professor of Law, Howard University School of Law; J.D., University of Pennsylvania School of Law, 1981, former Assistant District Attorney, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. I thank my wife, Patricia V. Sun, Esq., Professors Robert Mosteller, Sara Sun-Beale, Girardeau Spann, joseph Kennedy, Eric Muller, Ronald Wright, and many other members of the Triangle Criminal Law Working Group, for their comments on early drafts of this Article. I also thank my research assistants, Nicole Crawford, Eli Mazur, and Amy Pope, and my secretary, Ann McCloskey. Appreciation also goes to the Howard University School of Law for funding this project, and to the Duke University Law School for helping me see this effort through to its completion.
    [Show full text]
  • How Black Lives Matter Changed American Museums
    University of Mary Washington Eagle Scholar Student Research Submissions 4-26-2021 “Interrupt the status quo”: How Black Lives Matter Changed American Museums Jessica Lynch Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.umw.edu/student_research Part of the American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Lynch, Jessica, "“Interrupt the status quo”: How Black Lives Matter Changed American Museums" (2021). Student Research Submissions. 397. https://scholar.umw.edu/student_research/397 This Honors Project is brought to you for free and open access by Eagle Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Research Submissions by an authorized administrator of Eagle Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “Interrupt the status quo”: How Black Lives Matter Changed American Museums Jessica Lynch AMST 485 Dr. Erin Devlin April 26, 2021 1 Abstract Black Lives Matter protests in 2020 were the catalyst for change in many institutions, particularly in museum collections and interpretive methods. This was especially true in museums located in Washington, District of Columbia; Atlanta, Georgia; Portland, Oregon; Los Angeles, California, and Minneapolis, Minnesota. Prior to the protests, most art and history museums upheld a Eurocentric worldview that diminished the contributions of Black Americans. Widespread Black Lives Matter protests, however, forced the discussion of racial equality to the forefront of the American consciousness, encouraging many museums to take a public stance and incorporate Black collective memory into their collections. This thesis analyzes case studies from five American cities that show how museums have utilized the Black Lives Matter Movement’s momentum to create new content for the public. “I hereby declare upon my word of honor that I have neither given nor received unauthorized help on this work.” -Jessica Lynch 2 “If you are neutral in situations of injustice, you have chosen the side of the oppressor.” --Desmond Tutu Few sectors of public life have avoided the reach of Black Lives Matter protests in 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Evaluation of the City of Columbus' Response to the 2020
    Research Evaluation of the City of Columbus’ Response to the 2020 Summer Protests Trevor L. Brown, Ph.D. Carter M. Stewart, J.D. John Glenn College of Public Affairs, The Ohio State University Table of Contents 1 Overview 5 Executive Summary of Findings and Recommendations 11 Context: Systemic Racism, Policing and Protests 17 Columbus Context and Timeline of Key Events 25 Chapter 1: Citizen-Police Relations and the Protests; Community Member Trauma 32 Chapter 2: City and Columbus Division of Police Leadership and Incident Command 41 Chapter 3: Policy and Training 52 Chapter 4: Officer Wellness and Morale 57 Chapter 5: Mutual Aid 61 Chapter 6: Transparency, Accountability, Public Communication, and Social Media 67 Conclusion 69 Works Cited 80 Appendix A: Recommendations and Findings 92 Appendix B: Research Design, Methods, and Data 99 Appendix C: Columbus Police After Action Review Team 109 Appendix D: List of Acronyms Acknowledgements The research presented in this report benefitted from a diversity of perspectives, backgrounds, disciplinary expertise, and professional experience. In particular, the lead researchers are indebted to the National Police Foundation, the primary subcontractor on this project. The National Police Foundation’s staff, notably Frank Straub and Ben Gorban, harnessed their expertise of policing across the United States and around the globe to ensure that the findings and recommendations aligned with the evolving knowledge base of policing best practice. We are grateful to the array of investigators and interviewers who volunteered their time, energy and expertise to conduct over 170 interviews in the midst of a global pandemic. Our Advisory Board also volunteered their time to guide the research and offer insights from a variety of disciplines that inform the as- sessment of protest behavior and police response.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Lives Matter's Effect on Police Lethal Use-Of-Force
    Black Lives Matter’s Effect on Police Lethal Use-of-Force∗ Travis Campbell† December 29, 2020 Abstract Has Black Lives Matter influenced police lethal use-of-force? A difference-in- differences design finds census places with Black Lives Matter protests experience a 15% to 20% decrease in police homicides over the ensuing five years, around 300 fewer deaths. The gap in lethal use-of-force between places with and without protests widens over these subsequent years and is most prominent when protests are large or frequent. This result holds for alternative specifications, estimators, police homicide datasets, and population screens; however, it does not hold if lethal use-of-force is normalized by violent crime or arrests. Protests also influence local police agencies, which may explain the reduction. Agencies with local protests become more likely to obtain body-cameras, expand community policing, receive a larger operating budget, and reduce the number of property crime-related arrests, but forego some black officer employment and college education requirements. JEL Codes: K42, Z13, D74, Keywords: Black Lives Matter, Police, Law and Economics, Police Homicides, Lethal Use-of-force, Law Enforcement ∗I am grateful to Lee Badgett, Deepankar Basu, Ina Ganguli, Kathryne Young and the participants of the 2019 Umass/New School graduate student workshop for helpful feedback on earlier drafts of this paper. All errors remain my own. †Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 105 Gordon Hall, 412 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01002. For correspondence, email: [email protected]. 1. Introduction Reacting to the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the killing of Trayvon Martin in 2013, Alicia Garza posted her reaction to Facebook: “black people.
    [Show full text]
  • Police Accountability Task Force Report
    Recommendations for Reform: Restoring Trust between the Chicago Police and the Communities they Serve REPORT April 2016 Police Accountability Task Force | 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................................................iv Glossary of Terms ...............................................................................................................................................v Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................1 The Tipping Point................................................................................................................................................... 2 The Work of the Police Accountability Task Force............................................................................................. 4 Community Engagement ...................................................................................................................................... 5 How did we get to this point? Some Overarching Findings.............................................................................. 6 Other Key Findings By Working Group ............................................................................................................. 13 Recommendations..............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • NPRC) VIP List, 2009
    Description of document: National Archives National Personnel Records Center (NPRC) VIP list, 2009 Requested date: December 2007 Released date: March 2008 Posted date: 04-January-2010 Source of document: National Personnel Records Center Military Personnel Records 9700 Page Avenue St. Louis, MO 63132-5100 Note: NPRC staff has compiled a list of prominent persons whose military records files they hold. They call this their VIP Listing. You can ask for a copy of any of these files simply by submitting a Freedom of Information Act request to the address above. The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire to the Prisons
    FOR NOTHING AGAINST EVERY THING FIRE TO THE PRISONS Issue 7//Fall 2009 An Insurrectionary Quarterly “CONTRARY TO WHAT HAS BEEN REPEATED TO US SINCE CHILD- HOOD, INTELLIGENCE DOESN’T MEAN KNOW- ING HOW TO ADAPT; OR IF THAT IS A KIND OF INTELLIGENCE, IT’S THE INTELLIGENCE OF SLAVES.” DISCLAIMER: Fire to the Prisons is for informational and edu- cational purposes only. This magazine in no way encourages or supports any illegal behavior in any way. This magazine looks only to provide a forum for conversation and news. All news mentioned was found as public information and later compiled or re-organized for this magazine, and any attempt by anyone to connect this publication to any illegal behavior is a complete fabrication by forces looking to impede the spreading of information such as this. “BUT, WE MIGHT NEED IT!”. BRIEFING Pg. 3 TABLE OF A subtle introduction. PERMANENT POTENTIAL, CONTENTS IN PERMANENT CONFLICT Pg. 4 Towards a revolutionary vagueness. ON “BURNING OUT” Pg. 8 This magazine is in NO-WAY a “for profit” Disempowerment and the modern radical. publication; nor is it in anyway a formal en- terprise or business. We encourage the WE DEMAND NOTHING Pg. 12 re-distribution and re-printing of everything On the Practical Necessity of Demanding Nothing. in this magazine, as well as the magazine in it’s entirety. Printable PDFs are available for A STATEMENT FROM THE UNDECIDED Pg. 23 re-distribution or viewing on our web site in- The liberal/conservative false dichotomy. cluded below. ESCAPISM HAS ITS PRICE, If your reading this, it means that this is- THE ARTIST HAS HIS INCOME Pg.
    [Show full text]
  • Wright State University Magazine, Spring 2021
    Wright State University CORE Scholar Wright State University Magazine Office of Marketing Spring 2021 Wright State University Magazine, Spring 2021 Wright State Alumni Association Wright State University Foundation Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/wsu_magazine Part of the Mass Communication Commons Repository Citation Wright State Alumni Association , & Wright State University Foundation (2021). Wright State University Magazine, Spring 2021. This Magazine is brought to you for free and open access by the Office of Marketing at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wright State University Magazine by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Wright StateMAGAZINE THERE IN SPIRIT As the reality of hosting basketball games with the continued onslaught of the COVID-19 pandemic set in late last fall, Wright State’s athletic department had a fun idea. Anticipating capacity limitations, but knowing the Raider community, it was important to fnd a way for Raider fans to still be able to show their support during basketball season. In November, Wright State launched the Nutter Center Virtual Sellout campaign. Fans purchased large-scale cardboard cutouts of themselves or a loved one that were placed in seats behind the home and visiting benches during women’s and men’s basketball games. Some of the “fans” behind the bench have featured small kids, fans making silly faces, and even fans’ dogs. Proceeds from the campaign support student-athletes and assist the athletic department to address its budget defcit as a result of COVID-19. THERE IN SPIRIT As the reality of hosting basketball games with the continued onslaught of the COVID-19 pandemic set in late last fall, Wright State’s athletic department had a fun idea.
    [Show full text]
  • City's Legal Team Said
    UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF WISCONSIN ______________________________________________________________________________ ADELANA AKINDES, OSCAR WALTON, DANICA GAGLIANO-DELTGEN, and VICTOR GARCIA, on behalf of themselves and other similarly situated individuals, Plaintiffs, CASE NO. 20-CV-1353 v. CITY OF KENOSHA, KENOSHA COUNTY, DAVID BETH, in his Individual Capacity, DANIEL MISKINIS, in his Individual Capacity, and JOHN DOES 1-100, in their Individual Capacities. Defendants. BRIEF IN SUPPORT OF MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFFS’ AMENDED COMPLAINT by CITY OF KENOSHA, DANIEL MISKINIS, AND JOHN DOES 1-100 The City of Kenosha, Daniel Miskinis, and John Does 1-100 by their attorneys, MUNICIPAL LAW & LITIGATION GROUP, S.C., respectfully submit this Brief in Support of their Motion to Dismiss to Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint. The City of Kenosha recently faced unprecedented riotous activity during protests, including nationally observed and documented destructive activity of property and persons. To protect the community, a State of Emergency Curfew Order was implemented and arrests followed for violations of the Emergency Curfew Order. The City has never faced such a situation before and, therefore, lacks a track record sufficient to support many of the allegations presented in this lawsuit. Plaintiffs here should not be able to hold the City of Kenosha financially liable based on formulaic conclusions and speculation about motives and what the future might hold for protest Case 2:20-cv-01353-JPS Filed 11/11/20 Page 1 of 30 Document 18 activities, all while overlooking the fact that probable cause for their own arrests in violation of the Emergency Curfew Order may serve as not only a bar to their First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendment claims but may deprive this Court of subject matter jurisdiction.
    [Show full text]