ISLAM AND STATE IN SUMATRA ISLAMIC HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION STUDIES AND TEXTS edited by WADAD KADI AND ROTRAUD WIELANDT VOLUME 48 IHC-48-hadi.qxd 10/23/2003 12:05 PM Page iii ISLAM AND STATE IN SUMATRA A Study of Seventeenth-Century Aceh BY AMIRUL HADI BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2004 IHC-48-hadi.qxd 10/23/2003 12:05 PM Page iv This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hadi, Amirul, 1962- Islam and state in Sumatra : a study of seventeenth-century Aceh / by Amirul Hadi. p. cm. — (Islamic history and civilization. Studies and texts, ISSN 0929-2403 ; v. 48) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 90-04-12982-0 1. Islam—Indonesia—Sumatra. 2. Islam and state—Indonesia—Sumatra. 3. Sumatra (Indonesia)—History. I. Title. II. Series. BP63.I52S896 2003 322’.1’095981—dc22 2003059551 ISSN 0929-2403 ISBN 90 04 12982 0 © Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands HADI_F1_v-xiii 10/24/03 1:17 PM Page v v Kupersembahkan kehadapan Umak & Ayah (Almarhum) HADI_F1_v-xiii 10/24/03 1:17 PM Page vi vi This page intentionally left blank HADI_F1_v-xiii 10/24/03 1:17 PM Page vii vii CONTENTS Acknowledgements ...................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations .................................................................. xi Note on Spelling and Transliteration ...................................... xiii Introduction ................................................................................ 1 C O The Sultanate of Aceh Prior to the Seventeenth Century: A Historical Sketch .......................... 11 A. The Foundation of Aceh ................................................ 11 B. The Rise of a Powerful State ........................................ 21 C. Reasons for Its Rise ........................................................ 34 C T The Ruler and the Problem of Authority ................................................................................ 37 A. The Office of Sul†àn: Its Origins and Authority .......... 37 B. Succession and Legitimation ............................................ 65 C. The Ruler’s Tasks ............................................................ 90 C T Royal Enclosure and Religious Ceremonies ............................................................................ 94 A. The Royal Compound and Its Centrality .................... 94 B. Religious Ceremonies ...................................................... 118 The Adat Aceh and the Ceremonies ................................ 119 The Ceremonies .............................................................. 123 The Friday Prayer ( Jum'ah) ...................................... 125 The Fasting Month of Rama∂àn .............................. 128 The Festival of Fast-Breaking ('Ìd al-Fi†r) ................ 131 The Festival of the Sacrifice ('Ìd al-A∂˙à) .............. 134 The Construction of the Ceremonies ............................ 142 C F Islamic Institutions and the State ................ 147 A. The 'Ulamà" and the State .............................................. 147 Shaykh al-Islàm .................................................................. 148 The Qà∂ì (the Islamic Judge) .......................................... 161 HADI_F1_v-xiii 10/24/03 1:17 PM Page viii viii B. Adat and Islamic Law ...................................................... 167 Penal Laws ........................................................................ 169 Traditional Royal Punishment ........................................ 181 C. Jihàd .................................................................................. 184 The Justification for War ................................................ 189 The Authority to Declare Jihàd ...................................... 192 The Conduct of the War ................................................ 194 C F A Comparative Analysis ................................ 205 A. Melaka: A Fifteenth-Century Coastal Sultanate ............ 206 B. Mataram: An Inland Javanese Sultanate ...................... 220 C. A Comparative Note ...................................................... 232 Conclusion .................................................................................. 241 Bibliography ................................................................................ 249 Glossary ...................................................................................... 265 Index .......................................................................................... 267 HADI_F1_v-xiii 10/24/03 1:17 PM Page ix ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In writing this book I have become indebted to several people and institutions. My thanks go first of all to Professor A. Uner Turgay, director of the Institute of Islamic Studies at McGill University, who provided me with guidance and support in all academic and official matters. My deep gratitude extends also to Professor Howard M. Federspiel, who, with his thoroughness and high scholarly standards, painstakingly read this work from its inception to its final form. Indeed, he has been a true teacher in every sense of the word and I will forever be indebted to him. I would also like to thank Professor Rotraud Wielandt who read my entire manuscript and, with her customary thoroughness, offered valuable comments and queries. Having said this, it must be acknowledged that any weakness or shortcoming to be found in this book is my responsibility and mine alone. I am especially grateful as well for the fellowships I obtained from the Indonesia-Canada Islamic Higher Education Project, for its sup- port was instrumental in allowing me to complete this work. Wendy Allen, the current director of the project, has been very helpful and supportive. Susy Ricciardelli, Lori Novak, Joanna Gacek, at the Montreal project office, and Anni Yoesoef, from the Jakarta office have also been extremely helpful. To them I present my sincere thanks. Special thanks must go to Professor Ibrahim Husein and Professor M. Yasir Nasution for their understanding and support. Ms. Trudy Kamperveen of E.J. Brill has been supportive and coop- erative for which I am also thankful. In the Library of the Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University, I am thankful to Adam Gacek, Salwa Ferahian, Steve Millier and Wayne St. Thomas for all their help, and to Steve especially, not only for assisting me in locating materials, but also for proof-reading this work. Many other friends and colleagues have also been sup- portive; I would like to acknowledge especially Dr. Thoha Hamim, Hamdiah A. Latif, M. Syahnan Nasution, Eka Sri Mulyani and Alwahidi Ilyas. Thanks are also due to Dr. Karel Steenbrink, Mevrouw Steenbrink and Mevrouw Beppie Boudens for their valuable Dutch lessons. HADI_F1_v-xiii 10/24/03 1:17 PM Page x x The support of my family in Banda Aceh, Pematang Siantar and Medan was invaluable. The love and support of my wife Nazly, a true partner and colleague, were likewise priceless to me. Her sug- gestions and criticisms were also significant as this book slowly took shape. Our little sweethearts, Fawwaz and Nadhra, have been extremely supportive. Their cheerfulness has indeed been a real inspiration, as have their understanding and patience during their father’s long absences in the course of research. Above all, the lasting love, guidance and prayers of my parents have always been the greatest treasure of my life. They were my first and ever my best teachers. Their conviction as to the impor- tance of pursuing higher education has shaped my ambition in search of knowledge. If my education has had any fruit, it is to no small extent due to their encouragement and practical assistance in that direction. Sadly, my father ( yar˙amhu Allàh) passed away just as this book was rearing completion. It is to his memory and to my dear mother, therefore, that I humbly dedicate this work. Washington, DC April, 2003 HADI_F1_v-xiii 10/24/03 1:17 PM Page xi xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BKI Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde The Hague, 1853– BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies London, 1917– EI2 Encyclopaedia of Islam, new edition Leiden, 1960– ER Encyclopedia of Religion, 15 Vols. New York: Macmillan, 1987. JMBRAS Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Singapore, 1923– JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society London, 1834– JSAI Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam Jerusalem, 1973– JSBRAS Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Singapore, 1878–1922. JSEAH Journal of Southeast Asian History Singapore, 1960–1969. JSEAS Journal of Southeast Asian Studies Singapore, 1970– TBG Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde Batavia, 1853–1954. This page intentionally left blank HADI_F1_v-xiii 10/24/03 1:17 PM Page xiii xiii NOTE ON SPELLING AND TRANSLITERATION In this study, most Indonesian words and phrases are written accord- ing to the new spellings as decreed in the Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan (1972). Exceptions