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Role of Climate and Land-Use Changes Jeanne Bodin

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Role of Climate and Land-Use Changes Jeanne Bodin Observed changes in mountain vegetation of the Alps during the XXth century - Role of climate and land-use changes Jeanne Bodin To cite this version: Jeanne Bodin. Observed changes in mountain vegetation of the Alps during the XXth century - Role of climate and land-use changes. Ecology, environment. Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I; Universität Hannover, 2010. English. tel-00592144 HAL Id: tel-00592144 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00592144 Submitted on 11 May 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Henri Poincaré Leibniz Universität Hannover Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät UFR Sciences et Techniques Biologiques Ecole doctorale Sciences et Ingénierie des Ressources, Procédés, Produits, Environnement (RP2E) Binational doctoral thesis presented to obtain the Ph.D. degree: Docteur en Biologie Végétale et Forestière de l’Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy 1, France and Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften Dr. rer. nat. (Doctor rerum naturalium ) der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany by Jeanne BODIN Observed changes in mountain vegetation of the Alps during the XX th century Role of climate and land-use changes Defended the 18 March 2010 Examining Board: Thierry T ATONI , Professor, IMEP, University of Marseille, France (Referee) Matthias DOBBERTIN , Doctor, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland (Referee) Pierre DIZENGREMEL , Professor, EEF, University of Nancy, France (Examiner) Jean-Claude GÉGOUT , Professor, AgroParisTech ENGREF, Nancy, France (Examiner) Gian-Reto WALTHER , Senior Academic Advisor, Plant Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Germany (PhD co-supervisor) Richard POTT , Professor, Institute of Geobotany, University of Hanover, Germany (PhD director) Jean-Luc DUPOUEY , Research Director, EEF, INRA Nancy, France (PhD director) INRA, Nancy Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestière, 54280 Champenoux - France Institute für Geobotanik, Nienburger Str. 17, 30167 Hannover - Germany Université Henri Poincaré Leibniz Universität Hannover Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät UFR Sciences et Techniques Biologiques Ecole doctorale Sciences et Ingénierie des Ressources, Procédés, Produits, Environnement (RP2E) Binational doctoral thesis presented to obtain the Ph.D. degree: Docteur en Biologie Végétale et Forestière de l’Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy 1, France and Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften Dr. rer. nat. ( Doctor rerum naturalium ) der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany by Jeanne BODIN Observed changes in mountain vegetation of the Alps during the XX th century Role of climate and land-use changes Defended the 18 March 2010 Examining Board: Thierry T ATONI , Professor, IMEP, University of Marseille, France (Referee) Matthias DOBBERTIN , Doctor, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland (Referee) Pierre DIZENGREMEL , Professor, EEF, University of Nancy, France (Examiner) Jean-Claude GÉGOUT , Professor, AgroParisTech ENGREF, Nancy, France (Examiner) Gian-Reto WALTHER , Senior Academic Advisor, Plant Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Germany (PhD co-supervisor) Richard POTT , Professor, Institute of Geobotany, University of Hanover, Germany (PhD director) Jean-Luc DUPOUEY , Research Director, EEF, INRA Nancy, France (PhD director) INRA, Nancy Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestière, 54280 Champenoux - France Institute für Geobotanik, Nienburger Str. 17, 30167 Hannover - Germany Acknowledgments, Remerciements, Danksagung I would like to thank my PhD directors, Jean-Luc DUPOUEY , Gian-Reto WALTHER and Richard POTT who received me in their institute, and who accompany me in this international way. Many thanks also to André GRANIER , director of the Unity in Nancy. Eric BRUNO , Nabila HAMZ a, Pascal VITTOZ , Vincent BADEAU , Catherine CLUZEAU were also involved in this thesis, closely or not. I thank them for there attention. I thank warmly people who receive me in a unknown country, and were really helpful and attentive for administrative problems: Many thanks to Silje BERGER , Ansgar HOPPE , Christa LECHTE , Bernd HAGEMANN and Mareike STEFFENS . Danke alles, und Takk. I thank people who wher involved in the fieldwork in Maurienne valley, recording a lot of data for this thesis: many thanks to Patrick BEHR , Vincent BADEAU , Marianne PEIFFER , Roger SHIPFFER , Christian KIEFFER , Anny WEITNER … He was on field work to help his father 40 years before, and helped also for the “Maurienne study” by giving information and old maps: thanks to Michel BARTOLI . I thank all who participate to work environment in the Nancy work team, with scientific discussion and support: thanks to Vincent, Hélène GENET , Stéphane PONTON , Sandrine CHAUCHARD … Elisabeth BIENAIMÉ , Evelyne GRANIER and Nathalie HEYDT helped for maps, many thanks for there assistance in urgent moment. Many thanks to secretariat girls, a big one to Rosine GROSS . Private support and good environment was also really important, at work, from friends or in family. Spaciba and muchas gracias to Viktor, Olga, Florian and Moritzt. Merci à Iréne, ma mère pour les soutiens, merci aux amis pour les discussions moins sérieuses, autour d’une bière allemande ou lorraine, d’un poulet, des mirabelles, le coffee and cigarettes avec Blandine, Rémi, Pascal, Mmanu, Aurélie, Marlis for traduction, Anne, Linde, Marianne, Laura, les vedettes, Sandrine, Hélène G., Pat H, MC, Vincent Boul., Nicolas M…. Vielen Dank an Familie JONCK und Oma SCHINDEL für ihre liebe und regelmäßige Aufmerksamkeit. Merci à ma famille pour les différents approvisionnements, O combien indispensable : ma sœur pour l’approvisionnement en bouquins, ma mère pour l’approvisionnement en pêches blanches, mon père et sa famille pour l’approvisionnement en fromage de la montagne. Une grande reconnaissance à la patience et au soutien quotidien de Johannes. Summary I. General Introduction ............................................................................................................. 5 A. What are the changes in the environment that promote changes in vegetation?................... 5 1. Eutrophication and acidification due to atmospheric deposition_______________________________ 5 2. Species loss from habitat fragmentation _________________________________________________ 6 3. Forest colonisation after agricultural abandonment and its consequences on vegetation ____________ 6 4. Herbivory_________________________________________________________________________ 7 5. Land use legacy ____________________________________________________________________ 7 6. Forest management and forest dynamics_________________________________________________ 8 B. Climatic change ............................................................................................................................ 8 1. Expected responses of species and biomes _______________________________________________ 8 2. Particular case of mountains __________________________________________________________ 9 C. Knowledge on observed vegetation shifts related to climate warming.................................. 10 1. Observed species shifts in mountain areas ______________________________________________ 10 a. Extension at the upper limit of species distribution............................................................................ 10 b. Treeline and ecotones......................................................................................................................... 11 c. Retraction at lower limits of species distribution................................................................................ 11 d. Shift of the species distribution optimum ............................................................................................ 12 e. Changes in community composition.................................................................................................... 12 2. Which phenomena influencing species distribution could interact with climate warming __________ 12 D. Where and how to detect vegetation changes and species migration? General methodology ................................................................................................................................................ 13 1. Different approaches _______________________________________________________________ 13 a. Different methodologies...................................................................................................................... 13 b. Which part of species range to observe? ............................................................................................ 14 c. Different spatial scales........................................................................................................................ 15 d. Different temporal scales.................................................................................................................... 15 e. Different habitats ...............................................................................................................................
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