Conflict, Stability and Security Fund: Annual Report 2019/20

January 2021 Cover images: • Top left: Director of Public Prosecutions Mr. Noordin Haji launching the Kilifi Social Justice Centre in Kenya. Credit: HAKI Africa. • Top right: The UN Trust Fund project in Colombia supports the reintegration of ex-combatants into communities through socio-economic development projects. • Bottom left: Local government headquarters in Libya, which was cleared in part with CSSF funding, the first Land Release following battle area clearance in Libyan history. • Bottom right: A woman with child is one of the victims of gender-based violence finding refuge in a CSSF-funded shelter in Transnistria, breakaway territory in Moldova. Credit: Center “Resonance”.

By the time this report is published the two largest delivery partners of the Conflict, Stability and Security Fund, the Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO) and the Department for International Development (DfID) will have merged to form a new Department, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO). As this report looks back to the achievements of the 2019/20 reporting period, programmes are still referred to by the lead department at that time. Contents

Foreword by the Paymaster General...... 1 Foreword by the Deputy National Security Adviser...... 2 Introduction...... 3 CSSF Contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals...... 4 Global Reach of CSSF Country and Regional Programmes...... 5 Progress in Overall Performance...... 6 Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning...... 6 Learning and Development...... 8 Gender Equality...... 9 Conflict Sensitivity...... 10 Transparency...... 11 National Security Objective 1—Protecting our People...... 12 Countering Terrorism and Violent Extremism...... 12 Serious and Organised Crime...... 12 Crisis Response...... 13 National Security Objective 2—Projecting our Global Influence...... 15 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)...... 15 Peacekeeping...... 15 UK Aid Objective—Protecting Global Peace, Security and Governance...... 17 Prevent...... 17 Reduce and Transition...... 17 UK Aid Objective—Strengthening Resilience and Response to Crises...... 20 Strengthening Resilience...... 20 Responding to Growing Instability...... 20 UK Aid Objective—Tackling Extreme Poverty and Helping the World’s Most Vulnerable...... 23 Preventing Sexual Violence in Conflict...... 23 Supporting Women’s Leadership...... 23 Support to Refugees, Vulnerable Migrants, and Internally Displaced Persons...... 24 Annex A: CSSF Spend...... 26 Annex B: CSSF Non-Discretionary Spend Breakdown...... 30 Annex C: CSSF Governance...... 32 1 - CSSF Annual Report 2019/20

Foreword by the Paymaster General

Over the past ten years, a series of new and evolving global changes have challenged the stability of the and the wider world—including a rise in civil wars, the impact of climate change and a trend for individual states to foment instability for their own ends. The spread of poverty and increasingly intractable conflicts risk disrupting and undermining the rules-based international system, which the UK is committed to upholding. If we are to protect and promote UK interests, and maintain our record as an innovative and problem- Rt Hon. MP solving nation, we must continue to adapt to the to tackle environmental crime and to promote changing world order. That means remaining vigilant sustainable forest livelihoods and enterprises. to the danger and agile in leading a response, working alongside international partners and allies who share And early in 2020, as the Covid-19 crisis first began to our belief in open, fair and stable societies. unfold, the CSSF activated its unique Rapid Response Mechanism to trigger non-ODA funds in support of The Conflict, Stability and Security Fund (CSSF) a cross-government response to repatriate British supports this vision from the very heart of Nationals stranded overseas. government, under the National Security Council. Using both Official Development Assistance (ODA) While departments remain the UK government’s and non-ODA funding, the CSSF finds the creative main vehicle for delivery, the CSSF has uniquely solutions needed to meet the most complex national useful qualities. It ensures we are nimbler and security challenges, and those that will promote more coordinated when situations are moving fast. international peace and stability. Some of these are It has addressed the inefficiencies that can arise highlighted in this year’s Annual Report. when different parts of government must react to the same issue quickly. And it operates in high-risk In 2019/20, the Organised Immigration Crime environments where individual departments cannot: Taskforce, managed by the Home Office and led by dispute resolution and mine clearance operations in the National Crime Agency (NCA), continued to target Libya, for example, or in support of peacekeeping the transnational threat to the UK, working in Europe missions in and South . and as far afield as Mali and Ethiopia. The Taskforce delivered four of the top ten NCA investigations, CSSF programmes bridge the gaps between foreign and played a key role in the UK’s response to the and national security policy and strategy; and tactics tragic deaths of 39 Vietnamese migrants in a lorry for diplomacy and development. In a world in which in Essex, in October 2019. The National Security disruption and instability are dominant themes; Communications Team adapted its successful and where Covid-19 has become a destabilising ‘Hiding in Plain Sight’ modern slavery campaign to pandemic, the Fund is a critical defensive tool— deter vulnerable people from becoming involved with delivering programmes that protect the UK and keep human traffickers. The campaign reached over 17 our people safe. million people, contributing to the rescue of over 400 potential victims and saving the UK an estimated £134 million. The CSSF has supported the Colombian government to address the illegal deforestation that has increased since the peace deal was signed. In partnership with International Climate Finance (ICF), the CSSF has supported Colombian security and justice agencies CSSF Annual Report 2019/20 - 2

Foreword by the Deputy National Security Adviser

The Conflict, Stability and Security Fund (CSSF) operates in some of the most fragile countries in the world and tackles highly complex real-world challenges. To meet these challenges, the Fund needs a high risk appetite, alongside an ability to learn and adapt quickly. This year’s Annual Report highlights the Fund’s continued improvement in Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL). Stronger MEL systems act as an insurance policy to enable CSSF to do higher- risk, exploratory and innovative programming in conflict and stabilisation contexts. Having strong data collection and analysis methods, including rapid feedback mechanisms, enables decision makers David Quarrey across government to make evidence-based and delivering effectively for UK national security on a informed decisions about whether to continue, adjust, range of outcomes such as disinformation, serious scale or close a programme. and organised crime, counter terrorism and cyber The Independent Commission for Aid Impact (ICAI) security. has recognised the CSSF’s “significant investment I am confident that the CSSF has the evidence in increased learning capacity” in its September needed to demonstrate clearly its unique value, 2019 review ‘How UK Aid Learns’. As the CSSF results and impact. marks its fifth year, we are building on these MEL improvements with the establishment of a robust new MEL strategy that takes working and learning in complex environments and programme adaptation to an impressive new level. The CSSF has appointed a consortium of suppliers— the Global Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning Partnership (GMEL)—to help us deliver the MEL strategy, with a focus on tailoring and transforming Fund-level systems and processes. We are piloting approaches and tools to enable catalytic, integrated and risk-taking programming alongside the development of skills and incentives, so that we capture results, identify opportunities, learn from innovation and make decisions at scale. We are also making progress at portfolio-level, strengthening the key MEL tools that CSSF programme teams use and building staff capacity, capability and confidence. GMEL offers support to CSSF learning across portfolios, going beyond individual projects to help realise the CSSF’s ambition of developing a world-class MEL system that truly meets the demands of complex programming in fragile and conflict affected states. Our shared vision is a Fund which reaches its full potential, aligned to Ministerial objectives and 3 - CSSF Annual Report 2019/20

Introduction

The Conflict, Stability and Security Fund (CSSF) is No other international donor has a funding instrument a unique cross-government fund created in 2015 to that can combine Official Development Assistance ‘prevent conflicts and tackle threats to UK interests (ODA) and non-ODA funding, alongside expertise that arise from instability overseas.’ Over the last five from multiple government departments, to respond to years, the CSSF has transformed the way the UK conflict and instability. responds to conflict and fragility overseas. In 2019/20, total CSSF spend was £1,234.3m on a A catalyst for a more integrated UK government cross-government allocation of £1,266.2m (97.5%). response to instability and conflict, the Fund drives Of this, £600.2m (48.6%) was ODA and £634m cross-government working. It incentivises government (51.4%) was non-ODA. CSSF funding was spent departments and agencies to respond to National by 14 government departments and agencies. The Security Council priorities in a collaborative way. Foreign & Commonwealth Office remained the largest spender, followed by the Ministry of Defence and The CSSF is designed to bring innovative and creative Department for International Development. approaches to complex problems where there are no tried and tested approaches, or where more The CSSF has been recognised by the Independent traditional programming has not worked. Commission for Aid Impact (ICAI) for the improvements it has made across key programme The Fund is able to take risks in complex management functions, including conflict sensitivity. environments and adapt to fast-moving political, A new gender adviser was appointed to the Joint economic and security situations. It is agile and Funds Unit to develop a new gender strategy for the able to start programming quickly, through pilots or CSSF and coordinate with policy and programme funding projects in partnership with other donors and colleagues working on Women, Peace and Security partners. This enables it to take opportunities and across government. Transparency of the Fund has respond to evolving crises and unstable contexts. continued to improve with 95% of programmes publishing programme summaries in 2019/20.

Families in Colombia participate in training on clean agriculture, soil fertilisation,installation of bio factories and production of food for farm animals. Credit: PASO Colombia. CSSF Annual Report 2019/20 - 4

CSSF Contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals

In 2019/20, the CSSF continued to support the delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Fund primarily supported: • Goal 16: To promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies • Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

The CSSF also supports the delivery of other SDGs, notably: • Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere • Goal 8: Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all • Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries • Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable • Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts • Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development • Goal 17: Revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development 5 - CSSF Annual Report 2019/20

Global Reach of CSSF Country and Regional Programmes

Western Balkans Americas Eastern Europe and Central • Albania • Republic Asia • Bosnia and of North • Antigua and • Panama Herzegovina Macedonia Barbuda • Peru • Armenia • Republic of • Montenegro Moldova • Kosovo • Barbados • St Kitts and • Azerbaijan • Republic of • Belize Nevis • Belarus • Tajikistan Serbia • Colombia • St Lucia • Georgia • Turkey • Dominica • St Vincent • Kazakhstan • Turkmenistan • Dominican and the • Kyrgyzstan • Ukraine South Asia and South East Republic Grenadines • Uzbekistan Asia Pacific • Grenada • Surinam • Afghanistan • Nepal • Guyana • Trinidad and • Maldives • Tobago • Jamaica • Myanmar • Sri Lanka • Venezuela

Middle East North Africa • Algeria • Middle • Egypt East Peace Process • Iran (Occupied • Palestinian • Jordan Territories) Sub-Saharan Africa • Morocco • Lebanon • Cameroon • Senegal • Syria Overseas Territories • Libya • Chad • Sierra Leone • Tunisia • • St Helena, • Ethiopia • Somalia • • Ascension and • Kenya • South Sudan • British Antarctic • Mali • Sudan Territory • South Georgia and South • Niger • Tanzania • British Indian Sandwich • Nigeria • Zambia Ocean Territory Islands • British Virgin • Sovereign Base Islands areas of Akrotiri • and Dhekelia, • Cyprus • • • Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno

Multilateral Portfolio • United Nations The CSSF works with and supports international • World Bank institutions through its Multilateral Portfolio with: The CSSF Commonwealth Portfolio supported • International Atomic Energy Agency fairness, prosperity and security across many • North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Commonwealth states during the UK’s period as • Organisation for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Commonwealth Chair-in-Office. • Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe CSSF Annual Report 2019/20 - 6

Progress in Overall Performance

In the five years since its creation, the CSSF has The Independent Commission for Aid Impact welcomed and learned from external scrutiny. It has (ICAI) has specifically recognised the considerable demonstrated that it is able to improve the way it investment the CSSF has made in this area, notably works in response to external recommendations. commenting in the September 2019 review ‘How This improvement has been acknowledged by the UK Aid Learns’: “with increased M&E advisors and Independent Commission for Aid Impact (ICAI). As contracted in external expertise representing a part of this work, the Fund has developed markers significant investment in increased learning capacity”. on conflict sensitivity and gender as a means by The expertise developed within the CSSF’s network which the Fund can specifically target learning in of practitioners is increasingly evident and recognised these areas. It has also provided training for hundreds as demonstrating effect in the most challenging fragile of staff from across government in programme and conflict affected states. management to raise overall standards. The CSSF has made monitoring and evaluation integral to all Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning its programmes and continued to embed a culture of learning throughout the CSSF network. Annual Fund-level Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning Reviews from CSSF programmes show a trajectory of In 2019/20, the Joint Funds Unit established a new Fund-level improvement since 2015. Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL) strategy The Fund’s progress was recognised by ICAI in to enable Fund-level learning and ensure the Fund their 2019 follow-up review into the CSSF1, which overall is aligned to and delivering effectively against concluded “The CSSF has made significant progress Ministerial objectives. in instituting good aid practice in fragile and conflict The CSSF’s MEL strategy has three main objectives: affected areas, including investments in thorough conflict sensitivity analysis and ‘do no harm’ risk 1. To establish the structures and systems to assessments, results management, transparency and effectively measure and manage results across ODA compliance.” the Fund. In early 2019, the previous Deputy National Security 2. To build capacity at an individual and Fund level to Adviser commissioned an internal review to explore produce, manage and communicate results in a the Fund’s achievements and to inform its future focus credible, timely and cohesive manner. and model of operation. The Future of the CSSF 3. To enable active learning through innovation. review identified several areas in which the Fund CSSF programmes operate in a wide range of highly performed well, including the capacity to respond unpredictable contexts. In response, the Fund takes to rapidly changing levels of conflict and fragility, a unique decentralised approach to delivering this establish effective cross- relationships, new MEL strategy. This is achieved by incentivising enhance Departmental delivery and manage relatively portfolios to manage their own MEL activities and high-risk programming. The findings helped inform ensure they are situated within the local and regional programming decisions for 2020/21 and will provide context in which each project and programme is useful evidence to enable future cross-government operating. Each team has access to dedicated planning. internal and external technical support to enable Progress in building the CSSF’s performance on a tailored approach. Across the CSSF network, in Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning has been 2019/20, there were 16 CSSF MEL Advisers, each significant over the past year. The Joint Funds Unit focusing on a specific portfolio, and nine external MEL analysed 76 Annual Reviews (equating to 86%) from suppliers covering most CSSF portfolios and offering 2018/19 and found that 67% of CSSF programmes dedicated MEL support to related programmes. achieved a score of either ‘exceeding’ or ‘meeting’ expectations in terms of what they deliver.

1 https://icai.independent.gov.uk/report/follow-up-2017-18/ 7 - CSSF Annual Report 2019/20

Global Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning Partnership (GMEL) Case Study on Catalytic Effect To support the delivery of the MEL strategy, The CSSF is a flexible and agile fund which often in October 2019, the CSSF contracted a delivers results in the medium- to long-term where no consortium led by Integrity Global, in partnership other HMG funding instrument is present. Many of the with LTS-Niras, to deliver the Global Monitoring, programmes operate in experimental ways and are able Evaluation and Learning Partnership (GMEL). to work in higher risk environments, where innovation is GMEL will lay the foundations for the CSSF to needed to tackle difficult challenges. Catalytic effect is realise its ambition of developing a world-class an important principle for the CSSF. The CSSF aims to monitoring, evaluation and learning system that build strategic capabilities, accelerate action, unblock meets the demands of programming in fragile barriers and leverage others, paving the ground for and conflict affected contexts. longer term action by HMG departments/agencies and The GMEL contract has a Fund-level focus other strategic partners. and aims to improve overall MEL systems and The Joint Funds Unit worked with GMEL and the structures within the CSSF to enable rigorous network to carry out a practical research study on evidence-based decisions. It brings together Catalytic Effect. This study: defined Catalytic Effect in MEL professionals, data scientists and other CSSF terms; reviewed how the concept is understood thematic experts to make transformational and put into practice by the network; identified changes to the way the Fund delivers technical appropriate frameworks to inform programme design; capability, capacity and surge support in an and outlined initial considerations and implications adaptive and responsive way. The contract for MEL. The next step is to design tailored tools and specifically supports the CSSF network to: guidance for the network to enable them to build • demonstrate credible contributions to catalytic intent into their programme design and capture strategic UK government priorities catalytic effects during implementation. • use reliable evidence to inform decisions on policy, strategy, funding allocation and Figure CSSF Catalytic Effect Framework programme planning Why has a What barriers are process slowed inhibiting progress • share evidence and data transparently down and what towards stability? What within the network and across government is needed to get it back on opportunities exist Accelerating Unblocking • learn from its own good practice, as well as track? to address these? its challenges. Faster progress Unblocks or towards a goal removes barriers A key focus of the Fund’s work on MEL is on whereby the CSSF to progress or filling enabling adaptive programme delivery. This presence fills a critical a gap that enables a gap and speeds up cascade of other means that programmes are better able to a process. positive events analyse available data and use that to inform or longer-term Ignites a series change to occur future planning. The CSSF has learned that a of events that more adaptive approach to MEL that enables Leveraging enables further Building change capability practitioners to make better real-time decisions Attracting, is suitable for the highly complex and fragile generating or Improving a process mobilising other by building, deploying contexts in which the CSSF works. actors, networks, or strengthening the additional resources enabling environment or Building on the success of the CSSF’s Political, or effort that enables resource mobilisation Access and Influence tool2, the Joint Funds the continuation of through capacity change in the building. process or system. 2 The Political Access and Influence (PAI) matrix is a What improved capability is needed Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning tool originally What new or existing piloted in six case studies in East Africa. It was to improve a process relationships, networks and lead to a change developed to enable CSSF teams to collate evidence or resources are in a policy, insitution during the course of their work on the nature of PAI needed? or wider capacities? achievements, which demonstrate value for money (ways of thinking, and are important in conflict settings, often transferring levels of awareness, into benefits for a host nation, the UK and/or the mechanisms, systems or procedures) international . CSSF Annual Report 2019/20 - 8

Unit will work with the network to develop tailored The top three lessons from the event were: MEL tools that capture and understand how the • Up-to-date awareness and understanding CSSF works. During the GMEL inception phase, of both UK and partner government policy October 2019 to April 2020, a number of quick win and strategy is fundamental to ensure that interventions were carried out, including a practical programming shifts to support emerging research study on catalytic effect (see case study priorities, exploiting opportunities and reacting to below). threats. Learning and Development • Embedding incentives for innovation and agility within governance processes, including strong oversight by CSSF Senior Responsible Formal Learning Opportunities Officers, is key to ensuring appropriate use of In 2019/20, the Joint Funds Unit (JFU) ran 11 training CSSF funding. courses in programme and project management for • An ongoing commitment to build and 206 staff supporting CSSF programmes, improving maintain the resilience of staff within the the awareness, capability and capacity of the CSSF CSSF network is essential given the challenges network to deliver effectively. The training covered presented by some of the complex and volatile key programme management principles, including contexts in which they operate. programme design, monitoring and evaluation, and financial and risk management. Building the network’s Stabilisation Unit skills is critical to effective programme delivery and this will remain a high priority for the Fund. To ensure The Stabilisation Unit (SU) is a cross-government the CSSF’s development offer continues to meet the unit providing expertise on building stability, network’s requirements, staff have identified specific preventing conflict and meeting security challenges areas of delivery where there is a need for more internationally. Funded by the CSSF, it contributes to robust support. This data will be used to develop the contextual understanding of fragile and conflict additional training opportunities and to target the affected states (FCAS), including the drivers and recruitment of staff with in-demand skillsets. systems of conflict, and continues to build the UK’s evidence base for strategy and policy development in this area. This year the SU has delivered 26 Joint Lesson Learning and Sharing Analyses of Conflict and Stability (JACS), as well as The CSSF continues to recognise the importance creating new tools and analysis of specific issues of sharing lessons between peers and encouraging from the situation in Raqqah/Mosul, to Ebola in the contributions from those who receive support from Democratic Republic of the Congo. It has developed the Fund. The Fund’s Annual Global Workshop is and implemented the UK’s integrated analytical the cornerstone of its approach to learning and took methodology for assessing the context of Serious place for the fifth time on 17-18 July 2019 in London. and Organised Crime (SOC) activity—the SOC Joint Approximately 240 CSSF staff attended the event Analysis (SOCJA). This has been used to produce 14 from across government, based in both the UK and SOCJA reports, supporting new cross-government overseas, alongside representatives from the Fund’s SOC regional and thematic strategies to enable cross- external partners. For the first time, CSSF colleagues government delivery. The SU has also contributed who were unable to attend in person were able to join to the design and development of the International live streamed sessions with keynote speakers. These Centre of Excellence for Illicit Finance (ICE). Together, included Sir David Lidington and the Deputy National these activities have enabled an integrated response Security Adviser David Quarrey. to the common threats posed by transnational crime The main themes for the workshop were: conflict, and terrorism, and drivers of conflict and instability. peacebuilding and climate change; Monitoring, The SU has strengthened the civilian-military Evaluation and Learning; transnational threats; gender element of the UK’s approach to conflict and stability mainstreaming; commercial contracting; and digital by running training programmes and providing governance. The event allowed experts, from within stabilisation expertise to support military exercises. and outside government, to provide insight into the The embedded civilian specialists in the UK’s latest thinking on key policy areas and discuss options Standing Joint Force Headquarters (SJFHQ) have for improving their delivery through the CSSF. provided advice in support of key UK and NATO 9 - CSSF Annual Report 2019/20

exercises and pre-deployment training for UK troops As a result, at Fund level, a number of steps have joining the UN mission in South Sudan. been taken to improve integration and results on Women, Peace and Security, such as: Gender Equality • appointing an additional gender adviser to Working on gender within our peace and security the Joint Funds Unit to set objectives for the work means recognising and addressing the CSSF, monitor progress, provide guidance and differential impact of conflict on people based on coordinate with policy and programme colleagues their gender, as well as tackling gender inequality working on Women, Peace and Security across itself to prevent conflict and increase the prospects government for peace. The CSSF’s increasing commitment to the • ringfencing funding in 2020/21 portfolio Women, Peace and Security agenda reflects the UK allocations to support the implementation of, government’s understanding that its contributions to and sustained investment in, the UK National conflict prevention, peacebuilding and sustainable Action Plan on Women, Peace and Security in the development will be less effective without protecting government’s focus countries the rights of women and girls and securing their place • developing a gender strategy for the CSSF to at all levels of decision-making. The internal review clarify ambition and support monitoring and of the CSSF concluded that the Fund had missed learning. This will ensure the delivery of related opportunities to be more effective in this area by commitments and better understand the extent not sufficiently prioritising a gendered approach to to which programming integrates women’s rights, programming, or fully adopting the UK National Action participation and gender equality. Plan on Women, Peace and Security as part of its overarching objectives.

Women from civil society organisations in Eastern Europe and Central Asia attend a regional meeting on advancing women’s participation in peace processes in Istanbul, organised by UN Women and funded by CSSF. Credit UN Women/Gizem Senturk. CSSF Annual Report 2019/20 - 10

In-depth Case Study—Addressing Conflict There is already clear evidence of Sensitivity Risks in Tunisia the growing impact of the dedicated gender advisers currently operating Conflict sensitive programming in the Joint Funds Unit and in support requires the application of context of the Africa, Middle East and North analysis to inform the adaptation Africa, Eastern Europe and Central of interventions in order to Asia, and Western Balkans portfolios. minimise the negative and They have developed regional gender maximise the positive impacts of strategies for each portfolio to provide projects on drivers of conflict and instability. In-depth national a framework for integrating gender and regional analyses inform project design, and the ongoing within and across CSSF programmes. monitoring of risks guides implementation. In Tunisia, the UK They have also increased outreach aims to help strengthen the social contract between society and cooperation within and outside of and state by working at the local level to enable marginalised government on gender equality, provided communities to participate in local decision-making. This training and learning opportunities for is a critical issue in Tunisia because grievances linked to colleagues working on programmes, and public perceptions of corruption and weak or uneven service commissioned research and evidence provision can drive public unrest and recruitment into violent syntheses to support programme design. extremist groups. Critically, gender advisers have increased the visibility of gendered aspects of The CSSF Tunisia programme was sensitive to the risk that insecurity and the importance of the citizens and government officials would not have shared goals Women, Peace and Security agenda at and expectations for reform, potentially leading to citizen strategic and operational levels across frustration. They took a holistic approach to mitigating this government. risk, working both ‘top-down’ with elected representatives and government officials, and ‘bottom-up’ with civil society Conflict Sensitivity organisations. The CSSF Tunisia programme piloted the use of ‘citizen charters’ to bring civil society and government The Independent Commission for Aid together to develop shared processes for monitoring social Impact’s (ICAI’s) June 2019 synthesis services and preventing corruption. Citizen charters are a report recognised the progress the CSSF voluntary public commitment made by a service provider had made in thorough conflict sensitivity to improve the standards of quality, transparency and analysis. This achievement has required accountability and are an important tool allowing citizens to significant cross-government collaboration hold service providers accountable. to analyse contextual changes and adapt programmes appropriately. In 2019/20, To institutionalise cooperation between civil society and state the CSSF has further standardised the actors so that relationships endured beyond the project’s tools and processes it uses to implement timeframe, the project trained representatives from multiple projects, in order to improve programmes’ civil society organisations to both monitor the citizen charters ability to shift promptly as circumstances and sensitise citizens to the initiative. In parallel, national and evolve. For example, the conflict sensitivity local media campaigns enhanced the project’s facilitation of marker has been further developed into state-citizen engagement, transparency and participation. a self-assessment tool. This allows the This CSSF pilot is part of a wider support package to Tunisia, CSSF network to assess their existing which also includes programming on macro-economic reform, conflict sensitivity and identify tangible and improving the effectiveness of auditing. A survey on tax steps for improvement as their specific collection in five municipalities piloting citizen charters showed situation requires. This will ultimately a significant increase in municipal tax collection compared improve the programme’s ability to to previous years, with an approximately 387% increase achieve the outcomes they are working by December 2019, reflecting in part closer government- towards. community collaboration. Programme name: Tunisia programme Contributing Departments: Foreign & Commonwealth Office Total Spend 2019/20: £12.76m, 100% ODA 11 - CSSF Annual Report 2019/20

Transparency The CSSF is committed to increasing its transparency, working closely with the departments responsible for managing CSSF programmes. There is a presumption that information on all CSSF programmes will be published. However, given the sensitivity of some of the CSSF’s work, it is not always possible to publish information on every single programme. The two key reasons for this are to protect UK national security and to protect the safety and security of beneficiaries, partners and partner governments. In 2019/20, the CSSF published information on 95% of its programmes, an increase from 92% in 2018/19. The Non-Government Organisation Publish What You Fund published its assessment of UK government departments’ ODA transparency in January 2020. While the CSSF was not scored, the assessment listed a number of recommendations to improve the overall transparency rating of the Fund, including publishing more performance and evaluation documents as well as budget, contract and procurement information. The CSSF found the assessment provides useful learning points and continues to look for opportunities to improve its transparency. CSSF Annual Report 2019/20 - 12

National Security Objective 1—Protecting our People

The CSSF is unique in integrating ODA and non-ODA investigations. This proved pivotal in increasing funding with expertise from multiple government their ability to counter threats to Libya’s future and departments to protect our national security. This providing security information valuable for protecting provides the UK government with a tool that can react UK nationals. For example, the Libyan Criminal swiftly to emerging issues and provide an integrated Investigation Department used UK forensic training solution to combat extremism and terrorism at to provide vital bomb scene data that detailed the home and overseas; strengthen our ability to disrupt tactics and explosive devices being used by terrorist serious and organised crime (SOC); and increase our organisations. This helped UK agencies to better resilience against threats and hazards. This approach understand and prevent attacks. This cooperation has enabled CSSF programmes to continue to make included significant assistance to the Libyan Attorney a considerable contribution to the prevention and General’s office to improve the handling of counter management of global security threats to the UK, its terrorist investigations and has been crucial in people and our way of life, whether at home, in our supporting the extradition to the UK and subsequent Overseas Territories or abroad. conviction of a perpetrator of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing, who was subsequently convicted for Countering Terrorism and Violent his involvement in the attack. Extremism Terrorism and violent extremism poses a significant threat to the stability of countries across the world and the UK through the promotion of violence and glorification of terrorist attacks. The CSSF funds a range of counter terrorism activity, which aims to build the resilience of at risk individuals against the influence of terrorists in order to minimise threats to the UK. In Iraq for example, a Counter Terrorism Programme Fund (CTPF) project delivered training in pre-trial detention facilities, which raised awareness Laboratory capacity building: This system uses of the drivers of radicalisation in these facilities. microscopic technology to match recovered guns with The project also provided targeted interventions, bullet casings found at crime scenes, which can lead including education programmes, to those individuals to identifying other linked crimes and evidence being used in prosecutions. Credit: Royal Cayman Islands deemed at the greatest risk of radicalisation in order Police Service. to build their resilience against radicalising influence. The project was able to demonstrate the value of delivering tailored interventions with at risk individuals Serious and Organised Crime in pre-trial detention facilities, whilst also strengthening Organised criminal networks cost the UK at least £37 vital UK/Iraqi counter terrorism collaboration on billion3 a year and directly threaten UK prosperity and activities designed to prevent radicalisation. Learning foreign policy objectives overseas by undermining from this project has subsequently been used economic growth, development, governance and to inform the design of further activity to counter contributing to conflict, instability, terrorism and hybrid radicalisation risks, both in Iraq and in other CT priority warfare. The CSSF continues to play a significant countries across the global CSSF programme. role in enabling the UK’s response by supporting the coordination of cross-government delivery of the In Libya, the CTPF helps to build the capacity of 2018 Serious and Organised Crime strategy overseas. Libyan partner institutions through support for The UK, through the CSSF, works with partner the development of a Libyan counter terrorism governments to combat serious and organised crime strategy alongside training to build Libyan and go after organised crime groups, which often authorities’ capability to undertake counter terrorism

3 HMG Serious and Organised Crime Strategy https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/serious-and-organised-crime- strategy-2018 13 - CSSF Annual Report 2019/20

operate internationally across multiple jurisdictions. In areas. In the immediate aftermath, the CSSF provided 2019/20, the CSSF-funded SOC network (SOCNET)4 funding for the deployment of rapid relief efforts. has been successfully deployed across 18 regions, This allowed UK humanitarian experts to work undertaking in depth analysis to inform programming. with international partners to provide advice and In North Macedonia for example, HMRC worked assistance to local government agencies, NGOs and with the North Macedonia Custom’s Agency to those communities worst affected by the disaster. The provide them with the tools needed to improve their funding also enabled the Royal Fleet Auxiliary ship capacity to find, seize and disrupt illicit goods being RFA Mounts Bay to deliver supplies including water smuggled. As a result, a seizure of over 100kg of carriers, hygiene and shelter kits, military medical staff cannabis, firearms and ammunition was subsequently and machinery to assist in the recovery efforts. made. Working with the governments of Anguilla, In early 2020, Covid-19 threatened to overwhelm Bermuda, , Montserrat and Turks many of the UK’s Overseas Territories (OTs), due and Caicos Islands, the Overseas Territories CSSF to pressures on their health systems, associated Law Enforcement project has helped improve best economic effects and possible public order and practice and supported work to improve forensic security issues. The Overseas Territories portfolio capability. To date this has mapped over 254 bullets responded to this emerging priority and rapidly and 958 casings linked to incidents, supporting the reallocated £15 million from existing Overseas prosecution of six offenders for firearms offences. Territories programming to establish a Covid-19 In the year ending September 2019, there were programme. This focused on the procurement and over 5,400 arrests and 7,600 children safeguarded supply of essential Personal Protective Equipment, or protected in relation to Online Child Sexual testing machines, test kits, lab supplies, ventilators, Exploitation5 (OCSE) in the UK. Much of this abuse isolation facilities and qualified medical personnel. In occurs internationally with images recorded and addition, the CSSF supported the UK government’s distributed to offenders around the world. In 2020, immediate response to the emerging consular crisis CSSF funding has helped deliver the WeProtect caused by the pandemic. Through the RRM, the Global summit that provided a global platform for CSSF enabled prompt repatriation flights to return partner countries to understand and fight the impact stranded British Nationals to the UK from China, of CSE. Over 400 senior officials attended the summit Japan and Spain. (94 countries, 33 ministers) and messages from this summit reached five million users on social media. This summit has helped bring attention to the issue and has sparked greater co-operation between countries to calibrate the fight against CSE, bringing an additional 19 priority countries into the WeProtect Global Alliance (WPGA) to implement the Model National Response (MNR) to tackle OCSE.

Crisis Response The CSSF is responsible for the UK government’s non-ODA crisis response through the Rapid Response Mechanism (RRM). Through the RRM the CSSF can distribute funds quickly and drive an immediate cross-government response to emerging crises and threats. In August 2019, Hurricane Dorian inflicted severe damage on the islands of the Bahamas. Several hundred British Nationals lived in the worst affected

4 A cross-government overseas network (SOCnet), created in 2019, to complement the operational work of existing law enforcement networks by using all UK overt diplomatic, military, political and development levers within our overseas network to counter serious and organised crime. 5 https://nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/who-we-are/publications/437-national-strategic-assessment-of-serious-and-organised- crime-2020/file CSSF Annual Report 2019/20 - 14

In-depth Case Study—Organised Immigration Crime

The transnational nature of Organised Immigration Crime (OIC) means that collaboration with the UK’s allies is vital in tackling the threat it poses to national security. The CSSF has funded the development of a range of preventative and deterrent capabilities, such as the OIC Taskforce (OIC TF). Managed by the Home Office and led by the National Crime Agency, the OIC TF1 brings together cross-agency expertise to target the organised immigration crime threat to the UK, working in 17 countries in Europe, the Mediterranean region and further upstream, in countries such as Mali, Turkey and Ethiopia2. In 2019/20, the OIC TF continued its collaboration and capacity building with partners in key countries of transit and origin to bring perpetrators to justice. It delivered four of the top ten National Crime Agency investigations and 149 disruptions against the OIC threat, ranging from preventing clandestine entry to investigating illicit financial transactions and online activity carried out by OIC groups. Following the death in August 2019 of an Iranian migrant during an attempted crossing of the Channel by small boat, OIC TF officers provided intelligence to a French investigation. This led to the conviction of two men for people smuggling and manslaughter offences. In February 2020, OIC TF officers supported Greek authorities in intercepting a boat bound for Italy. It had no safety equipment and was carrying 19 migrants, including four children. This operation and subsequent investigation resulted in the arrest of eight suspected members of a people smuggling network. The OIC TF played a key role in the investigation in the UK’s response to the deaths of 39 Vietnamese migrants in a lorry in Essex in October 2019. The OIC TF supported the investigation into the incident through liaison with overseas partners, including France, Belgium, Ireland and Vietnam, including signing a new Memorandum of Understanding on combatting trafficking between Vietnam and the UK and support to establish the Vietnamese Trafficking in Persons hotline, in addition to enabling intelligence gathering and analysis. The CSSF has supported the UK’s response to Modern Slavery through the National Security Communications Team (NSCT) programme’s modern slavery campaign ‘Hiding in Plain Sight’. The campaign was adapted to deter other vulnerable people from engaging with human traffickers, risking a similar fate. The campaign targeted front line professionals and reached over 17 million people, resulting in a 30% increase in the number of calls made to the Modern Slavery Helpline. During the campaign, more than 400 potential victims were rescued from exploitative situations. This has resulted in an estimated £134 million in cost savings to the UK. Following the success of this campaign, and in response to the tragic Essex incident, NSCT has pivoted its work and developed an international Modern Slavery campaign, which aims to deter potential victims of forced labour from seeking risky employment abroad. Programme name: Organised Immigration Crime Taskforce (Project INVIGOR) Contributing Departments: Home Office (HO) (including Serious and Organised Crime Group, Immigration Enforcement and Border Force), National Crime Agency (NCA), Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) Total Spend 2019/20: £13.3 million, 29% ODA and 71% non-ODA

Programme name: National Security Communications Team Contributing Departments: (CO), Department for Digital, Culture Media and Sport (DCMS), Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO), Ministry of Defence (MoD) and Home Office (HO) Total Spend 2019/20: £2.6 million, 100% non-ODA

1 The OIC TF includes members from Immigration Enforcement, Border Force, police and the Crown Prosecution Service: https://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/what-we-do/crime-threats/organised-immigration-crime 2 The programme provided support in shaping the new Ethiopian Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants Proclamation (law), ensuring it is compatible with International/UN standards. 15 - CSSF Annual Report 2019/20

National Security Objective 2—Projecting our Global Influence

The CSSF enables the UK to work with allies and in African, Latin American and Caribbean states. partners to deliver government objectives, maximising CSSF funding has also supported the OPCW’s the impact of our engagement with other countries, investigations into the use of chemical weapons in improving the multilateral system’s ability to respond Syria. UK donations to OPCW Trust Funds have also to conflict and security threats, and strengthening encouraged other state donors to make significant global cooperation to uphold our shared values. CSSF contributions towards OPCW projects, including programmes help to develop new capabilities, lend the construction of a new Centre for Chemistry and technical support and convene expert stakeholders Technology. By building the OPCW’s own capacity and partners to reduce conflict, tackle transnational and increasing states’ capabilities to identify and crimes, and promote the rules based international respond to chemical threats, CSSF funding is playing system. a central role in the UK’s efforts to uphold the global ban on chemical weapons. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) Peacekeeping The UK supports the Organisation for the Prohibition The CSSF funds the UK’s mandatory and voluntary of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) through the CSSF. contributions to UN peacekeeping. This plays a critical The OPCW is responsible for implementing the global role in containing and reducing conflict worldwide. prohibition of chemical weapons, in accordance with The UK’s mandatory contribution, which covers the Chemical Weapons Convention. In 2019/20, CSSF roughly 5.8% of the total cost of the UN’s 13 active funding helped to build the capacity of countries peacekeeping missions, totalled £299.6 million in this in East and West Africa to enable them to respond reporting period. Of this £38.1 million was ODA eligible to chemical weapon attacks; and provided trained (further details included in Annex B). personnel in East Africa with Chemical, Biological, UK deployments to UN peacekeeping missions Radiological and Nuclear personal protective provide a visible demonstration of our commitment equipment. We have contributed to the establishment to international security, burden sharing alongside of a regional chemical protection capability, with traditional and new partners from around the globe. trained personnel delivering their own training with In 2019/20, the CSSF funded the deployment of continued mentoring. Additionally, we have funded nearly 600 peacekeepers and staff officers across training in support of laboratory capacity building

OPCW: UK expert leading a regional table top exercise in Kampala in 2018 CSSF Annual Report 2019/20 - 16

peacekeeping missions in Cyprus, Democratic kilometres of roads so local women can safely Republic of Congo, Libya, Mali, Somalia and South travel to collect food and water, which helped to Sudan. They supported and improved mission prevent instances of sexual violence along the route. planning and coordination, including on key issues Complementing this, UK troops provided self-defence such as peacekeeping-intelligence and gender classes to over 300 women in the UN Protection of mainstreaming. Civilian camp, along with training on women’s rights in collaboration with the UN Refugee Agency. UK In 2019, the largest UK-led peacekeeping operation, personnel also improved the lives of local people Operation Trenton in South Sudan, came to an by delivering a wide range of educational and end. Over four years, the UK had deployed 300 employment workshops, tutoring local civilians on personnel to the UN Mission in South Sudan focused the English language and computer lessons, as well on the construction and development of critical as practical skills such as carpentry and mechanics. infrastructure destroyed in the ongoing conflict. This The UK continues to work closely with the South highly successful deployment built two hospitals Sudanese Government, the UN and international and upgraded local infrastructure, including schools, partners to support the country as it addresses its prisons and bridges. UK personnel upgraded 16 security and development challenges.

In-depth Case Study—Overseas Territories: Protecting the World’s Oceans

UN Sustainable Development Goal 14: Life under that marine protection measures do Water recognises the important role the world’s not adversely affect the OTs’ economic oceans play in driving global systems, such as circumstances. The programme is on weather and climate. Their careful management is track to meet the target of protecting a key feature of a sustainable future. One specific over 4 million square kilometres of UK target, under SDG 14, is to protect at least 10% of waters by 2020. coastal and marine areas from detrimental economic The Blue Belt programme works closely with practices, by 2020. New targets for ocean protection other CSSF funded activity in the OTs, including are due to be agreed in 2021 (postponed from 2020), the Marine and Coastguard Agency’s work to with the UK calling for 30% of the world’s oceans improve pollution response capacity, and the UK to be protected by 2030 and leading an alliance Hydrographic Office’s work on seabed mapping. to secure this new target under the Convention on It also collaborates with other activities such as Biological Diversity. As custodians to the fifth largest the UK Government Joint Nature Conservation marine estate in the world, the UK and its Overseas Committee’s support for coral reef protection. Territories (OTs) have a responsibility to contribute to Other partners include leading NGOs, research and this target. It is doing so through the CSSF funded academic organisations, and marine technology Blue Belt programme, which aims to protect the OTs’ experts from around the world. In addition, the marine biodiversity. programme supports the OTs’ contribution to the Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are now in place work of international organisations such as Regional around South Georgia and the South Sandwich Fisheries Management Organisations. Islands, the British Indian Ocean Territory, St Helena, Programme name: Overseas Territories Maritime Ascension, Pitcairn and within the British Antarctic Governance and Environment programme Territory. Tristan da Cunha is due to announce marine protection measures in 2020. CSSF funding has Contributing Departments: Foreign & provided expertise, tools and capacity to ensure these Commonwealth Office, Department for International remote and biologically diverse areas are effectively Development, Maritime and Coastguard Agency, managed, monitored and covered by enforcement UK Hydrographic Office (UKHO), Department for measures. Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), OT Governments. The Blue Belt MPAs range from fully protected, no- Total Spend 2019/20: £12.2 million, 35% ODA and take MPAs, to multiple-use MPAs that allow a range 65% non-ODA of sustainably managed activities, while providing protection for the wider ecosystem. This ensures 17 - CSSF Annual Report 2019/20

UK Aid Objective—Protecting Global Peace, Security and Governance

Conflict and instability can create the conditions further reinforced by an allocation of £9.5 million from in which violent extremism can spread and that the federal government. This funding has supported provide safe havens for terrorists and criminals. This the increased use of bail and non-custodial sentences challenges the resilience of the values the UK seeks to for minor crimes. This in turn helps to concentrate protect and promote globally, such as representative resources on priorities such as tackling violent and political systems, open societies and economies and serious and organised crime and countering terrorism, effective oversight of the military. The CSSF seeks to all of which pose a threat to UK security. address conflict and instability by preventing violent conflict, reducing violence and the impact it has on civilians, and transitioning from violent conflict to sustainable peace. This is essential to the UK’s future security and prosperity.

The Truth Commission receiving information from Civil Society Organisations on victimising events that occurred in the framework of the armed conflict. Credit: The Truth Commission A Rule of Law ‘roadmap’ session in Pakistan. Credit: Adam Smith International (ASI). Reduce and Transition In 2019/20, the CSSF continued to support Prevent the Colombian Government and civil society to Establishing the rule of law across Pakistan is vital for implement the historic peace agreement that was enduring peace. The UK is committed to supporting signed with the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces Pakistan’s efforts to improve citizens’ trust and public of Colombia) in 2016. As with any peace process, confidence in the rule of law, especially among the the path out of conflict in Colombia has not been poorest and most vulnerable, including minorities, smooth, and levels of criminal violence in some women and girls. In order to deliver this, the CSSF parts of the country remain unacceptably high. The focuses on strengthening the criminal justice system Colombia Peace programme has adapted to these to ensure equal access to justice across the different challenges by delivering five pilot projects with the provinces of Pakistan. The Rule of Law programme Colombian National Police to improve community works with four provincial governments to develop policing and to adopt a peacebuilding approach, “Roadmaps” to set clear objectives, milestones and laying the foundation for a new three-year police targets for judicial reform, including support to key support programme. As a result of CSSF support, institutions within the criminal justice system. CSSF 3,500 survivors of the conflict have been able to funding, combined with UK political engagement, access transitional justice and 40,000 have received has secured dedicated federal government funding psychosocial support and reparation measures for provincial governments’ judicial reforms. For through the National Victims Unit. example, the Rule of Law programme’s advocacy and During the reporting period, the CSSF supported campaigning resulted in the Provincial Government the Colombian Government to address the illegal of Balochistan allocating £2.3 million to this activity, deforestation that has increased since the peace CSSF Annual Report 2019/20 - 18

A woman leader tends a nursery in a conflict- affected region in Colombia where CSSF supports sustainable alternatives to illicit economies Credit: Environments for Peace Programme

deal was signed. Land-grabbing, clearing land for that are of strategic environmental importance, illicit crops, extensive cattle herding, and illegal thereby helping to implement specific parts of the gold mining have contributed to a significant rise peace deal. The project is aligned with the UK- in the destruction of tropical forest, the majority of Colombia Partnership for Sustainable Growth on which is in conflict-affected areas. To address this, tackling climate change and will support the delivery the UK is using resources from both the CSSF and of ICF outcomes such as reduced emissions from International Climate Finance (ICF) to design an avoided deforestation, increased land use under integrated programme, recognising that many of the sustainable management, and transformational drivers of insecurity and deforestation are interlinked. change. The UK’s collaborative approach to working In an innovative new partnership, the CSSF has tested with Colombia on climate and security has been higher risk interventions that ICF will then take over nominated for a award. as part of the TEFOS programme6, a new £64 million investment to reduce deforestation in conflict affected, high deforestation areas of rural Colombia. This includes ambitious targets to reduce deforestation, supporting Colombian security and justice agencies to tackle environmental crime, promoting sustainable forest livelihoods and enterprises, and improving land systems and usage rights in conflict affected regions

6 TEFOS (Territorios Forestales Sostenibles) formerly ‘ForTREES for People’ aims to reduce deforestation in the areas of Colombia most acutely threatened by deforestation and affected by conflict. 19 - CSSF Annual Report 2019/20

Director of Public Prosecutions Mr. Noordin Haji launching the Kilifi Social Justice Centre in Kenya. Credit: HAKI Africa.

In-depth Case Study—Tackling Corruption in Kenya

Corruption robs the poorest, undermines governments, supports serious and organised crime, and is a major cause of instability. The CSSF works to counter corruption across the world, supporting governments to be more transparent, assisting with building host governments’ ability to prosecute crimes effectively and to strengthen citizen engagement to hold governments to account. In Kenya, the CSSF has supported this agenda in a number of ways. The East Africa Crime and Justice programme has funded UK support to the Kenyan Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions (ODPP) and implementing partner, HAKI Africa, to provide a platform for state and non-state actors to work together to enhance criminal justice accountability. The programme has implemented four key initiatives throughout the year, ensuring the sustainability of human rights protection for almost 7,000 people. For many of these people, particularly those in marginalised regions and communities, this has been the first time they have interacted with the police or courts. One of these initiatives is a network of Social Justice Centres which works to build a dialogue between communities, empowering communities to speak out against injustice in their local areas. The centres have assisted over 2,700 people in resolving local disputes, decongesting the courts as a result, and have improved the coordination between justice actors including civil society, police and the courts. Ultimately this programme works to empower citizens, supporting swifter more transparent justice. Alongside this effort the CSSF funding has strengthened the Kenyan Director of Public Prosecutions office to bolster anti-corruption investigations. CSSF-funded technical support and investigative assistance has led to the charging of high-level officials, with cases still ongoing in court. Programme name: East Africa Crime and Justice programme Contributing Departments: Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Department for International Development Total Spend 2019/20: £2.46 million, 100% ODA CSSF Annual Report 2019/20 - 20

UK Aid Objective—Strengthening Resilience and Response to Crises

The CSSF is a crucial instrument for the UK in collaboration with local authorities. In 2019, Halo government to continue supporting those threatened Trust, working with the Libyan Mine Action Centre by ongoing crises, including in Syria and across and local authorities, recruited and trained the first the Middle East and North Africa region. Through two mechanical clearance teams in Sirte. The teams the Fund, the UK is doing more to strengthen the check rubble from damaged and destroyed buildings resilience of fragile and conflict affected states in the for unexploded remnants of war and make it safe for face of disasters, unexpected shocks and climate partner organisations to gain safe access for basic change. service restoration. In 2019/20, 135,268 m² of land was cleared and released in Sirte, resulting in the first official land release completion report being granted in Libya. This is reducing risks to citizens and will improve safe access to homes, infrastructure and services for civilians in these areas.

Demonstration of safe demining techniques to representatives of the Libyan Ministry of Interior

Strengthening Resilience In Libya, the CSSF has delivered effective and agile A drug law presentation as part of the Saferworld cross-government programmes that support dispute Programme in Myanmar resolution and mine clearance, in order to support stability in Libya and to minimise the threat to the UK Responding to Growing Instability from terrorism and illegal migration. The UK plays an extensive role in supporting In Benghazi, Sirte and Tripoli, the CSSF is funding Myanmar’s transition towards a more peaceful, local and international mine action organisations to stable, democratic and pluralistic society. The CSSF deliver mine clearance and education projects to Myanmar programme is addressing the underlying ensure communities understand the risks of mines drivers of conflict, including through efforts to improve and are able to stay safer as a result. In 2019/20, in security and justice in communities, and improving Tripoli and surrounding areas, Free Fields Foundation collaboration between communities and state officials. delivered mine risk education to more than 2,000 Since 2018, Saferworld, funded by the CSSF, has beneficiaries and set up a hotline for the local worked with the local authorities in Karen National community to report the location of unexploded Union (KNU) and civil society organisations in Karen remnants of war so that they could be recorded, to improve security and justice and advocate for and teams deployed to respond. In Benghazi, Sirte systems to be more inclusive and accountable to and Tripoli, 622 explosive remnants of war were the needs of the community, specifically women, removed and destroyed by CSSF funded partners, young people and minorities. In 2019/20 the project 21 - CSSF Annual Report 2019/20

responded to new safety and security threats, including ‘drug awareness committee’ made up of community group those deriving from the production, trafficking and use of members and KNU officials. Initial workshops with the wider illicit drugs, including methamphetamine. In January 2020, community have drawn on expertise from Drug and Alcohol a township-level community security working group, which Recovery Education and the Karen Legal Assistance Centre. was formed with Saferworld’s support, brought together This represents an important start, enabled by CSSF funding, KNU officials (police, military, and civil service) and leaders to inter-departmental and people-centred responses to the from multiple relevant departments alongside civil society growing threat of illegal narcotics, started by communities organisations working on the issue of drug harm reduction. themselves. They agreed to begin awareness raising and formed a joint

Supporting young girls’ education in the Rahoob community by providing larger and more friendly classrooms. Credit: Mercy Corps. CSSF Annual Report 2019/20 - 22

In-depth Case Study—Responding to the Syria Refugee Crisis

The UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Filippo Grandi, has recognised Syria as the “biggest humanitarian and refugee crisis of our time.” The CSSF has played an integral part in strengthening Syria’s neighbouring countries to deal with the destabilising impact of the Syrian conflict. Approximately 80% of Syrian refugees in Jordan live outside of refugee camps. Since 2015, the CSSF has funded the Reducing Community Tensions and Strengthening Citizen- Government Dialogue project, delivered by Mercy Corps. The project aims to reduce competition and disputes over basic services such as water, healthcare and schools by building trust, interaction and cooperation between Jordanian host and Syrian refugee communities. The project strengthened local conflict management skills, increased opportunities for positive interactions between groups and used community- driven development approaches to improve local infrastructure. Over 700 community and youth leaders have been trained in peaceful negotiation skills and now work independently through a nationally recognised Community Leaders’ Network. This has resulted in 60 community-led infrastructure projects that have improved local health, education, transport and water services. These include building over 91 classrooms, 33 sports and 22 recreational facilities in locations most susceptible to inter- community conflict. Lebanon currently hosts the largest number of refugees per capita of any country in the world, including 1.5 million from Syria, with communities competing with one another for jobs, services and international aid, driving tension and conflict. The UK has supported the Lebanon Host Communities Support programme (LHSP) since 2014. The programme aims to reduce the risk of violent extremism and community-level conflict by addressing causes of tension among and between Lebanon host and Syrian refugee communities. It improves the quality and delivery of basic services, enhances local economic development and job creation, and supports peacebuilding mechanisms and activities. The CSSF has funded small infrastructure projects that provide jobs and services for Lebanese and refugee communities and complements this with peacebuilding activities, such as inclusive community-level planning mechanisms, dispute resolution training, school-level conflict prevention and activities improving the relationship between the municipal police and vulnerable populations. The LHSP has reached over one million beneficiaries and one in five local areas across Lebanon, contributing to the resilience of social stability in Lebanon. The programme has also leveraged a further ~£60 million from other donors, including the US, Germany, Italy and Norway. Programme name: Jordan Political Stability programme Contributing Departments: Department for International Development and Foreign & Commonwealth Office Total Spend 2019/20: £11.79 million, 100% ODA

Programme name: Lebanon Community Stability programme Contributing Departments: Department for International Development and Foreign & Commonwealth Office Total Spend 2019/20: £9.29 million, 100% ODA 23 - CSSF Annual Report 2019/20

UK Aid Objective—Tackling Extreme Poverty and Helping the World’s Most Vulnerable

Poverty, inequality and violent conflict are trials, and on how to enforce compensation orders. interconnected. The World Bank estimates that by In August 2019, the UN Committee Against Torture 2030 two thirds of the extremely poor will live in issued a ground-breaking judgement, requiring the conflict-affected states. The UK is striving to eliminate government to compensate a survivor who was extreme poverty by 2030 and to support the world’s raped by a soldier during the war and to provide her poorest people to ensure that every person has with free medical and psychosocial support. TRIAL access to basic needs, including prioritising the rights International filed the petition against Bosnia and of girls and women. Conflict, violence and insecurity Herzegovina to the UN Committee Against Torture exacerbate gender inequality, manifesting in the on her behalf. The ruling also states that Bosnia and specific vulnerabilities and experiences of women Herzegovina must establish an effective reparation and girls in conflict settings. Gender inequalities can scheme at the national level to provide all forms of also enable and perpetuate conflict and violence. redress to victims of war crimes—including sexual The CSSF is committed to addressing the causes violence. The project is resulting in an increase in the of such vulnerabilities, such as women’s exclusion number of court cases granting compensation to from decision-making and leadership, to help prevent survivors of sexual violence, addressing injustices and violence and increase prospects for peace. This will consequences of the war that are still being felt today. help build security, stability and opportunity that will benefit the UK and wider world. Supporting Women’s Leadership The CSSF Commonwealth 18-20 Fund Fairness programme supported women’s leadership in conflict resolution through the Women Mediators across the Commonwealth project. The project enabled more women to lead, influence or be meaningfully involved in peace processes, from grassroots peacebuilding initiatives to international level. In Garissa County in Kenya, which has a long history of ethnic violence and conflict related to resource allocation and extremism, the CSSF funded confidence building and skills training for mediation, conflict resolution and negotiation for 21 women who work in local First peer-to-peer meeting held in October peace committees. As a result, the women have 2020 in Travnik, helping war crimes survivors to used innovative approaches to foster collaboration exercise their right to compensation in criminal proceedings. Credit: TRIAL International. and communication between warring communities and have prevented the escalation of disputes, for example, between farmers and pastoralists. The Preventing Sexual Violence in Conflict women trained as mediators are keen to ensure The CSSF is helping improve access to justice, a legacy remains. They have formed the Garissa including for survivors of conflict-related sexual Township Women Peace Movement, which supports violence (CRSV) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. women mediators from different sub-counties to work Partnering with TRIAL International, a CSSF project together, share ideas and mentor each other. In doing is providing survivors of CRSV with strategic legal so they will take a lead in creating safer, more equal assistance in order to support their cases being heard communities. by international bodies responsible for compensation and reparation measures. In addition, 60 judges, prosecutors and witness support staff have been trained on challenging and decreasing stigma and stereotyping of survivors during investigations and CSSF Annual Report 2019/20 - 24

Support to Refugees, Vulnerable refugee law. This has included improving officials’ Migrants, and Internally Displaced technical knowledge in responding to refugees’ Persons registration challenges. The programme has provided In Egypt, the CSSF provides vulnerable migrants and legal, psychological and medical aid to 11,512 refugees with basic services, including registration, refugees, of whom 56% were women. It has provided access to education, health, psychosocial support, immediate support to survivors of sexual violence and livelihood support and cash assistance. It also refugees coming to Egypt with families that are not addresses drivers of community tension and onward registered, then supporting them with an emergency migration by enabling Syrian refugees, alongside registration and cash assistance to meet their basic Egyptian host community members aged 18 to 35, needs. particularly women, to benefit from entrepreneurial training. To support registration for Egypt’s estimated 260,000 refugees, and with it their ability to access basic services, our partners work with both communities and the government. The outcomes have included enhancing the capacity of officials from the Ministry of Justice and other relevant ministries to understand international humanitarian law and how to link Human Rights’ conventions to the law, UNHCR mandate and

Providing education, health, psychosocial and livelihood support for vulnerable migrants in Egypt. Credit: St Andrews Refugee Services. 25 - CSSF Annual Report 2019/20

A woman with her child is one of the victims of gender-based violence finding refuge in a CSSF-funded shelter in Transnistria, a breakaway territory in Moldova. Credit: Center “Resonance”.

In-depth Case Study—Women, Peace and Security in the Eastern Neighbourhood

The CSSF Eastern Neighbourhood Programme is helping to build resilience and reduce the vulnerabilities caused by protracted conflicts in the South Caucasus and in Moldova. This includes addressing the impacts of conflict on women from affected communities and to ensure that at all levels, women’s voices and perspectives can be heard and integrated into local and national decision-making. In Georgia, a partnership with UN Women works with local actors to create networks to support and empower vulnerable women to engage in local decision-making and peace processes. In the first year of the project, 90 women gained the skills and support to help them to advocate for their needs, using those skills to participate for the first time in planning and budgetary meetings of their local authorities, as well as in the formal mechanisms of the Georgian peace processes. Following a request from the UK’s Special Defence Adviser, Georgia’s First Deputy Defence Minister agreed to champion this programme within the Georgian Ministry of Defence. In Moldova, the CSSF supports the International Organisation for Migration to address gender-based violence (GBV) in Transnistria, a breakaway territory in Moldova, where access to support for survivors and actors differs across the conflict dividing line. Working with local partners, the project is funding the first shelter for survivors of gender-based violence. It provides an opportunity to overcome barriers to cooperation and works to help raise awareness and develop solutions for greater local ownership and professionalism in tackling GBV. The approach is working. In the first year of the project, the de facto authorities have committed to strengthening existing legislation, by criminalising GBV. Training for de facto law enforcement has resulted in new procedures leading to the first ever formal referrals to the shelter. This represents a significant step forward in enabling collective efforts to empower women in conflict affected societies. Programme name: Eastern Partnership Contributing Departments: Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Department for International Development and Ministry of Defence Total Spend 2019/20: £4.77m, 92% ODA and 8% non-ODA CSSF Annual Report 2019/20 - 26

Annex A: CSSF Spend

For financial year 2019/20 total CSSF spend was Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs £1,234.3 million on a cross-government allocation (DEFRA) 100%, Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) of £1,266.2 million (97.5%). This is subject to final 100%, HM Treasury (HMT) 100%, Department for departmental audits. International Development (DFID) 99%, National Crime Agency (NCA) 99%, Home Office (HO) 97%, Foreign Figure 1 & Commonwealth Office (FCO) 96%, Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC) 94%, Department for FY 19/20 Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) 80% Spend: £1,234.3 million Alllocation: £1,266.2 million Figure 3: Proportion of CSSF spend by HMG Department/Agency

Figure 2: Total 2017/18 CSSF spend by FCO 63.2% HMG Department MOD 19.3%

Department Spend DFID 8.3% FCO £779.9m HO 3.1% MOD £ 237.9 m HMT 2.8% DFID £102.8m NCA 1.3% HO £38.8m DEFRA 0.8% HMT £34.0m CO 0.3% NCA £16.5m UKHO 0.2% DEFRA £9.8m CO £3.4m DHSC 0.2% UKHO £2.9m CPS 0.2% DHSC £2.2m MCA 0.2% CPS £2.0m HMRC 0.1% MCA £2.0m Other 0.04% HMRC £1.5m Other (BEIS) £0.6m 2. Regional and Cross-Regional Thematic The total CSSF 2019/20 spend of £1,234.3 million can Spend be split by: The Middle East and North Africa region remains the largest and most complex geographical region. 1. HMG Department/Agency Corporate Delivery Support includes the Joint Funds Unit (JFU), Stabilisation Unit (SU) and Monitoring In 2019/20 the largest spender of CSSF funding was Evaluation and Learning (MEL). the FCO, in large part, due to the Peacekeeping contributions (£376.4 million) of which £81.3 million was ODA (21.6%). Final spend on Departmental Baselines was: Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) 108%, Department for Transport (DFT) 102%, UK Hydrographic Office (UKHO) 101%, Ministry of Defence (MOD) 100%, Cabinet Office (CO) 100%, 27 - CSSF Annual Report 2019/20

Figure 4: 2019/20 CSSF spend by regional, cross Figure 5: Proportion of 2019/20 CSSF spend by regional and non-discretionary theme regional, cross regional and non-discretionary Theme Spend theme Peacekeeping £376.4m Theme Proportion of spend MOD Ring-fences £182.6m Peacekeeping 30.5% Middle East and North Africa £141.1m MOD Ring-fences 14.8% South Asia £102.5m Middle East and 11.4% Sub-Saharan Africa £91.5m North Africa Eastern Europe and Central Asia £49.6m South Asia 8.3% Overseas Territories £41.3m Sub-Saharan 7.4% Counter Terrorism Programme Fund £37.0 m Africa Eastern Europe Good Governance Fund £36.8m 4.0% and Central Asia Commonwealth 18-20 Fund £36.7m Overseas 3.3% Western Balkans £34.6m Territories Multilateral Strategy £22.5m Counter Terrorism 3.0% Migration £21.5m Programme Fund Good Americas £19.4m 3.0% Governance Fund Corporate Delivery Support £16.1m Commonwealth Asia Pacific £12.0m 3.0% 18-20 Fund Serious and Organised Crime £10.1m Western Balkans 2.8% National Security Communications £2.6m Multilateral Strategy 1.8% Migration 1.7% Americas 1.6% Corporate 1.3% Delivery Support Asia Pacific 1.0% Serious and 0.8% Organised Crime National Security 0.2% Communications

3. ODA/Non-ODA The 2019/20 total spend was split by £600.2 million of ODA and £634 million of non-ODA. A breakdown of calendar year 2018 CSSF ODA spend by Department can be found in the Statistics on International Development report. Provisional 2019 ODA spend data is published on Gov.uk. CSSF Annual Report 2019/20 - 28

Figure 6 Figure 7: Total CSSF 2019/20 ODA Spend - £600.2 million by region, cross-regional, and non- discretionary theme Theme Spend Middle East and North Africa £129.0m South Asia £87. 2m Peacekeeping £81.3m Sub-Saharan Africa £61.3m Good Governance Fund £36.8m Commonwealth 18-20 Fund £36.7m Western Balkans £30.4m Eastern Europe and Central Asia £ 27.6 m Counter Terrorism £24.2m Multilateral Strategy £21.5m Americas £18.0m Corporate Delivery Support £16.1m 51.4% 48.6% Migration £13.1m Non ODA ODA Serious and Organised Crime £6.8m Overseas Territories £5.6m Asia Pacific £4.6m Official Development Assistance CSSF achieved 82% spend against the 85% ODA spending target by 31 December 2019. This contributed to the UK’s commitment to spend 0.7% of GNI on aid. The top 5 recipients of ODA were: 1) Afghanistan...... £57.7m 2) Pakistan...... £22.6m 3) Iraq...... £22.3m 4) Lebanon...... £19.0m 5) Somalia...... £16.8m 29 - CSSF Annual Report 2019/20

4. Discretionary/Non-Discretionary Figure 8: Total CSSF 2019/20 Non-ODA spend - Conditions were applied to the 2015 Spending Review £634 million, by region, cross-regional and non- settlement which are treated as non-discretionary discretionary theme spend. These included continued funding of Theme Spend peacekeeping activities, the Deployed Military Activity Peacekeeping £295.1m Pool (DMAP) and military operations in Afghanistan (Op Toral). In addition to the above ring-fences, £182.6m MOD Ringfences non-discretionary spend also included political Overseas Territories £35.6m commitments for UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus Sub-Saharan Africa £30.2m (UNFICYP) and UN Ops Africa. Eastern Europe and Central Asia £22.0m Of the total CSSF 2019/20 spend of £1234.3 million, South Asia £15.3m £559 million (45%) was non-discretionary. This included: Counter Terrorism £12.7m Middle East and North Africa £12.0m Assessed Peacekeeping contributions (£376.4 m); Migration £8.4m Operational funds for the MOD (£182.6m) Asia Pacific £7.4m A breakdown of these figures is included in Annex C. Western Balkans £4.2m The remaining CSSF spend was discretionary Serious and Organised Crime £3.3m programmes (55%). Of this, the majority was ODA Strategic Communications £2.6m (77%). Americas £1.3m Multilateral Strategy £1.0m

Non-ODA The top 5 country recipients of non-ODA were: 1) Overseas Territories... £41.0m 2) Somalia...... £14.5m 3) Afghanistan...... £13.9m 4) Nigeria...... £9.4m 5) Lebanon...... £6.8m CSSF Annual Report 2019/20 - 30

Annex B: CSSF Non-Discretionary Spend Breakdown UN Peacekeeping and Other Multilateral Contributions Spend £m ODA £m Non-ODA £m United Nations Organisation Stabilisation Mission in the Democratic 49.3 7.3 42 Republic of Congo (MONUSCO)

United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) 57.4 7.7 49.7

United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in 55.6 7.8 47.8 Mali (MINUSMA) United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in 42 5.8 36.2 the Central African Republic (MINUSCA)

United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) 24.6 3.5 21.1

United Nations Support Office in Somalia (UNSOS) 27 0 27

United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) 22.7 3.2 19.5

United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) 12.4 1.7 10.7

United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti (MINUJUSTH) 3.2 0.5 2.7

United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) 3.2 0 3.2

United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara 2.5 0.4 2.1 (MINURSO)

United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) 1.6 0.2 1.4

United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) 1.3 0 1.3

UN Peacekeeping Credits -3.2 0 -3.2

Sub Total: 299.6 38.1 261.5

UN Special Political Missions 23.2 4.2 19

UN Tribunals 3.4 0 3.4

International Criminal Court 10.3 0 10.3

EU Civilian Common Security and Defence Policy Missions 34 27.5 6.5

EU Military Common Security and Defence Policy Missions 8.3 0 8.3

Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe Field 14.9 11.5 3.4 Missions

NATO Kosovo Force (KFOR) 2 0 2

Total: 395.7 81.3 314.4 Foreign Exchange Adjustment (gains and losses on advance -19.5 0 0 purchases of foreign currency)

TOTAL Peacekeeping Budget 376.2 81.3 314.4 31 - CSSF Annual Report 2019/20

MOD Operations £m Afghan Security (Op TORAL) £103.3 Op TORAL is the UK’s contribution to security in Afghanistan as part of NATO’s Resolute Support mission. Deployed Military Activity Pool (DMAP) £50.0 The DMAP is a joint HM Treasury and MOD initiative to fund initial costs of unforeseen military activity. In 2019/20 the fund met the net additional costs of elements of Baltic Air policing, emerging CT operations and counter-Daesh operations. UN Ops Africa (Op TRENTON and Op NEWCOMBE) £11.1 Op TRENTON was the UK’s troop deployment to the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). It consisted of an Engineer Task Force, medical facility and force protection personnel. Op NEWCOMBE is the UK’s troop deployment to the UN’s peacekeeping mission in Mali (MINUSMA) that starts in late 2020. The Op NEWCOMBE deployment will involve up to 300 personnel. It will improve the mission’s performance through a new and high-end capability (recce), providing better situational awareness and intelligence-led planning. Through effective operations and good practice, we will build the UK’s credibility and influence as a key P5 member in the UN. We will uphold international peace and security as well as having a lasting positive impact on security in Mali. UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (Op TOSCA) £18.1 Op TOSCA is the UK’s longstanding presence at the UN Mission in Cyprus that is responsible for maintaining peace and stability in a 180km buffer zone. Total 100% non-ODA £182.5 CSSF Annual Report 2019/20 - 32

Annex C: CSSF Governance

The CSSF’s Senior Responsible Owner is the Deputy • A Programme Document: National Security Adviser (DNSA) David Quarrey. The This sets out why the UK is engaging, what Minister accountable to Parliament for the CSSF is the strategic objectives the programme supports, Paymaster General, The Rt Hon Penny Mordaunt MP. what the programme will deliver and how, including commercial procurement plans and The day-to-day oversight and management of the monitoring and evaluation arrangements, and the CSSF is provided by the Joint Funds Unit (JFU). resources needed. The JFU ensures that the Fund drives and delivers a whole-of-Government approach to Ministerial • Programme Results Frameworks and Risk priorities whilst yielding value for money. It also Registers: sets the operating framework that underpins CSSF These set out exactly what a programme expects programme design and delivery and ensures that to deliver, what results it will contribute to and by strategic concerns relating to risk, impact or financial when, and the risks Senior Responsible Owners management are appropriately managed. will monitor and seek to mitigate. Programmes are organised into geographic or The JFU, with support from the Stabilisation Unit, thematic Portfolios7 and must demonstrate that provides extensive support on programme design and they align to Ministerial strategic priorities. In 2019, management to the CSSF network. This is facilitated the DNSA commissioned an internal review of the by JFU advisors with specific expertise in programme Fund which concluded the CSSF should continue management, monitoring and evaluation, gender, to address conflict and stability including on the conflict, governance and security. The support intersection with terrorism and serious and organised provided includes training, guidance and technical crime. assistance. The JFU places strong emphasis on lesson learning and sharing of best practice to ensure Each Portfolio is overseen by a Senior Responsible the continuous improvement of CSSF programmes. Owner (SRO). These are FCO geographical Directors for geographic portfolios, and the Director with the Programme design, delivery and oversight appropriate policy lead for the thematic portfolios. Portfolio SROs are accountable to the DNSA for their The design of CSSF programmes is informed by portfolio’s impact, risk management and financial evidence and analysis, technical expertise and performance. All spend must also comply with engagement with programme stakeholders and departmental guidance and each portfolio SRO is beneficiaries. The JFU manages a Global Monitoring, responsible for ensuring that the respective processes Evaluation and Learning (GMEL) contract to facilitate are adhered to. cross-Fund learning and provide evidence to inform decision making within the Fund. At the heart of Heads of Mission at overseas diplomatic posts are each programme’s design is a ‘Theory of Change’ accountable for managing CSSF programmes in their (ToC), which is regularly reviewed and updated as respective countries, overseeing delivery, spend, and programmes learn and adapt, and as new evidence local risk and escalating to the relevant Portfolio SRO emerges. when required. In order to progress from design to delivery, every During delivery, all CSSF programmes are subject CSSF programme must secure appropriate approval to Annual Reviews, which explore the extent to in line with CSSF and departmental levels of which the programme has realised its ambitions and delegated authority through: delivered results in any given year. The reviews also look at how programme teams manage commercial partnerships, their budgets and deliver value for money, as well as considering how the teams have assessed risk, conflict sensitivity, gender sensitivity

7 CSSF Portfolio Boards: Africa, Americas, Commonwealth, Counter Terrorism Programme Fund, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Middle East and North Africa, Migration, Multilateral Strategy, National Security Communications, Overseas Territories, Serious and Organised Crime, South Asia, South East Asia and Western Balkans 33 - CSSF Annual Report 2019/20

and changing contexts. Some programmes also For 2019/20, CSSF programme teams had to develop undertake additional third-party monitoring and bids that demonstrated how well the programmes fit evaluation. with top UK national security objectives, as well as the programme’s ability to deliver results and comply with Working in high-risk environments CSSF programme management standards. The CSSF works in challenging operating With support from the Stabilisation Unit, JFU technical environments, which requires the UK government and programme management experts assessed the to maintain a high-risk appetite. CSSF teams are bids, which were then moderated across the CSSF required to identify, monitor and, as far as possible, portfolio. The outcome of this exercise was shared mitigate the risks associated with their programmes to with the DNSA who challenged all Portfolio leads ensure they “do no harm” and represent good value to examine their programmes and ensure that their for money. They must also consider how risks might portfolios reflected current National Security Council differ for women and men, boys and girls and more priorities and were able to flex to respond to emerging generally, for staff implementing the programmes. opportunities and evolving political direction. Portfolio Boards are required to review programme Members of the National Security Council provided and portfolio risks on a regular basis, noting any final approval of CSSF portfolio allocations in writing. residual risk remaining after mitigating actions have Allocations were awarded to Portfolio Boards, with been taken. individual departments accountable for the funding Decisions about how much risk is tolerable within on their departmental baselines. Portfolio Boards different parts of the CSSF portfolio are delegated report quarterly to the JFU on spend, highlighting any to Portfolio Boards and are based on the context, risks, concerns and lessons learned on programme or strategic priority, value and potential positive impact country performance. of programmes. Where residual risk in a programme During the year, portfolio teams shifted funding or portfolio remains very high, risk management between programmes where the operating context decisions are escalated to Ministers. changed rapidly in year, where programmes were For all security and justice programmes, Overseas performing particularly well and could achieve Security and Justice Assessments (OSJAs) are an more with additional funding, or where there was a additional risk management process to assess human substantial change to the UK’s strategic objectives. rights risks, identify any mitigating actions and outline All portfolio budgets were adjusted during the any residual risk. Portfolio Boards and programme allocations process in 2019/20. The portfolios which teams in country are responsible for ensuring that saw the greatest changes from 2018/19 to 2019/20 OSJAs are in place for all programmes before were the: activities start. They should be reviewed at least annually, for extensions or changes to programme • CSSF Serious and Organised Crime programme, design and delivery, and when there has been a where the budget increased from £1.3 million to substantial change in the circumstances where a £15 million due to increased government priority programme is operating. OSJAs and their reviews can • South East Asia programme, where the budget result in activity being redesigned, paused or stopped, increased from £3.1 million to £5.4 million to for example, where environments have changed support the UK response to the Rohingya crisis to such an extent that the risk threshold has been • Western Balkans portfolio, which saw a significant exceeded. increase of £15.5 million in order to respond to increasing national security priorities in their Budget allocations areas. The majority of the CSSF’s programmes are multi- Of the portfolios continuing from 2018/19 to 2019/20, year, although the CSSF reviews its spending through less than half saw budgetary changes of 15% or less. an annual budget allocation ‘re-profiling’ process. HM Treasury requires a comprehensive review of the CSSF each year to ensure that funds are allocated to the highest strategic priorities and deliver value for money. CSSF Annual Report 2019/20 - 34

Portfolio Budget Changes 2018/19 to 2019/20 NSC allocation NSC allocation Portfolio 18/19 £m 19/20 £m

Serious and Organised Crime 1.3 15

South East Asia 3.1 5.4

Western Balkans 28 43.5

Eastern Europe and Central Asia 44.4 51.9

Middle East and North Africa 207.6 177.3

Overseas Territories 49.5 56.7

Multilateral Strategy 19.8 22.6

Good Governance Fund 33 35.9

Africa 92.8 94.9

South Asia 110.8 107.3

Migration 28.5 27.5

Counter Terrorism Programme Fund 27.5 25.9

Commonwealth 39.5 36.3

Americas 17.4 12.1

National Security Communications 4 2.5

Foreign and Commonwealth Office, King Charles Street, London SW1A 2AH

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