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Principii De Istoria Limbii.Pdf V. _-.,:-" - r _ ..." 74-4- 5 . c o fh -,1' ° z.- '7- R, . r. '° ..3 -4° , ,P :--t9j-9 -e --F.= ,_-,=--.1.-_,,,- .,-. =. ., ---F.=..._-,=`--.1.-_,,,--.,-.- -; o 6 --- o fr. _ - r ° 4 ° - r r n ==a ° f - -v f..-- 9, t ,'.. '4 - , ° . g , er- . ISTORIA LIMBIIROMINE DE ALEXANDRII PHILIPPIDE PRINCIPII DE ISTORIA LIMBII IAI Libräria Fratil §araga. A aptout si se aflA de vinzare la librAria FratiI $araga IasI, precum sila toate librkiile principale din WA, URICARULTHEODOR CODRESOU, sau cole.eriune de diferite acte fi, hrisoave,ce potservi la IstoriaRominilor, in 25 volume dinpreunAcu o MEDALIE DE BRONZ de 50 mm. balutUt cu ocaziunea jubileuluIfinirelvolu- inuluI 25. Pretul tie-efirni volum lei S. Toate 25 volume dimprennii en o medalie lei 175. ser Tot1 acelceposed volumergslete "VS si vor ail complecta acest op important, cumparind ne- grefit 0 volumele 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, nepuse pinti acum in vinzare vor capata gratis simedalla comemorativii. ISTORIA LIgli RHINE, ISTORIA LIAIBIi RONNE DE ALEXANDRU PHILIPPIDE VOLUMUL iNTIIII PRINCIPII DE ISTORIA LIMBIL I.A4T TIPOGRAFIA NATIONAL& 11 STEAD& ALEXANDILI 11 1894. AUTO VO 96Z ANUL.1 CiTRÄ CETITOR, Pentru cArti de soiulcelei de fati. se gasesc putini lectorl in tara noastra.Citiva prietim o* cumpara daca n-o primesc cumva gratispentru aducere aminte.Oliva oameni de profesie o intrebuinteazi, pentru consultat la in- dice oil o risfoesc ca vadit numelei operele citate. 'Rail o citescdin scoarta in scoarta.Fiind astfel, daca autorul se ingrijeste de sine insuS, tine socotealit de acest cerc strimt,i cind nu-1 tamiiazit chiar cu cite un »o per- spectiva grandioasa, 'llenita a lisa in umbra toate incer- carile lexicale anterioare, s-a deschis fllologici romine in... cind supt auspiciile lul X a luat Y asupra-sa imbratosa intr-o vasta sinteza, etc.,ori »autorul operel cutare si al operei cutare, initiatorul studiilor cutare, cel ce a lasat pe toate terenurile vastei sale activitati urmele unei puternice originalitati unita cu o incomparabila cunostinti, a izvoa- relor, era cai chemat a intreprinde executiaopere' cu- tare c, cind, zic,nu-1 tAmîiazcu asemenea lucrurl,is stringe macar capul supt test, ca broasca, í 'Aseste cu ba- gare de sama, caci in carti si reviste si ziare abordabile masel celd marl a opiniel publice, acolo el poate li strivit de vreunul din favoritil circuluI. Acolo atleti iubitii aplau- dati vor striga despre el, cel cu minele legate zvirlit pradi fiarelor, »idiotul cela are artag de nebuni vrea si mi inghitti, Intreg de vifti dintr-o singura inbucittura4, saA »prostul cela are trebuinta de zeci de am. casi poata pri- cepe lucrurile pe care tot eircul le stie pe de rost.c Decit, ce folos sa umbli prin aceastg, lume cu ctilusul In gura 4e frica unor oamen1 tot asa de slabi ca si tine ? Nu-i de ajuns cg, ne temem la tot pasul de fulgerelece- rului sa nu ne trasneasca, de ape sä nu ne mece, de fo- am sa nu ne arda, de boli sa nu ne omoare? Macar atita mingiere sa avem si noi, ca un gind care ne-a venit, avere de D-zat noua data si de noi nedespartita, 0,-1 aratam ca- rat si altora, nepatat de lingusire si de minciuna. Pentru aceia tinerilor neinglobati inc. in partidesi in secte, lor incbin aceastg. lucrare.Ef vor vide,ca ju- decatori far& partinire, ca probez tot ce spun si ca niciun rest de putere nu mi-a ramas pe care sa nu-1fiintrebu- intat pentru a 'produce ceva lor profitabil. lull, August 1894. Alexandra Philippide. Cuprinsul volumuluT Tait, pagina Introducere la intreaga opera . IV Principil de istoria limbh . .. 1-307 I. Limba intr-un moment dat, uzul, limba comuna 1 10 Cauzele care provoaca schimbarea vorbirii ocazi- onale . 10-272 a) Principiul comoditatil . 11-169 II. Privire generala asupra cauzelor.Alune- . ... carea sunetului 10 42 III. Alunecarea intalesulut . 42 52 IV. Analogia. 52 81 V. Contaminatia. 81 84 VI. Crearea imediatit . 81 88 VII.Izolarea. 88-120 VIII. Discordanta intre membrele psihologicesi cele gramaticale ale propozitiel 120 135 IX. Ritmul. 135139 X. Metateza. 139141 XL Amestecul vorbirilor. 141-169 b) Ptincipiul clarificarit. 169-233 XII.Lamurirea psihica a cunostintilor 169-209 XIII. Diferentiarea cuvintelor . 209.233 c) Principiul legiuiril . 233-272 XIV. Legiuirea in general . 233-237 XV. Limba scrisa . 237-272 Con cluzie . 272-307 Indice de materii 308310 Indice de exemple . 310-342 Explicarea scurtarilor 342-344 Greseh . 315-346. INTRODUCERE. 1)Istoria unei limbf insamna, la ideal, cunoasterea exacta a tuturor faptelor limbistice (sunete, cuvinte, intale- surile cuvintelor), cite ad avut loe intr-o scurgere oare-care de timp la tot1 indivizii, 641 au trait in acet timp. Ni s-ar prezenta limba atunci ca o pinza, in care fiecare fir, fiecare celuld dintr-un fir ni-ar fi cunoscutd. O aseminea istorie a limbif este imposibila, tot asa dupd, cum imposibila este is- torisirea prea fide% a ori cam soiu de fenomene, mal in- tiiA clin cauza imensitatii lucruluf, care ar trebui sa fie ob- servati stapinit de mintea noastra, apoi din cauza nece- sitatif, in care se gaseste aceasta din urmak de a fugi ne- contenit dela individ la ideet dela special la general. Chiar chid ar pute materialul sá stea tot intins inaintea ar refuza mintea sa.-1 cuprinda tot si in nemasurata multime a aparitiilor individuale, din care el este compus, s-ar forma ideile contra vointif noastre i farátirea noas- ca rezumate ale und experiente prea bogate pentru a pute fi toata pastratai priceputd, de judecata omeneasca. Dar cu atit mal mult generalizareai multamirea cu o a- proximativit cunostinta, istorica a faptelor trebue sit alba loe, cu cit aceste din urma, nu staA nemiscate, ci tree si se schim- ba in forme, pe care observatia nu le poate prinde, astfel cii din trecut nu ni Amin decit citeva urme serse on fixate intr-o palidá imagina din memorie, iar din prezent cunoas- tem numai ultimele reflexe ale acelei forte, care face di lu- crurile necontenit se transfoarma, on, mai bine zis, ca ele- mentele lor se pun necontenit in alte raporturi miele fata cu altele. 2)Vomfi nevoiti prin urmare sA amesteeAm stiintit in discutia noastrA i aceastA necesitate, in care ne gAsim fArtt voe, ne hotArAste planul, pe care trebue sA-1 urmtim in stu- diul nostra. DacA am putepentru ca sa presupunem imposibilul- sä urmtirim in mod curat istoric viata limbh rominesta de atunc], de cind pentru prima oar& (si insus acest moment cine ar indrAzni stt-1 hotitrascA ? Dar nol am presupus im- posibilul) s-a desfAcut din trunchiul limbii latinestl, am ur- mAri, individ en individ, manifestArile el si raporturile a- cestor manifestArI intre dinsele precumi Cu celelaltelu- au; en organele vocale adecti, cu psihicul, cu ceilalti oa- mein, cu celelalte corpun naturalei cu calitAtile lor de tot felul,si ni-am da socotealA de viata acestei linthi,astfel precum ea intr-adevAr a avut loe: am vide, ca intr-o oglin- dA, fermecAtoare, cel mal micti sunet, cea mai micit miscare, cel mai mic intAles si cele mai miei raportun de loe, de tip, de cauzA, de scop, si cite altele.AceastA defilare neintre- ruptA de sunete, de cuvinte, de intAlesun, de raporturI insA, ne-ar rAmine neint Al e as A, ea s-ar scurge ca o enigmti, pe care o citeste cineva fArti, de pute prinde intAlesul. Int &leg er e a, din punctul nostru de videre ominesc vorbind, are loe numal cind prin analogieraporturile se generalizeazAi ceia ce videm petrecinduse la individe pre- supunem ca trebue sit se petreacA la Met IntAlegerea nu poate ave loe fArA asa numitele legl, cu care se incearcit slaba minte omeneascA sA punA o stabilitate in nestabila fluctuatie a universului. In realitate se vor fi petrecind lu- crurile altfel, dar omul nu si le poate intelege decit r e g u- 1 a t,adectt ideile lor le inchipueste ca avind totdeauna acelas efect unele asupra altora : oncum se va fi conducind lumea intr-adevAr, omul trebue numai decit sA,-s inchipnia- sett cit electricitatea descompune totdeauna apa in elemen- tele sale, cA encare lucru greu cade, cA oricare foc frige, cä oricare e deschis latin se diftongheazA in romineste, ma- care& nu va fi obser#at (dupA cum intr-adevAr nici n-a ob- servat) decit prea putinA apA descompusA, prea putine fo- cun arzAtoare, etc. III Dad sintem nevoitI sa admitem idet in istoria limbh, slant prin urmat% nevoitl sa intitlegem, macarca ni-ar pare mai bine sa putem lasa la b parte aceasta asa numitit pri- cepere, care in realitate este numal o grabire a uneI mintt, pripitei poate ca o Insalaciune, sintem prin armare nevo- itsa generalizitm si nol raportun s'tsa, again legi.Tot mestesugul, in fata acesta filosofil fara voia noastrit, ar sta pe de o parte intr'o neobosita tendinta catra individ, atilt exempla, Intr-o neobositit rezerva fata en nazuintile catra o pripita generalizare si legificare, lar pe de alta In alege- rea printre raporturl a acelora care sint cele mal importante din toate, care se stabilesc adeca in mai mare Inman Dar la niste lucran,care se petrec intre doua, puncte In timp oarecare, niciun alt raport n-are loe mat des decit acel de cauzit si de efect.Se vor fi schimbind intr-adevar lucru- rile on nu, noult ele ne fac efectul and' schimban grit stir- sit. Ciad timpul in care le consideri este mal scurt, schim- barea nu este asa de batatoare la ochl i alatun cu raportul de cam& o multime altele, precum local, timpul, scopul, etc.
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