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Gendering Men: Masculinities and Demographic Change in Contemporary Italy By Maya D. Judd B.A., University of California at Berkeley, 1999 B.A., University of Padua, Italy, 2003 M.A., Brown University, 2006 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology at Brown University Providence, Rhode Island May 2010 © Copyright 2010 by Maya D. Judd This dissertation by Maya D. Judd is accepted in its present form by the Department of Anthropology as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date_____________ _________________________________ David I. Kertzer, Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date_____________ _________________________________ Marida Hollos, Reader Date_____________ _________________________________ Jennifer Johnson-Hanks, Reader Date_____________ _________________________________ Daniel J. Smith, Reader Date_____________ _________________________________ Nicholas Townsend, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date_____________ _________________________________ Sheila Bonde, Dean of the Graduate School iii Vita Maya D. Judd was born in Pocatello, Idaho, on May 16, 1977. She received a bachelor‘s degree in Anthropology from the University of California at Berkeley in 1999. At Berkeley she conducted research in the areas of gender, folklore, and the anthropology of tourism with faculty mentors Dr. Alan Dundes and Dr. Nelson Graburn. She also had the opportunity to study abroad, in Padua Italy, where she ended up moving upon graduation. During her time in this northeastern Italian city (1997-2004), she completed a second bachelor‘s degree in Educational Sciences at the University of Padua, where she worked closely with Dr. Paolo Palmieri on several issues of anthropological interest, including a collaborative project on the history, uses, and customs surrounding bread in the Mediterranean. In 2004 she decided to return to the United States to pursue a doctoral degree in anthropology with a particular focus on Italy at Brown University under the mentorship of Dr. David I. Kertzer. In 2006, she received a master‘s degree in course from the department of anthropology. At both the University of Padua and Brown, Maya served as a Teaching Assistant for a variety of courses, covering topics such as Culture and Human Behavior and Medicine and Society. She also worked for two years as a Research Assistant on a large, international project entitled ―Explaining Low Fertility in Italy‖ led by Dr. David. I. Kertzer, Dr. Michael White, Dr. Laura Bernardi, and Dr. Marzio Barbagli. In addition to her graduate education in the Department of Anthropology, Maya was a trainee of the Population Studies and Training Center (PSTC) at Brown. This training culminated in dissertation research in Italy funded by the National Science Foundation and by a Wenner-Gren Doctoral Dissertation Grant. iv Acknowledgments This work would not have been possible without the financial support of grant agencies. I received a National Science Foundation Research Experience for Graduate Students (REG supplement) which made possible preliminary research during the summer of 2006. I also received a grant from the Wenner-Gren Foundation, which allowed me to stay a full year in the field. The many Italians who gave so much of themselves to help me in my research can't be named, but their pseudonyms fill the text. Old and new friends made navigating the waters of daily life in Padua not only easier, but simply pleasurable. To Manuela Bruschi I owe my deep thanks: a glass of wine, a listening ear, and a seat on her couch were always available, not to mention a plate of pasta here and there. Over a decade of friendship let us sit in comfortable silence, amiably debate, and mull over a horoscope or two. Silvia Pighetti was always ready to lend a helping hand, offer a spritz, and share her art and life with me, may many be as fortunate as I in learning from your calm and positive outlook on life and love. I thank Fiorenza Redi and her boundless curiosity, who has always pushed me to think harder and deeper, and who I greatly esteem and admire. Monica Bellomi is a dear friend, without whom this project would not have reached successful completion. Her refusal to take things at face value and willingness to risk in life is always refreshing. Giuseppe Piraino made every day an adventure, and his open-mindedness, tranquility, and calm steadied me more times that he can ever imagine. For their friendship, interest, and endless advice, I also heartily thank Galen Abbott, Herve Ferrat, Elena Gibertini, Nunzio Loria, Ilaria and Paolo Noventa, Fabio Pagani, Giovanni Prarolo, Carlo Sardena, Angelo Soravia, Mirko Zanatta, and Lucia Zanelli. A very big thanks to my committee: David Kertzer, Marida Hollos, Daniel Smith, Nicholas Townsend, and Jennifer Johnson-Hanks all read and commented liberally and fruitfully. I appreciate your interest in my research, all the time you have shared with me, and the abundance of ideas that have resulted. For their personal and professional support, challenging questions, priceless suggestions, and tactful critique through the years, I also thank Keith Brown, Sandra and Fulvia Busatta, Gianpiero Dalla Zuanna, Alessandra Gribaldo, Elizabeth Krause, Jessaca Leinaweaver, Phil Leis, Ester Rizzi, Bill Simmons, Kay Warren, and Michael White. Whether you realize it or not, you have had a profound impact on my thinking throughout this project. I‘ve likewise been sustained intellectually and emotionally by so many of my fellow graduate students throughout the years, especially Jennifer Ashley, Florencia Borreschiohiga, David Borton, Maggy Brandt, Angel Chiriboga, Emilio Depetris Chauvin, Federico Droller, Angelica ―Veci‖ Duran Martinez, Tatiana Farina, Judith Gallego, Julia Garner, Benedetta Gennaro, Emilio Gutierrez, Martin Goetz, Juan Carlos Gozzi, Paco Jurado, Mariko Klasing, Guillermo Miguel, Petros Milionis, Omer Ozak, Sarah Overmyer, Dimitra Politi, Luca Prazeres, Lara Reichmann, Isa Restrepo, Nathan Schiff, Antonella Sisto, Jennifer Szuszan, and Chiara Valenzano. My loving appreciation goes to my parents Martha and Robert Judd, and my sister, Aliza Nizet, their care and support sustains me always. Lastly, but certainly not leastly, my gratitude and love to my husband, Ruben Durante, who suffered the writing of this dissertation while climbing to the Ph.D. finish line himself. Words cannot express how much I love you: you are my intellectual sparring partner, my fellow adventurer and my passionate companion. Ti amo. v Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction. Gendering Men: Masculinities and 1 Demographic Change in Contemporary Italy 1.1 ―Lowest-Low‖ Fertility 7 1.1.1 Ideational Change 1.1.2 Uncertain Adulthood 1.1.3 Women (and Men?) 1.2 The Study of Men as Men 17 1.2.1 Masculinities and Challenges to Hegemonic Masculinity 1.3 Padua 25 1.4 Research 32 Chapter 2. Paths to Male Adulthood: The Strong Italian 40 Family, Perceptions of Age, and Demographic Consequences 2.1 The ―Strong‖ Italian Family 43 2.2 Bamboccioni and Mammoni 46 2.2.1 An Infelicitous Remark 2.2.2 Late Departure 2.2.3 The Precarious Cohorts 2.2.4 An ―Aspiring‖ Welfare State 2.3 Permissive Parents 58 2.4 Bamboccioni Reflect 64 2.5 Transitions to Adulthood: Perceptions of Time and Age 68 2.5.1 More Time, But Never Enough… 2.5.2 Forever Young 2.6 Adulthood 78 2.6.1 When is one an Adult? Men Respond 2.6.2 The Impact of Women on Italian ―Adulthood‖ 2.7 Conclusion 83 Chapter 3. Changing Italian Masculinity, a Historical Approach 89 3.1 Fragile Masculinity: 1870-1921 93 3.1.1 The Feminist Movement: Challenging Patriarchy 3.1.2 Virility, the Nation and Low Fertility 3.1.3 Reactions to Threatened Male Supremacy Cont‘d 3.2 Fascism and WWII: 1922-1950 103 3.3 The Economic ―Boom‖ and a Multifaceted Revolution: 1950-1979 107 3.3.1 The Economic Boom 3.3.2 Revolution: The Second Demographic Transition Begins 3.3.3 The Gender Revolution and (Re-)Reactions to Threatened vi Male Supremacy 3.4 Fragile Masculinity at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: 1980-2008 119 3.4.1 The Current ―Crisis of Masculinity‖ in Padua 3.4.2 The (Fragile) ―New Man‖ and the (Return of the) ―New Lad‖ Chapter 4. Paduan Male Identity 134 4.1 A Theoretical Paradox 138 4.1.1 Conquering Masculinity 4.1.2 Visible Confusion 4.2 Meanings of Masculinity 152 4.3 A ―Crisis‖ of Gender Relationships 156 4.3.1 Women‘s Views of Men 4.3.2 Responsibility, Masculinity, and Demographic Change 4.4 Men‘s Views of Women 163 4.4.1 Persistent Inequality 4.4.2 Female Labor Force and Male Psychology 4.5 The Power of the Mother Figure 173 4.6 Rethinking Masculinities 181 Chapter 5. Italians Do It Better? The Male Body and Heterosexuality 184 5.1 Gazing on the Male Body 187 5.1.1 Commodification and Paduan Men‘s Bodies and Sexuality 5.1.2 Objects of Desire 5.2 ―Evolving‖ Sex Characteristics 204 5.2.1 Latin Lovers on their Last Legs 5.2.2 Never Enough 5.3 A Shift in Consumption, a Shift in Sex 220 5.3.1 Old Men, Young Men: Moving Towards ―Pure‖ Relationships? 5.4 Inequalities, Power, and Change 227 Chapter 6. Union Formation: Conjunctures and Construals 233 6.1 Conjunctures and Culturally-Configured Construals 237 6.2 A Brief History of Union Formation in Italy 243 6.3 Case Studies 250 6.3.1 Claudio 6.3.2 Danilo 6.4 Conclusion 268 6.4.1 Demographic Conjuncture Theory: a Reflection Chapter 7. Mammos and Patriarchs 274 7.1 Europe‘s Oldest Fathers: Why the Delay? 278 vii 7.2 Moving Towards Building a Family 281 7.3 Progetti di Vita: The ―Life Projects‖ of Two Different Generations 286 7.4 Identifying with Fatherhood 288 7.5 I Am Not My Father 291 7.6 Mammos and Patriarchs: Different but the Same? 297 7.7 Delay and an Age-Gap in Unions: a Fruitful Combination? 301 Chapter 8.
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