DOCSLIB.ORG

E-Commerce Connectivity in ASEAN

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

E-commerce Connectivity in ASEAN Edited by Lurong Chen and Fukunari Kimura E-commerce Connectivity in ASEAN Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) Sentral Senayan 2, 6th floor Jalan Asia Afrika No. 8 Central Jakarta 10270 Indonesia © Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, 2020 Published in April 2020. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means electronic or mechanical without prior written notice to and permission from ERIA. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, its Governing Board, Academic Advisory Council, or the institutions and governments they represent. Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted with proper acknowledgement. Cover Art by Artmosphere Book Design by Ranti Amelia National Library of Indonesia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data ISBN: 978-602-5460-24-1 Contents List of Figures x List of Tables xiv Acknowledgements xvii List of Contributors xviii Chapter 1 Overview 1 Lurong Chen and Fukunari Kimura Chapter 2 Improving Digital Connectivity for E-commerce: 7 A Policy Framework and Empirical Note Lurong Chen 1 Introduction 7 2 Data Connectivity 10 3 Logistics 18 4 Financial Connectivity 21 5 Integrating Connectivity 23 6 Policy Suggestions 26 References 28 iii Chapter 3 Indonesia on the Move: 31 Improving Connectivity to Support E-commerce Kalamullah Ramli 1 Introduction 31 2 National Vision and General Policy Environment for Development 32 3 ICT Connectivity 33 4 Free Flow of Goods 36 5 Regulation to Support E-commerce 42 6 Policy Recommendations 46 7 Conclusion 48 References 49 Chapter 4 Improving Logistics Connectivity of E-commerce 51 in the ASEAN Region Arkadiusz Kawa 1 Introduction 51 2 The Importance of Logistics to ASEAN 53 3 Logistics Support for E-commerce 55 4 Logistics Connectivity 56 5 Impediments to and Inequalities in Logistics Connectivity 58 6 Policy Recommendations 65 7 Conclusion 70 References 72 iv Chapter 5 Prospects and Challenges in Improving E-commerce 78 Connectivity in Malaysia Noor Azina Ismail and Muhammad Mehedi Masud 1 Introduction 78 2 E-commerce Connectivity in Malaysia 79 3 E-commerce Potential 90 4 Challenges of E-commerce 91 5 Digital Free Trade Zone 92 6 Discussion and Conclusion 94 References 96 Chapter 6 How Can E-marketplaces Turn Thailand 99 into a Distributive Economy? Nuttawut Laksanapanyakul 1 Introduction 99 2 Income Inequality Issues 100 3 Assessing E-marketplaces in Thailand 102 4 Key Success Factors for and Obstacles Against the Development 113 and Operation of Pro-equality E-marketplaces 5 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations 117 References 118 v Contents Chapter 7 Policy Environment for E-commerce 120 Connectivity in Viet Nam Dang Thi Phuong Hoa and Lurong Chen 1 Background 120 2 Literature Review 122 3 Data 123 4 E-commerce Connectivity in Viet Nam 124 5 Policy Suggestions 136 6 Conclusion 139 References 140 Chapter 8 Enabling India's E-commerce Connectivity with ASEAN: 146 E-payment in India - Problems and Prospects Sanjay Kumar Mangla, Sanjaya Kumar Lenka, and Rohit Singh 1 Introduction 146 2 E-commerce Connectivity in India 147 3 E-payment: National Priority 150 4 E-payment and E-commerce: Convergence 157 5 E-payment and E-commerce: Challenges 164 6 India-ASEAN Digital Payment Connectivity 166 7 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations 168 References 170 vi Chapter 9 A Threshold for Tariff and/or Tax Exemption 173 Inkyo Cheong 1 Introduction 173 2 E-commerce in ASEAN 175 3 A Threshold for Tariff/Tax Exemption 177 4 Logic for the Customs De Minimis 182 5 E-commerce and Trade Facilitation in FTAs 185 6 Conclusion 191 References 192 Chapter 10 Network Cooperation in Cross-border E-commerce: 195 A Conceptual Model of a Logistics Platform Arkadiusz Kawa 1 Introduction 195 2 E-commerce Logistics 196 3 Cross-border E-commerce 199 4 Challenges of Cross-border E-commerce 201 5 Logistics of Cross-border E-commerce 203 6 System of Distribution in Cross-border E-commerce in the ASEAN Region 205 7 Logistics Platform Proposal 210 8 Summary 214 References 215 vii Chapter 11 Reconfiguring Production and Logistics Networks 218 under the Global E-commerce Environment Jin Young Hong and Ha Neul Han 1 Background 218 2 Postal Electronic Services and Cross-border E-commerce 220 3 Competitive Neutrality Frameworks 225 4 Enhancing Connectivity Strategies of Post Offices in Cross-border E-commerce 228 5 Conclusion 232 References 234 Chapter 12 E-commerce Development in the Lao PDR: 235 Some Policy Concerns Leeber Leebouapao, Phonesavanh Sitthideth, Keokhuanchay Douangpaseuth, and Yuanita Suhud 1 Introduction 235 2 Review of E-commerce Development and Lessons Learnt 236 3 E-commerce Development in the Lao PDR 238 4 Conclusion 248 References 249 viii Chapter 13 An Integrated E-commerce Platform for the ASEAN 252 Tourism Industry: A Smart Tourism Model Approach Meghdad Abbasian Fereidouni and Hossein Nezakati Alizadeh 1 Introduction 252 2 Literature Review and Statistical Background 254 3 Conceptualising a Smart Tourism Destination Platform Model 263 4 Methodology 268 5 Findings 270 6 Concluding Remarks 272 References 273 Chapter 14 Connectivity and the Healthcare Market in Myanmar 281 John Walsh 1 Introduction 281 2 Healthcare in Myanmar 283 3 Mobile Telephones in Myanmar 286 4 Research Methods 288 5 Findings 291 6 Discussion 301 7 Conclusion 302 References 303 ix List of Figures Figure 2.1: The Growth of E-commerce Revenue and GDP 8 Figure 2.2: Country Share in the Regional Market 8 Figure 2.3: A Framework of Digital Connectivity 9 Figure 2.4: Affordability of Mobile Connection, 2014 vs. 2018 13 Figure 2.5: Relative Price of Smartphone and Mobile Data 14 Figure 2.6: E-participation 16 Figure 2.7: Logistics Performance 20 Figure 2.8: The Share of Adults Without a Formal account 22 (as % of all adults age 15+) Figure 2.9: E-payment Transaction Value and Penetration 22 Figure 3.1: Palapa Ring Project Deployment in 2018 36 Figure 3.2: A Model of Logistics Chain in Indonesia 39 Figure 3.3: Indonesia's National Connectivity Framework 40 Figure 3.4: Eight Key Interrelated Areas of Indonesia’s E-commerce 43 Roadmap Figure 3.5: Hierarchy, Scope of Content, and Flexibility 47 of Indonesia Legislation Figure 4.1: A Framework of ASEAN Logistics System 55 Figure 4.2: Logistics Performance Index Ranking in ASEAN Countries, 60 2007–2018 Figure 5.1: E-payment and E-banking in Malaysia 87 x Figure 6.1: Thailand’s Income Distribution by Decile, 2015 101 Figure 6.2: Sales Price and Distribution of Gross Profits 102 Along the Shrimp Value Chain in Thailand Figure 6.3: Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) Framework 103 Figure 6.4: E-commerce Traded in Thailand, 2014–2016 104 Figure 6.5: E-commerce Customers in Thailand, 2014–2016 105 Figure 6.6: Ratio of Sector-wise SME E-commerce by 105 Sales Channel in Thailand, 2016 Figure 6.7: Sector-wise SME E-commerce traded by 106 Sales Channel in Thailand, 2016 Figure 6.8: Sales of Large and of Small and Medium-sized 110 E-enterprises in Thailand, 2014–2016 Figure 6.9: Sector-wise Large and Small and Medium- 111 sized E-enterprises in Thailand, 2016 Figure 7.1: Four Levels of E-government Service in Viet Nam 133 Figure 7.2: Legal Framework to Support E-commerce 138 Figure 8.1: Growth of E-commerce in India,Value of Digital 148 Commerce in India (INR billion) Figure 8.2: E-payment Gateways available on IRCTC 158 Figure 8.3: E-payment Wallet Options available on IRCTC 158 Figure 8.4: Credit and Debit Card E-payment Options available on IRCTC 160 Figure 10.1: Hub and Spoke System 198 Figure 10.2: Hub and Spoke System in Distribution Within a Single Country 199 Figure 10.3: Cross-border E-commerce Challenges 201 Figure 10.4: Hub and Spoke System in Distribution Between Two Countries 203 Figure 10.5: Hub and Spoke System in Distribution Between Two 204 Countries With Two Customers and Two Online Shops xi Figure 10.6: Information About the Origin, Destination, 206 Dimensions, and Weight of Shipment Figure 10.7: Delivery Options to be Chosen by Customers 206 Figure 10.8: Parameters of Domestic Shipment from Yogyakarta to Medan 208 Figure 10.9: Rates of Domestic Shipment from Yogyakarta to Medan 209 Figure 10.10: Parameters of Domestic Shipment from 209 Kuala Lumpur to Sungai Petani Figure 10.11: Rates of Domestic Shipment from Kuala 210 Lumpur to Sungai Petani Figure 10.12: Cross-border E-commerce with a Logistics Platform 213 Figure 11.1: Post Office Staff in ASEAN 222 Figure 11.2: Percentage of Delivery Staff (%) 223 Figure 11.3: Number of Express Items and Parcels for 224 International Service Dispatch, 2016 Figure 11.4: Number of Sorting Centres 225 Figure 11.5: Competitive Convergence Patterns in Cross- 226 border E-commerce Logistics Figure 11.6: Identified Delivery Models of Drones and 229 Autonomous Ground Vehicles Figure 11.7: Malaysia's E-commerce Logistics Hub 232 Figure 12.1: Credit Card Users 244 Figure 13.1: Global Internet Penetration Comparison 256 Figure 13.2: Mobile Connectivity Index Score 257 Figure 13.3: Global Internet Speed (Mbps) 259 Figure 13.4: Share of Unbanked Adults Aged Above 25 (%) 259 Figure 13.5: ASEAN Country Respondents’ Reasons 261 to not Make a Cross-border Purchase xii Figure 13.6: ASEAN Countries: Online Sources Used 262 to Make a Purchase Decision Figure 13.7: Tourism Ecosystem: Main Components 264 Figure 13.8: Human System or Tourism Stakeholders
Recommended publications
  • The Rice Crisis: Markets, Policies and Food Security

    The Rice Crisis: Markets, Policies and Food Security

    ‘This book, with chapters from many prominent experts, Crisis Rice The presents new evidence from the recent rice price crisis and draws lessons for preventing the next crisis. It is a unique set of references on global food security and the world rice market.’ shenggen Fan, director General, international Food Policy Research institute (iFPRi) ‘This book is a must-read for those who wish to understand the world rice market, trade policies and food security concerns. The Rice Crisis It provides a careful and detailed analysis of the causes and consequences of the 2007 and 2008 global rice crisis. It is written by knowledgeable experts from the key MaRkeTs, PoliCies and Food seCuRiT y rice economy nations.’ Professor eric J. wailes, university of arkansas, usa r-...... he recent escalation of world food prices – particularly for cereals T– prompted mass public indignation and demonstrations in many countries, from the price of tortilla flour in Mexico to that of rice in the Philippines and pasta in Italy. The crisis has important implications for future government trade and food security policies, as countries -3 re-evaluate their reliance on potentially more volatile world markets to augment domestic supplies of staple foods. This book examines how government policies caused and responded to soaring world prices in the particular case of rice, which is the world’s most important source of calories for the poor. Comparable case studies of policy reactions in different countries (principally across Asia, but also including the USA and Africa) provide the understanding necessary to evaluate the impact of trade policy on the food security of poor farmers and consumers.
  • In This Issue: 11 Years All Optical Submarine Network Upgrades Of

    In This Issue: 11 Years All Optical Submarine Network Upgrades Of

    66 n o v voice 2012 of the ISSn 1948-3031 Industry System Upgrades Edition In This Issue: 11 Years All Optical Submarine Network Upgrades of Upgrading Cables Systems? More Possibilities That You Originally Think Of! Excellence Reach, Reliability And Return On Investment: The 3R’s To Optimal Subsea Architecture Statistics Issue Issue Issue #64 Issue #3 #63 #2 Released Released Issue Released Released #65 Released 2 ISSN No. 1948-3031 PUBLISHER: Wayne Nielsen MANAGING EDITOR: Kevin G. Summers ovember in America is the month Forum brand which we will be rolling out we celebrate Thanksgiving. It during the course of the year, and which CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Stewart Ash, is also the month SubTel Forum we believe will further enhance your James Barton, Bertrand Clesca, Dr Herve Fevrier, N Stephen Jarvis, Brian Lavallée, Pete LeHardy, celebrates our anniversary of existence, utility and enjoyment. We’re going to kick Vinay Rathore, Dr. Joerg Schwartz that now being 11 years going strong. it up a level or two, and think you will like the developments . And as always, it will Submarine Telecoms Forum magazine is When Ted and I established our little be done at no cost to our readers. published bimonthly by Submarine Telecoms magazine in 2001, our hope was to get Forum, Inc., and is an independent commercial enough interest to keep it going for a We will do so with two key founding publication, serving as a freely accessible forum for professionals in industries connected while. We had a list of contacts, an AOL principles always in mind, which annually with submarine optical fiber technologies and email address and a song in our heart; the I reaffirm to you, our readers: techniques.
  • Southeast Asia Bulletin

    Southeast Asia Bulletin

    International Security Program June 2008 SOUTHEAST ASIA BULLETIN Feature Article CSIS SOUTHEAST ASIA INITIATIVE INDONESIA’S FOREIGN POLICY SINCE REFORMASI: CHANGE AND CONTINUITY The CSIS Southeast Asia Initiative is a project of the International Security Rizal Sukma Program, Asia Group. CSIS launched ........................................................................ the initiative in January 2008 to provide a venue for greater focus, After the turmoil of reformasi (reform) and democratic transition that started in examination, and analysis of Southeast May 1998 began to subside, Indonesia has shown an eagerness once again to play Asian affairs within Washington’s a more active role in foreign policy. Such desire was clearly expressed in 2003 policy community. The initiative when, during Megawati Soekarnoputri’s presidency, Indonesia proposed the idea will include regular roundtables, of an ASEAN Security Community (ASC) as a new platform for cooperation conferences, studies, and forums among the 10 members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). to spotlight developments in the During her final months in power, President Megawati also tried to contribute to region. CSIS will also seek to partner the resolution of the nuclear problem in the Korean peninsula. with other interested organizations and individuals within and outside Under President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Indonesia’s foreign policy has Washington to maximize the flow of even appeared to be more active. The president hosted the 50th anniversary information, analysis, and outreach on of the Asia-Africa Conference in April 2005 and proposed a new strategic Southeast Asian affairs in the United partnership among Asian and African nations. His government has also States. made it known that Indonesia wanted to provide positive contributions to the resolution of problems in the Middle East, especially in Palestine and then in An important component of the Iraq.
  • Annual Report 2018 DKSH Holdings (Malaysia) Berhad

    Annual Report 2018 DKSH Holdings (Malaysia) Berhad

    Annual Report 2018 DKSH Holdings (Malaysia) Berhad Think Asia. Think DKSH. Making business partners grow As the No. 1 Market Expansion Services provider in Malaysia, we help companies to grow their business in new and existing markets. > DKSH Holdings (Malaysia) Berhad: Annual Report 2018 Contents 2 Corporate information 63 Directors’ report 4 Management discussion and analysis 68 Statement by Directors 7 DKSH at a glance 68 Statutory declaration 7 Financial highlights 69 Independent auditors’ report 8 Corporate profile 74 Statements of comprehensive income 14 Directors’ profiles 75 Statements of financial position 21 Key Senior Management’s profiles 77 Statements of changes in equity 26 Corporate structure 79 Statements of cash flows 28 Corporate governance overview statement 82 Notes to the financial statements 39 Sustainability statement 142 Analysis of shareholdings 53 Statement on risk management and 145 Notice of Annual General Meeting internal control Proxy Form 56 Audit Committee report 59 Additional compliance information 62 Statement of Directors’ responsibility 1 > DKSH Holdings (Malaysia) Berhad: Annual Report 2018 Corporate information Board of Directors Stephen John Ferraby Non-Independent Non-Executive Chairman Lee Chong Kwee Senior Independent Non-Executive Director Datuk Haji Abdul Aziz bin Ismail Independent Non-Executive Director Chan Thian Kiat Independent Non-Executive Director Jason Michael Nicholas McLaren Non-Independent Executive Director/Group Finance Director Lian Teng Hai Non-Independent Non-Executive Director Audit Committee Lee Chong Kwee Chairman of the Audit Committee Datuk Haji Abdul Aziz bin Ismail Member Chan Thian Kiat Member Nominating Committee Lee Chong Kwee Chairman of the Nominating Committee Stephen John Ferraby Member Datuk Haji Abdul Aziz bin Ismail Member Registered office Address: B-11-01, The Ascent, Paradigm, Phone +60 3 7882 8888 No.
  • March Quarter 2020 and Full Fiscal Year 2020 Results

    March Quarter 2020 and Full Fiscal Year 2020 Results

    March Quarter 2020 and Full Fiscal Year 2020 Results May 22, 2020 Disclaimer This presentation contains certain financial measures that are not recognized under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”), including adjusted EBITDA (including adjusted EBITDA margin), adjusted EBITA (including adjusted EBITA margin), marketplace-based core commerce adjusted EBITA, non-GAAP net income, non-GAAP diluted earnings per share/ADS and free cash flow. For a reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures, see GAAP to Adjusted/Non-GAAP Measures Reconciliation. This presentation contains forward-looking statements. These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as “will,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “future,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “estimates,” “potential,” “continue,” “ongoing,” “targets,” “guidance” and similar statements. Among other things, statements that are not historical facts, including statements about Alibaba’s strategies and business plans, Alibaba’s beliefs, expectations and guidance regarding the growth of its business and its revenue, the business outlook and quotations from management in this presentation, as well as Alibaba’s strategic and operational plans, are or contain forward-looking statements. Alibaba may also make forward-looking statements in its periodic reports to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), in announcements made on the website of The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (the “Hong Kong Stock Exchange”), in press releases and other written materials and in oral statements made by its officers, directors or employees to third parties.
  • Trade and Climate Change Implications for Food Security: the Case of Mainland Southeast Asia

    Trade and Climate Change Implications for Food Security: the Case of Mainland Southeast Asia

    Series on Trade and Food Security – Policy Report 2 Trade and Climate Change Implications for Food Security The Case of Mainland Southeast Asia Antonio Schiavone 2010 trade knowledge network Abstract There is little doubt that trade and climate change issues have (and will continue to have) important implications for food security, both at the national and regional levels in mainland Southeast Asia. However, the relation of trade and climate change, together with their interlinkages, to food security is not straightforward and making the right policy choices can be difficult. In fact, the cross cutting nature of food security is being increasingly recognized by policymakers, but a full appreciation of its complexity still needs to be reflected in policy strategies. With the help of a country case study of Cambodia and by using a policy, trade and climate change perspective, this paper will attempt to uncover some of the underlying issues that determine food insecurity in the Mekong region and suggest some policy recommendations. Copyright © 2010 International Institute for Sustainable Development Published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development International Institute for Sustainable Development 161 Portage Avenue East, 6th Floor Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3B 0Y4 Tel: (204) 958-7700 Fax: (204) 958-7710 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.iisd.org Series on Trade and Food Security – Policy Report 2 Trade and Climate Change Implications for Food Security: The Case of Mainland Southeast Asia Antonio Schiavone Series on Trade and Food Security – Policy Report 2 i Trade and Climate Change Implications for Food Security: The Case of Mainland Southeast Asia trade knowledge network About the Trade Knowledge Network http://www.tradeknowledgenetwork.net The Trade Knowledge Network is a global collaboration of research institutions across Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas working on issues of trade and sustainable development.
  • Broadband Infrastructure in the ASEAN-9 Region

    Broadband Infrastructure in the ASEAN-9 Region

    BroadbandBroadband InfrastructureInfrastructure inin thethe ASEANASEAN‐‐99 RegionRegion Markets,Markets, Infrastructure,Infrastructure, MissingMissing Links,Links, andand PolicyPolicy OptionsOptions forfor EnhancingEnhancing CrossCross‐‐BorderBorder ConnectivityConnectivity Michael Ruddy Director of International Research Terabit Consulting www.terabitconsulting.com PartPart 1:1: BackgroundBackground andand MethodologyMethodology www.terabitconsulting.com ProjectProject ScopeScope Between late‐2012 and mid‐2013, Terabit Consulting performed a detailed analysis of broadband infrastructure and markets in the 9 largest member countries of ASEAN: – Cambodia – Indonesia – Lao PDR – Malaysia – Myanmar – Philippines – Singapore – Thailand – Vietnam www.terabitconsulting.com ScopeScope (cont(cont’’d.)d.) • The data and analysis for each country included: Telecommunications market overview and analysis of competitiveness Regulation and government intervention Fixed‐line telephony market Mobile telephony market Internet and broadband market Consumer broadband pricing Evaluation of domestic network connectivity International Internet bandwidth International capacity pricing Historical and forecasted total international bandwidth Evaluation of international network connectivity including terrestrial fiber, undersea fiber, and satellite Evaluation of trans‐border network development and identification of missing links www.terabitconsulting.com SourcesSources ofof DataData • Terabit Consulting has completed dozens of demand studies for
  • Alibaba Group Announces March Quarter 2018 Results and Full Fiscal Year 2018 Results

    Alibaba Group Announces March Quarter 2018 Results and Full Fiscal Year 2018 Results

    Alibaba Group Announces March Quarter 2018 Results and Full Fiscal Year 2018 Results Hangzhou, China, May 4, 2018 – Alibaba Group Holding Limited (NYSE: BABA) today announced its financial results for the quarter ended March 31, 2018 and fiscal year then ended. “Alibaba Group had an excellent quarter and fiscal year, driven by robust growth in our core commerce business and investments we have made over the past several years in longer-term growth initiatives,” said Daniel Zhang, Chief Executive Officer of Alibaba Group. “With the continuing roll out of our New Retail strategy, our e-commerce platform is developing into the leading retail infrastructure of China. During the past year we also doubled down on technology development, cloud computing, logistics, digital entertainment and local services so that we are in a position to capture consumption growth in China and other emerging markets.” “Fiscal 2018 culminated with a quarter we are very proud of. Full year revenue grew 58%, core commerce revenue grew 60%, with profit growth of over 40% and annual free cash flow of US$15.8 billion,” said Maggie Wu, Chief Financial Officer of Alibaba Group. “Looking ahead to fiscal 2019, we expect overall revenue growth above 60%, reflecting our confidence in our core business as well as positive momentum in new businesses. We expect our new growth initiatives will drive long-term, sustainable value for our customers and partners and increase our total addressable market.” BUSINESS HIGHLIGHTS In the quarter ended March 31, 2018: Revenue was RMB61,932 million (US$9,873 million), an increase of 61% year-over-year.
  • Mobile Internet Business Models in China: Vertical Hierarchies, Horizontal Conglomerates, Or Business Groups?

    Mobile Internet Business Models in China: Vertical Hierarchies, Horizontal Conglomerates, Or Business Groups?

    BERKELEY ROUNDTABLE ON THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY BRIE Working Paper 2016-6 MOBILE INTERNET BUSINESS MODELS IN CHINA: VERTICAL HIERARCHIES, HORIZONTAL CONGLOMERATES, OR BUSINESS GROUPS? Kai Jia and Martin Kenney Mobile Internet Platform Business Models in China: Vertical Hierarchies, Horizontal Conglomerates, or Business Groups? July 27, 2016 Kai Jia Ph.D. Student Tsinghua University Beijing, China And Martin Kenney Community and Regional Development University of California, Davis [email protected] Acknowledgments: The authors thank Roger Bohn and John Zysman for helpful comments. The authors remain responsible for all remaining errors. 2 ABSTRACT The current understanding of the dynamics of digital platforms and strategy for their concomitant ecosystems has emerged from an analysis of firms in Western market economies. Our contribution arises from a detailed study of the business strategies of the current leaders in the Chinese mobile internet industry—Tencent, Alibaba, and Baidu. We find that they have developed business models significantly different from those of US firms. We argue that these Chinese firms are developing a “platform business group” strategy predicated upon horizontal expansion through organic growth, acquisition, and the purchase of significant equity positions in vertical industries, such as ride sharing, online-to-offline commerce, and travel. As a generalization, their western counterparts were much more oriented toward vertical expansion integrating either upwards or downwards in their respective software stacks. A central component of the business group is an online payment system that operates with its other platforms to cross-feed traffic and use internal cross-platform personal data to customize its offerings to users. We show that the different environmental conditions in China versus Western market economies allow firms there to pursue different business strategies.
  • The Competitive Landscape for E-Commerce in China

    The Competitive Landscape for E-Commerce in China

    The Competitive Landscape for E-Commerce in China 1 2 0 2 , H T 4 1 L I Jeff Towson - Peking University R P A April 14th, 2021 The Competitive Landscape for E-Commerce in China Alibaba paved the way for the e-commerce revolution that has taken China by storm. Today, China is the largest e-commerce market in the world. Roughly 50% of global online transactions occur within China. To truly understand the Chinese competitive e-commerce landscape, we need to look into the consumer trends, the characteristics of the Chinese consumer, the Chinese marketplace, and the growth of internet users and fintech. Joining us for a discussion on the Chinese E-commerce competitive landscape Jeff Towson— Keynote Speaker on Digital China and Asia, Head of Research at Asia Tech Strategy US-China Series has been blessed to have leading authorities on many segments of the Chinese economy, but I struggle to find another with Jeff’s knowledge of e-commerce and the digital landscape. His understanding of companies such as JD, Alibaba, and Pinduodou was exceptional, and our deep dive into these companies and their ecosystem provided insights into not only the prevailing competitive landscape but where the industry is likely headed in the years to come. Chinese e-commerce has merged content, commerce, and social media into one platform. Traditional retailers like Walmart pitch themselves as places where one would buy what they need with extensive selections to choose from, and many e-commerce retailers have followed this model. In contrast, the shopping mall represents a different retail experience: one may go there for fun with friends and experience different things.
  • Cainiao and JD.Com Leading Sustainability Packaging in China

    Cainiao and JD.Com Leading Sustainability Packaging in China

    Yen, B & Wong, G. (2019) Case study: Cainiao and JD.com Yen & Wong leading sustainability packaging in China. In Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Electronic Business (pp. 90-98). ICEB, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, December 8- 12. Case Study: Cainiao and JD.com Leading Sustainability Packaging in China (Full Paper) Benjamin Yen*, The University of Hong Kong, China, [email protected] Grace Wong, The University of Hong Kong, China, [email protected] ABSTRACT This case looks at the packaging waste problems created by increasing e-commerce in China and its development of recycling policies. This case introduces the concept of Green supply chain, sustainable packaging in particular and discuss the development of sustainable packaging in China. We also look at best practices implemented by other companies and countries. The case is for the purpose to compare advantages, disadvantages and limitations of sustainable packaging and traditional packaging, to evaluate the impact of sustainable packaging, and to recommend ways for businesses to implement sustainable packaging without increasing the cost for long term. Keywords: Sustainability, packaging, logistics, case study. _____________________ *Corresponding author INTRODUCTION Already the world’s largest, China’s online retailing marketing was expected to more than double in size, from US$750 billion in 2016 to US$1.7 trillion by 2020. The number of online shoppers in China was also expected to grow from 460 million in 2016 to 660 million users in 2020 (Erickson, 2019). The surging online business required lots of packaging materials.. In 2016, over 31 billion parcels were delivered, which equaled to 23 parcels per capita according to China’s State Post Bureau.
  • Women Left Behind? Closing the Gender Gap in Malaysia (PDF

    Women Left Behind? Closing the Gender Gap in Malaysia (PDF

    Malaysia Women Left Behind? Closing the Gender Gap in Malaysia Beatrice Fui Yee LIM I. Introduction II. The women’s involvement in Malaysian economy III. Characteristics of female labor force in Malaysia IV. Factors affecting gender pay gap V. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) VI. Policies to close gender gap VII. Conclusion I. Introduction The involvement of Malaysian women in all spheres of life has become more visible over the years. This is primarily contributed by the advancement of women in education. In Malaysia, female educational attainment has increased substantially in the post-independence era. Female adult literacy increased from 61.3% in 1980 to 90.8% in 2010 (UNESCO 2016). In Malaysia, both boys and girls enjoy equal opportunity and access to education. Affordable education bridged gender disparities in primary and secondary education (UNICEF 2019). Several important reforms took place in the Malaysian educational system which led to increased equality and equity in education opportunities. In 1970, a significant reform took place in the education system where the Malay language was introduced as the official medium of instruction in all government schools. The change was implemented at the tertiary level in the mid-1980s.1 This reform was an important tool to integrate the multiracial society as well as to eradicate the poverty addressed in the New Economic Policy (NEP). The reform increased access to education especially for rural Malays whose native tongue was the Malay language (Ismail 2007). In the 1990s, the mounting demand for local tertiary education in the 1990s eventually led to a reform of the tertiary education system in Malaysia which included the privatisation of tertiary education institutions.