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E-Commerce Connectivity in ASEAN

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E-Commerce Connectivity in ASEAN E-commerce Connectivity in ASEAN Edited by Lurong Chen and Fukunari Kimura E-commerce Connectivity in ASEAN Published by Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) Sentral Senayan 2, 6th floor Jalan Asia Afrika No. 8 Central Jakarta 10270 Indonesia © Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, 2020 Published in April 2020. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means electronic or mechanical without prior written notice to and permission from ERIA. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, its Governing Board, Academic Advisory Council, or the institutions and governments they represent. Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted with proper acknowledgement. Cover Art by Artmosphere Book Design by Ranti Amelia National Library of Indonesia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data ISBN: 978-602-5460-24-1 Contents List of Figures x List of Tables xiv Acknowledgements xvii List of Contributors xviii Chapter 1 Overview 1 Lurong Chen and Fukunari Kimura Chapter 2 Improving Digital Connectivity for E-commerce: 7 A Policy Framework and Empirical Note Lurong Chen 1 Introduction 7 2 Data Connectivity 10 3 Logistics 18 4 Financial Connectivity 21 5 Integrating Connectivity 23 6 Policy Suggestions 26 References 28 iii Chapter 3 Indonesia on the Move: 31 Improving Connectivity to Support E-commerce Kalamullah Ramli 1 Introduction 31 2 National Vision and General Policy Environment for Development 32 3 ICT Connectivity 33 4 Free Flow of Goods 36 5 Regulation to Support E-commerce 42 6 Policy Recommendations 46 7 Conclusion 48 References 49 Chapter 4 Improving Logistics Connectivity of E-commerce 51 in the ASEAN Region Arkadiusz Kawa 1 Introduction 51 2 The Importance of Logistics to ASEAN 53 3 Logistics Support for E-commerce 55 4 Logistics Connectivity 56 5 Impediments to and Inequalities in Logistics Connectivity 58 6 Policy Recommendations 65 7 Conclusion 70 References 72 iv Chapter 5 Prospects and Challenges in Improving E-commerce 78 Connectivity in Malaysia Noor Azina Ismail and Muhammad Mehedi Masud 1 Introduction 78 2 E-commerce Connectivity in Malaysia 79 3 E-commerce Potential 90 4 Challenges of E-commerce 91 5 Digital Free Trade Zone 92 6 Discussion and Conclusion 94 References 96 Chapter 6 How Can E-marketplaces Turn Thailand 99 into a Distributive Economy? Nuttawut Laksanapanyakul 1 Introduction 99 2 Income Inequality Issues 100 3 Assessing E-marketplaces in Thailand 102 4 Key Success Factors for and Obstacles Against the Development 113 and Operation of Pro-equality E-marketplaces 5 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations 117 References 118 v Contents Chapter 7 Policy Environment for E-commerce 120 Connectivity in Viet Nam Dang Thi Phuong Hoa and Lurong Chen 1 Background 120 2 Literature Review 122 3 Data 123 4 E-commerce Connectivity in Viet Nam 124 5 Policy Suggestions 136 6 Conclusion 139 References 140 Chapter 8 Enabling India's E-commerce Connectivity with ASEAN: 146 E-payment in India - Problems and Prospects Sanjay Kumar Mangla, Sanjaya Kumar Lenka, and Rohit Singh 1 Introduction 146 2 E-commerce Connectivity in India 147 3 E-payment: National Priority 150 4 E-payment and E-commerce: Convergence 157 5 E-payment and E-commerce: Challenges 164 6 India-ASEAN Digital Payment Connectivity 166 7 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations 168 References 170 vi Chapter 9 A Threshold for Tariff and/or Tax Exemption 173 Inkyo Cheong 1 Introduction 173 2 E-commerce in ASEAN 175 3 A Threshold for Tariff/Tax Exemption 177 4 Logic for the Customs De Minimis 182 5 E-commerce and Trade Facilitation in FTAs 185 6 Conclusion 191 References 192 Chapter 10 Network Cooperation in Cross-border E-commerce: 195 A Conceptual Model of a Logistics Platform Arkadiusz Kawa 1 Introduction 195 2 E-commerce Logistics 196 3 Cross-border E-commerce 199 4 Challenges of Cross-border E-commerce 201 5 Logistics of Cross-border E-commerce 203 6 System of Distribution in Cross-border E-commerce in the ASEAN Region 205 7 Logistics Platform Proposal 210 8 Summary 214 References 215 vii Chapter 11 Reconfiguring Production and Logistics Networks 218 under the Global E-commerce Environment Jin Young Hong and Ha Neul Han 1 Background 218 2 Postal Electronic Services and Cross-border E-commerce 220 3 Competitive Neutrality Frameworks 225 4 Enhancing Connectivity Strategies of Post Offices in Cross-border E-commerce 228 5 Conclusion 232 References 234 Chapter 12 E-commerce Development in the Lao PDR: 235 Some Policy Concerns Leeber Leebouapao, Phonesavanh Sitthideth, Keokhuanchay Douangpaseuth, and Yuanita Suhud 1 Introduction 235 2 Review of E-commerce Development and Lessons Learnt 236 3 E-commerce Development in the Lao PDR 238 4 Conclusion 248 References 249 viii Chapter 13 An Integrated E-commerce Platform for the ASEAN 252 Tourism Industry: A Smart Tourism Model Approach Meghdad Abbasian Fereidouni and Hossein Nezakati Alizadeh 1 Introduction 252 2 Literature Review and Statistical Background 254 3 Conceptualising a Smart Tourism Destination Platform Model 263 4 Methodology 268 5 Findings 270 6 Concluding Remarks 272 References 273 Chapter 14 Connectivity and the Healthcare Market in Myanmar 281 John Walsh 1 Introduction 281 2 Healthcare in Myanmar 283 3 Mobile Telephones in Myanmar 286 4 Research Methods 288 5 Findings 291 6 Discussion 301 7 Conclusion 302 References 303 ix List of Figures Figure 2.1: The Growth of E-commerce Revenue and GDP 8 Figure 2.2: Country Share in the Regional Market 8 Figure 2.3: A Framework of Digital Connectivity 9 Figure 2.4: Affordability of Mobile Connection, 2014 vs. 2018 13 Figure 2.5: Relative Price of Smartphone and Mobile Data 14 Figure 2.6: E-participation 16 Figure 2.7: Logistics Performance 20 Figure 2.8: The Share of Adults Without a Formal account 22 (as % of all adults age 15+) Figure 2.9: E-payment Transaction Value and Penetration 22 Figure 3.1: Palapa Ring Project Deployment in 2018 36 Figure 3.2: A Model of Logistics Chain in Indonesia 39 Figure 3.3: Indonesia's National Connectivity Framework 40 Figure 3.4: Eight Key Interrelated Areas of Indonesia’s E-commerce 43 Roadmap Figure 3.5: Hierarchy, Scope of Content, and Flexibility 47 of Indonesia Legislation Figure 4.1: A Framework of ASEAN Logistics System 55 Figure 4.2: Logistics Performance Index Ranking in ASEAN Countries, 60 2007–2018 Figure 5.1: E-payment and E-banking in Malaysia 87 x Figure 6.1: Thailand’s Income Distribution by Decile, 2015 101 Figure 6.2: Sales Price and Distribution of Gross Profits 102 Along the Shrimp Value Chain in Thailand Figure 6.3: Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) Framework 103 Figure 6.4: E-commerce Traded in Thailand, 2014–2016 104 Figure 6.5: E-commerce Customers in Thailand, 2014–2016 105 Figure 6.6: Ratio of Sector-wise SME E-commerce by 105 Sales Channel in Thailand, 2016 Figure 6.7: Sector-wise SME E-commerce traded by 106 Sales Channel in Thailand, 2016 Figure 6.8: Sales of Large and of Small and Medium-sized 110 E-enterprises in Thailand, 2014–2016 Figure 6.9: Sector-wise Large and Small and Medium- 111 sized E-enterprises in Thailand, 2016 Figure 7.1: Four Levels of E-government Service in Viet Nam 133 Figure 7.2: Legal Framework to Support E-commerce 138 Figure 8.1: Growth of E-commerce in India,Value of Digital 148 Commerce in India (INR billion) Figure 8.2: E-payment Gateways available on IRCTC 158 Figure 8.3: E-payment Wallet Options available on IRCTC 158 Figure 8.4: Credit and Debit Card E-payment Options available on IRCTC 160 Figure 10.1: Hub and Spoke System 198 Figure 10.2: Hub and Spoke System in Distribution Within a Single Country 199 Figure 10.3: Cross-border E-commerce Challenges 201 Figure 10.4: Hub and Spoke System in Distribution Between Two Countries 203 Figure 10.5: Hub and Spoke System in Distribution Between Two 204 Countries With Two Customers and Two Online Shops xi Figure 10.6: Information About the Origin, Destination, 206 Dimensions, and Weight of Shipment Figure 10.7: Delivery Options to be Chosen by Customers 206 Figure 10.8: Parameters of Domestic Shipment from Yogyakarta to Medan 208 Figure 10.9: Rates of Domestic Shipment from Yogyakarta to Medan 209 Figure 10.10: Parameters of Domestic Shipment from 209 Kuala Lumpur to Sungai Petani Figure 10.11: Rates of Domestic Shipment from Kuala 210 Lumpur to Sungai Petani Figure 10.12: Cross-border E-commerce with a Logistics Platform 213 Figure 11.1: Post Office Staff in ASEAN 222 Figure 11.2: Percentage of Delivery Staff (%) 223 Figure 11.3: Number of Express Items and Parcels for 224 International Service Dispatch, 2016 Figure 11.4: Number of Sorting Centres 225 Figure 11.5: Competitive Convergence Patterns in Cross- 226 border E-commerce Logistics Figure 11.6: Identified Delivery Models of Drones and 229 Autonomous Ground Vehicles Figure 11.7: Malaysia's E-commerce Logistics Hub 232 Figure 12.1: Credit Card Users 244 Figure 13.1: Global Internet Penetration Comparison 256 Figure 13.2: Mobile Connectivity Index Score 257 Figure 13.3: Global Internet Speed (Mbps) 259 Figure 13.4: Share of Unbanked Adults Aged Above 25 (%) 259 Figure 13.5: ASEAN Country Respondents’ Reasons 261 to not Make a Cross-border Purchase xii Figure 13.6: ASEAN Countries: Online Sources Used 262 to Make a Purchase Decision Figure 13.7: Tourism Ecosystem: Main Components 264 Figure 13.8: Human System or Tourism Stakeholders
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