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Ancient History Sourcebook: 11Th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA an Ancient City in Greece, the Capital of Laconia and the Most Powerful State of the Peloponnese
Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA AN ancient city in Greece, the capital of Laconia and the most powerful state of the Peloponnese. The city lay at the northern end of the central Laconian plain, on the right bank of the river Eurotas, a little south of the point where it is joined by its largest tributary, the Oenus (mount Kelefina). The site is admirably fitted by nature to guard the only routes by which an army can penetrate Laconia from the land side, the Oenus and Eurotas valleys leading from Arcadia, its northern neighbour, and the Langada Pass over Mt Taygetus connecting Laconia and Messenia. At the same time its distance from the sea-Sparta is 27 m. from its seaport, Gythium, made it invulnerable to a maritime attack. I.-HISTORY Prehistoric Period.-Tradition relates that Sparta was founded by Lacedaemon, son of Zeus and Taygete, who called the city after the name of his wife, the daughter of Eurotas. But Amyclae and Therapne (Therapnae) seem to have been in early times of greater importance than Sparta, the former a Minyan foundation a few miles to the south of Sparta, the latter probably the Achaean capital of Laconia and the seat of Menelaus, Agamemnon's younger brother. Eighty years after the Trojan War, according to the traditional chronology, the Dorian migration took place. A band of Dorians united with a body of Aetolians to cross the Corinthian Gulf and invade the Peloponnese from the northwest. The Aetolians settled in Elis, the Dorians pushed up to the headwaters of the Alpheus, where they divided into two forces, one of which under Cresphontes invaded and later subdued Messenia, while the other, led by Aristodemus or, according to another version, by his twin sons Eurysthenes and Procles, made its way down the Eurotas were new settlements were formed and gained Sparta, which became the Dorian capital of Laconia. -
Ebook Download Greek Art 1St Edition
GREEK ART 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Nigel Spivey | 9780714833682 | | | | | Greek Art 1st edition PDF Book No Date pp. Fresco of an ancient Macedonian soldier thorakitai wearing chainmail armor and bearing a thureos shield, 3rd century BC. This work is a splendid survey of all the significant artistic monuments of the Greek world that have come down to us. They sometimes had a second story, but very rarely basements. Inscription to ffep, else clean and bright, inside and out. The Erechtheum , next to the Parthenon, however, is Ionic. Well into the 19th century, the classical tradition derived from Greece dominated the art of the western world. The Moschophoros or calf-bearer, c. Red-figure vases slowly replaced the black-figure style. Some of the best surviving Hellenistic buildings, such as the Library of Celsus , can be seen in Turkey , at cities such as Ephesus and Pergamum. The Distaff Side: Representing…. Chryselephantine Statuary in the Ancient Mediterranean World. The Greeks were quick to challenge Publishers, New York He and other potters around his time began to introduce very stylised silhouette figures of humans and animals, especially horses. Add to Basket Used Hardcover Condition: g to vg. The paint was frequently limited to parts depicting clothing, hair, and so on, with the skin left in the natural color of the stone or bronze, but it could also cover sculptures in their totality; female skin in marble tended to be uncoloured, while male skin might be a light brown. After about BC, figures, such as these, both male and female, wore the so-called archaic smile. -
This Is the Social and Religious Background Against Which The
BOOK REVIEWS 183 This is the social and religious background against which the accusation of ‘ac knowledging new deities’, brought against Socrates in 399 B.C., makes its appear ance. As Ρ. has shown, this accusation as such cannot be regarded as sufficient justifi cation for the trial. In spite of the general negative attitude on the part of the state, individuals did in practice ‘introduce new gods’ with some freedom, and by no means every case of such unauthorized religious innovation was prosecuted by the state. Socrates’ prosecution for kainotheism was in fact ‘only a counterpoise to that other and much more damning one of “not acknowledging the gods the city believes in.” And it was as a priestess in what we have called an “elective” cult, a “leader of lawless revel-bands of men and women”, that Phryne was attacked’ (pp. 216-17). That is to say, it was above all what was grasped by the Athenians as the antisocial character of the religious activities of Socrates and Phryne rather than the issue of ‘theological orthodoxy’ as such that brought both to trial. To be sure, the phenomenon which Ρ. calls ‘the totalitarian side of the classical city and its religion’ (p. 50) (‘communitarian’ seems to be a better term) was not a fifth-century Athenian invention. It can be discerned already in the legislative activi ties of Solon, and it was far from unfamiliar to other city-states of Archaic and Classi cal Greece. Yet, as Ρ. himself puts it, ‘The great attraction of studying the religion of classical Athens is not so much that it is either Athenian or classical a? that it can indeed be studied, in some detail’ (p. -
Copyrighted Material
9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 203 Index Acanthus, 130 Aetolian League, 162, 163, 166, Acarnanians, 137 178, 179 Achaea/Achaean(s), 31–2, 79, 123, Agamemnon, 51 160, 177 Agasicles (king of Sparta), 95 Achaean League: Agis IV and, agathoergoi, 174 166; as ally of Rome, 178–9; Age grades: see names of individual Cleomenes III and, 175; invasion grades of Laconia by, 177; Nabis and, Agesilaus (ephor), 166 178; as protector of perioecic Agesilaus II (king of Sparta), cities, 179; Sparta’s membership 135–47; at battle of Mantinea in, 15, 111, 179, 181–2 (362 B.C.E.), 146; campaign of, in Achaean War, 182 Asia Minor, 132–3, 136; capture acropolis, 130, 187–8, 192, 193, of Phlius by, 138; citizen training 194; see also Athena Chalcioecus, system and, 135; conspiracies sanctuary of after battle of Leuctra and, 144–5, Acrotatus (king of Sparta), 163, 158; conspiracy of Cinadon 164 and, 135–6; death of, 147; Acrotatus, 161 Epaminondas and, 142–3; Actium, battle of, 184 execution of women by, 168; Aegaleus, Mount, 65 foreign policy of, 132, 139–40, Aegiae (Laconian), 91 146–7; gift of, 101; helots and, Aegimius, 22 84; in Boeotia, 141; in Thessaly, Aegina (island)/Aeginetans: Delian 136; influence of, at Sparta, 142; League and,COPYRIGHTED 117; Lysander and, lameness MATERIAL of, 135; lance of, 189; 127, 129; pro-Persian party on, Life of, by Plutarch, 17; Lysander 59, 60; refugees from, 89 and, 12, 132–3; as mercenary, Aegospotami, battle of, 128, 130 146, 147; Phoebidas affair and, Aeimnestos, 69 102, 139; Spartan politics and, Aeolians, -
Chapter Summary: Sparta and Athens Tyranny in the City-States
Chapter Summary: Sparta and Athens Key Terms *Tyrant: someone who takes power by force and rules with authority *Oligarchy: rule by the few *Democracy: citizen-run government *Helot: workers captured and enslaved by the Spartans *Polis: Greek city-state Drawing From Experience Most people experience power struggles in their daily lives. Sometimes, a bully uses force to get his way. Or a group of popular friends can set trends by excluding others. Often, different kinds of people can band together when they become unhappy with a “leader.” In the previous section, you learned about the geography of Greece. In this section, you will learn how two Greek city-states found different methods of running— and changing—their governments. Tyranny in the City-States Tyrants were able to seize power from the nobles with the support of Greek farmers, merchants, and artisans. Small farmers often needed money to support themselves & their families until they could harvest and sell their crops. They borrowed this money from the nobles. If the farmers could not pay their debts on time, the nobles took their land. Many farmers lost their land. They had to work directly for the nobles or become city laborers. Desperate farmers sometimes sold themselves into slavery. By 650 B.C., small farmers joined merchants and artisans in demanding change. Merchants and artisans had become wealthy through trade. But they did not own land. Therefore, they could not become citizens. They had no voice in running the polis. This unrest led to the rise of tyrants. A tyrant is someone who takes power by force and rules with total authority. -
Pausanias Kw Xerxa King Xerxes Daughter
PAUSANIAS KW) XERXA KING XERXES’ DAUGHTER H I S TO R I C A L D R A M A I N F I V E A C TS Founded on An U nfinished Historical R omance by The Late Lord Lytton The dr m i c s tu ns h ve been bta ne fr m Pl r h a at i atio a o i d o uta c , Thuc i r n r h r n yd des, G ote a d othe is to ia s BY HUBE TA lVI P M- R . LU WOEHNING E nter ed Accor ding to Act of Congr ess i n th e year 1 904 BE T M U M - E HN I N BY JJU R A . PL WO G ‘ h r r n n I n t e O e n r e n D . ffic Lib a ia of Co g ss Washi gto , C RI GH TS OF TRANSLATION B UR R PRINTI NG H OU S E , N E W R K YO . RESPECTFULLY D E D I CATE D TO H E RBE T MI LLE R P R TLAN D R E ON MR . R O O G , , , DISTINGUISHED INTERPRETER OF THE CLAS SI CAL DRAMA A N D A LEADING ACTOR ON TH E GE AMERI CAN STA . T PERSONS REPRESEN ED. e en o the of ae Ad PAUSANIAS , R g t f Sparta , Victor Plat a, h e ee ee the e of B z an miral of. t e Unit d Gr k Fl t in Wat rs y tium . -
Looking at the Past of Greece Through the Eyes of Greeks Maria G
Looking at the Past of Greece through the Eyes of Greeks Maria G. Zachariou 1 Table of Contents Introduction 00 Section I: Archaeology in Greece in the 19th Century 00 Section II: Archaeology in Greece in the 20th Century 00 Section III: Archaeology in Greece in the Early 21st Century 00 Conclusion: How the Economic Crisis in Greece is Affecting Archaeology Appendix: Events, Resources, Dates, and People 00 2 Introduction The history of archaeology in Greece as it has been conducted by the Greeks themselves is too major an undertaking to be presented thoroughly within the limits of the current paper.1 Nonetheless, an effort has been made to outline the course of archaeology in Greece from the 19th century to the present day with particular attention to the native Greek contribution. The presentation of the historical facts and personalities that played a leading and vital role in the formation of the archaeological affairs in Greece is realized in three sections: archaeology in Greece during the 19th, the 20th, and the 21st centuries. Crucial historical events, remarkable people, such as politicians and scholars, institutions and societies, are introduced in chronological order, with the hope that the reader will acquire a coherent idea of the evolution of archaeology in Greece from the time of its genesis in the 19th century to the present. References to these few people and events do not suggest by any means that there were not others. The personal decisions and scientific work of native Greek archaeologists past and present has contributed significantly to the same goal: the development of archaeology in Greece. -
Pag 1-6 Voorwerk 15-11-2013 13:51 Pagina 3
pag 01-18_VOORWERK+CONTENTS_02:pag 1-6 voorwerk 15-11-2013 13:51 Pagina 3 PROCEEDINGS OF THE DUTCH ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY VOLUME XLIV (2012) Editor: Angelos Papadopoulos 2013 pag 01-18_VOORWERK+CONTENTS_02:pag 1-6 voorwerk 15-11-2013 13:51 Pagina 3 TALANTA XLIV (2012), 227-244 THE DECORATED SPINDLE-WHORLS FROM PREHISTORIC AKROTIRI, THERA1 Sophia Vakirtzi2 The aim of this paper is to discuss the presence of decorated spindle-whorls in the archaeological record of Bronze Age Akrotiri, Thera. Although they primarily comprise evidence for the technical evaluation of a craft (making thread with a spindle), these artifacts will be viewed here through a cultural prism. Focus is on the decorative elements of the objects and on the search for comparable assem- blages from other Bronze Age insular sites. This comparison, attempted on a geo- graphical basis at ‘site level’, reveals both a geographical and a chronological pattern regarding the presence (or the absence) of similarly decorated spindle- whorls. This examination shows that in the advent of the Late Bronze Age, plain, non-decorated forms of these objects are preferred. An interpretation of this ten- dency is attempted, taking into consideration the gradual development of a tex- tile ‘industry’ beyond the household level, which is observed in the Aegean world during the 2nd millennium BC. 1 I would like to thank warmly the Director of the Akrotiri Excavations, Professor emeritus Ch. Doumas, for granting me the permission to study the spindle-whorls from Akrotiri. I would also like to express my warmest thanks to the former Director of the 21st Ephorate for the Cyclades, Dr. -
The Commoner in Spartan History from the Lycurgan Reforms to the Death of Alexander: 776-322 B
THE COMMONER IN SPARTAN HISTORY FROM THE LYCURGAN REFORMS TO THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER: 776-323 B. C. By SHASTA HUTTON ABUALTIN fl Bachelor of Arts in Arts and Science Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1983 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS May, 1986 THE COMMONER I N SPARTAN HI STORY FROM THE LYCURGAN REFORMS TO THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER : 776- 323 B. C. Thesis Approv e d : Dean of t h e Graduate Colleg e 125"1196 ii PREFACE The ancient Greeks, their accomplishments, and their history have always facinated me. Further studies into Greek history developed an interest in the Spartans and their activities. So many of the ancient authors are if not openly, at least covertly, hostile to the Spartans. Many of the modern works are concerned only with the early or late history or are general surveys of the total history of Sparta while few works consider Sparta separate from the other Greek city-states in the classical period. My intention is to examine the role of the commoner in ancient Sparta. It must be emphasized that the use of "commoner" in this text refers to the Spartan citizens who were not kings. The Spartan slaves and other non-citizen groups are not included in the classification of commoners. This examination considers the lifestyle of the commoner, his various roles in the government, the better-known commoners, and the various conflicts which arose between the kings and the commoners. -
Divination, Royalty and Insecurity in Classical Sparta*
Kernos Revue internationale et pluridisciplinaire de religion grecque antique 22 | 2009 Varia Divination, Royalty and Insecurity in Classical Sparta Anton Powell Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/1767 DOI: 10.4000/kernos.1767 ISSN: 2034-7871 Publisher Centre international d'étude de la religion grecque antique Printed version Date of publication: 1 January 2009 Number of pages: 35-82 ISSN: 0776-3824 Electronic reference Anton Powell, « Divination, Royalty and Insecurity in Classical Sparta », Kernos [Online], 22 | 2009, Online since 01 October 2012, connection on 19 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ kernos/1767 ; DOI : 10.4000/kernos.1767 Kernos Kernos22(2009), p. 35-82. Divination,Royaltyand .nsecurity inClassicalSpartak Abstract5 DiEination forms an unexpectedly high proportion of our tota information on SpartaFs po itics, interna and externa . It shou d be studied diachronica y, as we as generica y. To abstract it from secu ar andpo itica context wou dconcea both causes and effects of re igious credu ity. We read that SpartaFs hereditary dyarchs, the stateFs chief genera s, were appointed, contro edanddeposedaccording to the interpretation of omens andorac es. Grandomens in particu ar were respected, such as earthDuaLe or a succession of mi itary fai ures. This was in Leeping with the Spartan bias in faEour of eEents that a cou d perceiEe. SpartaFs Lings made famous and apparent y extraEagant c aims to haEe priEi eged ancient inLs with the gods. 7ut by studying the po itica Eu nerabi ity of the Lingship, we see these re igious pretentions as defensiEe, the most effectiEe shie d for an institutionunderthreat. -
Solon in Herodotus
TC 2015; 7(1): 85–109 Alexander Hollmann* Solon in Herodotus DOI 10.1515/tc-2015-0006 Solon is an important figure in Herodotus’ Histories: he appears early in the work and in connection with the Croesus logos, which can be shown to be programma- tic for the rest of the Histories. Though Solon is soon gone from the main stage, the messages he articulates resonate throughout the work.¹ In what follows I offer an analysis of the encounter between Solon and Croesus (1.29–33) and its after effects (1.86–90), paying particular attention to the themes and ideas asso- ciated with the Herodotean Solon. Where relevant, I refer for comparison to the poetic fragments ascribed to Solon. I will also consider the other, brief references to Solon in Egypt at the court of Amasis (2.177.2) and in Cyprus at the court of Philokypros (5.113.2), which respectively show Solon in his capacity as lawgiver and as poet of the ainos. Finally, I consider Herodotus’ choice to focus on Solon as opposed to other wise men, the relationship between this Herodotean Solon and the Solon of the poetry associated with his name, what sort of Solon emerges from the work, and the relationship between Herodotus and the figure he has created. Solon is immediately introduced in connection with the theme of wealth (ploutos): he and others, termed sophistai, “arrive at Sardis at the akmē of its pros- perity” (ἀπικνέονται ἐς Σάρδις ἀκμαζούσας πλούτωι, 1.29.1).² Wealth and what it may or may not bring is a central theme in the ensuing interchange between Solon and Croesus, and this note is sounded early. -
Reelection to the Ephorate? Westlake, H D Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Winter 1976; 17, 4; Proquest Pg
Reelection to the Ephorate? Westlake, H D Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Winter 1976; 17, 4; ProQuest pg. 343 Reelection to the Ephorate? H. D. Westlake NY CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATION on reelection to a collegiate A magistracy is bound to affect the character both of the magistracy itself and of the political system to which it belongs. According to Aristotle it was a principle of democracy that no one might hold the same office more than once, apart from offices involving military responsibilities and a few others.1 This principle is seen to have been strictly observed in the fully developed Athenian democracy.2 In the forms of oligarchy in which magistracies were elective, there seems normally to have been no restriction on re election, though in some instances a further term of office was permitted only after an interval of some years.3 The question whether at Sparta anyone who served as ephor was eligible to serve again, in the following year or after an interval, is strangely obscure. Its obscurity is not attributable to the notorious Spartan secretiveness, of which Thucydides complains (5.68.2): the Spartans could hardly have concealed the names of their ephors and do not appear to have tried to do so. Explicit evidence on this point seems to be lacking, and the principles relating to democracy and oligarchy do not suggest an answer, since the Spartan constitution was a mixture containing elements of both.4 In a somewhat confused passage of the Politics Aristotle describes the ephorate both as democratic and as tyrannical (2.1270b 8-28).