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A Monument to the Battle of Marathon 95 A MONUMENT TO THE BATTLEOF MARATHON (PLATES 31-35) what now remaineth here? What sacred trophy marks the hallow'd ground Recording freedom's smile and Asia's tear? Byron, Childe Harold, II, 90 > J ILLIAM Dinsmoorhas always emphasizedthe importanceof the correlation of Greek archaeology with history. This basic idea permeates his writings but finds its fullest expression in the article which he contributed to the volume Studies in the History of Culture (presented to Waldo G. Leland, 1942). On the occasion of his 80th birthday I present some archaeological evidence bearing on the Battle of Marathon. In the northeastern part of the plain of Marathon, about midway between the shore and the foot of Mt. Stavrokoraki and only a few hundred meters from the edge of the Great Marsh, stands the little chapel of the Panagia Mesosporitissa (P1. 31,a), so called because its festival falls about in the middle of the sowing season, November 21st. A short distance in front of the chapel is an old well whose mouth is formed by a large block of white marble (P1. 31,b), and just beyond this are the ruins of a mediaeval tower built of large re-used ancient blocks, conspicuous among which are a large Ionic capital measuring 1.35 meters across the volutes and two large column drums about 0.80 meters in diameter (PI. 31,c-e, 32). These remains of antiquity have always been visible, and the first published notice of them is that of W. M. Leake who, although he did not see them himself on his visits to Marathon, refers to them on the strength of a report from a certain W. Bankes.' Subsequently they were described,with some variations in detail, by Vischer, Lolling, Eschenburg and Milchhoefer, and they are briefly noted by Frazer and Hitzig-Bluemner.2 Since the end of the nineteenth century, however, they have dropped out of the literature and do not appear in the descriptions of the remains of antiquity 1 W. M. Leake, " On the Demi of Attica," Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom, Vol. 1, Part II, London, 1829, pp. 173-174. This will be quoted below, note 17. W. M. Leake, The Topography of Athens and the Demi, Vol. II, London, 1841, p. 103, contains a slightly abridged version. 2 W. Vischer, Erinnerungen und Eindriicke aus Griechenland, Basel, 1875, p. 74, note 2. H. G. Lolling, Ath. Mitt., 1, 1876, p. 79. Hauptmann Eschenburg, Topographische, archaeologische und milit&irischeBetrachtungen auf dem Schlachtfelde von Marathon, Berlin, 1886, p. 10; sum- marized in Arch. Anz. 1889, p. 36. E. Curtius und J. A. Kaupert, Karten von Attika, Erlauternder Text von A. Milchh6fer, III-VI, pp. 50-51, and 53. J. G. Frazer, Pausanias's Description of Greece, II pp. 435-436. H. Hitzig and H. Bluemner, Pausanias Graeciae descriptio, 1, p. 335. American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Hesperia ® www.jstor.org 94 EUGENE VANDERPOOL in the plain of Marathon by Soteriades, Pritchett and others.3 They have never been illustrated or even adequately described or evaluated. I came upon these ruins by chance several years ago and was immediately im- pressed by the Ionic capital which, in spite of being badly damaged and only partly visible (Pls. 31,c, 33,b), was clearly of monumental proportions and late archaic style. Further investigations seemed indicated, and the owners of the property, Mr. Nikos K. Konstantinides and his brothers, generously gave their consent. The Archaeological Service gave the necessary permission to clear the visible remains and work was carried on in collaboration with Mr. Verdelis, the Ephor of Attica,4 at intervals during the months of August and September, 1965, for a total of eight days, employing three workmen. The thick brush and late fill over and around the ruins were removed so as to expose what remained in situ, and the fallen blocks were rolled a short distance away so that they could be better seen and studied. THE MEDIAEVAL TOWER The ruins, an amorphous pile before being cleaned, proved to be those of a mediaeval tower built largely of ancient blocks (Fig. 1; Pls. 31, 32). The tower is oriented almost exactly to the cardinal points of the compass, its long sides facing east and west, its ends north and south. It is 5.82 meters long and 4.48 meters wide and is in most places preserved to the height of the orthostate course, rising about a meter above ground level which is the same now as it was when the tower was built. The north end is best preserved, and the large Ionic capital is built in near the middle of this face (P1. 32). It rests on one pair of its volutes, and the other pair faces upward. Its bottom is visible in the outer face of the tower. Its top, which is turned towards the inner face of the tower, was mostly hidden by the fill inside the tower.5 The capital is flanked on either side by large orthostates with pointed decora- tion on their face. The chinks left by the irregularities of the capital and the gaps in the inner face of the wall are filled with rubble and mortar construction. Below the capital and the orthostates is a euthynteria course consisting of four large blocks of various sizes but uniform height. Beneath this is a foundation of rubble and mortar. 3 George Soteriades wrote many articles on Marathon among which we may mention 'ErtuTrq- /LOVL?7'E7rEr-7pL'V T?13 FlDXOUOWbK?S IXO TOV llavErtanrmov ?EuaqaXovLK?)v, I, 1927, pp. 117-150, articles in HpaKxtKa for 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, and 1939 and in IIpaKrtKa' Tm3'AKa8-%d'ac 'AOrjv6iv for 1932, 1933 and 1934. W. K. Pritchett has two articles: (1) University of California Publications in Classical Archaeology, IV, 1960, pp. 136-175, and (2) University of California Publications: Classical Studies, Vol. I, Studies in Ancient Greek Topography, Part I, 1965, pp. 83-93. See also G. D. Androutsopoulos, HIoXELwv,III, 1948, pp. 129-136; and Wrede in R.E. s.v. " Marathon " (1930). 4 Mr. Kallipolitis, the previous Ephor of Attica, and the Epimeletes Messrs. Petrakos and Davaras also took an active interest in the matter. John Travlos generously offered to make the drawings and has also provided one of the photographs. James R. McCredie has provided another photograph. 5 On one of the last working days the capital was tipped back so as to expose the better preserved volutes on which it was resting. It remains lying upside down pending final disposition. A MONUMENT TO THE BATTLE OF MARATHON 95 The west side has at its north end a large orthostate block with pointed decoration on the face; it has been cracked by a settling of the foundation. There is a large, unfluted marble column drum (A) near the center of this side, half of whose diameter is incorporated in the wall while the other half projects into the space within the 4.488 l~~~~~~A ofthclum d, w . FIG. 1. Plan of the MediaevalTower. Letters indicateColumn Drums. (Drawn by John Travlos.) tower. A fragmnentof another simillardrum (B) i'sbuilt 'intothe outer face of the wall at th'ispoint. A block of the string course above the orthostates is in place just south of the column drums and i's the highest preservredblock i'nthe tower. The south end has two large blocks with pointed decoration, one of them built in face downwards. There is a conglomerateblock at the southeast corner. 96 EUGENE VANDERPOOL The east side is badly preserved and hardly rises above the euthynteria except at the two ends. There are fragments of a marble column drum (D) built in near the south end and a whole drum (C) near the north end of this side. In the euthynteria course at the center of this side there is a round press bed for oil or wine. On it, if we may judge from traces of mortar that remain, stood another column drum, correspond- ing to the one at the center of the west side. The foundations are of rubble and mortar and extend down to an undetermined depth. On each of the four sides of the tower we made a small trial cut to depths varying between one and two meters without reaching their bottom. The foundations are set down through absolutely sterile silt which begins just below the thin surface layer of humus. This indicates that the ground level has not changed since the tower was built; I would venture a guess that it has not changed appreciablywithin historical times. The inside of the tower is divided into two rooms of equal size by a light rubble wall running east and west starting from the column drum already mentioned which projects inward. The floor of both rooms is made of tile fragments set on edge and bonded in mortar. The inner faces of the walls are covered with a coarse, very crumbly stucco of which three coats are preserved in some places. The four inner corners of the tower are reinforced by rectangular buttresses bonded into the body of the wall. There is no door in the ground floor of the tower, and we may assume that the entrance was by way of the upper floor which was reached by a ladder as is the case, for example, in the mediaeval tower near Brauron. Over the floor of the tower there lay to a depth of from 0.50 m.
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