Year 32 • Issue #363 • July/August 2019 2,10 € ESPAÑOLA DE InternationalFirst Edition Defence of the REVISTA DEFEandNS SecurityFEINDEF ExhibitionA

Future air combat system A EUROPEAN COOPERATION PROGRAMME

BALTOPS 2019 takes part with three vessels and a landing force in NATO’s biggest annual manoeuvres in the Baltic Sea ESPAÑOLA REVISTA DE DEFENSA We talk about defense NOW ALSO IN ENGLISH MANCHETA-INGLÉS-353 16/7/19 08:33 Página 1

CONTENTS

Managing Editor: Yolanda Rodríguez Vidales. Editor in Chief: Víctor Hernández Martínez. Heads of section. Internacional: Rosa Ruiz Fernández. Director de Arte: Rafael Navarro. Parlamento y Opinión: Fernández del Vado. Cultura: Esther P. Martínez. Fotografía: Pepe Díaz. Sections. Nacional: Elena Tarilonte. Fuerzas Armadas: José Luis Expósito Montero. Fotografía y Archivo: Hélène Gicquel Pasquier. Maque- tación: Eduardo Fernández Salvador. Collaborators: Juan Pons. Fotografías: Air- bus, Armada, Dassault Aviation, Joaquín Garat, Iñaki Gómez, Latvian Army, Latvian Ministry of Defence, NASA, Ricardo Pérez, INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY Jesús de los Reyes y US Navy. Translators: Grainne Mary Gahan, Manuel Gómez Pumares, María Sarandeses Fernández-Santa Eulalia y NGWS, Fuensanta Zaballa Gómez. a European cooperation project Germany, and Spain join together to build the future 6 fighter aircraft. Published by: Ministerio de Defensa. Editing: C/ San Nicolás, 11. 28013 . Phone Numbers: 91 516 04 31/19 (dirección), 91 516 04 17/91 516 04 21 (redacción). Fax: 91 516 04 18. Correo electrónico:[email protected] def.es. Website: www.defensa.gob.es. Admi- ARMED FORCES nistration, distribution and subscriptions: Subdirección General de Publicaciones y 16 High-readiness Patrimonio Cultural: C/ Camino de Ingenieros, 6. 28047-Madrid. Tfno.: 91 364 74 21. Fax: 91 364 paratroopers 74 07. Correo electrónico: [email protected]. Advertising: Editorial MIC. C/ Artesiano, s/n. The Almogávares VI Brigade certifies Pol. Ind. Trobajo del Camino. 24010 León. its operational capability as a NATO Teléfono: 902 27 19 02. Fax: 902 37 19 02. Correo manoeuvre unit integrated in VJTF 2020. electrónico: [email protected]/marke- [email protected]. Photomechanic and printing: Ministerio de Defensa D. L.: M8620-1988. NIPO: 083-15-011-2 (Edición en papel). NIPO: 083-15-013-3 (Edición en línea pdf). ISSN: 1131-5172 (Papel). ISSN: 1696-7232 (Internet). Price: 2,10 (IVA incluido). Canarias, y : 2,10 euros (sin IVA, transporte incluido). Suscrip- tions: España: 21,03 euros; Unión Europea: ARMED FORCES 27,04 euros; resto del mundo: 36,06 euros.

Editorial Board: Yolanda Rodríguez Vidales (pre- 10 With our allies sidenta), Esperanza Casteleiro Llamazares,Miguel Ángel Villaroya Vilalta, Pedro Méndez de Vigo in the Baltic Sea y Montojo, Antonino Cordero Aparicio, José Luis Figuero Aguilar, Juan Carlos González NATO maritime forces test readiness Díaz, Juan Francisco Arrazola Martínez, Gonzalo in Baltops’19 exercise. Sanz Alisedo y Juan Ángel Treceño García.

Articles express the opinions of the authors and do not neces- sarily represent the opinions of the REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE DEFENSA. The editors of the magazinne are not obliged to correspond with the authors of the contributions or to reply to any unsolicited letters. 14 Focus Foto de portada: Iñaki Gómez

July/August 20192019 RevistaRevista Española Española de de Defensa Defensa 3 3

CONTENTS

21 Ángel Olivares, SEDEF (State Secretary of Defence) INTERNATIONAL DEFENCE EXHIBITION The State Secretary of Defence noted the success of FEINDEF, Spain’s first celebrated in Madrid, major exhibition exhibiting its products FEINDEF, with 150 stands and numerous activities, welcomes to over 48 delegations 18 more than 10,000 professionals in the sector. from 32 countries.

INDUSTRY INTERNATIONAL AND TECHNOLOGY 36 A necessary 31 Spanish and efficient defence alliance industry The seminar organised by 2019-2020 the Association of European Publication of the third Journalists brings together official catalogue for the politicians, military personnel knowledge and promotion and journalists in Toledo to of the capabilities of analyse NATO’s future. Spanish companies in the international environment. HISTORY 32 A giant leap for mankind INTA’s tracking station in Fresnedillas (Madrid) was the first to learn —fifty years ago— that Apollo 11 had landed on the Moon.

CULTURE 38 The mystery of San Telmo The Naval Museum of San Fernando remembers the ill-fated San Telmo, the first ship that might have reached the Antarctic with a crew of 644 men, who also disappeared in 1819.

July/August 2019 Revista Española de Defensa 5 Iñaki Gómez/MDE

The German, French and Spanish Ministers sign the agreement in the presence of French President, . NGWS, a European cooperation project Germany, France and Spain join in future fighter aircraft project

HE 53rd edition of the replace the current European fighter and Spanish Ministers, Ursula von der Paris Air Show was the aircraft fleets, all within the ambitious Leyen, Florence Parly and Margarita venue to stage the official concept of building a Future Combat Robles, respectively, who were accom- take-off of the European Air System (FCAS). panied by the President of the French project of a Next Gen- The ceremony took place in the Republic, Emmanuel Macron, who had Teration Weapon System (NGWS). outdoor exhibition area known as the just inaugurated what is considered to be It is a cooperation initiative between Salon de Le Bourget, along with a real the largest airspace exhibition worldwide. the governments of Belin, Paris and size representation of the 6th generation With his presence, the French head of Madrid, and its goal is to place in ser- fighter, which will be the cornerstone state wanted to evidence the strong de- vice in 2040 a complex manned and on which the NGWS will rest. The termination and commitment of Germany, unmanned aircraft system that can protagonists were the German, French France and Spain to launch an ambitious

6 Revista Española de Defensa July/August 2019 [ industry and technology ]

European project of utmost relevance to fits equal to those resulting from the the NGWS life cycle, as well as provide the air forces and aeronautical industry Eurofighter program». them with new technologies, disruptive of the three EU nations. The heads of This recently signed Framework in some cases, which will be useful for the Departments of Defence signed a Agreement gives the green light to many industrial sectors, since in most Framework Agreement that opens the the start of formal negotiations so cases «new dual technologies will see way for the initial stage of investment that the Spanish industry can become the light» and, therefore, will be in NGWS technological programs. The part of the already established Fran- applicable not only to the defence pillars of which are the future fighter co-German industrial agreements, as sector but also to many other key aircraft or NFG (Next Generation for instance the Joint Concept Study fields of the national industrial fabric, Fighter), all kinds of drones and new ad- (JCS), which will run until mid-2021. such as energies, airspace, transport- vanced sensor systems. But also in the different work packages ation, medical, telecommunications, Additionally, there will be a new of R+D+i activities of the seven tech- automotive, etc. combat system in the cloud that will nological pillars identified, that are In this sense, the Ministry of Defence enable real time integration with other the basis for the future demonstration considers that the NGWS program is a platforms, like communication and stage that should enable to establish the «State» program in which Spain should observation satellites, early warning specific product lines for the NGWS, be capable of defending its military and aircraft, last generation tanks, war- ships and submarines, all of which fall within the FCAS concept. The Franco-German-Spanish agree- ment activates a series of administrative and consultation mechanisms between the three Ministries aiming to develop a system that will replace in the year 2040 those fighters that are currently in- ser vice in the French Armed Forces, Rafale, and those of Germany and Spain, the first versions of the Eurofighter EF-2000.

HISTORIC OPPORTUNITY In its official communique after the Paris Air Show, the Ministry of Defence claims that the three nation joint initiative is a «unique opportunity to guarantee the capabilities of the Spanish Armed Forces, to bolster the European security Dassault Aviation and defence policy, and to develop indus- Representation of the 6th generation fighter aircraft, cornerstone of the project on trial and technological capabilities of the which the future air combat system will rest. European Industrial Base». All of which will consolidate Spain’s and Europe’s and more particularly, for the NGF, its industrial strategic capabilities and in- sovereignty and independence. primary component. terests in what is considered to be the According to the interim Defence The seven pillars identified are those most ambitious European cooperation Minister, Margarita Robles, being in relating to aerial platform, engine, elec- program thus far. It is so important that the NGWS «from the beginning, is tro-optical sensors and radar, remote it should be carried out in close col- very important for the modernization operators (drones), very low observability laboration with other Departments, in of the Air Force, and gives momentum systems to incorporate into the platform, particular, with the Ministry of Science, to the development of the defence in- simulation laboratory and the «system of Innovation and Universities and with dustry». This is why Spain «like its systems» responsible for ensuring the the Ministry of Industry, Trade and partners, intends to participate with a connectivity of everything, including Tourism, in order to integrate the do- 33 per cent in technological projects». Command and Control. mestic industry into the «Joint Concept From the point of view of the State The fact that Spanish companies have Study» and into the different work Secretary of Defence, Ángel Olivares, the opportunity to position themselves packages of R+D activities. this recently launched project «will as soon as possible in the industrial team Therefore, in discussions with the bring the Spanish industry bene- will allow them to «be relevant» in all leading companies in the aeronautical Spain, like its partners, intends to participate with a 33 per cent in the technological projects of the program

July/August 2019 Revista Española de Defensa 7 [ industry and technology ]

Margarita Robles: «Being in the program from the beginning is very important for the Air Force and for the industry» and defence field and in coordination a substitute that will guarantee its tech- This Navy officer, an experienced with other ministries, the General Dir- nological superiority around 2040». Harrier AV-8B II Plus pilot, considers ectorate for Armament and Materiel Captain José Luis Nieto, Head of the that the NGWS «will be the 21st cen- coordinates the design of an Industrial Planning and Control Department of the tury air weapon system, since its goal is and Technological Plan specifically Sub-directorate general for Planning, not only to exceed the capabilities and for the NGWS. Once it is approved Technology and Innovation in the performance of the traditional fighter —probably before the end of this year—, General Directorate for Armament and aircraft in service today, but also to be the plan will determine the companies Materiel claims that the NGWS pro- a step ahead of any next generation and the capabilities that the national in- ject «is more than just an initiative to fighter aircraft or development». dustrial fabric is capable of providing to develop the most advanced fighter air- Within the timeframe, the main tar- the technological risk reduction stage in craft ever flown by a European coun- get set by the air forces of the three order to make the project succeed. try». Captain Nieto underlines that al- countries involved is to have a first though we should underscore that the demonstrator aircraft that can fly in MORE THAN A FIGHTER AIRCRAFT future fighter aircraft is the core of the the year 2026, which is a huge chal- According to the Air Force, «the NGF project, the real goal is «to guarantee an lenge for the industry. As a result, it will be a twin-engine fighter aircraft independent and sovereign European will be possible to start experiencing of utmost importance to the Spanish air-power capability bringing great eco- with the most critical technologies so Armed Forces, as it ensures the replace- nomic, industrial and technological be- that the NGWS concept comes into ment of the current Eurofighter fleet by nefits to participating countries». being in the 2040s.

8 Revista Española de Defensa July/August 2019 MDE Margarita Robles visits the Spanish pavilion at the Paris Air Show, where 35 Spanish aeronautical companies showcased their technological developments.

The challenge that European manu- warfare equipment. At the same time, form missions from the flight deck of a facturers face goes beyond the limits of it will bay advanced electronic conver- great surface ship to replace the Marine anything existing today and it is close to sations with cruise missiles launched version of the Rafale fighter aircraft per- what some could consider science-fic- from aircraft, submarines, surface manently based on the French atomic tion. But the exponential growth of ships, as well as with cutting-edge carrier De Gaulle. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the tanks… and so on. As the system’s main aerial plat- massive big data analysis and manage- form, the technologies that should be ment is going to enable a 6th generation MULTITASK incorporated into the NGF are going manned fighter aircraft to interrelate The full range of operational tasks now to require servicemen and engineers with very different weapon systems being studied and being assigned to the to find the maximum balance between required to be hyperconnected and to NGWS concept include tactical and furtivity, speed and its combat and work in correct synchrony. strategic reconnaissance, air superiority strike capability. The contribution of AI and big data and deterrence missions. But also those In order to achieve this stealth aircraft is going to be decisive for the success of linked to combat actions in asymmetric and make it undetectable to cutting-edge the project. It is a disruptive technology conflicts, long distance penetration in radars, its radar equivalent section that is essential to manage dozens of enemy territory and attack on ships. must be practically imperceptible. This thousands of data that will allow pilots And if this were not enough, the NGF requires a design without shapes pro- to have a better knowledge of the tac- meets the requirement of being em- ducing echoes on the radar screen, but tical situation of the environment and barkable. This means that it can per- it also requires eliminating external succeed in every mission. But, most of pylons to secure missiles, bombs and all, the largest contribution of AI will sensors to be housed in interior bays. be to allow to understand the enormous Initial studies foresee that NGF data and information flow acquired by The Armed squadrons will not conduct assigned numerous sensors, the ultimate aim of missions on their own. The initial fore- which is to present the most efficient Forces of the three cast is that their strikes will be preceded options on the pilot’s screen. or accompanied by remotely piloted air- For instance, the future 6th gener- countries involved craft, some to carry out reconnaissance ation fighter aircraft will be surroun- missions, others to act as communica- ded, physically or digitally, by swarms expect to have a tion relays and others to harass enemy of reconnaissance drones and rocket defences and fire missiles against highly launchers, radar surveillance aircraft, first demonstrator protected targets and avoid threatening strategic projection and air-to-air re- the lives of the pilots. fuelling aircraft, as well as electronic aircraft in 2026 Juan Pons

July/August 2019 Revista Española de Defensa 9 [ armed forces ]

Amphibious landing on a beach in Latvia. Below, USS Mount Whitney, command ship of the exercise. A Harrier on the deck of the LHD and a U.S. Seahawk launching a Hellfire missile.

10 Revista Española de Defensa July/August 2019 James Turner/US Navy James Turner/US Latvian Ministry of Defence Standing NATO Maritime Group 1 with Danish ships in Baltic Sea waters. (On the right of the picture, frigate Almirante Juan de Borbón). With our allies in the BALTIC SEA NATO maritime forces test their

Erik Kukutis/Latvian Army readiness in BALTOPS’19

ROOPS from the United rated after Russia’s illegal annexation States and 17 European of Crimea. Lungescu insisted that «the nations have taken part only purpose of this exercise is to test in NATO’s largest annual how well our forces work together and exercise in Baltic Sea wa- show that NATO can defend itself aga- tersT and coasts. BALTOPS exercise inst any adversary». (acronym for Baltic Operations) started With the aim of further strengthening in Germany’s Baltic Sea port of Kiel on the joint response capability, BALTOPS 9 June and ran through 21 June, invol- 2019 brought together troops from Bel- ving maritime, air and ground forces as gium, Denmark, Estonia, France, Ger- well as 8,600 troops, 50 ships and sub- many, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, marines and 40 aircraft. The exercise Norway, Poland, , Romania, included maritime interdiction, amphi- Spain, Turkey, the bious and air defence operations as well and the , along with two as other domains of sea combat, such as NATO partners in the region, Finland anti-subsurface warfare and mine coun- and Sweden. termeasures. This year the maritime exercise was «The Baltic is of vital strategic im- run by the U.S. Navy 2nd Fleet. This portance to the Alliance and is borde- maritime force based in Norfolk, Vir- Latvian Ministry of Defence red by 6 NATO countries», said NATO ginia, had been deactivated in 2011, spokesperson Oana but the Pentagon re- Lungescu when pre- established it last year senting the exercise to Spain has to strengthen the de- the press. She pointed fence of NATO coun- out that this exercise taken part tries in the North At- «is now in its 47th year lantic. Its commander, and is not directed aga- with three Vice Admiral Andrew inst anyone». However, Lewis, ran the allies she admitted that the ships and a operations from the security environment in U.S.S. Mount Whitney the region has deterio- landing force command ship.

July/August 2019 Revista Española de Defensa 11 US Navy Armada

Once the exercise concluded, LHD Juan Carlos and ESPN Cristobal Colón sailing back to Spain. US Navy Joaquín Garat

Damage control exercise on ESPN Cristobal Colón. On the right, an armoured AAV-7P goes out to sea from USS Fort McHenry.

BALTOPS comprised 389 different went there to defend it and helped res- in 2014 and made up of 3,000 members activities this year, almost four times tore stability in the region. from several NATO allies and part- more than last year. To add a greater BALTOPS’19 has also been the first ners, reached its initial operational ca- sense of realism to this exercise, a crisis great training opportunity for the pability in 2017. One of the great cha- scenario was simulated by rebel forces Joint Expeditionary Force-Maritime llenges of this exercise was precisely trying to take control of an island in the (JEF-M) run by the United Kingdom. to coordinate the activities of several Baltic Sea. As a result, allied nations This rapid response force, established pre-formed maritime groups operating

12 Revista Española de Defensa July/August 2019 [ armed forces ]

The exercise brought together 50 ships and 40 aircraft from 18 countries, under the command of the United States Second Fleet under the same command. The Baltic test challenges was to find appropriate mine warfare operations were also an States Naval Squadron (BALTRON) access points because of the rocky Bal- essential part of the exercise. Advanced made up of ships from Estonia, Latvia tic coasts and the busy vessel traffic. detection systems were used, as the Litto- and Lithuania also joined the JEF-M Among the forces that stood out from ral Combat Ship, a U.S. program that is and NATO’s standing groups (escorts the rest of the countries were Royal Navy now at an experimental stage. More than num. 1 and Mine Countermeasures Frigates HMS Kent and Westminster or the 15 mine countermeasure ships (MCM) num. 1 and 2). Norwegian frigate Roald Amundsen (built took part in these tasks, as well as 15 un- Aircraft activities were controlled by Navantia and similar to the Spanish manned underwater vehicles, five drone from the NATO Air Operations Cen- F-100) and the Swedish corvettes Karlstad aircraft and over 70 divers of different tre in Uedem (Germany). Among and Nykoping, with their futuristic stealth nationalities. others, there were F-15, F-16, Harrier design that reduces their visibility. The Victor Hernández and MiG-29 jet fighter aircraft, and maritime patrol aircraft as the U.S. P-8 Poseidon.

THREE SPANISH SHIPS The Armada () has had a significant representation in this exer- cise with the deployment of flagship Juan Carlos I and ESPN Cristobal Colón and Almirante Juan de Borbón. The latter was already operating in the scenario and was integrated in the Standing NATO Maritime Group 1 (SNMG). There were about 1,100 servicemen on board the three ships, most of them on LHD Juan Carlos I, which in addition to her 300 crewmembers travelled with an embarked aircraft unit made up of 105 people, seven AV8B Harrier II Plus, three SH3D Sea King helicopters, a party Latvian Ministry of Defence of the Beach Naval Group made up of The troops of the II Landing Battalion were trained with the U.S. marines. Below, 34 members and four LCM-1Es (Landing inspection boarding from ESPN Cristobal Colón. Craft Mechanized 1E), and a landing force made up of 306 marines and 38 vehicles. Part of this group, of the Second Landing Battalion of the Fleet of the Armada, was on board the USS Fort McHenry, of the US Navy. The Spanish troops, integrated in the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit, carried out lan- ding exercises in Lithuania, particu- larly in Daugavgriva and Lilaste, near Adazi, where the Army detachment in- tegrated in the eFP mission (Enhanced Forward Presence) is located. This U.S. ship, together with the British HMS Albion and the Juan Carlos I, were responsible for most of the am- phibious operations. One of the grea- Joaquín Garat

July/August 2019 Revista Española de Defensa 13 > Focus

The return Several AV-8B Harrier II Plus overfly the Coast of Cadiz. They approach in formation Rota runway, base of the 9th Aircraft Squadron of the Armada (Spanish Navy). They return home after two intensive weeks of operations in the Baltic skies, forming part of the multinational BALTOPS’19 exercise. One of the Harriers has a Spanish flag painted on its tail. It is a special decoration for the Air Tattoo 2019, the most important aircraft exhibition in the world taking place in the United Kingdom from July 19th to 21th.

Photograph: Armada

[ armed forces ] High-readiness PARATROOPERS The Almogávares VI Brigade certifies its operational capability as a NATO manoeuvre unit integrated in VJTF 2020

IRST at the Chinchilla Very High Readiness Joint Task For- a company of the Ortiz de Zárate Ban- Training Field (Albacete) ce (VJTF) which the Atlantic Alliance ner from the Regiment no. 5, at the end of May and sub- will keep available for activation if ne- joined by a Portuguese infantry com- sequently in Drawsko and cessary in 2020. pany. For tactical mobility the Spanish Orzysz (Poland) from 21 BRIPAC provides VJTF and, unit incorporates Medium Armoured toF 25 June during the CPX (command therefore, the NATO Response For- Vehicles on Wheels (BMR), the RPG posts) phase of the Dragón 19 allied ce (NRF) with a protected light in- 31 and the Lince. A battery of the Cam- drill, the Almogávares VI Paratrooper fantry tactical group —a total of 778 paign Artillery Group equipped with Brigade (BRIPAC) has been evalua- troops— formed under the banner of Light Gun howitzers and a company ted and certified as a manoeuvre unit the Roger de Lauria infantry unit of the from the sappers battalion, both from of the ground element of NATO’s 2020 Naples Regiment no. 4, reinforced with BRIPAC, will also join the respective

Lince and RPG 31 armed vehicles in Chinchilla training area (Albacete).

16 Revista Española de Defensa July/August 2019 The Roger de Lauria protected light tactical group comprises 778 men and women VJTF combat support units.The land component of this rapid deployment unit and of the NRF will be led next year by the 21st Mechanised Moun- tain Brigade of the Polish Army, which will have six Battle Groups: three na- tional, one Scottish, one Czech and the aforementioned Spanish group.

EVALUATION During the national certification in Chinchilla, the Roger de Lauria tactical group carried out an attack/defence operation in a conventional warfare theatre that was evaluated according to NATO criteria by personnel from the General Staff of the Almogávares Brigade and verified by two observers from the NATO Land Command Headquarters in Izmir (Turkey). Previously, the units of the tactical group acted separately in companies performing the reconnais- sance of itineraries, combat operations BRIPAC members are trained in urban combat actions. in urban terrains and live fire drills. The manoeuvres in the terrain of the Infan- ko. The tactical group thus completed tia, Slovakia, Spain, the United Sta- try battalion were supported by artillery its certification as a manoeuvre unit of tes, , Poland, Norway, the United fire, basically focusing on constant chan- the Polish multinational brigade, spe- Kingdom, the Czech Republic and ges to the positioning of the pieces —up cifically in the field of the C2 structure Rumania participated, as well as 130 to 25 times a day— to reduce the timing —command and control— between the tanks, 225 mechanised vehicles, 32 air- from the transport position to the firing VJTF 2020 Battle Groups. craft, nine ships and 51 artillery pieces. position. One of the main activities of the The Dragón drill was preceded by a Spain participated in this phase of real sappers during the certification drill was Livex type phase in which up to 18,000 forces training with an element of the the arrangement of the positioning of the troops from Germany, Bulgaria, Croa- Valencia no. 1 NBC Defence Regiment, artillery positions using the mo- also assigned to the NRF ving machinery from the Terra- 2020 and its VJTF. in Organisation section. The Eurocorps Head- quarters will assume the POLAND command of the Ground Almost a month later, from 21 Component of these for- to 25 June, the senior staff of ces. After satisfactorily the Spanish battalion partici- passing a series of certi- pated in Poland in the CPX fication drills throughout phase of the Dragón 19 drill, 2018 and the current year, the aim of which was to eva- its certification will take luate the 21st Mechanised place this autumn bet- Mountain Brigade Headquar- ween 26 October and 14 ters’ combat readiness (CRE- November in Stavanger VAL, Combat Readiness Eva- (Norway) during the Tri- luation). Two liaison officers dent Jupiter 19 drill, pro- from BRIPAC joined Orzysz, grammed to evaluate its where the unit was located, combat readiness. while 17 others joined the res- J.L. Expósito ponse cell deployed in Draws- Light Gun 105 mm towed howitzer live-fire artillery exercise. Photos: Jesús de los Reyes/DECET

July/August 2019 Revista Española de Defensa 17 The first edition of FEINDEF was attended by institutions, the main companies from the sector and international delegations.

The first large defence EXHIBITION IN SPAIN Over three days, FEINDEF, with 150 exhibitors and numerous activities, receives more than 10,000 professionals from the sector

18 Revista Española de Defensa July/August 2019 The Minister for Defence, Margarita Robles, opened the exhibition, accompanied by the State Secretary of Defence, the Chief of Defence Staff and the Chairmen of TEDAE and AESMIDE. The attendance of 48 delegations from 32 countries positions FEINDEF as a European reference for the defence and security industry

HE International Defence Organised by the TEDAE (De- institutions, the main companies of the and Security Exhibition fence, Security, Aeronautics and Space sector —both Spanish and foreign—, (FEINDEF) has got off companies) and AESMIDE (suppliers numerous SMEs and the commercial to a strong start. More of goods and services for the Ministry offices of various countries. than 10,000 professionals of Defence) associations, with the sup- «The first but not the last», said the fromT the sector visited its first edition, port of the Ministry, FEINDEF hosted acting Minister for Defence, Marga- held from 29 to 31 May under the slo- 150 exhibitors from eleven countries, rita Robles, at the opening ceremony, gan Technologies for a safer society. There occupying 14,000 square metres of IF- «because we have set the ball rolling». were forums and conferences, product EMA, the Madrid Exhibition Centre. With FEINDEF, the Spanish military presentations, the signing of agree- Among them were the stands of the industry is endeavouring to create its ments and a wide range of Spanish Ministries of Defence and the Inte- own showcase, following the model of technology on display for the 48 official rior, the Army, the Air Force and the other large European exhibitions of delegations from 32 countries and the Navy, the Military Emergencies Unit armament and materiel, such as the representatives from various European (UME), other bodies belonging to or French Eurosatory, which has been run- institutions. attached to Defence, several public ning for more than 25 years, and with

July/August 2019 Revista Española de Defensa 19 The Army stand (right) was dedicated to Force 35. The Navy (above) and the Air Force (below) showcased their capabilities.

which it will alternate in odd years. OPENING efficient, are a benchmark in Europe», Although the first exhibition has been «Europe has to work together on a major and advocated boosting investment in static, it is hoped that the second, in issue such as security, and that is why the research, development and innovation 2021, will include an air show. defence industry is essential, an industry (R&D+i) because, she said, «that is the In addition to Minister Robles and that is fully committed to cooperating future». other senior Defence officials, the event with the Armies and creating jobs», said The chairman of TEDAE, Jaime was attended by the acting Minister for Margarita Robles at the opening of the de Rábago, and the chairman of AE- Science, Innovation and Universities, Exhibition. In her speech, she stressed SMIDE, Gerardo Sánchez Revenga, Pedro Duque; the Secretary of State that our Armed Forces, «modern and also spoke. «Spain finally has a meeting for Security, Ana Botella; the Secre- place for the main players in defence tary of State for European Affairs, and security», said Rábago, while Sán- Fernando Valenzuela; the Director of The event had chez Revenga stressed the contribution the European Defence Agency (EDA), of the sector «to the development and Jorge Domecq, among others, all of an extensive wealth of a country». whom were able to see first-hand the A video message was from the Eu- main technological advances in the de- programme of ropean Commission Vice-President for fence and security industry, which on Jobs, Growth, Investment and Com- many occasions are dual developments, forums, conferences petitiveness, Jyrki Tapani Katainen, with characteristics and properties that was shown, in which he wished the Ex- make them attractive for civilian use. and workshops hibition every success.

20 Revista Española de Defensa July/August 2019 PLATFORM Together for A SAFER SOCIETY FEW weeks ago the first International Exhibition of and international entities to make progress in achieving a safer its kind in Spain, FEINDEF, was held at IFEMA in society together. The FEINDEF conference and debate pro- Madrid. The exhibition was organised and promoted gramme has been a good example of this. by the two business associations of the sector, TE- DAE and AESMIDE, and received institutional sup- Another aspect that should be highlighted is the Chief of De- Aport from the Ministry of Defence at all times. The result was fence Staff’s initiative to organise and invite his Latin American highly satisfactory for all involved, particularly for the exhibitors counterparts to a seminar on peace-keeping operations which who showcased their products to over 10,000 professional visi- was held at the same time as FEINDEF. The representatives tors and 48 official delegates from 32 countries. from these countries were thus able to have a look at FEINDEF and learn, in a unique space, of the novelties presented by our Spain thus joins the reduced group of countries that regularly companies, from the biggest and best known companies down hold defence and security exhibitions. The aim was to to the SMEs, which constitute a particularly dynamic give the exhibition a Mediterranean flair and a dash and innovative framework of this industrial sector of Spanish culture, while also touching on key items which is a strategic actor of our Defence. of particular importance to Spanish society, such as advanced technology and employment. FEINDEF 2019 has also been a good example of how interaction with universities and research centres The industrial sector of defence and security is has brought about merging in «military» and «civilian» going through a series of changes which, as in other R&D+i developments, in a broad and dual sense. It industrial sectors, will soon accelerate as a result of is necessary to work closely with the civilian sector, corporate restructuring processes at both European encouraging innovation and the dual nature of tech- and global level due to the speed of technological nology for the benefit of the whole of society. This joint change, sustainability and the commercial activity the Ángel Olivares work makes better use of investments, adapting tech- world will experience in the coming years. Ramírez nological developments to multiple applications. State Secretary of The emergence of new threats and risk areas Defence From the Ministry of Defence we wish to thank gives rise to the permanent need to adapt as quickly all those who have participated in any way in the as possible, strengthening operational and industrial capabili- exhibition, in particular the companies and delegations from ties, taking into account the unstoppable process of digitalisation countries that have visited us, who we invite to accompany us we are experiencing and the unavoidable undertakings we must in the second edition, on which we have already started work. assume in sustainable development, as a commitment to the We are open to any improvements which, having experienced future generations of our society. this first exhibition, you may wish to raise in order to cater for everyone. I wish to extend this gratitude to the General Head- This cannot be tackled in an isolated manner; it must be quarters of the Army, the Air Force and the Navy, who have done through international agreements and cooperation pro- made this Exhibition their own, achieving perfect harmony with grammes, in which Spain as a country must do its bit so that the companies from the sector. society can feel, and be, safer. As the Minister said during her opening speech, «It is not possible to conceive of defence out- We want the second edition of FEINDEF, planned for May side the frameworks of the EU and NATO», in which «the role 2021, to be a leap forward in the internationalisation of com- of the defence industry in the creation of employment and in panies and with regard to the presence of foreign delegations, investment in R&D is fundamental. That is the future». making progress in dynamic exhibitions, with an express in- vitation to set up national exhibition halls and design an ex- On the other hand, it is impossible to envisage a national tensive programme of forums and conferences in which, as defence system that is credible and shows solidary without a well as dual innovation as a key technological mechanism for powerful industry that provides and sustains the equipment and the industry and the Armed Forces, matters of security and systems needed by the Armed Forces for improved and more defence of interest to our society are dealt with. efficient accomplishment of their missions, thus ensuring peace, freedom and the well-being of our society. Spain is a modern, dynamic and welcoming country which, thanks to its size, history and conviction, must be one of the Within the framework of a State policy, such as the defence main players called upon to lead a safer and fairer European so- and security policy, the Ministry of Defence is a crucial actor, ciety. With FEINDEF 2019 we have started to fill an inexplicable fully undertaking to cooperate with other public, private, national void. Our success is everyone’s success.

July/August 2019 Revista Española de Defensa 21 The opening ceremony was followed percent to exports (€5,033 million). The by a conference by Army General Fer- The Spanish 373 companies in the sector —9 percent nando Alejandre, Chief of Defence Staff micro, 39 percent small, 25 percent me- (JEMAD), who stressed that FEIN- industry showed dium and 17 percent large— employ DEF «strengthens and promotes» the 22,641 people directly. By subsectors, new Europe of security and defence, its potential to aeronautics leads sales figures with of which Spain aims to be «one of the €4,331 million (70 percent of the total), drivers». «What we are experiencing is join European well above naval (€564 million, 9.1 per- more of a technological revolution than cent) and land (€526 million, 8.5 per- an evolution», observed the Chief of De- cent). The other subsectors —electronics, fence Staff, and added that the Armed consortiums auxiliary, armament, space, missiles, Forces «understand the need for con- guides the Ministry of Industry, Com- RPAS and simulation— together con- stant renewal». He also explained that merce and Tourism with regard to the tribute 12.4 percent. the Defence Staff (EMAD) has just application of defence measures, and In the presentation of the document published two prospective studies, Hori- assists internationalisation, especially the General Director of Armament and zon 2040 and Operating Environment 2035, in the EU. Materiel, Admiral Santiago Ramón which attempt to «adapt what we do and According to this publication, in 2017 González, the General Secretary of In- what we have to the future». our defence industry had a turnover of dustry and of the SME, Raul Blanco, On the first day a document entitled €6,188 million, 8.8 percent more than in and the former Minister for Defence, Defence Industry Outlook was presented; 2016. Of this amount, 18.7 percent cor- Julián García Vargas, intervened. The this document aims to be a tool that responded to direct sales to the Ministry State Secretary of Defence, Angel Oli- favours the development of the sector, (€1,155 million) and the remaining 81.3 vares, who closed the event, recalled the Military personnel: an asset for all companies HE entry of military personnel into the civilian labour market to provide troops and seafaring personnel with the professional was one of the pillars of the Ministry of Defence’s outreach ac- knowledge and competencies to facilitate their entry into the ci- Ttivities in IFEMA’s Exhibition Hall 8. Taking advantage of the vilian labour market. She also provided details of other activities significant presence of companies connected to the industry, on 29 in the area of training and in order to acquire qualifications and May a specific forum was scheduled on employment with a view accreditations, as well as tutorials to evaluate military personnel, to showcasing the human po- in particular those who leave tential on offer to companies active service at age 45. from such personnel. «The job market is very demanding Valcarce ended her speech but the Armed Forces have encouraging all of the companies the best professionals on of- present to join the SAPROMIL 4.0 fer», assured the Deputy Sec- IT platform, a tool geared toward retary of Defence, Alejo de la facilitating the company-can- Torre, in his opening speech didate relationship through the of the forum. In this regard, he management and monitoring of highlighted the Comprehen- all job offers that may be dissemi- sive Employment Guidance nated among the military person- Plan designed by the Ministry. nel registered on the platform.

The more relevant aspects A discussion panel was then

of this plan were developed by Iñaki Gómez/MDE opened, moderated by the for- the general director of Military Deputy Secretary of Defence opens Employment Forum. mer secretary-general of CCOO, Recruitment and Training, Am- José María Fidalgo. Juan Carlos paro Valcarce. As she explained, the plan implicates all bodies involved Aparicio, former minister for Employment and Social Affairs, repre- in employment guidance processes, providing a comprehensive over- senting Employers, took part, as did major-general José Rodriguez view of the activities being implemented in this regard. García, deputy Army Command; Juan Antonio Vázquez, from UGT; Pieternella De Jong, Human Resources director from Lockheed Mar- Among these activities, the general director highlighted the tin, representing the companies; and Juan A. Sánchez Cordero, chair- agreement signed with the State Public Employment Service (SEPE) man of the State Association of Large Training Companies.

22 Revista Española de Defensa July/August 2019 SPAIN FINALLY HAS ITS OWN EXHIBITION E had to wait for it, but at last Spain has its own Defence and Security Exhibition, the launch Wof which has surpassed even the most optimistic expectations, thanks to several factors in which, in one way or another, we are all involved.

The associations, with the support José Conde of the Ministries of Defence and the de Arjona, Interior, knew how to plan properly Brigadier and in record time and along the General way managed to get eight ministe- Head of rial departments on board, as well as FEINDEF Core the permanent representation of the Institutional in Madrid, Support the CEOE (Spanish Confederation of Employers’ Organisations), an end- less amount of national agencies, NATO, the UN and the European Union. On top of this there was a very attractive programme of forums, with top-level pre- senters, and the official stands of the Armed Forces, The Military Emergencies Unit exhibited its new multi-purpose the Guardia Civil, National Police Force and others truck at FEINDEF, and INTA showcased the Diana air target. such the National Cryptologic Centre or the Centre for Industrial Technological Development (CDTI of the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities.

But it would have meant nothing if, on the day, the industries had not, as they did, done the rest, with sur- prising pavilions, if the collaborating ministries had not materialised their commitment with daily visits of high-ranking officials and, above all, if the public in general and the foreign delegations had not responded to the call as enthusiastically and on such a massive scale as they did.

A final thank you, in this case to the media who reported on this event, making society aware of the reality: Spain already has its own Exhibition of De- fence and Security, of technology, of duality, of the future. We will see you at FEINDEF 2021.

«essential» modernisation projects of opened by its director, Jorge Domecq, peace processes, institutions and indus- the Army, the Air Force and the Navy who stressed the importance of «pro- try in the sector; and the Innovation that have been set in motion in recent moting cross-border partnerships Forum —also known as Defence & Se- months and pointed out that «the com- among European industry in order to curity Innovation Brokerage (DSiB)— panies and the two associations have develop and maintain the EU’s defence which was conceived as an opportunity faced a very challenging crisis situation capabilities and guarantee Europe’s for universities and entrepreneurs to and have emerged successfully from it, strategic autonomy». present their technological projects to taking the step of organising this Ex- The programme also included three companies, within the parameters of hibition». forums devoted to current affairs and the European Defence Action Plan issues of interest: the Employment Fo- (EDAP). FORUMS AND CONFERENCES rum, aimed at incorporating the mili- A professional board of scholars The new Europe of Defence held a tary into the civilian labour market; the evaluated the 20 projects submitted preferential space in FEINDEF with Women’s Forum, which highlighted and chose the best three. The winner a workshop led by the EDA. It was the value of the presence of women in was Command, Control, Communications

July/August 2019 Revista Española de Defensa 23 and Computer for Wireless, from Uni- Cybersecurity was the subject of presence of women, R&D+i develop- versidad Politécnica de Madrid. debate in a round table opened by the ments promoted by the Ministry of De- Likewise, the Exhibition offered director of the National Intelligence fence, etc. The booths also served as a round tables on aspects such as financing Centre (CNI), Félix Sanz Roldán, meeting point for military personnel and or dual-use technologies, and on more who assured that Spain’s technology is human resources managers of compa- specific issues such as the European prepared to reduce cyberattacks, but nies interested in the training and expe- scenario derived from the EDAP. There warned that «we cannot do it alone». rience of professionals who are finishing were also conferences and workshops their time with the Army, the Air Force on new developments and technologies, EXHIBITION AREA and the Navy and seeking work in the data protection, the environment, market At the Ministry of Defence stand, visitors civilian sector. trends and forecasting the future needs of were given information on the interna- There was a space for the Ministry’s the Armed Forces. tional missions of the Armed Forces, the publications and cultural heritage in

A POSITIVE OUTCOME Picture of the VCZAP HEN the lights went Castor with its pushing down on FEINDEF shovel, plough and 2019, the outcome anti-mine roller in the could not have been foreground. moreW positive for our industry and our companies, FEINDEF has got off to a strong start and, given the magnificent reception it received, we have no doubt that it will take Jaime its place among the big interna- de Rábago tional defence and security events. Chairman of TEDAE As the two organising associa- tions (AESMIDE and TEDAE), we are very satisfied with the result obtained, due to both the quality of the technology and products showcased by the exhibiting companies and the number of visitors and the international presence. FEINDEF has managed to bring together the main actors of the national and European scene.

This result was achieved largely thanks to the de- cisive impetus from the Ministry of Defence, and also from the Ministry of the Interior and other Ministries that supported this initiative, which we consider contributes to making brand Spain a reality.

FEINDEF has also managed to strengthen the relationship between the industry and our Armed Forces and State Security Forces and Corps, of which we feel proud.

All of this confirms that Spain needed its own Exhibition to project our industrial capabilities and The Army, the Air Force and technological leadership on an international level. Now we need to get to work, starting today, on the Navy exhibited their FEINDEF 2021, to consolidate it as an international benchmark event. most innovative systems and equipment

24 Revista Española de Defensa July/August 2019 order to disseminate their information tools, virtual library, databases and journals. Among the publications was the Spanish Defence Industry Cata- logue 2019-20, which aims to support this sector. The catalogue has a clear in- ternational vocation and presents infor- mation about our capabilities, useful to any person or organisation that needs this information. For their part, the Armed Forces and the State Security Forces and Bodies exhibited their latest equipment. The Army exhibitor focused on Force 2035, dividing the materials into three cate- gories: those that have been provided, those included in the testing plan and those likely to provide a technological advantage. Visitors were able to see one of the new VERT reconnaissance vehicles and drones of different sizes and operational functions. This new ho- rizon of the Army was explained with infographics to facilitate understanding.

The Navy showcased information FEINDEF about its missions, the navigation simula- tors developed by Navantia for the new- est vessels —such as the LHD Juan Carlos Women at the heart of Defence I— and models of other units (the S-80 ENDER equality in the Armed Forces and in the Defence industry enjoyed a submarine, the future F-110 frigate, etc.). high profile at the Exhibition. Through a specific forum, stock was taken of the 30 The Air Force presented some of the years that have passed since the entry of the first women into military life, and the capabilities provided by the industry, G importance of equal work for men and women was stressed, both in the institutions and including the Eurofighter combat air- in all sectors related to security and defence, including technology and science. craft and the A400M transport aircraft, the NH90 helicopter, the Euromale drone The debates were opened by the former UN Secretary-General’s Chef de cabinet, and the Lanza radar. At the stand, spe- Susana Malcorra, who reflected on female leadership in peace processes. «Women», cial attention was paid to the work of she said, «who up to now have been used as weapons of war, should be part of the the Logistic Centre for Armament and solution and the way out of conflicts». Experimentation (Centro Logístico de Ar- mamento y Experimentación (CLAEX), a Next up was the Ministry of Defence’s general director of Personnel, Adoración Ma- reference unit in R&D+i. teos, who stressed the role of Spain as a country at the forefront of gender policies, The Military Emergencies Unit highlighting the effort being made by the Ministry to train the expert personnel in this area (UME) exhibited, among other ma- who join the peace-keeping operations of various international organisations. terials, its multi-purpose truck, which is the result of an R&D+I project of the The general director outlined the initiatives implemented to facilitate equality and UME supported by the industry. It is a a work-life balance for military personnel without undermining the operability of the single platform that can be configured, units. Among others, she highlighted the measures approved to attend in particular to depending on needs, as a fire truck, those with young children and single-parent families, and to the extended families of snow plough or cargo vehicle. the partners of military personnel. «In a world in constant flux, our Armed Forces have In addition to the UME, two other shown they can adapt to this changing reality, and have constantly sought a balance main institutions involved in emer- between tradition and renovation», concluded Adoración Mateos. gency management were present at the Exhibition: Civil Protection and The forum was organised in three discussion panels, the first of which focused on 112, in this case from the Community matters concerning women, peace and security, the second of which addressed the of Madrid. The National Institute of harnessing of female talent in Defence and Security, and the third of which discussed Aerospace Technology (INTA) show- the challenges and opportunities for women in the industry. cased the Diana high-speed air tar- get (UAV-Blanco Aéreo de Alta Velocidad

July/August 2019 Revista Española de Defensa 25 FEINDEF 2021 IS JUST AROUND THE CORNER HE International Defence and Security Exhibition closed its first edition with a very positive result, far The Tizona tower seen from beyondT all expectations. The success above at the Navantia stand, achieved has motivated the orga- the company that developed nisers even further to set their sights the system together with on the future and start work on the Expal and Elbit. 2021 edition. Gerardo Sánchez However, none of this would have Revenga been possible without the uncon- Chairman of ditional support of the Ministries of AESMIDE Defence and the Interior, together with the explicit support of an ex- tensive representation from the Administration, to the associations TEDAE and AESMIDE, organisers of the Exhibition. Thanks to this joint effort it was possible to visualise an exhibition of varied and innovative materials and technologies and an attractive pro- gramme of forums and conferences that generated the presence of a large number of national and inter- national authorities and delegations. This presence was further increased by a significant number of vis- itors, keeping the level of occupancy of the exhibi- tion hall to a maximum at all times, to the satisfaction of the organisation and, above all, the industry.

I should like to highlight the satisfaction expe- rienced by our companies, which are dedicated to the quality of life and provision of services to the Armed Forces and Security Corps, all thanks to the success of this first International Defence and Secu- rity Exhibition in which they were able to exhibit their products.

I should like to emphasise the effort made by all the institutions and people that have contributed to this success, thanking them sincerely for their The national industry has the contribution and requesting their support for the organisation of the second FEINDEF which, given capacity to meet the demand that the future is today, is already upon us. of the Armed Forces

‘Diana’) and provided information on in the field of navigation or Earth ob- LATEST DEVELOPMENTS its other drones. The Security Corps, servation and space surveillance. The IN THE INDUSTRY such as the Guardia Civil and National SPAINSAT NG Programme was pre- During the three days of the exhi- Police, the National Cryptologic Cen- sented, comprising two satellites, which bition, Spanish companies from the tre (CCN) and the National Security will provide coverage of a vast world sector took the opportunity to present Office (ONS), also participated with area, facilitating the international de- some of their most innovative products other stands. ployments of the allied countries. Also and technologies, many of which are The GOVSATCOM stand was the present were Hisdesat’s Paz satellite, being evaluated by the Armed Forces. showcase to exhibit the Ministry of which has been operational since 2018, In the land sector, General Dynamics Defence’s space capabilities, such as se- and Galileo, Europe’s global satellite European Land Systems-Santa Bár- cure communications or developments navigation system. bara Sistemas officially presented the

26 Revista Española de Defensa July/August 2019 The military units are already evaluating a lot of the systems and equipment presented at IFEMA first unit of the 36 Combat Engineer Escribano Mechanical & Engineer- Guardian 2.0 and the OTEOS camera, Vehicles (VCZAP) that were con- ing, platinum sponsor of FEINDEF, which has a 360º field of vision and a tracted for acquisition by the Army. presented its Guardian 2.0 remote con- laser rangefinder (LRF). This prototype, which will be tested trol weapon system at this event. The The company also displayed its 30 mm between September and October by tower has been developed to be installed Sentinel naval remote control towers the Guzmán el Bueno X Brigade, offers on platforms such as the Army’s —already operational in the Peruvian the same improvements as phase II 8x8 Wheeled Combat Vehicle (VCR). Navy—, the 27 mm-calibre Door Gun of the Pizarro armoured programme, Escribano’s star product at the fair was System developed in collaboration with the difference being that, due to its the Advanced Combat and Observa- Airbus to be installed in the C-295 tasks, the VCZAP includes a plough, tion System (SCOA), incorporating the transport plane and the 12.7 mm Senti- a pushing shovel, an nel which, together with anti-mine roller and a the OTEOS system, was gap-signalling device mounted on board the at the rear. Named Cas- USV Victoria, the first re- tor, it offers greater inte- motely manned surface rior space and maximum maritime platform de- protection to its crew, as signed and built entirely well as ample mobility, in Spain by the national necessary to act as part company Ferry. This of a Pizarro Infantry unit. semi-rigid boat, 12 me- Eurovesa’s High tres long and powered Tactical Mobility Ve- by two 300 horsepower hicle (VAMTAC) ST5 engines, can be manu- also showed its capa- factured in various sizes bilities in FEINDEF, according to different which are adapted to configurations. The Navy the needs of Explosives has acquired 34 units for Deactivation Equip- its frigates, including the ment. The Army has future F-110, and its off- acquired three units Above, the eight models of women’s jackets by FECSA. Below, the shore patrol (BAM) and of this type, the proto- combat backpack with back ergonomics for women by Yuma-Altos. amphibious vessels. type of which has been As in the case of Es- tested by the Company of Deactivators cribano, other companies have taken of the Regiment of Pontoon Bridges advantage of their presence at FEIN- and Engineering Specialties no. 12 DEF to offer the Army a weapon sys- (Regimiento de Pontoneros y Especialidades tem with which to equip the future de Ingenieros nº 12). Dragon 8x8. The Navantia, Expal and For its part, Everis ADS also pre- Elbit consortium offers a level 2 bal- sented the Alakran light mortar carrier listic protection tower, called Tizona, installed on VAMTAC, as well as its which can be operated remotely or not, Aunav explosives deactivation robots. equipped, among other elements, with In addition, the Spanish company a 30 mm calibre firing barrel and laser Technology & Security Developments threat detection and active missile pro- (TSD) presented its development Shel- tection systems. Between September ter ISTAR (intelligence, surveillance, and October of this year, the Spanish target acquisition and reconnaissance) Legion will test the Tizona, a weapon mounted on a Mercedes Zetro truck, system already in service in the Piranha while Iveco presented its new 4x4 V vehicles. Other proposals to «equip» MUV (Military Utility Vehicle), de- the Dragon are those offered by the signed to perform various functions, company Rafael, the Trium-DRS con- configured as an ambulance, loading sortium —formed by the Spanish com- or personnel platform. panies Escribano and Indra and the

July/August 2019 Revista Española de Defensa 27 Above, the remotely manned air platform Tarsis 75 by AERTEC. Below, in the picture on the left, the Vuelo-Hipoxia Normobárica Controlada flight simulator by Indra and, on the right, the model of the Aermacchi M-345 trainer by Leonardo. Italian company Leonardo— and the soldier Squadnet radio, also from Thales, taken by SENER and Babcock Spain, John Cockerill Company. the size of a smartphone or a tablet. which will allow them to operate for Thales is also working on the Dragon In relation to the Army’s Tiger HAD another 15 years, thanks to their ad- 8x8 VCR programme in collaboration helicopters, at IFEMA ITP Air an- vances in equipment and avionics, not with Indra for the development of a nounced the certification of its Albacete only in frigates, as up to now, but also battlefield management system. In plant as the second of its subsidiaries in in offshore patrol vessels. FEINDEF, Thales also presented its the world devoted to the maintenance, From a helicopter, the NH-90, for new combat radius defined by Synaps repair and overhaul of the Tiger’s im- example, the Flash Dipping immersion software. This project, already a reality proved MTR390 engine. Sonar can be launched and operated in the armies of Belgium, the United deep in the sea for the detection and States and the United Kingdom, makes NAVAL SECTOR tracking of submarines, which is one it possible to maintain permanent, In the field of technological solutions of the offers presented by Thales to the constant and secure communication for the Navy presented at FEINDEF, Navy. This sensor can also be used from during the deployment of a brigade it is worth highlighting the completion surface vessels such as the future F-110. between its different ranks, from its of the AB-212 helicopter modernisation The United States has already acquired command post, through the different and life extension programme under- 200 such systems for the Navy. battalions, detachments, convoys and In the aerospace sector, Airbus patrols in vehicles or on foot. The use exhibited two European projects at of the Synaps radio, which would be Spanish IFEMA in which the company par- installed in the future Spanish 8x8, is per- ticipates —the future FACS combat fectly compatible with the command and companies cover aircraft system and the EUROMALE control systems of the Army (SIMA- RPAS— and a genuinely Spanish one, CET), the BMS LINCE of battle tanks all defence and the new Part Task Trainer of the NH- at battalion level and the radio Rpg4. The 90 Helicopters entirely built at its Al- system would be completed with the new security sectors bacete plant. The Army has already

28 Revista Española de Defensa July/August 2019 The Dragon 8x8 VCR is one of the Army’s programmes in which the industry has been most involved acquired four simulators. Two of them Forces its S3T radar, considered to be bit has offered the Armed Forces a Se- are operational in Agoncillo, head- one of the most powerful in the world curity Operations Centre, whose tech- quarters of the Manoeuvre III Heli- in the field of space surveillance —de- nicians and specialists will take part in copter Battalion. tecting objects up to 1,000 kilometres exercises of EMAD’s Cyber Defence Airbus also presented the maritime high— and which is currently being Joint Command after the summer to surveillance version of the C-295 as a tested at the Morón air base in Seville. recognise attack patterns, identifying possible alternative to the old CN-235. Leonardo presented its Unmanned weaknesses and analysing communica- In order to save maintenance costs for Anti-Aircraft Systems technologies tions, networks and systems for defence this type of aircraft, the Air Force and for the DGAM Cóndor programme to against any threats and even anticipating Airbus signed a Research and Develop- FEINDEF. Another proposal in this such threats. ment agreement at IFEMA for the ex- area was put forward by Indra with In the field of military equipment, ternal inspection of their military aircraft its Anti RPAS Multisensor System an- among the products on show at the through the use of drones equipped with ti-drone shield, capable of operating Exhibition were the new women’s high-definition cameras and sensors.

SECURITY AND TRAINING AREAS The Air Force also needs to refurbish the basic training aircraft of its com- bat pilots. As an alternative to the old C-101s, the Italian company Leonardo presented the model of its Aermacchi M-345 Jet Trainer at the event. Another novelty of the first edition of FEIN- DEF was the presentation by Tecno- bit-Grupo Oesía of the new genera- tion of Visiónica aeronautical displays, which will be installed in the F-18s, offering greater performance and in- formation processing capability and control of critical mission instruments, such as holographic images, thereby reducing pilots’ workload. Visiónica also has a land dimension through the Comte family, whose displays may be installed in the future 8x8, and a naval dimension, The USV Victoria remote control naval platform by Ferry configured with the Sentinel currently being developed, in order to 12.7 mm remote control tower and the OTEOS camera, both by Escribano. implement a passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) System. autonomously and independently, or jackets from FECSA and its storm Indra presented the Vuelo-Hipoxia in an integrated manner, with defence suits made of recycled polyester; the Normobárica Controlada (EV-NHC) flight anti-aircraft systems. Thales is also combat backpack with back ergonom- simulator, of great interest to visi- working on the Cóndor project. Its Ho- ics for women and another with an in- tors, which is already in service in the rus Captor system covers all phases of corporated airbag, especially designed Medical Aerospace Training Centre the anti-drone mission: detection, iden- for the mountain units as a protection (CIMA) of the Air Force. This trainer tification, tracking and neutralisation. measure against avalanches, both from enables pilots to improve their resis- AERTEC showcased its two Tarsis 25 Yuma-Altos; or the Quad night vi- tance capacity in extreme situations. and 75 remotely manned fixed-wing sion glasses with four 4G tubes from In the space domain, Airbus also aircraft models and its innovations in Nightvision Lasers Spain, conceived, showcased its participation as a main drone guidance, navigation and con- above all, for the special operation contractor in the Spanish programmes trol systems. units. of the Earth observation satellites Paz Several technological and service J.L. Expósito/ Santiago F. del Vado/ and Ingenio and the future Spain NG I proposals were made at FEINDEF in Víctor Hernández and II, while Indra offered the Armed connection with cybersecurity. Tecno- Photos: Hélène Gicquel/ Pepe Díaz

July/August 2019 Revista Española de Defensa 29

[ industry and technology ]

companies are registered-; ownership of the product or service offered as a Spanish Company; and a minimum Spanish turnover in the defence sector. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION The publication of the catalogue is the defence industry result of close collaboration between the Deputy General Directorates of International Relations (REIN), In- spection, Regulation and Defence 2019-2020 Industrial Strategy (INREID) and Publications, as well as with the com- Publication of the third official catalogue panies in the sector, highly committed to the publication of this catalogue. It for the knowledge and promotion of the is, therefore, an official publication of the Ministry of Defence as it endorses capabilities of Spanish companies in the the data provided by the companies and forms part of the Ministry’s publishing international environment programme. The document includes, listed by O coincide with the holding The catalogue has become a calling sector/subsector, a data sheet for each in Madrid of the first Inter- card to showcase this commitment, as company including general data, a national Defence and Secur- publications of this kind are not fre- brief description of its activity and a ity Exhibition (FEINDEF), quent in neighbouring countries. selection of its more representative Tthe Ministry of Defence has published Focusing on Europe, and more spe- products or capabilities for export. It the Spanish Defence Industry Cata- cifically on the various international also offers an alphabetical listing of the logue 2019-2020. programmes in force, the catalogue companies and a directory of Defence The publication opens attachés and their contact with a presentation by the details. State Secretary for Defence, The 2019-2020 edition Ángel Olivares (SEDEF). has been widely distributed «In recent years», he said, amongst the various interest- «our industry has shown ed parties: the Ministries of that it is capable of coming Defence, Presidency, Rela- up with efficient and inno- tions with the Parliament and vative solutions to meet the Equality, Interior, Foreign various and ever-changing Affairs, European Union challenges that we and our and Cooperation, Industry, allies are facing in this glo- Commerce and Tourism balised world». and Economy and Enter- Published every two prise; the Defence Staff, the years since 2016, the aim of General Headquarters of the this catalogue since its first Army, Air Force and Navy; edition has been «to provide Spanish defence attachés and a basic tool to disseminate advisors; Foreign defence at- and promote the capabili- tachés; Global Spain; Asso- ties of our defence industry ciations such as TEDAE and on an international level», AESMIDE and Fundación according to the General Círculo (Foundation for De- Director for Armament and Materiel provides European companies with fence and Security technologies), and the (DIGAM), Admiral Santiago Ramón the information necessary to find part- participating companies. González. ners with which to carry out feasible The catalogue has been published in In particular, one of the tasks of this industrial cooperation projects. Spanish and English, in both print and General Directorate is the promotion of All the companies in this new dir- digital format, and may be freely read institutional support to the international- ectory meet at least three requirements and downloaded at https://publicaciones. isation of the Spanish defence industry as follows: registration in the DGAM’s defensa.gob.es/catalogue-spanish-de- by supporting its export endeavours. Companies Registry –a total of 528 fence-industry-2019-2026.html.

July/August 2019 Revista Española de Defensa 31 [ history ]

First on the right, engineer Carlos González Pintado in Fresnedillas tracking station, in 1969. THE GIANT LEAP for mankind INTA’s tracking station in Fresnedillas (Madrid) was the first to know, fifty years ago, that Apollo 11 had landed on the Moon OUSTON, Tranquillity his famous sentence «this is one small step go wrong». They had full confidence in base here, the Eagle has for man but a giant leap for mankind» his preparation. «Between Apollo and landed». Neil Arms- would be received six hours later. Apollo, we modified the equipment to be trong confirmed with The message had taken 1.3 seconds to more efficient and we ran many simula- these words, that man reach Fresnedillas, which is 0.3 seconds tions to maintain a high operational level. had landed on the Moon aboard Apollo before Houston (Texas-USA) where the This was absolutely essential because we H th 11. It was 9:18 PM of July 20 , 1969, 50 control centre was located. A 21 year were dealing with people’s lives». years ago now, and the first to hear them old Spanish engineer, Carlos Gonzalez Due to the heavy workload, the team were the technicians working on the sta- Pintado, was in charge of the receiving in Fresnedillas was not able to thor- tion established by NASA and INTA for and transmitting equipment. He had star- oughly enjoy the event. «The responsib- manned flights in the Madrid town of ted to work on the station a year earlier, ility for maintaining the receiver in good Fresnedillas de la Oliva, dependent on as a result of the launching of the first working order, with a good frequency Robledo de Chavela. The images of Arm- manned flight. Those were times of great and with the least possible noise, as well strong descending the lunar module and expectation «but we never feared it could as making sure that our transmitter

32 Revista Española de Defensa July/August 2019 worked with the appropriate power made me forget about what was really happening on the Moon and which was the really exciting event». Fresnedillas, along with the Track- ing Stations in Goldstone (Califor- nia-USA) and Honeysuckle Creek (Canberra-Australia), had become one of the key elements of the Apollo Pro- gram. This was a U.S. project fostered by President Kennedy in response to Soviet supremacy in space. In 1961, he said: «I believe that this Nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, be- fore this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to earth», but he didn’t get to see it. It was Richard Nixon who called Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Mi- chael Collins and told them: «Because of what you have done, the heavens have become a part of man’s world». Everything was planned, even the speech that Nixon would deliver if the mission failed. «Fate has ordained that men who went to the Moon to explore in peace will stay on the moon to rest in peace. These brave men know that there is no hope for their recovery. But they also know that there is hope for Astronaut Edwin Aldrin, walking on the moon after descending from the Eagle. mankind in their sacrifice…». Below, lift-off of Apollo 11 from Cape Canaveral.

LANDING ON THE MOON The spacecraft lifted off from Cape Canaveral on July 16th and reached the lunar orbit without any setbacks. However, when descending to the Moon, there were critical moments and, the technicians in Fresnedillas were able to hear what was happen- ing 400,000 kilometres away. The first incident occurred when the Columbia command modules —where the astro- nauts made their trip— undocked from the Eagle Lunar module. González Pintado remembers that «the compon- ent that kept them together was not correctly depressurised and the result was almost like when you open a bottle of champagne. The lunar module was ejected further away than expected, which altered the landing site». When Collins verified that the Eagle was not damaged, his colleagues went on. He was the only one who did not step on the moon. He piloted the Columbia and remained there orbiting the Moon un- til Armstrong and Aldrin came back.

July/August 2019 Revista Española de Defensa 33 [ history ]

Armstrong managed to land the Eagle on the lunar surface when there were only 17 seconds of fuel left When they started the descent there antenna». In fact this is what really the descent to the Moon, the computer was another setback: the signal that happened, and Armstrong passed all was signalling several alarms and Arm- should have reached the Earth from the communications to ambidirectional an- strong decided to take the controls and lunar module was lost. «In seconds we tennas to be able to speak with Houston pilot manually. First, he found a very thought all sorts of things —explains through the Columbia. sloping area and decided to rule it out; González Pintado—. First, that the re- The astronauts also realized that the later on, a surface with too many rocks ceiver wasn’t working, but had those lunar module was going much further that was not appropriate for the land- from the other stations failed as well than expected. Houston confirmed it ing of the module. Gonzalez Pintado and at the same time? This was not very and warned them that the area where remembers that «Armstrong was in- likely to happen. There was probably they were going to land was not on the formed that he had 60 seconds of fuel a problem with the Eagle’s automatic map. On top of that, in the last stage of left and, a little while later, that he only had 30 left». He then discovered a place he believed to be suitable and landed the spacecraft seven kilometres away from the area that was previously planned. He only had 17 seconds of fuel left. «It was the first trip to the Moon and they had to make it exciting», jokes the engineer. There were still six hours to go before the astronauts descended from the lunar module. «They told them to sleep for a while and we all started to laugh because after two years of training, the journey and the landing, how could they pos- sibly sleep? Well, they didn’t let them». Houston told them to wait because they wanted to broadcast the descent on the Return to the Moon lunar surface at a reasonable hour in all the U.S. territory. AN could return to the Moon Space Agency (ESA) —which has com- When it was time, Armstrong took in the next decade. NASA has mitted itself to providing the service longer than expected to get out be- Mannounced the construction of module for the new Orion spacecraft—; cause the module’s manufacturer had Gateway station, which will be located Russia; Japan and Canada, in charge made the hatch a little smaller to reduce in orbit around the moon as a base for of the robotic arm. The project was ana- weight, however, he didn’t realize that manned missions to the lunar surface lysed in Paris Air Show. The forum was the astronauts survival backpack had and Mars. «We are going to go back to inaugurated by Pedro Duque, President remained unchanged. His very bulky the Moon in a sustainable way and we of the ESA Council and interim Minister suit also prevented him from seeing are going to stay there», said Jim Brid- of Science, Innovation and Universities, where the steps of the short ladder were enstine, NASA’s administrator, who has who highlighted «Spain’s increasing role and he jumped down. «When he finally stated that the project will be carried out in space research». Mr. Duque met with set foot on the Moon, we all heard how «with commercial partners» unlike the NASA’s administrator to explore future he defined the experience: magnificent Apollo program 50 years ago. One of the lines of collaboration between Spain and desolation,» points out Gonzalez Pintado tasks of the Gateway will be to support the U.S., including possible contributions who planned to stay in Fresnedillas for the Artemisa program with which man to Gateway and Artemisa. They also re- only two years but says «that it was will once again set foot on the moon viewed those cooperation programs that impossible. After a manned flight you before the end of 2014. Astronauts will INTA, the Astrobiology Centre and the feel a great sense of responsibility, and first arrive at the station, and from there, CDTI (Centre for the Development of you consider the astronauts as part of aboard reusable spaceships, will land on Industrial Technology) have with NASA, your own family. I couldn’t quit», he the moon. which may result in missions to the Red says. And after the Apollo program, The Gateway is led by the U.S. Space Planet: Mars Science Laboratory, Insight came the Skylab, the Apollo-Soyuz, the Agency and is supported by the European and Mars2020. space shuttle, the Mariner, Vikings, Voy- ager, Galileo... After 43 years of work,

34 Revista Española de Defensa July/August 2019 Facilities in Fresnedillas de la Oliva, with its 26 metre diameter antenna, in the time of the lift-off ofApollo 11. this Spanish engineer retired as Head inaugurated with Mariner 4 mission in ferred to INTA and was integrated into of Operations and Deputy Director of July 1965, on time to receive the first the Satellite Tracking and Data Acqui- the Space Communications Complex in images from Mars. There are currently sition Network. In March 1985, the Robledo de Chavela. four operational antennas in service station was closed down and its prem- for NASA projects. One dedicated to ises and buildings were transferred to SPANISH STATIONS the educational PARTNeR (Academic the Spanish government. INTA was in When the United Stated decided to send Project with NASA’s Radio Telescope charge of them and, subsequently, they a man to the Moon, NASA implemented in Robledo), managed by the Astrobi- were assigned to the Ministry of De- a plan that included three projects: Mer- ology Centre and with its coordination fence. It now houses de Moon Museum. cury, to test human beings’ resistance and centre in Villafranca del Castillo and adaptability to microgravity; Gemini as a another one with a 26 meter diameter, OTHER FLIGHTS training platform for the docking of two which is deactivated. Apollo 11 is the best known mission, but different aircraft in space; and Apollo that That same year, 1965, NASA signed man had set foot on the Moon five times should take a human being to the moon another agreement to build two new an- before: Apollo 12, also in 1969; Apollo 14 y and bring him or her back to Earth. tennas, one in Cebreros (Ávila) —12 km 15, in 1971; and Apollo 16 and 17, in 1972. It was necessary to map the Moon and away from Robledo— to complement Apollo 13 did not manage to land on the find the best spot for landing. Robotic Network resources for the Deep Space. moon. The famous sentence «Houston, spacecraft were launched to take pic- The U.S. agency decided to deactivate it we have a problem» or, more specifically, tures from the surface. Those were the in 1981 and transferred it to INTA. It is «We’ve had a problem here» was echoed Ranger, the Lunar Orbiter and the Lunar now a Satellite Tracking Station of the by the members of the crew after an oxy- Surveyor projects. Launchings were made European Space Agency’s Deep Space. gen tank exploded and left them with from Cape Canaveral, towards the east The other antenna was installed in only a 12 percent chance of returning to and with low elevation. That is why it Fresnedillas and started to work in 1967 the Earth alive. But they succeeded. was necessary to establish a tracking sta- participating in every Apollo manned Five decades later, some people raise tion on the east of Florida. flight, from the th7 to the 17th. Once this doubts about man’s landing on the Maspalomas, on the south of Gran Ca- project concluded in 1972, it was trans- Moon. «I would tell them exactly the naria, was the chosen site. same thing as to those who That is where Spain’s par- believe that the Earth is flat: ticipation in Project Mercury Nothing», says González started in 1961 with a nine Pintado. «Besides, in a meter diameter antenna. time where the relations Later on, and considering between the United States Gemini’s requirements, the and the USSR are at the station was enlarged and height of the … was subsequently moved If it were all a lie….’t four kilometres away from you think that the Soviet its original site to keep it Union would have already away from the interferences said so?». But its newspa- caused by tourism. pers published the news of In 1964, NASA and the event on the front page, Spain agreed to build a which 50 years later, is still new antenna with a dia- epic: The first walk of man meter of 26 metres in Rob- on the lunar surface. ledo de Chavela, 65 km Aldrin walks towards the Eagle lunar module before returning to the Elena Tarilonte away from Madrid. It was Earth aboard the Columbia command module. Photos: NASA

July/August 2019 Revista Española de Defensa 35 [ international ] Acting Defence Minister, Margarita Robles, next to Miguel Ángel Aguilar (left) and Diego Carcedo. A necessary AND EFFICIENT ALLIANCE In Toledo the seminar of the Association of European Journalists brings together politicians, military personnel and journalists to analyse the future of NATO

ATO is turning 70 and it without them: there is no , derstanding of NATO’s recent past does so while immersed in no freedom, no economic security, no and its essence, such as , a very complex situation. development and no R&D+i». In addi- former NATO Secretary-General We live in a fast-paced tion, and after insisting on the fact that 1995-1999; General Petr Pavel, Chair- worldN where change is overturning «all international organisations are ne- man of NATO’s Military Committee everything we thought was established cessary in a geostrategic reality in which 2015-2018; and Janusz Onyszkiewicz, — including the concept of threat— there are still many conflicts of many Poland’s Minister for Defence 1992- obliging us to redefine leadership, kinds», Robles reiterated that Spain 1993 and 1997-2000. the values we wish to defend and the is a «serious, rigorous and compliant» pillars we wish to stand on to do this. country, where both NATO and the MULTILATERALISM After two days of intense debate and EU are concerned. The debate took place in various ses- exchanges of opinions, the main con- Presented under the suggestive sions which included a reflection on clusion is that multilateralism —with title of NATO: the vertigo of the American what the accession to the Alliance by NATO as its main expression in the withdrawal, the meeting was the perfect the countries from the field of security and defence, comple- occasion for policy makers, national has meant, both from an organic and mented by a strong Europe— is more and international Armed Forces, and functional viewpoint —this year marks necessary today than ever. reputable professionals from the media two decades of the accession of the first This was, essentially, the prevailing to listen, analyse and reflect together three countries: Poland, Hungary and idea at the 31st edition of the Interna- on the raison d’être of the Atlantic Alli- the Czech Republic— to a debate on tional seminar on Security and De- ance. In addition to the Minister for the US leadership within the Alliance, fence of the Association of European Defence, participants included the the necessary cooperation between the Journalists that took place in Toledo Secretary General for Defence Policy, EU and NATO and Spain’s commit- on 11 and 12 June, another being that Admiral Juan Francisco Martínez ment to multilateralism. On this last the best way to respond to challenges Nuñez; the General Director for De- idea, Admiral Martínez Núñez said such as illegal immigration, the eco- fence Policy, Elena Gómez Castro; the that, following the economic crisis and nomic crisis, the political see-sawing National Intelligence Centre Director, the resulting mistrust, particularistic from the other side of the Atlantic, General Félix Sanz Roldán; the Chief messages have arisen «and have des- Russia’s attitude, Brexit, or misinform- of Staff of the Eurocorps, General troyed a great deal of the hope generated ation, is to stay united, to hold on to Fernando García Blázquez; and the by multilateralism», but was categorical universal values and to foster defence Deputy Director for Security Policy when saying that «there is no other al- as a binding force. of Poland, Lucyna Golc-Kozak. Also ternative model capable of managing During the closing ceremony, act- present were journalists such as Diego the complex security challenges that ing Defence Minister, Margarita Carcedo, Miguel Ángel Aguilar, Geor- we face today». In this regard, he said Robles, said: «We must bid for defence gina Higueras and Lucía Abellán, as that «the European Union partners in and security policies. Nothing works well as persons key to gaining an un- particular have to act as a beacon of

36 Revista Española de Defensa July/August 2019 mand that the allies spend 2 % of their GDP on defence, Elena Gómez explained that «a figure should never be a reference. NATO is based, and this is one of its greatest assets, on cohesion and solidarity. Each of us must have the appropriate Armed Forces and we must ensure that they have the ne- cessary capabilities to be used whenever and wherever necessary. We are re- ferring to what is called the three Cs (cash, capabilities and commitments): cash is required in order to have better capabilities and be committed to de- ploying them whenever and wherever necessary. If these elements are not in- terconnected, figures are useless». She reiterated that, although Spain does not meet this figure, «we are an abso- lutely exemplary ally when it comes to making all our resources available to Ricardo Pérez/MDE NATO». Another interesting debate that took internationalisation and we are already After an overview of the evolution place in Toledo was entitled EU and taking the first steps». of NATO over the past 70 years and NATO: doomed to understand each other. He also recalled the transcendent how it has managed to adapt to the The Eurocorps Chief of Staff assured that role that NATO has played —and will various challenges and threats that rather than a condemnation it was a «re- continue to play— within the concept have arisen, the General Director for ward» because «as both organisations’ of multilateralism itself. «The Atlantic Defence Policy underlined its current strategies and threats are rather simi- Alliance», he said, «is the best proof role in the fight against terrorism and for lar, they need to reach an understand- of the results that can be obtained stabilisation. «Only a military interven- ing through effective and optimum through collective commitment: it fa- tion can create a stable environment for cooperation that reduces everybody’s cilitates a beneficial common effort the population and the distribution of defence bill». In this regard, he point- and assimilates the leadership of a humanitarian aid and also be capable of ed out that the Eurocorps «has been a power such as the USA, although al- establishing an area to train local forces clear example that a purely European ways taking into account the opinions so that they can progressively assume unit can lead both NATO and EU mul- of the other States». Reaffirming this this responsibility». She also recalled tinational units» and that this simul- idea, the Secretary General for De- that NATO’s role and limits are clearly taneity «is beneficial and diminishes fence Policy explained that NATO established: «Our approach is always costs, but requires significant political «treasures a wonderful term: consensus, based on legality, bearing in mind added will in order to promote, improve and and as a result, not only does it achieve in- value and complementing the efforts of optimise it». teroperability among its members, but the international community. It is not Pursuing this idea further, Javier this policy —which means respect for about replacing, but playing a role that Solana suggested that one way of put- all— has been exported to many other only the Armed Forces can play in ex- ting an end to the current vertigo in international organisations. NATO treme situations, such as terrorism in NATO «is to recognise that it compris- breathes multilateralism». its current forms«. es not only the Atlantic Nations but As far as Spain was concerned, With regard to the debate promp- also European nations, and that claims Elena Gómez Castro pointed out that ted by the US Administration’s de- that the EU can weaken NATO are «Spain has always been a committed nonsense. partner, convinced that any of our What is certainly the case is that du- ally’s security is also our security. Fur- The EU’s bid for plicity is huge in Europe. We must do thermore, NATO is a bridge to keep everything in our hand to increase the in- contacts and share concerns with other tegration of European security, because associated countries with which we defence strengthens it is in everybody’s interest. Europe must also share common interests. It builds stand united and strong where defence trust with third countries, necessary in NATO, according is concerned. Doubting this is taking a world in which we all face risks and ideology, and not reality, into account». threats». to experts R. R.

July/August 2019 Revista Española de Defensa 37 [ culture ] «Probably, TO ETERNITY» The Naval Museum of San Fernando remembers the ill- fated San Telmo in an exhibition opened until August 31st

Model of the San Telmo ship.

38 Revista Española de Defensa Julio/Agosto 2019 Arriba, el Cantero, imagen icónica de la institución. Debajo, a la izquierda y en primer

Map of the area where the ship disappeared and a British work that already mentions her uncertain fate (1825), remains of the footwear found in the Antarctic and tribute to their 644 men, on the glass there is water from the frozen continent.

IX hundred exhibits, inclu- who are, therefore, possible pioneers of red the museum, in front of reception ding documents, pictures, setting foot on the frozen continent. that «To rescue this story from oblivion, photographs... and archaeo- The San Telmo was the flagship of we thought that the bicentenary of the logical remains are the heart the so-called South Sea Division, con- ship’s departure from Cadiz —on May of the exhibition In memory of sisting of 4 ships and bound for Callao 11th, 1819— was a great opportunity». Sthe San Telmo: the ship that disappeared in (Peru) to reinforce the troops stationed the ice (1819-2019). there. They were sent there to try to AN UNFINISHED CHRONICLE Organized by the Naval Museum counter the first attempts of insurrec- «And, since it is still an incomplete of San Fernando (Cadiz), the exhibi- tion of Spanish America, which resul- story —she continued— we would also tion is opened to the public until Au- ted in the first emancipations. like the exhibition to raise awareness gust 31st at the institution’s temporary and encourage new investigations to exhibition hall, and 2,500 people have TWO CENTURIES LATER shed light on the uncertain fate of the already visited it from its inauguration The curator of the exhibition, Alicia San Telmo ship». in April to last June 21st. Vallina, also Technical Director of the The curator also outlined the three Its main goal is to «remember the institution and with a Ph. D. in History, areas addressed by the exposition: his- trip of the first ship that might have explained last June to the reporters of torical background of the endeavour, reached the Antarctic with a crew of the Revista Española de Defensa (Spanish the voyage and tribute. Each area has 644 men, who also disappeared, and Defense Magazine) as soon as we ente- its own colour: red, in the introduction,

July/August 2019 Revista Española de Defensa 39 Wedge to raise an artillery gun, wood with a fastening with copper nails, barrel lid, remains of footwear and other vestiges found in the expedition in the 1990s in search of the San Telmo and that could have belonged to the ship. refers to the turbulent years; white, There are other collaborating insti- The artillery gun also introduces us of the Antarctic, describes the jour- tutions as the Naval Museum of Ma- into the area dedicated to the journey of ney and its possible final destination; drid; Álvaro de Bazán General Navy Ar- the San Telmo, for one of the four ships and black, which opens a parenthesis chives (El Viso del Marqués, Ciudad of the South Sea Division, the Alejandro —the tragedy and tribute— between Real) and the University of Saragossa. I, was another of those purchases. the disappearance of the ship in the The exhibition has also benefited from The model of the missing ship is the 19th century and the news about her the particular contribution of Marine centrepiece of the first stages of the afterwards. Colonel Miguel Aragón, who gave a expedition, which —as Alicia Vallina This exhibition «began to take shape lecture last May. pointed out— «had problems from the last year when, around this date, we The portraits take spectators back to beginning». inaugurated the exhibition about Gui- the years of turmoil following the War Among other difficulties, they nea», said Vallina. of Independence with France (1808- couldn’t find a commander. Several 1814), the return of King Ferdinando people refused to lead the expedition, TIMES OF TURMOIL VII and the restoration of absolutism, probably because of the poor state of The white letters in the title and its co- the King’s rejection of the Cadiz Cor- the ships available. In addition, once rresponding explanation stand out on tes, the first independent aspirations of in Callao, he would have to relieve the the red of the historical framework. Hispanic America... commander in the port of the Peruvian Next to them, are the portraits of King This introduction also recalls the war capital, Brigadier Antonio Vacaro. Ferdinando VII and his wife Isabel de material Spain bought from Imperial Finally, the person chosen was Bri- Braganza, which stand out and are pre- Russia once the war with Napoleon was gadier Rosendo Porlier, born in Lima. sent there as if they were the hosts of over. In just a few decades, the Army But not even he was sure, although he this encounter with the San Telmo. and the Navy had lived the disaster of accepted the position. When he was Moreover, this area is a kind of plat- Trafalgar, an invasion, a war… bidding farewell to Commander Fran- form a few centimetres higher than the They were in a complicated situation cisco Espelius, he said: «Goodbye Fran- rest of the hall, just as if it were a stage and decided to buy Russian material, cisquito, probably to eternity». or where one would find the royal thro- like the gun belonging to the museum, In this area of the exhibition, there nes of a palace. Both pictures belong to decorated with the imperial two-headed are documents about the South Sea the National Museum of Romanticism eagle displayed in this area of the exhi- Division, the San Telmo blueprints, —a (Madrid), one of the institutions parti- bition, but not on the platform with the warship with 74 guns, built in Ferrol cipating in this exhibition. sovereigns. in 1788—, a picture of the patron saint

40 Revista Española de Defensa July/August 2019 [ culture ]

The archaeological remains found in the Antarctic are displayed for the first time of seamen, and we may read the names of other people taking part in the ex- pedition, like the second in command, Joaquín de Toledo, from Tarifa, Cadiz. This is also the place to recall the other ships of the fleet, war frigate Prueba and merchant frigate Primorosa Mariana, transporting the troops. They both completed their journey and an- At the back, the space dedicated to the tribute. Appearing in the foreground, narratives nounced rough sea in Cape Horn and about the journey, among others, the book by Antonio San Martín (Madrid, 1883). informed about their last contact with the San Telmo. They reached Callao at the beginning of October, with a seven day difference. The transport ship was the last to reach port and also the last to have contact with the flagship. Vallina reminds us that «the Primorosa Mariana informed of having seen the San Telmo for the last time on September 2nd in position 62 º latitude south and 70 degrees west lon- gitude, and that she was seriously dama- ged, with rudder failure and faults in the cutwater and main yard. The fourth ship of the expedition, the Alejandro I, didn’t complete the trip either. She first had to delay her depar- ture because she had problems with her main capstan and, later on, returned from Ecuador. According to the curator, the large amount of sailors aboard the San Telmo, «The Marquis of Bajamar, a descen- ship was officially deregistered and the above the average of that kind of ships dent of the Captain, lent it to us for the crew officially declared dead on May in those days, might be due to the fact exposition and in the end decided to 6th, 1922, after the widows of the offi- that the Alejandro’s crew was transferred donate it». cers demanded to receive their pensions. to our protagonist ship. Among several documents, other ex- We can read some of these letters in hibits of the journey and those relating this exhibition, as for instance the one THE FACE OF TRAGEDY to the possible end of the ship, there written by María Rita Michalena, wife Vallina also highlighted the presence is an open circle of black walls, like a of Lieutenant Francisco Javier Chacón. of Polier’s portrait in the exhibition. tomb, devoted to tribute those that di- However, the main exhibits in this First, because it is the «only face of the sappeared in the San Telmo. area, are the archaeological remains tragedy that has survived to this day» Unlike the usual practice in those found in the Antarctic in 1993 and 1995 and also because this picture has now days of giving missing sailors up for —RED num 70— by the expedition led become another exhibit of the Naval dead after a year without any news, they by Professor Manuel Martín-Bueno of Museum of San Fernando. had to wait for almost three years. The the University of Saragossa.

July/August 2019 Revista Española de Defensa 41 [ cultura ]

The San Telmo led the South Sea division bound for Lima Vallina pointed out that «they are samples of wood and footwear that might have belonged to the San Telmo given the references of where the ship disappeared and that do not seem to be related to seal hunters». «It is the first time they are displayed» and, therefore, a unique opportunity to see them. Neither will it be easy to see the following exhibits together. Again, surrounded by the white of the Antarc- tic and that refers to the Spaniard’s pos- sible arrival in the frozen continent.

REFERENCES TO THE JOURNEY The first exhibits refer to the years in which the San Telmo disappeared and to the British who named one of the capes of Livingston Island after this ship. A new acquisition of the museum is also displayed in this exhibition: the book by Antonio San Martin (1883), which Anonymous portrait (1800) of Rosendo Polier, head of the expedition and commander of the includes the story of the Journey to eter- San Telmo, donated to the Naval Museum of San Fernando by a descendent of the seaman. nity about the San Telmo. An audio-visual presentation and a glass case with snapshots of expeditions in the 1990s are the last important stops of the visit. They have been organized by the University of Saragossa, with the support of the CSIC (Higher Coun- cil for Scientific Research) and the par- ticipation of a group of Spanish-Chi- lean archaeologists and Navy seamen, among other, the above-mentioned M. Aragón, who searched evidence of the disappearance of the ship. They found the remains displa- yed and they catalogued «several un- derwater magnetic anomalies, which could be guns and anchors still to be recovered from the bottom of the sea», explains the technical director of the museum. She also points out that «the San Telmo might have reached the coast of the Antarctic, but like in other stories, the mystery continues». Antonio Tiscar y Pedrosa’s service record, commander of the Alejandro I (left) and Esther P. Martínez documents about the departure of the South Sea Division from Cadiz. Photos: Hélène Gicquel

42 Revista Española de Defensa July/August 2019