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Author's Guidelines GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 7, No. 2 (April 2021) Page. 121-134 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 IDENTIFICATION OF MANGROVE FOREST DAMAGE, AND EFFORT TO CONSERVATION IN BALIKPAPAN CITY, EAST KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA Yaskinul Anwar1, Iya’ Setyasih2, Ardiansyah3, Dwi Partini4, Ratih Puspita Dewi5, Yunus Aris Wibowo6 1,2,3Geography Education, Universitas Mulawarman 4Geography Education, Universitas Pattimura 5,6Geography Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The rapid development of Balikpapan City has an impact on the increasingly high demand for land for urban expansion needs. The expansion of Balikpapan City is more directed towards coastal areas which are dominated by mangrove forests. This study discusses the destruction of the mangrove forest and its causal factors and how conservation efforts are being carried out to maintain sustainability. Mangrove forest damage data obtained through surveys and image analysis using NDVI. While the factors causing the damage to mangrove forests were obtained from observations and interviews with the mangrove center manager of Balikpapan. The results showed that there were many mangrove forests that had rare or already damaged that were spread in the West Balikpapan, North Balikpapan, and East Balikpapan Sub-district. This damage is caused by natural and non-natural factors. Natural factors that cause damage to mangrove forests are pests and sedimentation. The non-natural factors are due to the pollution and the opening of fish ponds. Preservation efforts are carried out by replanting mangroves which are only carried out by the mangrove center and some CSR and environmentalists and do not involve the community at large. These Conditions make the mangrove forest in Balikpapan City threatened its sustainability. Keywords: Mangrove Damage; Conservation; NDVI A. INTRODUCTION Balikpapan City is one of the increasingly expand the urban area gateways of East Kalimantan as well as towards the coastal area which is a the most developed city in Kalimantan, mangrove forest area. even more after being designated as the The development of cities towards Indonesian Oil and Gas Logistics Center the coast will continue to change the area in 2015. The development of function of urban suburbs (Felsenstein & Balikpapan City can also be seen from the Lichter, 2014). The suburban area of establishment of Industrial Estates in the Balikpapan which has a morphology that Kariangu Area of 2,189.93 Ha (Spatial is suitable to be used as an urban area is a Planning Balikpapan City 2012 - 2032, mangrove forest. The mangrove forest 2012) which will expand the urban area of area of Balikpapan City in 2017 was Balikpapan City. In addition, the 3,150 hectares (Warsidi & Endayani, expansion of the oil refinery area will also 2017). The extensive area of mangrove 121 GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 7, No. 2 (April 2021) Page. 121-134 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 forests in the city of Balikpapan is mostly political agendas as a sustainable option located in the west which is mostly with numerous co-benefits and can be located in the city development and used to reduce pressures caused by both industrial areas of the Kariangu and oil anthropogenic and natural activities refineries. (Green et al., 2005). In order to conserve This study discusses the destruction mangrove forests in Balikpapan City, a of the mangrove forest and its causal conservation forest area has been factors and how conservation efforts are established in Margomulyo and being carried out to maintain Mangrove Center Giri Indah (Hendra, sustainability. Mangrove forests have 2014). The mangrove forest protection very large functions and benefits for area in these two locations is only ± 150 humans (Lee et al., 2014), although most hectares, so it is still not optimal in of the mangrove damage is caused by protecting mangrove forests in human activities. Mangrove forest areas Balikpapan City first in the suburban can provide economic benefits, timber for areas. commercial, agricultural purposes, and as Mangrove forest areas on the urban a shelter or land opening for fish, shrimp fringe are often conversion due to land or crab ponds (Mukherjee et al., 2014). needs in urban areas. Land-use change is The greater the benefits / economic often caused by economic, socio-cultural benefits obtained, the greater the and technological changes (Giyarsih, environmental damage it will cause so 2010). Changes in the area of mangrove that today many mangrove forests are forests are not only caused by land damaged and even destroyed. Based on conversion but also mangrove forests this, it is necessary to conduct research to damage (Thomas et al., 2017). identify damage and efforts to preserve Damage to mangrove forests can be mangrove forests in the City of detected quickly with remote sensing Balikpapan. technology. The criteria that can be used Various conservation strategies to identify mangrove damage with have been developed to support the Sentinel 2 imagery can be reflected in the sustainability of coastal ecosystems with value of the NDVI (Normalized varied results (Feka & Morrison, 2017). Difference Vegetation Index) Among these is the use of the ecosystem- (Kamthonkiat et al., 2011, Sari & based conservation approach, which is Rosalina, 2016, Akbar et al., 2020, gaining widespread acceptance in global Pujiono et al., 2013). The location of 122 GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 7, No. 2 (April 2021) Page. 121-134 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 mangrove forests, which are mostly mangrove forests. Economic activities in located in areas where access is difficult coastal areas are often uncontrolled and and requires a long time, will make economic community people are often not monitoring difficult. The use of remote aware of the importance of efforts to sensing technology can provide time preserve natural resources in coastal areas, efficiency and effectiveness of funds in especially mangrove forests (Dahuri et al., monitoring mangrove forest damage 1996). (Richards & Friess, 2016). Mangrove forests damage, some of B. MATERIALS AND METHODS which is caused by pressure and rapid Location increase in population, especially in Administratively, Balikpapan City coastal areas, resulting in changes in land has a land area of 503.3 km² and marine use and excessive use of natural resources. management area reaches 160.1 km². In addition, community activities around Balikpapan City is located at position the area of mangrove forests also play a 116.50o - 117.00o W and between 1.00o - role in the destruction of mangrove 1.50o S. Balikpapan City is a city that has forests. This community activity is mangrove forest with a total area of influenced by socio-economic conditions, 2,784.16 Ha (Figure 1). This mangrove education and community knowledge forest is spread in West Balikpapan about mangrove forests (Nchimbi, 2019). District (88.55 Ha), North Balikpapan Community economic activity is a major District (1890.02 Ha) and East factor influencing the preservation of Balikpapan District (805.59 Ha). 123 GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 7, No. 2 (April 2021) Page. 121-134 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 Figure 1. Landuse Map Balikpapan City Mangrove Damage Identification and then a ground check to see and obtain the To know the condition of mangrove real condition of mangroves in using the density value of the mangrove Balikpapan City. Factors that cause forest from Sentinel 2 (2nd June 2018), the damage to mangrove forests are ratio of the near infrared band (NIR) and identified through observation and the red band(Waas & Nababan, 2010) interviews in order to obtain information (Sari & Rosalina, 2016) (Umroh et al., on damage and caused of damage. 2016) is used with the formula below: Conservation Effort ( 푵푰푹 − 푹푬푫 ) 푵푫푽푰 = ( 푵푰푹 + 푹푬푫 ) To collect data on conservation Information : efforts in the city of Balikpapan, NDVI : Normalized Difference conducted through interviews. Vegetation Index NIR : Near infrared wave Respondents were selected from the RED : Red wave community around the mangrove forest, After the NDVI results are obtained the mangrove care community, and the mangrove center manager. 124 GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 7, No. 2 (April 2021) Page. 121-134 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION forests in the Balikpapan City. The NDVI Mangrove Forest Damage results that have been grounded, found Based on the results of the NDVI that the area of damaged mangroves analysis, the vegetation density of the reached 1092.41 Ha (Figure 2). mangrove forest can be obtained which Damaged mangrove forests are spread can be used as a ground check to throughout the mangrove forests in determine the damage of mangrove Balikpapan City (Figure 2 and 3). Figure 2. Map of Mangrove Condition in Balikpapan 125 GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 7, No. 2 (April 2021) Page. 121-134 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 Figure 3. Graph of Mangrove Condition in Balikpapan. Mangrove forest damage is caused Tritip of East Balikpapan that similar to by various factors both from natural the mangrove dieback, where the front of factors and due to human activities in the the mangrove has died, and there are no city of Balikpapan. Natural factors that saplings that grow around it (Figure 4 damage mangrove forests are high (a)). This sediment originates from rivers sedimentation. These sediments often that flow into the coastal area in cover mangrove roots, especially for the Balikpapan City. This sedimentation only types of Pneumatophore or aerial root, affects mangrove forest areas which are and cause mangrove death due to on sloping beaches, because the sediment disruption of metabolism (Ellison, 1999). will quickly cover the aerial roots of the The conditions found around the coast mangrove. (a) 126 GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 7, No. 2 (April 2021) Page. 121-134 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 (b) Figure 4. Mangrove Die (a) Caused of High Sediment and (b) Caused Oil Spill Factors of human activity that are exposed during the tides (Huz et al., quite damaging to mangrove forests 2005).
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