GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 7, No. 2 (April 2021) Page. 121-134 E-ISSN: 2597-6044

IDENTIFICATION OF MANGROVE FOREST DAMAGE, AND EFFORT TO CONSERVATION IN CITY, ,

Yaskinul Anwar1, Iya’ Setyasih2, Ardiansyah3, Dwi Partini4, Ratih Puspita Dewi5, Yunus Aris Wibowo6 1,2,3Geography Education, Universitas Mulawarman 4Geography Education, Universitas Pattimura 5,6Geography Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The rapid development of Balikpapan City has an impact on the increasingly high demand for land for urban expansion needs. The expansion of Balikpapan City is more directed towards coastal areas which are dominated by mangrove forests. This study discusses the destruction of the mangrove forest and its causal factors and how conservation efforts are being carried out to maintain sustainability. Mangrove forest damage data obtained through surveys and image analysis using NDVI. While the factors causing the damage to mangrove forests were obtained from observations and interviews with the mangrove center manager of Balikpapan. The results showed that there were many mangrove forests that had rare or already damaged that were spread in the , North Balikpapan, and Sub-district. This damage is caused by natural and non-natural factors. Natural factors that cause damage to mangrove forests are pests and sedimentation. The non-natural factors are due to the pollution and the opening of fish ponds. Preservation efforts are carried out by replanting mangroves which are only carried out by the mangrove center and some CSR and environmentalists and do not involve the community at large. These Conditions make the mangrove forest in Balikpapan City threatened its sustainability.

Keywords: Mangrove Damage; Conservation; NDVI

A. INTRODUCTION Balikpapan City is one of the increasingly expand the urban area gateways of East Kalimantan as well as towards the coastal area which is a the most developed city in Kalimantan, mangrove forest area. even more after being designated as the The development of cities towards Indonesian Oil and Gas Logistics Center the coast will continue to change the area in 2015. The development of function of urban suburbs (Felsenstein & Balikpapan City can also be seen from the Lichter, 2014). The suburban area of establishment of Industrial Estates in the Balikpapan which has a morphology that Kariangu Area of 2,189.93 Ha (Spatial is suitable to be used as an urban area is a Planning Balikpapan City 2012 - 2032, mangrove forest. The mangrove forest 2012) which will expand the urban area of area of Balikpapan City in 2017 was Balikpapan City. In addition, the 3,150 hectares (Warsidi & Endayani, expansion of the oil refinery area will also 2017). The extensive area of mangrove

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GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 7, No. 2 (April 2021) Page. 121-134 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 forests in the city of Balikpapan is mostly political agendas as a sustainable option located in the west which is mostly with numerous co-benefits and can be located in the city development and used to reduce pressures caused by both industrial areas of the Kariangu and oil anthropogenic and natural activities refineries. (Green et al., 2005). In order to conserve This study discusses the destruction mangrove forests in Balikpapan City, a of the mangrove forest and its causal conservation forest area has been factors and how conservation efforts are established in Margomulyo and being carried out to maintain Mangrove Center Giri Indah (Hendra, sustainability. Mangrove forests have 2014). The mangrove forest protection very large functions and benefits for area in these two locations is only ± 150 humans (Lee et al., 2014), although most hectares, so it is still not optimal in of the mangrove damage is caused by protecting mangrove forests in human activities. Mangrove forest areas Balikpapan City first in the suburban can provide economic benefits, timber for areas. commercial, agricultural purposes, and as Mangrove forest areas on the urban a shelter or land opening for fish, shrimp fringe are often conversion due to land or crab ponds (Mukherjee et al., 2014). needs in urban areas. Land-use change is The greater the benefits / economic often caused by economic, socio-cultural benefits obtained, the greater the and technological changes (Giyarsih, environmental damage it will cause so 2010). Changes in the area of mangrove that today many mangrove forests are forests are not only caused by land damaged and even destroyed. Based on conversion but also mangrove forests this, it is necessary to conduct research to damage (Thomas et al., 2017). identify damage and efforts to preserve Damage to mangrove forests can be mangrove forests in the City of detected quickly with remote sensing Balikpapan. technology. The criteria that can be used Various conservation strategies to identify mangrove damage with have been developed to support the Sentinel 2 imagery can be reflected in the sustainability of coastal ecosystems with value of the NDVI (Normalized varied results (Feka & Morrison, 2017). Difference Vegetation Index) Among these is the use of the ecosystem- (Kamthonkiat et al., 2011, Sari & based conservation approach, which is Rosalina, 2016, Akbar et al., 2020, gaining widespread acceptance in global Pujiono et al., 2013). The location of

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GeoEco ISSN: 2460-0768 Vol. 7, No. 2 (April 2021) Page. 121-134 E-ISSN: 2597-6044 mangrove forests, which are mostly mangrove forests. Economic activities in located in areas where access is difficult coastal areas are often uncontrolled and and requires a long time, will make economic community people are often not monitoring difficult. The use of remote aware of the importance of efforts to sensing technology can provide time preserve natural resources in coastal areas, efficiency and effectiveness of funds in especially mangrove forests (Dahuri et al., monitoring mangrove forest damage 1996). (Richards & Friess, 2016). Mangrove forests damage, some of B. MATERIALS AND METHODS which is caused by pressure and rapid Location increase in population, especially in Administratively, Balikpapan City coastal areas, resulting in changes in land has a land area of 503.3 km² and marine use and excessive use of natural resources. management area reaches 160.1 km². In addition, community activities around Balikpapan City is located at position the area of mangrove forests also play a 116.50o - 117.00o W and between 1.00o - role in the destruction of mangrove 1.50o S. Balikpapan City is a city that has forests. This community activity is mangrove forest with a total area of influenced by socio-economic conditions, 2,784.16 Ha (Figure 1). This mangrove education and community knowledge forest is spread in West Balikpapan about mangrove forests (Nchimbi, 2019). District (88.55 Ha), North Balikpapan Community economic activity is a major District (1890.02 Ha) and East factor influencing the preservation of Balikpapan District (805.59 Ha).

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Figure 1. Landuse Map Balikpapan City

Mangrove Damage Identification and then a ground check to see and obtain the To know the condition of mangrove real condition of mangroves in using the density value of the mangrove Balikpapan City. Factors that cause forest from Sentinel 2 (2nd June 2018), the damage to mangrove forests are ratio of the near infrared band (NIR) and identified through observation and the red band(Waas & Nababan, 2010) interviews in order to obtain information (Sari & Rosalina, 2016) (Umroh et al., on damage and caused of damage. 2016) is used with the formula below: Conservation Effort ( 푵푰푹 − 푹푬푫 ) 푵푫푽푰 = ( 푵푰푹 + 푹푬푫 ) To collect data on conservation Information : efforts in the city of Balikpapan, NDVI : Normalized Difference conducted through interviews. Vegetation Index NIR : Near infrared wave Respondents were selected from the RED : Red wave community around the mangrove forest,

After the NDVI results are obtained the mangrove care community, and the mangrove center manager.

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C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION forests in the Balikpapan City. The NDVI Mangrove Forest Damage results that have been grounded, found Based on the results of the NDVI that the area of damaged mangroves analysis, the vegetation density of the reached 1092.41 Ha (Figure 2). mangrove forest can be obtained which Damaged mangrove forests are spread can be used as a ground check to throughout the mangrove forests in determine the damage of mangrove Balikpapan City (Figure 2 and 3).

Figure 2. Map of Mangrove Condition in Balikpapan

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Figure 3. Graph of Mangrove Condition in Balikpapan.

Mangrove forest damage is caused Tritip of East Balikpapan that similar to by various factors both from natural the mangrove dieback, where the front of factors and due to human activities in the the mangrove has died, and there are no city of Balikpapan. Natural factors that saplings that grow around it (Figure 4 damage mangrove forests are high (a)). This sediment originates from rivers sedimentation. These sediments often that flow into the coastal area in cover mangrove roots, especially for the Balikpapan City. This sedimentation only types of Pneumatophore or aerial root, affects mangrove forest areas which are and cause mangrove death due to on sloping beaches, because the sediment disruption of metabolism (Ellison, 1999). will quickly cover the aerial roots of the The conditions found around the coast mangrove.

(a)

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(b)

Figure 4. Mangrove Die (a) Caused of High Sediment and (b) Caused Oil Spill

Factors of human activity that are exposed during the tides (Huz et al., quite damaging to mangrove forests 2005). this deposition often covers and include oil spills, waste, and land- attaches to the soil and roots which are conversion. Balikpapan City is the largest very sensitive parts of the mangrove tree oil mining city in Indonesia with drilling which often causes the death of carried out both in the coastal and mangroves (Duke, 2016) (Diez et al., offshore areas. The vulnerability of oil 2019). The most damage was found spills around Balikpapan City is very around West and North Balikpapan, high both from oil leaks from the oil where not only mangrove saplings died tanker and oil pipelines. Oil spill from the but also trees (Figure 4 (b)). The effects oil pipeline in Balikpapan bay on 30 of oil spills require a long time to recover March 2018 has caused damage to some because oil spills not only make mangrove forests around the Balikpapan mangroves die but also make the soil bay. When the oil is spilled in the waters, toxic and difficult to grow mangroves the oil will settle to the coastal area that is naturally.

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(a)

(b)

Figure 5. (a) Plastic Waste in Mangrove Forest and (b) Mangrove Area Conversion to be Settlement area

Domestic waste and industrial waste mangroves as the newly growing saplings also play a role in increasing damage to will be covered up by plastic which cannot mangrove forests. The main source of grow and die (Figure 5 (a)). This pollution from Balikpapan City is waste condition is mostly found in mangrove from housing, hotels, restaurants and forests around river mouths that pass market activity. This waste is not through settlements in the city of considered by residents of Balikpapan Balikpapan. Many mangroves have rare City that often pollutes coastal areas, density because mangrove seeds cannot especially mangrove forests. The type of grow on plastic waste. The impact of waste that is commonly found around plastic waste does not seem to have a mangrove forests is plastic waste that major effect like the effect of oil spills, but cannot be decomposed in a fast period plastic waste increases every day and (Diez et al., 2019). The waste will disturb collects and also covers the mangrove

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plants. So, in a long period, plastic waste Center), Corporate Social Responsibility can cause mangrove damage on an (CSR), as well as people who care about ongoing basis that is greater than the oil the environment. However, this effort is spill. constrained by private or corporate The human activity factor that also property rights, which are not possible to destroys the mangrove forest area is a land do because of the difficulty of permission conversion of mangrove forest. Land from the landowner. As for the efforts that conversion of mangrove forests in coastal have been made by both the government, urban areas is difficult to avoid because of CSR and the Society of environmentalists the demand for land to support urban is to replant damaged mangrove areas. development (Alongi, 2002). Mangrove After replanting, the area is also cared, forest areas are often converted into especially cleaning of plastic waste. It's functions for both residential and like in the Margomulyo mangrove forest, industrial land needs. The increasing where every Friday morning Pertamina number of settlements and industries in the CSR and people who care about the city of Balikpapan leads to coastal areas environment, clean the plastic waste in the dominated by mangrove forests (Figure 5 Margomulyo mangrove forest and (b)). The development of settlements in replanting dead mangroves. the mangrove forest area is more related to Replanting mangroves is not easy the ease of transportation that is closer to because of pollution constraints both from urban areas and cheaper land prices in the waste and oil spills. Planting techniques to area. Whereas for industry, it is seen from protect from waste, especially plastic the easy access to send and receive goods rubbish, are to put a net on a replanting through water access, so that many area (Figure 6), such as the mangrove area industries are located near the coast or in Margomulyo, North Balikpapan, which river in Balikpapan Bay that dominated by places nets to protect newly planted mangrove. mangroves. The use of nets helps protect newly planted mangrove seeds from piled- Mangrove Forest Conservation Efforts up garbage, especially plastic waste. Efforts to conserve mangrove forests Disposal of garbage around the coast and that have been damaged in order to restore also rivers in the city of Balikpapan is very the function of mangrove forest high, so during floods or high tides, water ecosystems have actually been done by the often carries plastic waste that can cover government (especially Mangrove newly planted mangroves.

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Figure 6. Net for protecting replanting area from plastic waste

Closure of plastic waste in a long due to oil spills on 30 March 2018. Oil time will cause the newly planted spills have the potential to destroy mangrove will die. Meanwhile, to prevent mangroves because of their toxicity oil spills is quite difficult, so that many (Ghozali et al., 2017). So although the mangrove seeds that have just been occurrence of oil spills are rare, the impact planted die because oil spill (Figure 7), of one oil spill causes many mangroves to such as near the village over the water of die. Margasari, West Balikpapan, which died

Figure 7. Mangrove seeds die after oil spill

In addition, efforts to preserve mangrove forest area in Balikpapan City mangrove forests are carried out by which is used as a tourist area is the making the mangrove area as ecotourism mangrove forest in Margomulyo and and educational tourism area. The Graha Indah (Mangrove Center). By

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becoming ecotourism and educational three districts. The causes of damage to tourism area, mangrove forests in this mangrove forests are natural and human area are expected can be preserved factors such as sedimentation, oil spills, (Friess, 2017). But the area of this waste, and land conversion. This damage ecotourism area is not too wide (16 Ha for is inevitable due to population growth Mangroves Margomulyo and 150 Ha for and land needs as well as increased Mangroves Graha Indah). This condition industrial activity in the city of is not comparable with the total area of Balikpapan. Conservation efforts are mangrove forests that need to be carried out by replanting damaged preserved (2,784.16 Ha). mangrove forests and carrying out Based on these conditions, it is maintenance by protecting them with nets necessary to have regulations governing and cleaning plastic waste. This activity restrictions on permits for the conversion only limited to government-owned land, of mangrove forests, waste management while for community or company land it in Balikpapan City, as well as efforts to is still difficult to do. In addition, minimize oil spills due to industrial conservation is only carried out by the activities and. In addition, it is also government (mangrove center), CSR, and necessary to foster a sense of community the community concerned about the concern for the environment in order to environment, so that conservation efforts minimize domestic waste, and also care are less effective. to restore the damaged mangrove forest environment. The lack of sense of E. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS community concern for the mangrove The research team would like to forest area can be seen from the behavior thank the Faculty of Teacher Training of people who still often littering and also and Education Mulawarman University, the small number of people who want to East Kalimantan, for the support of participate in planting and caring for founding during the research. Thanks to mangroves in the Coastal City of the mangrove center that support of Balikpapan. mangrove data in Balikpapan City. The author would like thank to Darul D. CONCLUSIONS Sopianto and Indriyani Anikmah Ardi for Mangrove damage in the city of data collection and support during this Balikpapan has greatly damaged the study. mangrove forest area, which is spread in

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