UNIVERSITE DE LA MEDITERRANEE AIX-MARSEILLE II Étude Des Mécanismes De L'extrême Tolérance Aux Radiations De La Bactérie

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UNIVERSITE DE LA MEDITERRANEE AIX-MARSEILLE II Étude Des Mécanismes De L'extrême Tolérance Aux Radiations De La Bactérie UNIVERSITE DE LA MEDITERRANEE AIX-MARSEILLE II École Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé Année 2009 N° attribué par la bibliothèque THESE Pour l’obtention du grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE LA MEDITERRANEE Spécialité : Microbiologie Présentée et soutenue publiquement par : Rémi DULERMO Le 15 décembre 2009 Étude des mécanismes de l’extrême tolérance aux radiations de la bactérie Deinococcus deserti par une approche de génomique fonctionnelle JURY : Mr Cheng-Cai ZHANG (Professeur de l’Université de la Méditerranée) Président Mme Marie-Agnès PETIT (CR1, INRA Jouy en Josas) Rapporteur Mr Pablo RADICELLA (DR, CEA Fontenay-aux-Roses) Rapporteur Mr Alain DOLLA (DR, CNRS Marseille) Examinateur Mme Pascale SERVANT (Maître de conférence à l’Université Paris-Sud) Examinateur Mr Arjan de GROOT (Chercheur CEA à Cadarache) Directeur de Thèse Laboratoire d’Ecologie Microbienne de la Rhizosphère et d’Environnements Extrêmes DSV/IBEB/SBVME/LEMiRE, UMR 6191 CNRS/CEA/Univ. Aix-Marseille CEA Cadarache, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance Remerciements J’ai commencé ma thèse le 02 octobre 2006 et après près de 3 ans au sein du LEMIRE, c’est avec regret que je quitte ce laboratoire. Je souhaite donc remercier les différentes personnes qui m’auront permis d’effectuer cette thèse et qui m’auront soutenu tout au long de ces 3 ans. Je souhaite tout d’abord remercier l’équipe Deinococcus dans laquelle j’ai travaillé durant un peu plus de 3 ans. Merci à Arjan De Groot et Laurence Blanchard ainsi qu’à Boris Mirabella qui avait rejoint l’équipe pendant 1 an. Je tiens à dire qu’Arjan est quelqu’un de très compétent, de très rigoureux dans son travail et j’espère que j’ai pu acquérir au moins un peu de ses qualités scientifiques (je sais qu’il me reste encore un long chemin à parcourir pour arriver à son niveau). Ses conseils ont été précieux pour la réussite de ce travail. Merci aussi à Arjan pour avoir été très patient avec moi pendant les nombreuses corrections de ce manuscrit. Je pense que sans toi, je n’aurais pas réussi à finir dans les temps et à rendre une si bonne thèse, donc merci encore pour tes nombreuses suggestions et corrections. Je tiens aussi à remercier Arjan, Laurence, Thierry et Wafa de m’avoir choisi comme candidat à présenter au CEA pour la bourse de thèse car en venant à l’entretien, je ne pensais pas forcément être retenu. Merci aussi à Laurence, très compétente également et avec qui j’ai apprécié discuter de tout et rien et qui a aussi pu me donner des conseils dans les moments difficiles. J’ai été très content de travailler avec Boris, c’est quelqu’un de compétent et de très sympa, avec qui j’ai beaucoup apprécié de discuter. Je voudrais dire à Arjan, Laurence et Boris, ne changez pas. Merci également au CEA d’avoir financer ma thèse. Je voudrais remercier toutes les autres personnes du LEMIRE que j’ai côtoyé durant ces 3 ans, Bruno Allainmat, Mohamed Barakat, Odile Berge, Géraldine Brandelet, Mélanie Bressan, Nathalie Byrne, Sylvain Fochesato, Agnès Gastaud, Zahar Haichar, David Lalaouna, Gilles de Luca, Philippe Ortet, Camille Profizi, Marie-Anne Roncato, Philippe Roumagnac, Lisa Sanchez, Catherine Santaella, Mathieu Schue et Françoise Tellier. Je souhaite encore plus remercier Sylvain, Agnès, Gilles, David et Marie-Anne pour leur bonne humeur et nos déconnades durant les repas ou les pots. Merci à Laurence qui me ramenait sur Terre lorsque je prenais volontairement la grosse tête ;-). Je remercie aussi tous les participants de l’équipe de foot (Arjan, Cyril, David (Lalalouna et Lemaire), Gilles, Miguel, Momo, Nicolas, Sylvain et tous les autres) avec qui j’ai passé de très bons moments et avec qui j’ai eu l’honneur de jouer 3 tournois au CEA Cadarache. C’est une équipe qui a un très bon état d’esprit (l’équipe a remporté 2 coupes de fair-play ; aller, l’année prochaine, vous gagnerez la coupe du CEA 3 Cadarache). Merci aussi aux supportrices qui venaient nous voir jouer et nous encourager (mention spéciale à Laure). Je remercie aussi Wafa et Zahar avec qui j’ai beaucoup apprécié de discuter au labo ou sur le chemin en rentrant avec le bus. Pour mon colocataire de bureau David, bon courage pour la suite de ta thèse, il te reste un peu moins de 2 ans, tu vas voir ça passe vite ;-). Surtout, reste comme tu es et prend ma relève pour les bétises à dire au labo ou à la cantine. Je souhaite remercier également d’autres personnes qui ne sont pas au LEMIRE, Christine Marol avec qui j’ai très souvent pris le bus entre la gare de triage et le labo et avec qui j’ai beaucoup discuté, Colette Jungas que j’ai connu grâce à Laurence et avec qui j’ai bien aimé discuter et déjeuner, Dorothée Jannaud qui devrait finir sa thèse peu de temps après moi et que j’apprécie beaucoup ainsi que Clémence Bonnot avec qui j’ai aussi beaucoup rigolé et discuté. Je te souhaite, Clémence, du courage pour la fin de ta thèse. Je souhaite encore remercier Miguel Costa, c’est quelqu’un de très très sympas. J’espère Miguel que tu pourras trouver rapidement un emploi fixe en France ou au Portugal. Maintenant, je souhaiterais remercier les membres de ma famille, ma maman, Didier, mon grand frère, Thierry, mon frère jumeau, mes belles-sœurs Vanessa et Hui. Merci aussi à mon petit chat Lulu :-). Thierry, je te remercie infiniment pour l’aide que tu m’as apporté, notamment durant la rédaction de ma thèse, ainsi que pour nos discussions scientifiques sur ton sujet et le mien, même si parfois, il n’était pas facile de se comprendre puisque nous avions des sujets très différents. Je remercie énormément ma femme Ting ainsi que ses parents et toute sa famille pour leur grande gentillesse, leur amour et leur soutien. Merci aussi à Ting pour avoir réussi à me supporter dans les moments de stress. Je remercie aussi mes amis et plus particulièrement John et David pour leur amitié et leur soutien. Merci aussi au personnel administratif du service SBVME, et entre autres à Elisabeth Dussauze, Carol Fortuno et Joséphine Ramon. Enfin j’aimerais remercier l’ensemble des professeurs que j’ai eu tout au long de mon cursus et qui ont fait que j’ai réussi à en arriver là. 4 Résumé 5 6 Résumé Le génome de Deinococcus deserti, une bactérie très radiotolérante, a été analysé et comparé à ceux de D. radiodurans et D. geothermalis. Environ 230 protéines sont spécifiquement conservées chez ces 3 espèces, dont IrrE, un régulateur essentiel pour la radiotolérance. D. deserti possède plusieurs gènes supplémentaires liés à la réparation de l’ADN, dont imuY et dnaE2 (ADN polymérases translesionnelles). En plus, D. deserti a 3 recA qui codent pour 2 protéines RecA différentes (RecAC et RecAP). Pour étudier ces gènes, des outils génétiques ont été mis au point. Différents résultats suggèrent qu’IrrE, nécessaire pour l’induction de plusieurs gènes après irradiation, a une activité peptidase. Les 2 RecA sont fonctionnelles pour la réparation de l’ADN. D. deserti est mutable par UV, ce qui nécessite ImuY, DnaE2 et RecAC, mais pas RecAP. Abstract Title: The study of the extreme radiation tolerance mechanisms of the bacterium Deinococcus deserti by a functional genomics approach The genome of Deinococcus deserti, a highly radiation-tolerant bacterium, was analyzed and compared to those of D. radiodurans and D. geothermalis. About 230 proteins are specifically conserved in these 3 species, including IrrE, a regulator protein essential for radiotolerance. D.deserti has several supplementary DNA repair genes, like imuY and dnaE2 (translesion DNA polymerases). Moreover, D. deserti has 3 recA that code for 2 different RecA proteins (RecAC et RecAP). To study these genes, genetic tools were developed for D. deserti. Different results suggest that IrrE, required for the induction of several genes after irradiation, has peptidase activity. The 2 RecA proteins are functional for DNA repair. D. deserti is mutable by UV, which requires ImuY, DnaE2 and RecAC, but not RecAP. 7 8 SOMMAIRE 9 10 Sommaire Sommaire................................................................................................................................. 11 I) Introduction générale.......................................................................................................... 17 1) Tolérance aux radiations et à la dessiccation de Deinococcus radiodurans........................... 18 1.1) Le genre Deinococcus .......................................................................................................................... 18 1.2) Le génome de D. radiodurans.............................................................................................................. 23 1.2.1) Quelques caractéristiques ............................................................................................................. 23 1.2.2) Les gènes de la réparation de l’ADN............................................................................................ 25 La réversion de bases endommagées ................................................................................................. 25 Le système NER ................................................................................................................................ 26 Le système BER................................................................................................................................. 26 Le mismatch repair ............................................................................................................................ 27 Le système RER................................................................................................................................
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