1.Jūras Un Iesāļu Augteņu Biotopi

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1.Jūras Un Iesāļu Augteņu Biotopi 1. Jūras un iesāļu augteņu biotopi Iepriekšējais nosaukums: Piekrastes un halofītiskie biotopi ārējā robeža – tāpēc Latvijā ir saglabājušās daļēji mazskartas (iepriekšējais nosaukums neprecīzi atspoguļoja biotopu un vietām neskartas pludmales, jūras seklūdens un piejūras grupas būtību). platības. Jūras un iesāļu augteņu biotopu grupā ir apvienoti gan jūras biotopi, gan biotopi, kas saistīti ar jūras ietekmi: pludmales Aizsardzības vērtība un citi ar iesāļu jūras ūdeni sezonāli vai neregulāri applūstoši Lai arī šai biotopu grupai Latvijā ir potenciāli ļoti labas izplatības biotopi Piejūras zemienē. Daudzveidīgajā biotopu grupā un attīstības iespējas, tā kopumā ir pieskaitāma ļoti retiem un apvienoti gan īslaicīgi, sezonāli mikrobiotopi, gan relatīvi apdraudētiem biotopiem. Jūras un iesāļu augteņu biotopi ilglaicīgi biotopi, gan dažāda lieluma biotopu kompleksi. nodrošina Baltijas jūras austrumu piekrastei raksturīgo sugu Šie biotopi ir vienoti funkcionējošs komplekss, kas veido un sabiedrību kompleksa saglabāšanos. Šīs sabiedrības veido jūras krastam paralēlas dažāda platuma joslas. Baltijas jūras jūras un vēja pastāvīgai ietekmei, iesāļiem vides apstākļiem piekrastē biotopu joslas ir platākas nekā Rīgas jūras līča un mainīgam mitruma režīmam piemērojušās sugas. Viena krastos. no dažām litorālo augu sugu dabiskajām augtenēm Latvijā. Jūras un tās piekrastes biotopi ir pastāvīgi un vienlaikus ļoti Nelielā sugu skaita un dinamisko apstākļu dēļ šīs sabiedrības dinamiski. Ja pludmali intensīvi pārskalo jūras ūdens un ir ļoti jutīgas pret cilvēka darbību. veģetācija nespēj nostiprināties, pat vairāku sezonu laikā Šīs grupas biotopi ir nozīmīgs augu un bezmugurkaulnieku kāds no biotopiem var neizveidoties. Tāpēc nereti svarīgāk par migrāciju koridors, kā arī nozīmīgas barošanās vietas daudzām paša biotopa konstatēšanu ir noteikt dominējošos procesus. putnu sugām pavasara un rudens migrāciju laikā. Jūras ietekmēto sauszemes biotopu floristiskā struktūra un Pludmale ir dabisks buferis krastu erozijas ierobežošanā, kas raksturīgais augājs pilnībā izveidojas tikai veģetācijas sezonas pasargā pamatkrastu no noskalošanas vētru laikā. beigās. Jūras un iesāļu augteņu biotopiem piemīt arī ainaviska un kultūrvēsturiska vērtība. Tie ir augstvērtīgi rekreācijas, sporta, Izplatība tūrisma un ārstniecības resursi. Šīs grupas biotopi ir sastopami jūrā, pludmalē un tiešā jūras tuvumā, retāk – piejūras pļavas un lagūnas veidojas tālāk Vides faktori un procesi ar funkcionālu nozīmi iekšzemē, bet nekad ārpus Piejūras zemienes. Jūras un iesāļu Jūras un iesāļo augteņu biotopu pastāvēšanu nosaka augteņu grupas biotopu vispārīga izplatības shēma parādīta galvenokārt to saistība ar jūru, kas variē no biotopa pilnīgas 1.1. attēlā. atrašanās jūrā līdz applūšanai ar iesāļo jūras ūdeni dažas reizes Visā pasaulē šīs grupas biotopu izplatība un kvalitāte ir vairākos gados, tāpēc svarīgs aspekts ir jūras ūdens tīrība. Šie samazinājusies galvenokārt antropogēnu faktoru ietekmē. procesi ietver gan applūšanas fizisko, gan ķīmisko iedarbību; Latvija ir viena no retajām Eiropas valstīm, kurā jūras un applūšana ar jūras ūdeni nodrošina atbilstošu mitruma pludmales biotopi lielākās platībās ir salīdzinoši maztraucēti režīmu un bagātina augteni ar sāli. Baltijas jūra ir gandrīz un potenciāli var attīstīties vairāk kā 450 km garumā, kas ir pilnībā noslēgta, un tajā ir liela saldūdens pieplūde no upēm ~9/10 no jūras krasta kopgaruma Latvijā. Tikai ~1/10 no jūras un nokrišņiem, tāpēc jūras ūdens vidējais sāļums variē no 1 krasta tieši ietekmē ostu infrastruktūra, krasta stiprinājumi un ‰ ziemeļu daļā līdz 6–8 ‰ centrālajā daļā. Raksturīgi arī apdzīvotu vietu tuvums. Salīdzinoši vairāk ietekmēti biotopi ir tas, ka ūdens vidējās temperatūras izmaiņas sakrīt ar sāļuma 1150* Lagūnas un 1630* Piejūras zālāji, kas pēdējo gadsimtu gradientu. Šo abu faktoru – sāļuma un temperatūras – dēļ laikā samazinājušies gan izplešoties apdzīvotām vietām dažādās Baltijas jūras daļās dzīvo atšķirīgas sugas. (piemēra, Rīga, Liepāja, Salacgrīva u. c.), gan nepiemērotas Svarīga ir dabisko jūras un jūras krastu procesu netraucēta apsaimniekošanas dēļ. 20. gs. otrajā pusē lielākā daļa no norise, kas vērtējama ievērojami tālāk par pašu biotopu Baltijas jūras piekrastes Latvijā bija slēgtā zona – bijušās PSRS robežām. Biotopu veidošanos un saglabāšanos, kā arī to 1 1 dinamiku nosaka jūras krastam paralēlā sanešu plūsma un tās Apauguma raksturojums apjoms. Šī plūsma ietekmē intensīvu sanešu apmaiņu, izraisa Biotopu grupai raksturīgs daudzveidīgs un atšķirīgs to noskalošanos vai uzkrāšanos (akumulāciju) pludmalē. apaugums, ko nosaka vides apstākļi un dominējošie Regulārās sanešu plūsmas ietekmi izmaina ar gadalaikiem procesi. Grupā apvienoti gan tādi biotopi, kuri reti ir klāti ar saistītie klimatiskie procesi. Rudens-ziemas periodā vētru apaugumu vai klāti ar dažu sugu veidotu skraju apaugumu, ietekmē dominē noskalošanās un pludmales sašaurināšanās, gan tādi sugām bagāti biotopi kā zālāji. Apaugumu var veidot vasarās – paplašināšanās un sanešu atgriešanās pludmalē. dažādu sistemātisko grupu organismi: gan tikai gliemenes Smilšainām piekrastēm ir raksturīgs izteikti īslaicīgs pludmales vai daudzgadīgās makrofītaļģes, gan lakstaugi, retāk arī atjaunošanās cikls – līdz 5 gadiem. Vēja dzītās ūdens masas sūnas un ķērpji. Sauszemes biotopu augu sabiedrībās un to atplūdi vētru norimšanas fāzē būtiski pārveido jūras nozīmīga loma ir sāļas un iesāļas augtenes raksturojošām krastu un pludmali, sekmē sāļu koncentrācijas atjaunošanos sugām – halofītiem. Pludmales augstākajās vietās raksturīgi un saglabāšanos substrātā, kā arī izraisa ūdens līmeņa augi, kas spējīgi augt kustīgās smiltīs – psammofīti. Barības svārstības un tā sāļuma izmaiņas piekrastes ūdenstilpēs. vielām, īpaši ar slāpekli un fosforu, bagātās vietās, piemēram, Biotopus ietekmē arī dominējošais vēja virziens un stiprums, pārmitrās pludmalēs, lagūnu krastos un sanesumos, bieži pludmales noskalošana vai pieaugums, „apbēršana ar sastop arī nezāles un ruderālas sugas. Konkurences trūkums smiltīm” vētru laikā un pēc tām. Būtiska ietekme ir ledum, kas sekmē ekoloģiski plastisku sugu, galvenokārt viengadīgu, gan pasargā pamatkrastu no noskalošanās ziemas vētrās, gan sastopamību, kā arī dažu invazīvu adventīvo sugu ieviešanos ievērojami ietekmē veģetāciju jūras krastā, ja ledus gabali tiek (piemēram, Tatārijas salātene Lactuca tatarica). Augājs veido sastumti pludmalē. Vēja un viļņu nesti, pludmalē visur var būt jūras krastam paralēlas vai ap lagūnām koncentriski izvietotu organisko materiālu sanesumi. atšķirīgu sabiedrību joslas. Reljefa un mikroreljefa apstākļi Tie var tikt uznesti arī uz citiem pludmales un piejūras un ar to saistītās apgaismojuma, mitruma, temperatūras un biotopiem. Atsevišķos krasta posmos nozīmīga ir avotu sāļuma atšķirības nosaka dažādu sabiedrību veidošanos. ietekme, kas, izplūstot virszemē, ietekmē augsnes mitrumu Izteikts augāja stāvojums veidojas tikai 1630* Piejūras zālājos, un ķīmisko sastāvu, līdz ar to arī apaugumu. Biotopos 1630* ilgstošās 1150* Lagūnās, vietām arī biotopos 1220 Daudzgadīgs Piejūras zālāji un ilgstošās 1150* Lagūnās novērojama ļoti augājs akmeņainās pludmalēs un 1640 Smilšainas pludmales ar lēna augsnes veidošanās. daudzgadīgu augāju. Pārējos biotopos nereti augājs ir tik skrajš, Pludmales un iesāļu augteņu biotopu funkcijās nozīmīga ka stāvojums nav nodalāms. Zemo lakstaugu stāvs ir līdz 10 cm ietekme ir jūras krasta ģeoloģiskajai izcelsmei un augsts, vidējo lakstaugu stāvs no 10–100 cm augsts (vidēji ģeomorfoloģijai, kā arī biotopa joslas platumam. 50 cm), un augsto lakstaugu stāvs – virs 100 cm. Ļoti reti Dabiski ugunsgrēki Latvijas klimatiskajos apstākļos pludmalē ilglaicīgos biotopos nodala arī sūnu un ķērpju stāvu. Atsevišķos un piejūras biotopos (1150* un 1630*) gandrīz nenotiek, bagāti apaugušos biotopos 1170 Akmeņu sēkļi ir vērojams arī arī vēsturiski nav notikuši, tādēļ sugas un veģetācija nav daudzgadīgo aļģu un divvāku gliemju veidots stāvojums. pielāgojušās dedzināšanai. Biotopiem ir raksturīga izteikta apaugušo platību un atklātā Vides apstākļi var radīt situāciju, kad biotops var sezonāli substrāta laukumu mija. Tas ietver kopējo stāva segumu un vai pat uz vairākiem gadiem izzust, atkarībā no pludmales no augāja brīvo augsnes laukumu izkārtojumu, kā arī augu pārskalošanas un akumulācijas procesu intensitātes. sugu savstarpējo izkārtojumu. Visiem biotopiem, izņemot Biotopiem raksturīgs cikliskums, kas daļēji sakrīt ar pludmales 1630* Piejūras zālājus, apaugums ir izteikti nevienmērīgs, cikliskumu. Īslaicīgi aprimstot aktīviem pārskalošanas veidojas dažāda lieluma un izkārtojuma atklāta substrāta procesiem, sāk veidoties veģetācija, ja aprimšana ilgst laukumi. Lielākajai daļai biotopa 1110 Smilts sēkļi apaugums vairākus gadus, var izveidoties relatīvi stabila augu sega. vispār nav raksturīgs. Dabiski funkcionējoši jūras krasti dabisku un antropogēnu Šīs grupas biotopi ir pastāvīgas un reizē ļoti dinamiskas faktoru ietekmē var arī aprimt, tajos var arī aizsākties dažādas ekosistēmas, kuras, mainoties vides apstākļiem un intensitātes akumulācijas un/vai noskalošanās procesi. apsaimniekošanai, pārveidojas ļoti ātri. 2 1 Biotopu kvalitāte Blakus biotopu ietekme uz konkrēto biotopu – var būt Minimālās prasības biotopiem: dotas katram aprakstam gan pozitīva, gan neitrāla, gan negatīva. Šis indikators norāda individuāli. Ir vairāki visiem vai lielākajai daļai jūras un iesāļu uz biotopa ekoloģiskajām funkcijām un attīstības virzienu. augteņu biotopiem kopīgi kvalitāti raksturojoši indikatori. Biotopa
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