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When Cells Divide, Developing Relationships, Page 26 Chromosomes Aren’T Always Doled out Equally hhmi bulletin • howard hughes medical institute • www.hhmi.org • institute medical hughes howard • bulletin hhmi Fall ’14 Vol. 27 No. 3 4000 Jones Bridge Road Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815-6789 www.hhmi.org Address Service Requested bulletin Deadly Beauty This slow-moving marine snail, Conus geographus, packs venom so powerful that less than half a teaspoon can kill a person. Small fish within the striking zone of its venomous harpoon don’t stand a chance. Paradoxically, components of the venom are extremely in this issue Bacterial Comrades strong pain killers—up to 10,000 times more effective than morphine. Meet the New Professors HHMI Professor Baldomero Olivera has spent his career teasing Eco-friendly Fertilizer apart the hundreds of toxins in the beautiful cone snail’s venom, in hopes of turning the meat-eating mollusk’s poison into medicine. One drug is already available for patients. Learn more about Olivera’s research and his efforts to advance science education around the world in the HHMI Bulletin (www.hhmi.org/bulletin/summer-2014). vol. 27 / no. 3 no. / 27 vol. When Cells Divide Errors in the process can disable cells— Alex Kerstitch Alex unless they’re cancerous HHMI Bulletin / Fall 2014 Observations 12Cell division involves We stand on the verge of a great journey intricate choreography. into the unknown—the interior terrain of thinking, feeling, perceiving, learning, Pairs of chromosomes deciding, and acting to achieve our goals— (red) line up center stage that is the special province of the human where thin spindle Mysteries of brain. These capacities are the essence of spent our careers studying its mysteries fibers (green) tug the our minds and the aspects of being human than to those new to thinking about couples apart, pulling the Mind that matter most to us. Remarkably, these the brain. President Obama, by creating powerful yet exquisitely nuanced capacities the BRAIN Initiative, has provided an individual chromosomes The seat of all our thoughts and emotions, emerge from electrical and chemical unprecedented opportunity to solve to opposite sides of the actions and memories, the brain’s capacity interactions among roughly 100 billion nerve those mysteries. The challenge is to map cell. But sometimes the and complexity seem impossible to cells and glial cells that compose our brains. the circuits of the brain, measure the well-oiled performance fully grasp. Yet, thanks to advances in recent All human brains share basic anatomical fluctuating patterns of electrical and circuits and synaptic interactions, but chemical activity flowing within those hits a snag, leaving one or years, neuroscientists can now envision the precise pattern of connections and circuits, and understand how their more pairs united. Two a comprehensive picture of the brain in interactions are highly variable from person interplay creates our unique cognitive and aneuploid daughter cells action, from molecules to cells and circuits to person—and therein lies the source of behavioral capabilities. We should pursue result—one with too many to behavior. In April 2013, President Obama the remarkable variation we see in human this goal simultaneously in humans and chromosomes and one with launched the BRAIN Initiative to underscore behavior, from the breathtaking dance of a in simpler nervous systems in which we can ballerina, to the elegant craftsmanship of learn important lessons far more quickly. too few. Aneuploidy can and accelerate this vision. Details of the a master carpenter, to the shrewd judgment But our ultimate goal is to understand mean curtains for the cells. initiative’s plan are now available in a of an expert trader. Our brains make us who our own brains. One standout exception report released in June by a working group we are, enabling us to perceive beauty, teach is cancer, where cellular co-chaired by HHMI Investigators Cori our children, remember loved ones, react Excerpted from BRAIN 2025: A Scientific Vision, a against injustice, learn from history, and missteps in division can Bargmann and William Newsome, whose Brain Research through Advancing Innovative imagine a different future. Technologies (BRAIN) Working Group Report to lead to wildly successful poetic preamble sets a powerful framework The human brain is simply astonishing— the Advisory Committee to the Director, National reproduction. Yu Hongtao Matutina Dan for the effort. no less astonishing to those of us who have Institutes of Health. Published June 5, 2014. ContentsFall ’14 Vol. 27 No. 03 Departments president’s letter 03 Science Forward centrifuge 04 Artists in the Building 05 Lessons from Liberia bench report 06 A Twist of Fate 08 The Silencer: MicroRNA 10 A Phosphate Fix perspectives & opinions 30 Orchestral Approach in the Classroom 32 Q&A – What challenges do educators face when trying to implement hands-on undergraduate science classes at universities? chronicle 34 Science Education The New Faces of Chemistry 36 Toolbox An Off-Switch for Neurons 38 Lab Book Untangling a Viral Infection Keeping Tabs on Development What the Nose Knows observations Mysteries of the Mind Features 12 Errors in Division When cells divide, Developing Relationships, page 26 chromosomes aren’t always doled out equally. The consequences can be dire. Web-Only 20 Bold Experiments Go with Adam Cohen on a quest www.hhmi.org/bulletin The 2014 HHMI professors are Content to jump-start science education Cover image: bringing innovation from the in Liberia after years of civil war. See what artist Daniel Kohn atelier olschinsky lab into the classroom. created when he spent eight Watch cells move, shuffle, years in a lab, painting alongside and divide in a growing fruit This paper is certified by SmartWood scientists. fly embryo. 26 Developing Relationships for FSC standards, which promote Two studies hint at bacteria’s Listen as HHMI professors talk Learn why an abnormal environmentally appropriate, socially deep-rooted influence on about overcoming challenges chromosome number might beneficial, and economically viable animal development. in science education. give cancer cells an edge. management of the world’s forests. 2 Fall 2014 / HHMI Bulletin Contributors HHMI TRUSTEES Kurt L. Schmoke, Esq., Chairman President / University of Baltimore James A. Baker, III, Esq. Senior Partner / Baker Botts LLP Ambassador Charlene Barshefsky Senior International Partner WilmerHale Susan Desmond-Hellmann, MD, MPH Chief Executive Officer / Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Joseph L. Goldstein, MD Regental Professor & Chairman / Department of Molecular Genetics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Garnett L. Keith Chairman / SeaBridge Investment Advisors, LLC Former Vice Chairman & Chief Investment Officer The Prudential Insurance Company of America Fred R. Lummis Chairman & CEO Platform Partners LLC Sir Paul Nurse President / The Royal Society Dame Alison F. Richard, PhD Professor / Yale University Clayton S. Rose, PhD Professor of Management Practice Harvard University Anne M. Tatlock Director, Retired Chairman, & CEO Fiduciary Trust Company International Illustrator Ruth Marten HHMI SENIOR EXECUTIVE TEAM A small, creative studio based (“A Twist of Fate,” page 6) has Robert Tjian, PhD / President Cheryl A. Moore / Executive V.P. & in Vienna, Austria, atelier a history of depicting hair. Chief Operating Officer olschinsky (cover and “Errors Having worked for more than Kathryn S. Brown / Head of Communications in Division,” page 12) represents three decades, including tattooing Sean B. Carroll, PhD / V.P. for Science Education Jennifer L. Farris / Senior Director, the work of Peter Olschinsky and in the bad (good) old days, she Campus Services Verena Weiss, artists who operate now exhibits her work at Van der Heidi E. Henning / V.P. & General Counsel in various felds, including Grinten Galerie in Köln, Germany, Mohamoud Jibrell / V.P. for Information Technology graphic design, illustration, and teaches watercolor at Nitin Kotak / V.P. & Chief Financial Officer photography, and art direction. the School of Visual Arts in Erin O’Shea, PhD / V.P. & Chief Scientific Officer New York City. Gerald M. Rubin, PhD / V.P. & Executive Director, Janelia Farm Research Campus Kathy A. Wyszynski / V.P. for Human Resources Landis Zimmerman / V. P. & Chief Investment Officer HHMI BULLETIN STAFF Mary Beth Gardiner / Editor Cori Vanchieri / Story Editor Jim Keeley / Science Editor Shur Nicole Kresge / Assistant Editor Emily Megan Scudellari (“Errors ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTORS in Division,” page 12) is a Emily Shur (“The Silencer: Elaine Alibrandi, Michelle Cissell, Mark Boston-based freelance MicroRNA,” page 8) is Farrell, Heather McDonald Scudellari, Pentagram / Design journalist specializing in the a photographer living in an Allied Printing / Printing & Binding life sciences. Her work has extremely old house in Megan appeared in Newsweek, Nature, and Los Angeles with her husband Scientific American, among other and their grumpy bulldog, The Marten, publications. When she’s not Baroness. She is a graduate of Telephone (301) 215.8500 • Fax (301) 215.8863 uth www.hhmi.org R writing about science, Megan is Tisch School of the Arts at New © 2014 Howard Hughes Medical Institute busy chasing her own biology York University, and her client list The opinions, beliefs, and viewpoints expressed by authors in the HHMI Bulletin experiments—her two children, includes The New Yorker, The New do not necessarily reflect the opinions, beliefs, olsc ages two and a half and seven York Times Magazine, Entertainment viewpoints,
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