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Distribution of Anthriscus Sylvestris and Myrrhis Odorata Within Open Areas of Reykjavík, Iceland

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Distribution of Anthriscus Sylvestris and Myrrhis Odorata Within Open Areas of Reykjavík, Iceland Distribution of Anthriscus sylvestris and Myrrhis odorata within open areas of Reykjavík, Iceland Mervi Orvokki Luoma Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Iceland 2019 Distribution of Anthriscus sylvestris and Myrrhis odorata within open areas of Reykjavík, Iceland Mervi Orvokki Luoma 60 ECTS thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of a Magister Scientiarum degree in Environment and Natural Resources MS Committee Mariana Tamayo Snorri Sigurðsson Master’s Examiner Borgþór Magnússon Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences School of Engineering and Natural Sciences University of Iceland Reykjavík, February 2019 Distribution of Anthriscus sylvestris and Myrrhis odorata within open areas of Reykjavík, Iceland Cow Parsley & Sweet Cicely in Reykjavík 60 ECTS thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of a Magister Scientiarum degree in Environment and Natural Resources Copyright © 2019 Mervi Orvokki Luoma All rights reserved Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences School of Engineering and Natural Sciences University of Iceland Sæmundargata 2 101, Reykjavík Iceland Telephone: 525 4000 Bibliographic information: Mervi Orvokki Luoma, 2019, Distribution of Anthriscus sylvestris and Myrrhis odorata within open areas of Reykjavík, Iceland , Master’s thesis, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, pp. 101. Printing: Háskólaprent Reykjavík, Iceland, February 2019 Abstract The main purpose of the research was to map the distribution of cow parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris), an invasive alien plant, within four open areas in Reykjavík; Laugarnes, Vatnsmýri, Elliðaárdalur, and Ægisíða. The aim was to identify hot spot areas with high abundance of cow parsley as that may increase the risk of losing native plant species in those areas. Furthermore, the distribution of sweet cicely (Myrrhis odorata) was mapped to assess if there is overlap in the cover of these two plant species from the Apiaceae family that share similar plant traits. The total combined size of the four study areas surveyed was 158 ha. Results indicate that cow parsley covered 10% (15.5 ha) of the study areas and was most abundant near pathways, riversides and streams. Cow parsley is spreading and is a serious concern in the wildlife nature reserve of Vatnsmýri and the popular outdoor area of Elliðaárdalur. Over 30 plant taxa were found in the plots within the study areas, a third of them being alien. Species richness did not vary significantly between areas with and without cow parsley; however areas with cow parsley had significantly greater cover of alien species (p < 0,001). This is the first time that cow parsley is mapped in Reykjavík, which is essential for developing management plans and actions. Mapping the distribution of alien and invasive species, testing and adopting a multi-approach techniques via adaptive management, and conducting long-term monitoring are the key in fostering a functioning, species rich urban ecosystem. Útdráttur Tilgangur rannsóknarinnar var að kortleggja útbreiðslu skógarkerfils (Anthriscus sylvestris), ágengrar framandi plöntutegundar, á opnum svæðum í Reykjavík. Markmiðið var að greina hvernig útbreiðslunni var háttað á þessum svæðum og finna „heita reiti“ þar sem þéttleikinn var mestur. Skógarkerfill hefur breiðst hratt út á Íslandi og getur ógnað innlendri flóru því hann vex gjarnan í einsleitum breiðum sem bola öðrum gróðri burt en geta einnig leitt til jarðvegseyðingar og breytingum á landslagi. Útbreiðslan var könnuð árin 2017 og 2018 á fjórum opnum svæðum í Reykjavík: Elliðarárdal, Laugarnesi, Vatnsmýri og Ægisíðu. Jafnframt voru plöntusamfélög nálægt skógarkerfilsbreiðum skoðuð. Niðurstöður sýna að skógarkerfill þakti að meðaltali 10% svæðanna og var þéttleikinn mestur nálægt stígum og á árbökkum. Skógarkerfill er mjög algengur í fuglafriðlandinu í Vatnsmýri og í Elliðaárdal. Yfir þrjátíu tegundir blómplantna fundust við skoðun á plöntusamfélögum, þar af um þriðjungur framandi tegundir. Tegundaauðgi var ekki marktæk breytileg milli svæða með eða án skógarkerfils, hins vegar var marktækt meiri þekja framandi tegunda á svæðum með skógarkerfil. Í þessari rannsókn er í fyrsta sinn kortlögð útbreiðsla skógarkerfils í Reykjavík, og er um mikilvægar upplýsingar að ræða fyrir náttúruvernd og skipulag í borginni. Að greina útbreiðslu framandi ágengra tegunda er grunnforsenda fyrir ákvarðanatöku um hreinsunar- og fækkunaraðgerðir og til að móta vöktunar- og rannsóknaráætlanir á lykilvistkerfum í borginni. Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ x Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. xi 1 Distribution of Cow Parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris) and Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis odorata) within open areas of Reykjavík ...................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Methods ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.2.1 Target species ................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Study areas ........................................................................................................ 5 1.2.2 Mapping .......................................................................................................... 11 1.3 Results ............................................................................................................................ 11 1.4 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 21 1.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 25 References ........................................................................................................................... 26 2 Potential impact of cow parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris) invasion on native plant communities in Reykjavík ............................................................................................ 34 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 34 2.2 Methods ......................................................................................................................... 35 2.2.1 Study areas ...................................................................................................... 35 2.2.2 Characterization of plant communities ........................................................... 39 2.2.3 Statistical analysis ........................................................................................... 40 2.3 Results ........................................................................................................................... 40 2.4 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 45 2.4.1 Plant community associated with cow parsley ............................................... 45 2.4.2 Management of cow parsley ........................................................................... 48 2.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 52 References ........................................................................................................................... 53 Appendix A. Survey Sites ................................................................................................... 60 Appendix B. Plant Illustrations ........................................................................................... 72 Appendix C. Maps of Plant Communities and Mowing Areas ........................................... 76 Appendix D. Plot measurements datasets ........................................................................... 85 Appendix E. Tallest Plant Species in Plots without Cow Parsley ....................................... 89 Appendix F. Maps of Study Plots and Mowing Areas ........................................................ 95 vii List of Figures Chapter 1 Figure 1.1. Target species ..................................................................................................... 4 Figure 1.2. Study areas in Reykjavík .................................................................................... 5 Figure 1.3. Laugarnes area in Reykjavík ............................................................................. 6 Figure 1.4. Vatnsmýri area in Reykjavík .............................................................................. 7 Figure 1.5. Elliðaárdalur Valley area in Reykjavík ............................................................. 9 Figure 1.6. Ægisiða area in Reykjavík ...............................................................................
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