ExpansionExpansion AndAnd SectionalismSectionalism Democracy In America (1840)

▶ Impressed with American notion of equality . More social mobility than Europe . Success achievable for those willing and able ▶ “I sought for the greatness and genius of America in her commodious harbors and her ample rivers, and it was not there . . . in her fertile fields and boundless forests and it was not there . . . in her rich mines and her vast world commerce, and it was not there . . . in her democratic Congress and her matchless Constitution, and it was not there. Not until I went into the churches of America and heard her pulpits aflame with righteousness did I understand the secret of her genius and power. America is great because she is good, and if America ever ceases to be good, she will cease to be great.” ManifestManifest DestinyDestiny

▶ ““Away,Away, awayaway withwith thesethese cobwebcobweb tissuestissues ofof thethe rightsrights ofof discovery,discovery, exploration,exploration, settlement,settlement,…… [The[The AmericanAmerican claim]claim] isis byby thethe rightright ofof ourour manifestmanifest destinydestiny toto overspreadoverspread andand toto possesspossess thethe wholewhole ofof thethe continentcontinent whichwhich ProvidenceProvidence hashas givengiven usus forfor thethe developmentdevelopment ofof thethe greatgreat experimentexperiment ofof libertyliberty…”…” ▶ -- JohnJohn L.L. Sullivan,Sullivan, DemocraticDemocratic ReviewReview,, 18451845 American Progress Overland Trails Result of Manifest Destiny Texas Revolution

▶ American settlement . Fueled by Manifest Destiny . Encouraged by Mexican government ▶ Texas Revolution (1836) . Santa Anna’s policies . The Alamo (Feb-Mar 1836) . Battle of San Jacinto (Apr 21, 1836) SecondSecond PartyParty SystemSystem (1828-1854)(1828-1854)

▶ Democrats: . States’ rights ▶ Anti-Masonic Party: . Limited . issue party concerned government about Freemasons . Laissez-faire . promoted economic . Expansionism nationalism and social . Pro-slavery conservatism . Equal opportunity ▶ Liberty Party: . South and West . abolitionist party . Yeoman farmers, working class, Andrew Jackson ▶ Free Soil Party: southern planters, . Prevent expansion of immigrants slavery ▶ Whigs: . American System . Strong federal government . Mixed on slavery . Social conservatives . New England . Upper and middle class professionals, evangelical Protestants Taney Court

▶ Chief Justice Roger Taney . Appointed by Andrew Jackson . Slave owner ▶ Ideology . States’ rights . Limited government ▶ Major Cases . Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837) . Scott v. Sandford (1857) . Ex parte Merryman (1861) Election of 1840

▶ William Henry Harrison (W) . “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” . “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” ▶ Martin Van Buren (D) . Suffers from Panic of 1837 Sectionalist Presidents William Henry Harrison (W) (1841)

▶ Campaign . A war hero and hero of the common man ▶ Reality . Wealthy plantation and slave owner ▶ Administration . Intended to re-establish and promote American System policies . Lasts one month after contracting pneumonia . John Tyler assumes presidency Sectionalist Presidents John Tyler (W) (1841-1845)

▶ “His Accidency” . Assumes full presidential powers ▶ A Democrat in Whig Clothing . Slave owner from Virginia . Rejects American System policies . Passionately pursues Texas annexation ▶ Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) . Settles boundary disputes with Great Britain Election of 1844

▶ James K. Polk (D) . Darkhorse candidate . Expansion platform ▶ Henry Clay (W) . Avoided direct expansionist rhetoric Sectionalist Presidents James K. Polk (D) (1845-1849)

▶ Jacksonian Democrat, slave owner, and ardent expansionist ▶ Agenda . Independent national treasury . Lower tariffs . Oregon . California ▶ Oregon . “54’ 40 or Fight!” . 49th Parallel ▶ Mexican-American War (1848) . Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo . Mexican Cession Oregon Country Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

▶ Thornton Affair (4/24/1846) ▶ War Plan and Execution . John Fremont in California . Stephen Kearny in New Mexico . Zachary Taylor in Texas . Winfield Scott in Veracruz and Mexico City ▶ Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) . Rio Grande as Texas border . Mexican Cession ▶ $15 million and assumption of claims against Mexico ▶ . Prohibit slavery in Mexican Cession lands . Failed to pass Senate Election of 1848

▶ Zachary Taylor (W) . Slave owner . War hero ▶ Lewis Cass (D) ▶ Martin van Buren (FSP) California Gold Rush ▶ Sutter’s Mill . January 24, 1848 ▶ Massive migration to California ▶ Forty-Niners ▶ San Francisco . 5,000 in 1848 . 25,000 in 1850

▶ Parameters . Admit California as free state . Mexican Cession ▶ Popular sovereignty . Reinforced Fugitive Slave Law . Texas boundary and debt disputes . Slave trade abolished in D.C. ▶ “I trust we shall persist in our resistance [to the admission of California] until the restoration of all our rights, or disunion, one or the other is the consequence. We have borne the wrongs and insults of the North long enough.” - John C. Calhoun Fugitive Slave Law

▶ Enforcement of capturing and returning escaped slaves ▶ Slaves flee to Canada ▶ Right to trial by jury denied ▶ Special Commission . $10 for those finding for slaveholder . $5 for those finding for fugitive Underground Railroad

▶ Mostly run by free blacks and fugitive slaves . Harriet Tubman ▶ Abolitionists and white supporters . Few white families in South assisted . Slave catchers knowledge Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

▶ Harriet Beacher Stowe ▶ Bestselling novel ▶ Adapted as a play ▶ Fuels abolitionist guilt and rhetoric in Northern free states Slavery and Literature

Anti-Slavery Arguments Pro-Slavery Arguments

▶ Uncle Tom’s Cabin ▶ Sociology for the South (1854) . Harriet Beecher Stowe . George Fitzhugh . Moral and emotional argument . Capitalism and liberalism against slavery virtually enslaved the lower ▶ Impending Crisis of the South classes (1857) ▶ Cannibals All! (1857) . Hinton Helper . George Fitzhugh . Empirical analysis of economic . "the unrestricted exploitation impact of slavery on the South of so-called free society is . “Freesoilers and abolitionists more oppressive to the laborer are the only true friends of the than domestic slavery." South; slaveholders and slave- breeders are downright enemies of their own section. Anti-slavery men are working for the Union and for the good of the whole world; proslavery men are working for the disunion of the States, and for the good of nothing except themselves." Sectionalist Presidents Zachary Taylor (W) (1849-1850)

▶ War hero of Mexican-American War ▶ States’ rights, but no secession ▶ Views on Slavery . Slave owner . No expansion of slavery . Refused to sign Compromise of 1850 ▶ Died after a year in office Sectionalist Presidents (W) (1850-1853)

▶ Assumes the presidency after Taylor’s death ▶ Anti-slave moderate ▶ Signs Compromise of 1850 ▶ Perry Expedition to Japan (1853-1854) The Death of Compromising?

▶ The Great Triumvirate was no more by 1852 ▶ A new generation of sectional and ambitious politicians assume leadership roles

William Seward (W, R) Stephen Douglas (D) (D) Election of 1852

▶ (D) . “Doughface” ▶ Winfield Scott (W) Sectionalist Presidents Franklin Pierce (D) (1853-1857)

▶ Jackson Democrat from New Hampshire ▶ Doughface . Supported Compromise of 1850 . Gadsden Purchase . (1854) . Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) . William Walker and Nicaragua Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

▶ Stephen Douglas and Chicago ▶ Parameters . Separate Nebraska Territory into Nebraska and Kansas . Each territory voted for slavery based on popular sovereignty ▶ Impact . Douglas won his railroad and Southern support . Virtually repealed the . Ended the Whig Party and (1854-1861)

▶ settled by two groups . Free-Soilers . Border Ruffians ▶ A virtual civil war between anti-slave and pro-slave local governments . Sacking of Lawrence . Pottawatomie Massacre ▶ Pierce and federal government barely addressed the issue

A Tragic Prelude, John Steuart Curry, 1937 Brooks-Sumner Incident May 22, 1856

▶ Senator Charles Sumner (R) (MA) . ‘Crime Against Kansas’ Speech ▶ Rep. Preston Brooks (D) (SC) . Becomes a Southern hero The Republican Party ▶ Makeup . Disillusioned Northern Democrats . Frustrated Conscience Whigs . Free Soil Party members ▶ Platform: . Increasingly against expansion of slavery . Protective tariffs . Homestead Act/sale of federal lands . Funding for transcontinental railroad Scott v. Sandford (1857)

▶ “[Blacks] had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order, and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations, and so far unfit that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.” ▶ " . . . We think they [people of African ancestry] are . . . not included, and were not intended to be included, under the word "citizens" in the Constitution, and can therefore claim none of the rights and privileges which that instrument provides for and secures to citizens of the United States. . . ." ▶ “For if they were so received, and entitled to the privileges and immunities of citizens, it would exempt them from the operation of the special laws and from the police regulations which they considered to be necessary for their own safety. It would give to persons of the negro race, who were recognized as citizens in any one State of the Union, the right to enter every other State whenever they pleased...to go where they pleased at every hour of the day or night without molestation, unless they committed some violation of law for which a white man would be punished; and it would give them the full liberty of speech in public and in private upon all subjects upon which its own citizens might speak; to hold public meetings upon political affairs, and to keep and carry arms wherever they went. And all of this would be done in the face of the subject race of the same color, both free and slaves, and inevitably producing discontent and insubordination among them, and endangering the peace and safety of the State.” ▶ “. . . [T]he rights of private property have been guarded with . . . care. Thus the rights of property are united with the rights of person, and placed on the same ground by the fifth amendment to the Constitution, which provides that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, and property, without due process of law. And an act of Congress which deprives a citizen of the United States of his liberty or property, merely because he came himself or brought his property into a particular Territory of the United States, and who had committed no offence against the laws, could hardly be dignified with the name of due process of law.” ▶ “Upon these considerations, it is the opinion of the court that the act of Congress which prohibited a citizen from holding and owning property of this kind in the territory of the United States north of the line therein mentioned, is not warranted by the Constitution, and is therefore void; and that neither Dred Scott himself, nor any of his family, were made free by being carried into this territory; even if they had been carried there by the owner, with the intention of becoming a permanent resident.” Election of 1856

▶ (D) . “Doughface” ▶ John Fremont (R) . Election results establish Republican Party as legitimate national party ▶ Millard Fillmore (KNP) Sectionalist Presidents James Buchanan (D) (1857-1861)

▶ “Doughface” . Supported Kansas- Nebraska Act . Involved himself in Dred Scott decision . Lecompton Constitution (Kansas) Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

▶ Freeport Doctrine ▶ “A house divided against . Dred Scott decision and itself cannot stand. I popular sovereignty believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free.” John Brown and Harpers Ferry (1859)

▶ "I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood. I had, as I now think, vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed it might be done." Election of 1860 ▶ (R) ▶ Stephen Douglas (D) . Northern Democrats ▶ John Breckinridge (D) . Southern Democrats ▶ John Bell (CU) . Coalition of Cotton Whigs and Know-Nothing Union vs. Confederacy FreeFree AndAnd SlaveSlave StatesStates (1789-1861)(1789-1861)