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The Origins of the Baptist Movement Among the Hungarians Brill’S Series in Church History The Origins of the Baptist Movement Among the Hungarians Brill’s Series in Church History Edited by Wim Janse, Amsterdam In cooperation with Theo Clemens, Utrecht/Antwerp Paul van Geest, Tilburg/Amsterdam Alastair Hamilton, London R. Ward Holder, Manchester, NH Scott Mandelbrote, Cambridge, UK Andrew Pettegree, St. Andrews VOLUME 54 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/bsch The Origins of the Baptist Movement Among the Hungarians A History of the Baptists in the Kingdom of Hungary from 1846 to 1893 By G. Alexander Kish LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Cover illustration: The First Baptist Church of Budapest around 1890. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kish, G. Alexander (George Alexander) The origins of the Baptist movement among the Hungarians : a history of the Baptists in the kingdom of Hungary from 1846 to 1893 / by G. Alexander Kish. p. cm. — (Brill’s series in church history, ISSN 1572–4107 ; v. 54) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 978-90-04-21136-0 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Baptists—Hungary—History—19th century. 2. Hungary—Church history—19th century. 3. Baptists—Missions—Hungary—History—19th century. 4. Missions, German—Hungary— History—19th century. I. Title. BX6310.H9K57 2012 266’.60943909034—dc23 2011034529 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.nl/brill-typeface. ISSN 1572-4107 ISBN 978 90 04 21136 0 (hardback) ISBN 978 90 04 22112 3 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhofff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. CONTENTS Abbreviations ................................................................................................... ix I On the Historiography of the Baptist Movement Among the Hungarians: An Introduction to a New Study of Hungarian Baptist Origins ......................................................................................... 1 II Pioneers and Pilgrims: The First Attempt to Establish a Baptist Movement in Hungary ........................................................... 13 The Religious Situation in Hungary from the Reform Period through Neo-Absolutism ................................................................. 13 From the Reform Period through the Revolution of 1848 ..... 13 The Churches under Neo-Absolutism ......................................... 35 Roots of the Hungarian Baptist Mission .......................................... 48 J.G. Oncken—The Father of Continental Baptists .................. 48 “For the praise of God and for the welfare of man, Hamburg, 1842.” ............................................................................. 50 Oncken’s “Mission-School” .............................................................. 53 The First Baptist Missionaries in Hungary: The Sending of Rottmayer, Scharschmidt, and Woyka ........................................ 54 The Baptist Missions in Pest and Pécs up to the Revolution .... 58 Johann Rottmayer’s Early Work in Pest ...................................... 58 Johann Woyka and the Baptist Mission in Pécs ...................... 72 The Impact of the Revolution on the Hungarian Baptist Mission and the Missionaries ........................................................ 76 The Mission to Pécs and the Fate of Woyka ............................. 76 Progress Suppressed: The Work in Pest and the Loss of the German Brethren .......................................................................... 78 The Last Man Standing: Rottmayer and the Baptist Mission in Pest under Neo-Absolutism, 1849–1866 ...................................... 86 Martial Law and the Bach Period, 1849–1859 ............................ 86 From the Patent Fight to the Eve of Dualism: Rottmayer’s Renewed Cooperation with the Scottish Mission and the Baptisms of 1865 ............................................................................ 97 The End of Rottmayer’s Work in Pest ......................................... 115 vi contents III The Hidden Years: The Later Work and Ministry of Johann Rottmayer and the Bible Colportage of Antal Novák ................ 125 The Bible Colportage and Evangelism of Johann Rottmayer and Antal Novák as Preparation for Success of the Hungarian Baptist Mission under Heinrich Meyer ................ 125 Antal Novák: Pioneer of the Magyar Baptist Mission ................ 126 Johann Rottmayer’s Work in Kolozsvár ......................................... 143 Early Work and Travels .................................................................. 143 Rottmayer’s Trip to Hamburg and Re-Marriage ..................... 152 The Development of the Kolozsvár Depot ............................... 154 Rottmayer’s Sunday School and Hymnbook ............................ 158 Rottmayer’s Baptist Mission in Kolozsvár and Cooperative Baptist Work ................................................................................. 163 Rottmayer’s Retirement and the Closure of the Depot ........ 170 Why was No Lasting Baptist Mission Planted at the First Attempt? .................................................................................... 175 IV Wandering Apostles and Prophets: The Establishment of a Sustained Baptist Mission in Hungary ............................................ 185 The Impact of the Compromise on the Churches ...................... 185 Liberal Ideas of a ‘Free Church in a Free State’ and the Constraints of Politics ................................................................ 185 Nationalism, Magyarization, and the Churches ...................... 200 The Churches in the Age of Liberalism .......................................... 205 Liberal Catholicism .......................................................................... 205 Liberal Protestantism, Confessional Orthodoxy, and the Rise of Evangelical Renewal ..................................................... 209 The Problem of the Sects: To the Protestant First? ............... 222 The Renewal of the Baptist Mission in Hungary under Heinrich Meyer ................................................................................. 239 Heinrich Meyer’s Early Life and Ministry ................................. 239 Heinrich Meyer’s Arrival in Budapest and Early Baptist Work ................................................................................. 254 The Internal Life of the Early Hungarian Baptist Movement ... 284 The Social Composition of the Baptist Movement ................ 284 The Congregational Life of Hungarian Baptists ...................... 287 The Content of Hungarian Baptist Proclamation ................... 305 The Internal Organization of the Baptist Movement in Hungary .......................................................................................... 308 contents vii The Origins of the Magyar Mission ................................................... 321 Persecution of the Baptists, Anti-Baptist Polemics, and Heinrich Meyer’s Struggle to Achieve State Recognition for the Baptists .................................................................................... 365 V Concluding Thoughts on the Establishment of a Lasting Baptist Presence in Hungary ............................................................... 445 A Lasting Presence .................................................................................. 445 The Importance of the Wesselényi Street Baptist Church ......... 445 The Rapid Growth of the Magyar Mission from 1881 to 1893 .... 454 Why did the Second Attempt to Establish a Lasting Baptist Presence in Hungary Succeed? ...................................................... 464 Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 469 Index of Names ................................................................................................ 481 Index of Places ................................................................................................. 484 Subject Index .................................................................................................... 486 ABBREVIATIONS BFBS British and Foreign Bible Society NBSS National Bible Society of Scotland PEIL Protestáns Egyházi és Iskolai Lap [Protestant Church and School Paper] VKM Vallás- és Közoktatásügyi Minisztérium [Ministry of Religion and Public Education] CHAPTER ONE ON THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE BAPTIST MOVEMENT AMONG THE HUNGARIANS AN INTRODUCTION TO A NEW STUDY OF HUNGARIAN BAPTIST ORIGINS When reading a contemporary history of the Baptist movement, one will fijind much space devoted to the origins of the Baptist movement in Eng- land and its subsequent history in the Anglo-Saxon world, predominantly in Great Britain
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