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Short Circuit Current Calculation and Prevention in High Voltage Power Nets

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Short Circuit Current Calculation and Prevention in High Voltage Power Nets Bachelor's Thesis Electrical Engineering June 2014 SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATION AND PREVENTION IN HIGH VOLTAGE POWER NETS MD FARUQUL ALAM SALMAN SAIF HAMID ALI School of Engineering Blekinge Tekniska Högskola 371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden This thesis is submitted to the Faculty of Engineering at Blekinge Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering With Emphasis on Telecommunications. The thesis is equivalent to 10 weeks of full time studies. Contact Information: Author(s): Md Faruqul Alam E-mail: [email protected] Salman Saif E-mail: [email protected] Hamid Ali E-mail: [email protected] University Supervisor: Erik Loxbo School of Engineering University Examiner: Dr. Sven Johansson School of Engineering School of Engineering Internet :www.bth.se/com Blekinge Institute of Technology Phone : +46 455 38 50 00 SE-371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden Fax: +46 455 38 50 57 ABSTRACT This thesis is about calculating the short-circuit current on an overhead high voltage transmission line. The intention is to provide engineers and technicians with a better understanding of the risks and solutions associated with power transmission systems and its electrical installations. Two methods (“Impedance method” and “Composition method”) have been described to facilitate with the computation of the short-circuit current. Results yielded from these calculations help network administrators to select the appropriate protective devices to design a secured system. Description and implementation of these protective devices are explained and the procedure on how to ensure reliability and stability of the power system is shown. The “Composition method” deals with the concept of “short-circuit power”. Short-circuit power is the largest possible value of power that the network can provide during a fault, it is totally depended on the impedance of the components and also how the components are setup in the network. In reality this method is more useful because the value of the short-circuit power at the point pole is provided by the suppliers and this value is considered to be the total short-circuit power at that point, which also takes into account the impedance of the entire power net. When short-circuit occurs in a point along the transmission line, first the short-circuit power at that point is calculated and then the short-circuit current is calculated by using a simple formula. The short-circuit power at the point of the fault is calculated by calculating the total impedance at that point from the point pole (including the impedance of the point pole). From the impedance the short- circuit power is easily calculated. To protect the system from short-circuit current an experiment was conducted to detect the short circuit current and then prevent it from flowing through the transmission line. This was achieved by using the SPAA 120 C Feeder protection relay. The feeder protection relay triggers a magnetic switch to open the circuit if it senses a current higher than the set value. The mathematical part of this thesis work teaches how to calculate the short-circuit current in a transmission line in two different ways using two different methods. The result from the experiment teaches how to install the protective device (SPAA 120 C) to create a secured system. The main objective is to be able to determine the maximum short-circuit current of any transmission line and to be able to transfer power in a safe manner by using the SPAA 120 C feeder protection relay. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to express our special appreciation and thanks to our thesis supervisor Erik Loxbo, whose persistent guidance and constructive comments were an enormous help to us. We would especially like to thank him for being so patient and extraordinarily tolerant with us, without it our thesis would not have been possible. We could not have asked for a better supervisor and mentor for our thesis. We would also like to give our sincere regards to Dr. Sven Johansson and Anders Hultgren for their support and help. Finally we would like to thank our family members and friends for their motivations and encouragements. MD FARUQUL ALAM SALMAN SAIF Karlskrona, June 2014 HAMID ALI iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................. III TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... IV LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ VI LIST OF EQUATIONS ................................................................................................ VII LIST OF TABLE ......................................................................................................... VIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ IX CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 1.1 ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM .............................................................. 1 1.2 CHALLENGES FACED DURING POWER TRANSMISSION .................................................. 1 1.2.1 Dangers of short-circuits .................................................................................... 1 1.2.2 Causes of short-circuits ....................................................................................... 2 1.2.3 Prevention of short-circuits ................................................................................. 2 1.3 USEFUL PLACES FOR SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATION ................................... 3 1.4 OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY ........................................................................ 4 2.1 TRANSMISSION LINES .................................................................................................. 4 2.1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Requirement of transmission lines ...................................................................... 4 2.2 SHORT-CIRCUIT........................................................................................................... 4 2.2.1 Introduction to the short-circuit phenomenon .................................................... 4 2.2.2 Types of short-circuit .......................................................................................... 5 2.2.3 Short-circuit current ............................................................................................ 7 2.2.4 Parameters of short-circuit current .................................................................... 9 2.3 CALCULATION METHOD ........................................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 10 2.3.2 Theory for calculating short-circuit current using the impedance method ...... 10 2.3.2.1 Generators ................................................................................................... 11 2.3.2.2 Transformers ............................................................................................... 12 2.3.2.3 Transmission Lines ..................................................................................... 13 2.3.2.4 Other circuit impedances ............................................................................ 13 2.3.3 Theory of calculating short-circuit current using the “composition method” . 13 CHAPTER 3: MATHEMATICAL DESIGN ............................................................... 16 3.1 SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATION USING THE IMPEDANCE METHOD .............................. 16 3.2 SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATION USING THE COMPOSITION METHOD ........................... 20 3.2.1 Case 1 ................................................................................................................ 21 3.2.1.1 The first section of the transmission line is the point P. ............................. 21 3.2.1.2 The second section is the transmission line from P to A. ........................... 22 iv 3.2.1.3 The third section contains the transformer between A and B. .................... 22 3.2.2 Case 2 ................................................................................................................ 24 CHAPTER 4: SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT .......................................................... 26 CHAPTER 5: LABORATORY WORK ....................................................................... 28 5.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 28 5.2 SCHEMATIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ................................................................................. 28 5.3 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................. 30 5.3.1 Components description .................................................................................... 30 5.3.2 Hardware setup ................................................................................................
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