Victor hugo poems pdf

Continue 's poems captured the spirit of the romantic era. They were dedicated to 19th-century affairs. Many have touched on religious themes. Initially they were royalist, but soon Bonapartist, Republican and liberal. Hugo's poems about nature revealed the search for the great majestic. Like many young writers of his generation, Hugo was deeply influenced by François-René de Chateaubriand, the founder of romance and France's pre-eminent literary figure in the early 1800s. When he was young, Hugo decided to chateaubriand or nothing, and in many ways his life would be parallel to his predecessor. Like Chateaubriand, Hugo would advance the cause of romance, participate in politics as a champion of Republicanism and be forced into exile because of his political views. Between 1829 and 1840 he published five more books of poetry (, 1829; Les Feuilles d'automne, 1831; Les Chants du crépuscule, 1835; Les Voix intérieures, 1837; and , 1840), reinforcing his reputation as one of the greatest elegiac and lyrical poets of his time. The passion and eloquence of Hugo's early work brought success and fame from an early age. His first book of poems (Nouvelles Odes et Poésies Diverses) was published in 1824, when Hugo was only twenty-two years old and was born in 1844. Although the poems were admired for their spontaneous zeal and fluency, this was the collection that followed two years later, in 1826 (), which revealed that Hugo was a great poet, a natural master of lyrical and creative song. Collections Of Poems Published During Hugo's Life odes et poésies varied (1822) Nouvelles Ode (1824) Odes et Ballades (1828, A collection of poems written between 1822 and 1828 by Les Orientales (1829) Les Feuilles d'automne (1831) Les Chants du crépuscule (1835) Les Voix intérieures (1837) Les Rayons et les Ombres (1840) Les Châtiments (1853, collection of poems attacking Napoleon III) Les reflections (1856 , dealt with the death of his daughter and the pain of exile) La Légende des siècles (part 1859 , recalling man's struggle throughout history) Les Chansons des rues et des bois (1865) L'Année terrible (1872, about the Franco-Prussian war, son, On the death of Charles and the Paris commune L'Art d'être grand-père (1877, guardian of the orphan's grandchildren) La Légende des siècles (Part Two 1877) (1878) , Posthumous 1883 Pius IX collections (1886) (1891) 1941 (1891) Posthumous collections selected from the manuscripts of Hugo (1888 , 1893, 1897, 1935-1937) Les Années funestes (1898) Dernière Gerbe 1941, the title is not Hugo's own) Océan, Tas de pierres (1942) Le Verso de la page (1960) Œuvres d'enfance et de jeunesse, 1814-20 (juvenilia, 1964) External links to Geoffrey Barto's translations of EveryPoet Victor Hugo Central Retrieved from For other purposes, see Victor Hugo (disguambiation). 19th century French poet, writer, and playwright This article can be expanded to translate the text into the corresponding article in French. (December 2019) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View the machine translated version of the French article. Machine translation such as DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations, but translaters need to review errors as needed and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply the machine-translated text into English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears to be unreliable or of poor quality. If possible, check the text with the links in the foreign language article. In the translation-related editorial summary, you must provide the copyright assignment by providing an interling language link to the source of the translation. The model assignment summary Content in this edit was translated into the existing French Wikipedia article [[:fr:Victor Hugo]]; see assign history. You must also add the {{Translated|fr| template. Victor Hugo}} on the talk site. For more guidance, see wikipedia:Translate. Victor HugoPeer of FranceVictor Hugo by Étienne Carjat, 1876BornVictor-Marie Hugo(1802-02-26)26 February 1802Besançon, FranceDied22 May 1885(1885-05-22) (aged 83)Paris, FranceResting placePanthéonOccupationPoet, Novelist, Dramatist, Statesman, Peer of France, Senator, Drawer, PainterNationalityFrenchGenreNovelPoetryTheatreLiterary movementRomanticismNotable worksLes MisérablesRuy BlasThe Hunchback of Notre-DameYears active1829–1883SpouseAdèle Foucher ​ ​(m. 1822; died 1868)​Children Léopold Victor Hugo Léopoldine Hugo Charles Hugo François-Victor Hugo Adèle Hugo ParentsJoseph Léopold HugoSophie Trébuchet Political offices 1841–1885 Senator of SeineIn office30 January 1876 – 22 May 1885ConstituencyParisMember of the National Assemblyfor GirondeIn office9 February 1871 – 1 March 1871ConstituencyBordeauxMember of the National Assemblyfor SeineIn office24 April 1848 – 3 December 1851ConstituencyParisMember of the Académie françaiseIn office7 January 1841 – 22 May 1885Preceded byNépomucène LemercierSucceeded byLeconte de Lisle Personal detailsPolitical partyParty of Order (1848–1851)Independent liberal (1871)Republican Union (1876–1885) French literature by category French literary history Medieval Renaissance 17th 18th 19th 20th century Contemporary French writers Chronological list Writers by category Essayists Playwrights Poets Short story writers Children writers Portals France Literature vtePart a series of liberalism history Age of Enlightenment List liberal theorists (contribution to liberal theory) Ideas Civil and political rights Cultural liberalism Democratic capitalism Democratic freedom Economic freedom Economic liberalism Egalitarianism Free market Free trade Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of speech The age law Harm principle Internationalism Laissez-faire Liberty Market Economy Natural and legal rights Negative /positive freedom No aggression principle Free society Permissive society Private property Rule Secularism 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Over the course of his 60-year literary career, he has written many genres: lyrics, satires, epics, philosophical poems, epigrams, novels, history, critical essays, political speeches, funeral speeches, diaries, public and private letters, and poetry and prose dramas. Hugo is considered one of the greatest and best known French writers. In addition to France, his most famous works are les misérables, 1862 and notre-dame (French: Notre-Dame de Paris). In France, Hugo is famous for his books of poetry such as (The Contemplation) and La Légende des siècles (Legend of the Ages). Hugo was at the forefront of the romantic literary movement with his drama and . Many of his works inspired the music, both during his life and after his death, including the musicals Les Misérables and Notre-Dame de Paris. In his lifetime, he has produced more than 4,000 drawings and campaigned for social issues such as abolishing the death penalty. Although he was a committed royalist in his youth, Hugo's views changed over the decades and he became a passionate supporter of Republicanism; political and social issues and artistic trends of the era of his work. His opposition to absolutism and his vast literary achievements made him a national hero. It was imitated by the intervening at Panthéon. Victor-Marie Hugo 1802. Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1774–1828) was the youngest son of Napoleonic Army General and Sophie Trébucet (1772–1821); The couple had two more sons: Abel Joseph (1798–1855) and Eugène (1800–1837). The Hugo family came from Nancy in Lorraine, where Victor Hugo's grandfather was a wood merchant. Léopold enlisted Army of Revolutionary France fourteen, he was an atheist and ardent supporter of the republic created after the abolition of the monarchy in 1792. Victor's mother Sophie was a devout Catholic who remained loyal to the desreplaced dynasty. They met in Châteaubriant in 1796, a few miles from Nantes, and married the following year. [1] Because Hugo's father was an officer in Napoleon's army, the family often moved from posting to posting, and Sophie had three children in four years. Léopold Hugo wrote to his son that he was conceived at one of the highest peaks of the Vosge mountains on the road from Lunéville to Besançon. This elevated origin, he continued, seems to have affected you, that your muse is now constantly majestic. It was conceived on June 24, 1801, the starting point for Jean Valjean's prisoner number 24601. [3] Tired of the constant movement of military life, Sophie temporarily divorced Léopold and settled with her sons in Paris in 1803; He met General Victor Fanneau de La Horie, Hugo's godfather, who was General Hugo's comrade during the Vendee campaign. In October 1807, the family rejoined Leopold, now Colonel Hugo, governor of Avellino Province. Sophie found out that Leopold was secretly living with an English woman named Catherine Thomas. [4] Sophie Trébuchet, father of Victor Hugo General Joseph-Leopold Hugo and Victor Hugo Soon Hugo's father, was called to Spain to fight the war on the peninsula. Victor Fanneau de La Horie, hiding in a chapel at the back of the garden, conspired to restore the Bourbons and had been sentenced to death a few years earlier. He became a mentor to Victor and his brothers. [5] In 1811, the family joined their father in Spain, and Victor and his siblings were sent to school in Madrid for the Real Colegio de San Antonio de Abad, while Sophie returned to Paris alone and is now officially divorced from her husband. In 1812, Victor Fanneau de La Horie was arrested and executed. In February 1815, Victor and Eugene were taken from their mother and placed by their father at Pension Cordier, a private boarding school in Paris, where Victor and Eugène stayed for three years while also giving lectures at the Lycée Louis le Grand. On July 10, 1816, Hugo wrote in his journal, I'm going to be Chateaubriand or something. In 1817, he wrote a poem for a competition organized by l'Academie Française, for which he received a respectable mention. Academics didn't believe he was only 15. [7] The following year, Victor moved in with his mother, Rue des Petits-Augustins, and began legal. Victor fell in love and secretly engaged to his childhood friend Adèle Foucher against his mother's wishes. Sophie Trebuchet died in June 1821, and Léopold married catherine thomas' lover a month later. Victor married Adèle the following year. In 1819, Victor and his brothers began to publish a journal, Le Conservateur littéraire. [8] In the year following his marriage, Hugo published his first novel , Han d'Islande (1823), and three years later (Bug-Jargal, 1826). Between 1829 and 1840 he published five more books of poetry (Les Orientales, 1829; Les Feuilles d'automne, 1831; Les Chants du crépuscule, 1835; Les Voix intérieures, 1837; and Les Rayons et les Ombres, 1840), reinforcing his reputation as one of the greatest elegiac and lyrical poets of his time. Like many young writers of his generation, Hugo was deeply influenced by François-René de Chateaubriand, the famous figure of the literary movement of romance and France's pre-eminent literary figure in the 19th century. When he was young, Hugo decided to chateaubriand or nothing, and in many ways his life would be parallel to his predecessor. Like Chateaubriand, Hugo fostered the cause of romance, participated in politics (though mostly a champion of the Republican) and was forced into exile due to his political stance. The precoitary passion and eloquence of Hugo's early work brought success and fame from an early age. His first book of poetry (Odes et poésies diverses) was published in 1822, when he was only 20 years old, and was published in the 18th century. Although the poems were admired for their spontaneous zeal and fluency, the collection (Odes et Ballades), which was followed four years later in 1826, revealed that Hugo was a great poet and natural master of lyrical and creative song. Victor Hugo in 1829, lithograph of Achille Devéria in the collection of the National Gallery of Art Victor Hugo's first mature work of fiction first published in February 1829 by Charles Gosselin without the author's name and reflected the acute social conscience that permeates his later work. Le Dernier jour d'un condamné (The Last Day of the Condemned Man) would have a profound influence on later writers such as Albert Camus, Charles Dickens and Fyodor Dostoyevsky. , a documentary short story about a real-life killer who had been executed in France, was published in 1834 and later considered hugo himself to be a precursor to the great work of social injustice, Les Misérables. Hugo became the leader of the romantic literary movement with plays by Cromwell (1827) and Hernani (1830). [9] Hernani announced the arrival of French romance, performed at the Comédie-Française, was greeted with several nights of riots as romantics and traditionalist clashed over the play ignoring neoclassical rules. Hugo's popularity as a playwright grew with later plays such as Marion Delorme (1831), The King Amuses Himself (1832) and (1838). Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris (Notre-Dame Hunchback) was published in 1831 and quickly translated into other languages across Europe. One of the effects of the novel was that it shamed the city of Paris to restore notre dame cathedral, which attracted thousands of tourists who read the popular novel. The book also inspired renewed recognition of pre-Renaissance buildings, which were then actively preserved. As early as the 1830s, Hugo began planning a large-scale novel about social misery and injustice, but it took 17 years for Les Misérables to materialize and finally be published in 1862. Hugo used the departure of the Bagne prisoners from Toulon in one of his early stories, le Dernier Jour d'un condamné, went to Toulon to visit the Bagne in 1839 and took extensive notes, although he did not start writing the book until 1845. On one side of his prison records, he wrote a possible name for his hero, JEAN TRÉJEAN, in large letters. When the book was finally written, Tréjean became Jean Valjean. [11] Hugo was very aware of the quality of the novel, as published by his publisher Albert Lacroix in 1862. Belgian publishers Lacroix and Verboeckhoven conducted an unusual marketing campaign during a given period and issued press releases about the work six months before it was announced. Initially, he only published the first part of the novel (Fantine), which was launched simultaneously in major cities. Excerpts from the book sold out within hours and had a huge impact on French society. Illustration: Émile Bayard from the original edition of Les Misérables (1862) illustration by Luc-Olivier Merson for Notre-Dame de Paris (1881) The critical establishment was generally hostile to the novel; Taine found it insidive, Barbey d'Aurevilly lamented the vulgarity, Gustave Flaubert found in him neither truth nor greatness, the Goncourt brothers lambasted the artificial, and Baudelaire - despite his favorable criticisms in the newspapers - castrated himself as repulsive and foolish. Les Misérables proved popular enough among the masses that the issues it highlighted soon put it on the agenda of the French National Assembly. Today, the novel remains his best- known work. It is popular worldwide and has been adapted for cinema, television, and stage shows. An apocryphal tale[13] is the shortest correspondence in history to say that and published by Hurst and Blackett in 1862. Hugo was on vacation when Les Misérables appeared. He asked about the reaction to the work by sending a character telegram to the publisher, asking ?. The publisher's only one! indicates its success. [14] Hugo turned away from social/political issues in his next novel, Les Travailleurs de la Mer (), published in 1866. The book was well received, perhaps by the earlier success of Les Misérables. Dedicated to the canal island of Guernsey, where he spent 15 years in exile, Hugo says a man who tries to win the approval of his beloved father by rescuing his ship, deliberately marooned by the captain, who hopes to escape the treasure of money he delivers, a gruelling battle of human engineering against the sea and the battle against the almost mythical beast of the sea, a giant squid. One of Hugo's biographers in 19th [15] Guernsey used the word for squid (pieuvre, sometimes also applied to octopus) to enter French because of its use in the book. Hugo returned to the political and social issues of his next novel, L'Homme Qui Rit (), which was published in 1869 and painted a critical picture of the aristocracy. The novel was not as successful as previous efforts, and Hugo himself began to comment on the growing distance between him and his literary contemporaries such as Flaubert and Émile Zola, whose realistic and naturalist novels now transcend the popularity of his own work. His last novel, Quatre- vingt-treize (Ninety-Three), was published in 1874 and dealt with a subject hugo had previously avoided: the reign of terror during the French Revolution. Although Hugo's popularity declined at the time of its release, many now believe that Ninety-Three is a work on par with Hugo's better-known novels. Political life and exile After three unsuccessful attempts, Hugo was finally elected to the Académie française in 1841, strengthening his position in the french arts and letters world. A group of French academics, especially Étienne de Jouy, fought against romantic evolution and managed to delay the election of Victoria Hugo. [16] He then became increasingly involved in French politics. In 1845, king Louis-Philippe was a nationalized and nobled, and entered the upper chamber as a couple in France, where he spoke out against the death penalty and social injustice, as well as freedom of the press and municipal power for Poland. In 1848, Hugo was elected conservative to the National Assembly of the Second Republic. He broke with the Conservatives in 1849, when calls for an end to poverty and poverty. Other speeches demanded universal suffrage and free education for all children. Hugo has also called for the abolition of the death penalty internationally. Among the Rocks of Jersey (1853–1855), these parliamentary speeches appear in the community of œuvres: I : avant l'exil, 1841–1851. Scroll down to the Assemblée Constituante 1848 headline and subsequent pages. [17] When Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) took full power in 1851, creating an anti-parliamentary constitution, Hugo openly declared him a traitor to France. He moved to Brussels and then Jersey, from where he was expelled for backing a Jersey newspaper criticizing Queen Victoria. From October 1855 to 1870, he lived in exile at Saint Peter Port, Guernsey. During his exile, Hugo published his famous political pamphlets III. The pamphlets were banned in France, but nevertheless had a significant impact there. He performed his best works in Guernsey, including Les Misérables and three widely praised books of poetry (Les Châtiments, 1853; Les Contemplation, 1856; and La Légende des siècles, 1859). Like most of his contemporaries, Victor Hugo justified colonialism in terms of a civilizational mission and ended the slave trade on barbaric shores. In a speech delivered on May 18, 1879 during a banquet to celebrate the abolition of slavery, in the presence of The French Abolitionist writer and MP Victor Schulcher, Hugo declared that the Mediterranean has formed a natural divide between ultimate civilization and [...] total barbarism, adding: God offers Africa to Europe, Take it to civilize its indigenous inhabitants. This may partly explain why, despite his deep interest and involvement in political affairs, he has remained silent on the Algerian issue. He was aware of the atrocities committed by the French army during the French conquest of Algeria, as evidenced by his diary,[18] but never publicly reported them; However, in Les Misérables, Hugo wrote: Algeria conquered too hard and, as in the case of India the English, has more barbarism than civilization. [19] After contact with Victor Schœlcher, a writer who fought to abolish slavery and French colonialism in the Caribbean, he campaigned strongly against slavery. On July 6, 1851, in a letter to American abolitionist Maria Weston Chapman, Hugo wrote: Slavery in the United States! It is the duty of this republic to stop setting such a bad example. The United States must ren through slavery or give up freedom. [20] In 1859, he wrote a letter asking the United States government his reputation in the future to spare the life of abolitionist John Brown, Hugo justified Brown's actions with these words: Surely, if the uprising ever has a sacred duty, it must be directed against slavery. [21] Hugo agreed to scatter and sell one of his best-known drawings, Le Pendu, in honor of John Brown, so that we could keep alive in souls the memory of the liberators of our black brothers, this heroic martyr, John Brown, who died for Christ. [22] Only one slave on Earth is enough to hold the freedom of all men to the heart of dishonesty. So the abolition of slavery at this hour is the main goal of thinkers -- Victor Hugo, 1862. The last day of the convicted man, released in 1829, analyzes the pain of a man awaiting execution; Several entries in the Choses vues diary, which was kept between 1830 and 1885, convey his strong condemnation of what he called a barbaric sentence; On September 15, 1848, seven months after the 1848 Revolution, he gave a speech before the General Assembly and concluded: You have overthrown the throne. [...] Now tilt the scaffolding. [25] He attributed his influence to the removal of the death penalty from the Constitutions of Geneva, Portugal and Colombia. [26] He also pleaded with Benito Juárez to spare him. Mexican Emperor Maximilian, but to no avail. Although Richard III did not make it to the Napoleon gave amnesty to all political exiles in 1859, hugo rejected it because it meant he had to reduce his criticism of the government. Only after Richard III's life was over. Napoleon fell out of power and the Third Republic was declared, and Hugo eventually returned to his homeland in 1870, where he was immediately elected to the National Assembly and Senate. He was in Paris under siege by the Prussian army in 1870, famously eating animals given to him by the Paris zoo. As the siege continued and food became scarce, he wrote in his diary that he was eating the unknown. [27] The communes defended a barricade on the Rue de Rivoli in the Paris commune – the revolutionary government that was invaded on 18 December 1871. On April 9, he wrote in his journal: In short, this commune is as idiotic as the National Assembly is cruel. From both sides, nonsense. [28] However, he offered his support to members of the commune who were subjected to brutal oppression. He had been in Brussels since March 22, 1871, when, in the May 27 issue of the Belgian newspaper l'Indépendance, Victor Hugo condemned the government's unwillingness to grant political asylum to communes threatened with imprisonment, exile or execution. [29] This caused such outrage In the evening, a mob of 50 or 60 people tried to enter the writer's house and shouted, Death to Victor Hugo! Hang it! Death to the scoundrel! [30] Victor Hugo, who said that the war between Europeans was a civil war,[31] was an ardent advocate for the creation of the United States of Europe. In a speech at the International Peace Congress in Paris in 1849, he expressed his opinion on the subject. The Congress, of which Hugo was president, proved to be an international success, attracting famous philosophers such as Frederic Bastiat, Charles Gilpin, Richard Cobden and Henry Richard. The conference helped create Hugo as a prominent speaker and aroused international fame and supported the idea of the United States of Europe. On July 14, 1870, he planted the Oak of the United States of Europe in the garden of , where he stayed during his exile in Guernsey from 1856 to 1870. The Turkish massacres of Balkan Christians in 1876 inspired him to write (Serbia) in his sons' newspaper Le Rappell. Today, this speech is seen as one of the founding acts of the European ideal. [33] Due to his concerns about artists' rights and copyright, he was a founding member of the Littéraire et Artistique Internationale association, which led to the for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. In the archives published by Pauvert, however, he strongly states that each work has two authors: people who feel confused, a creator who translates these feelings, and people who re-ordain his vision of that feeling. When one author dies, the rights must be fully returned to the other, to the people. He was one of the former proponents of the domaine's public payant concept of being charged a nominal fee as a public domain for copying or performing his work, and that would cost a common fund to help artists, especially young people. Religious views of Hugo's religious views have changed radically in his lifetime. In his youth and under the influence of his mother, he identified himself as Catholic and professed respect for church hierarchy and authority. From there he became non-practicing Catholic and increasingly explicit anti-Catholic and anti-church views. During his exile, he often attended spiritism (where he participated in many séances under the command of Madame Delphine de Girardin)[34][35] and in later years settled into rationalist dismism similar to that supported by Voltaire. In 1872, hugo asked hugo if he was catholic, and he said, No. He felt that the Church was indifferent to the working-class situation under the oppression of the monarchy. Maybe he was also upset by the frequency with which his work was added to the Church's list of forbidden books. Hugo reported 740 attacks on Les Misérables in the Catholic press. [37] When Hugo's sons Charles and François-Victor died, he insisted on being buried without a crucifix or priest. In his will, he made the same stipulation about his own death and burial. (38) Yet he believed in life after death and prayed every morning and evening, convinced that Thanksgiving had wings and would fly to the right place. Your prayers know the way better than you do. [39] Hugo's rationalism can be found in poems such as (1869, on religious fanaticism), The Pope (1878, anti-priestly), Religions and Religions (1880, denying the usefulness of churches), and posthumously appeared, The End of Satan and God (1886 and 1891, in which Christianity as griffins and rationalism are represented as angels). Vincent van Gogh of Religions goes away, but God remains a saying, actually from Jules Michelet, to Hugo. [40] Although Hugo's many talents did not include exceptional musical abilities, he had a great influence on the music world, as his works were in the 19th century. Hugo himself especially enjoyed the music of Gluck and Weber. In Les Misérables, he calls the hunter's choir in Weber's Euryanthe perhaps the most beautiful piece of music ever composed. [41] He also admired Beethoven and, unusually, appreciated the works of composers from previous centuries, such as Palestrina and Monteverdi. The two famous musicians of the 20th century were friends of Hugo: Hector Berlioz and Ferenc Liszt. The latter played Beethoven at Hugo's home, and Hugo joked in a letter to a friend that Liszt had learned how to play his favorite song on the piano thanks to his piano lessons – with just one finger. Hugo worked with composer Louise Bertin, who in 1836 wrote a libretto for his opera , based on his character in notre dame's hunchback. [42] Although for various reasons, the opera closed shortly after its fifth performance and received a little-known modern revival, both in Liszt's piano/song concert version at the 2007 Festival's international Victor Hugo et Égaux[43] and in July 2008 in the full orchestral version presented at Le Festival de Radio France et Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon. [44] On the other hand, he received low esteem for Richard Wagner, whom he described as a talented man coupled with imbecility. [45] Hugo's works inspired more than a thousand works of music in the 19th century. Especially Hugo's play, in which he rejected the rules of classical theatre in favor of romantic drama, interest of many composers who turned them into operas. More than 100 operas are based on Hugo's works, including Donizetti (1833), Verdi Rigoletto (1851) and Ernani (1844), and Ponchielli La Gioconda (1876). [46] Hugo's novels and pieces were a great source of inspiration for musicians, not only opera and ballet, but also the creation of musical theatres such as Notre-Dame de Paris and the increasingly popular Les Misérables, london west end's longest-running musical. Hugo's beautiful poems have also attracted extraordinary interest from musicians, and many melodies have been written for his poems by composers such as Berlioz, Bizet, Fauré, Franck, Lalo, Liszt, Massenet, Saint-Saëns, Rachmaninov and Wagner. [46] Hugo's work today continues to encourage musicians to create new compositions. Hugo turned his anti-death penalty novel, The Last Day of Convicts, into an opera by David Alagna, with the libretto of Frédérico Alagna and in 2007 with the appetizer of their brother Roberto Alagna. [47] Every two years in Guernsey, the Victor Hugo International Music Festival attracts a wide range of musicians and premieres songs from composers such as Guillaume Connesson, Richard Dubugnon, Olivier Kaspar and Thierry Escaich, and based on the poetry of Hugo. Remarkably, not only was Hugo's literary production a source of inspiration for musical works, but his political writings received attention from musicians and adapted to music. For example, in 2009, the Italian composer Matteo Sommacal commissioned a festival bagliori d'autore, and wrote a piece entitled Actes et paroles, Chiara Piola Caselli, entitled Speaker and Chamber Ensemble, after Victor Hugo's last political speech was sur la revision de la Constitution (July 18, 1851) in Rome on 18 July 2009, in the auditorium of the Institut français, Centre Saint-Louis, Embassy of the French Holy See, Piccola Accademia deglichi Specchi , with the help of composer Kádár Matthias. [49] In declining years and death, Hugo was on his deathbed by Victor Hugo Nadar tomba in Panthéon when Hugo returned to Paris in 1870, hailing him as the country's national hero. He was sure he would be offered the dictatorship, as the records kept at the time show: Dictatorship is a crime. I'm going to commit this crime, but he felt he had to take that responsibility. [50] Despite his popularity, Hugo lost his re-election to the National Assembly in 1872. Hugo believed in unstoppable humanist development his whole life. In his last public address on August 3, 1879, he prophesied, too optimistically: The twentieth century war will be dead, the scaffolding hatred will be dead, borders will be dead, dogmas will be dead; Man will live. [51] He suffered a mild stroke at short notice, and his daughter, Adèle, was interned in a mental hospital and her two sons died. (Adèle's biography inspired The Story of Adele H.) His wife, Adèle, died in 1868. His loyal lover, , died in 1883, just two years before her death. Despite his personal loss, Hugo remained committed to political change. On January 30, 1876, he was elected to the newly created Senate. This last phase of his political career was a failure. Hugo was a maverick, and he achieved little in the Senate. On June 27, 1878, Hugo suffered a mild stroke. [52] In honor of his 80th birthday, he is one of the greatest tributes to a living writer. The celebrations were held on 18 December 1881. One of the largest marches in French history was held on June 27. The marchers stretched from d'Eylau Avenue, where the author lived, down the Champs-Élysées, all the way to central Paris. The paraders marched past Hugo for six hours as he sat by the window of his house. Every inch and detail of the event was for Hugo; Official leaders even wore cornflowers to refer to fantine song in Les Misérables. On June 28, the city of Paris changed the name of d'Eylau Avenue to Victor-Hugo Avenue. [54] The letters addressed to the author were then labeled To Mister Victor Hugo, In his avenue, Paris. Two days before his death, he left a message with these final words: Love is action. On May 20, 1885, le Petit Journal published an official medical bulletin on Hugo's health. The illustrial patient was fully aware and aware that there was no hope for him. It was also reported from a reliable source that at one point in the night he whispered about following Alexandrin, En moi c'est le combat du jour et de la nuit - In me, this battle is around the clock. [55] Le Matin has a slightly different version: Here's the battle between day and night. Victor Hugo's catafalque died of pneumonia during the Arc de Triomy on May 22, 1885, at the age of 83, causing intense national mourning. He was revered not only as a figure towering in literature, but also as a statesman who shaped the Third Republic and democracy in France. He has remained a defender of freedom, equality and fraternity throughout his life, as well as an adamant champion of French culture. In 1877, at the age of 75, he wrote: I am not such a sweet-blooded old man. I'm still desperate and violent. I'm yelling, outraged and crying. Woe to all who harm France! I declare that I will die a fanatical patriot. [56] Although he asked for a beggar President Jules Grévy gave him a state funeral by decree. More than two million people joined the funeral procession in Paris from the Arc de Triomphe to the Panthéon, where he was buried. It shares the crypts of Alexandre Dumas and Émile Zola within Pantheon. In most French cities, there is a street or square named after him. Hugo left five sentences in his last will, which will be officially published: Je donne cinquante mille francs aux pauvres. Je veux être enterré dans leur corbillard. Je refuse l'oraison de toutes les Églises. Je demande une prière à toutes les âmes. I'm Je crois en Dieu. I'll leave 50,000 francs to the poor. I'd like to be buried in your hearse. I reject funeral ceremonies from all churches. I demand prayers for all souls. I believe in God. Drawings hugo produced more than 4000 drawings. Originally a casual hobby, the drawing became increasingly important to Hugo shortly before his exile, when he decided to stop writing to devote himself to politics. Drawing became his exclusive creative outlet between 1848 and 1851. Hugo only worked on paper and on a small scale; usually dark brown or black pen and ink washing, sometimes affected by white, and rarely colored. The surviving drawings are surprisingly perfect and modern in their style and craftsmanship, foresaking experimental techniques of surrealism and abstract expressionism. He did not hesitate to use children's stencils, ink stains, pusses and spots, lace imprints, pliage or folding (e.g. Rorschach blots), grattage or rubbing, often with charcoal on the matchstick or fingers instead of feathers or brushes. Sometimes he even put coffee or soot in it to get the desired effect. It seems that Hugo often called him with his left hand, or without looking at the site, or during Spiritist séans, to gain access to his unconscious mind, a concept that was later promoted by Sigmund Freud. Hugo kept his creations out of the public eye, fearing it would overshadow his literary work. However, he was keen to share his drawings with family and friends, often in the form of fancy handmade calling cards, many of which were given to visitors as gifts when he was in political exile. Some of his works were presented and appreciated by contemporary artists such as Van Gogh and Delacroix; The latter was of the opinion that if Hugo had decided to become a painter instead of a writer, he would have surpassed the artists of their century. Hugo married Adèle Foucher in October 1822. Despite their own affairs, they lived together for nearly 46 years until he died in August 1868. Hugo, who was still exiled from France, was unable to attend his funeral in Villequier, where their daughter Léopoldine was buried. From 1830 to 1837, Adèle had an affair with Charles-Augustin Sainte Beuve, a critic and writer. [57] And Victor Hugo had their first child, Léopold, in 1823, but the boy died in infrecay. Léopoldine was born on August 28, 1824. Hugo's eldest and favorite daughter, Léopoldine, died at the age of 19 in 1843, shortly after tying Charles Vacquerie together. On September 4, he drowned at the Seine in Villequier when a boat capsized. Her young husband died trying to save her. Death has smitten his father; Hugo was travelling in the south of France when he first learned of Léopoldine's death from a newspaper he read in a coffee shop. [58] Léopoldine reads. Drawing by his mother Adèle Foucher, 1837 Describes the shock and sorrow of his famous poem À Villequier: Helas ! vers le passé tournant un œil d'envie, Sans que rien ici-bas puisse m'en consoler, Je regarde toujours ce moment de ma vie Où je l'ai vue ouvrir son aile et s'envoler! Je verrai cet instant jusqu'à ce que je meure, L'instant, fore-top super drills! Où je criai : L'enfant que j'avais tout à l'heure, Quoi donc ! je ne l'ai plus! He later wrote many poems about his daughter's life and death, and at least one biographer claims he never fully recovered from it. His most famous poem undeniably is Demain, dès l'aube (Tomorrow, dawn), in which he describes visiting his grave. Hugo decided to live in exile with King Richard III. After leaving France, Hugo lived briefly in Brussels in 1851, before moving to the Channel Islands, first to Jersey (1852-1855), and in 1855 to the smaller island of Guernsey, where King Richard III was born. Napoleon declared a general amnesty in 1859, during which Hugo was allowed to return safely to France, the author remained in exile, only returning when King Richard III was born. Between 1870 and 1871, Hugo lived in Guernsey from 1872 to 1873, before returning to France for the rest of his life. In 1871, after the death of his son Charles, Hugo took over the care of his grandchildren Jeanne and Georges-Victor. Juliette Drouet Juliette Drouet dedicated her entire life from February 1833 to her death in 1883 to Victor Hugo, who never married her, even after his wife died in 1868. He took her on many trips and followed her into exile on Guernsey. [59] Hugo rented him a house near the Hauteville house, near the family home. He wrote some 20,000 letters expressing his passion or jealousy for his womanizer lover. On September 25, 1870, during the siege of Paris, Hugo feared the worst. He left a message for his kids. as follows: J.D. Saved my life in December 1851. For me, he went into exile. His soul never did mine. Be loved by those who loved me. Those who loved you should respect him. She's my widow. V.H.[61] Léonie d'Aunet was in a love affair with Hugo for more than seven years. On July 5, 1845, they were both taken into adultery. Hugo, who had been a member of the Chamber of Corrooms since April, avoided conviction, while his mistress had to spend two months in prison and six in a monastery. Many years after their separation, Hugo financially supported him. [62] Hugo was in free hands with his sensuality until a few weeks before his death. She sought out a wide variety of women of all ages, be they courtesans, actresses, prostitutes, admirers, servants or revolutionaries like Louise Michel for sexual activity. Both graphomaniac and eromaniac, he systematically posed occasional affairs using his own code, as Samuel Pepys did to make sure they remained secret. For example, he used Latin abbreviations (osc. kisses) or Spanish (Misma). Mismas cosas: Same. The same things). Homophones are common: seins (breasts) become sacred; Poële (Káhely) actually refers to Poils (2008). Analogy also allowed her to hide its true meaning: The female Suisses (Swiss) on her breasts - due to the fact that Switzerland is famous for its milk. After meeting a young woman named Laetitia, she wrote Joie (Happiness) in her diary. If he added, T.N. (toute nue) meant he stripped naked in front of her. The initials S.B. discovered in November 1875 may refer to Sarah Bernhardt. [63] Victor Hugo's 1847 drawings of Ville avec le pont de Tumbledown (Town with Tumbledown Bridge). Pieuvre avec les monogramvv.H., (Octopus with the initials V.H.), 1866. Le Rocher de l'Ermitage dans un paysage imaginaire (Ermitage Rock in an imaginary landscape) Le phare (The Lighthouse) Gavroche a onze ans, (Gavroche at eleven years old). Portraits of Victor Hugo Marble bust of Victor Hugo by Auguste Rodin Victor Hugo Charles Hugo c. 1853 Photogravure Memorials Avenue Victor-Hugo in Paris. Statue of Victor Hugo in Rome, Italy. Located on Viale Fiorello La Guardia, Museo Carlo Bilotti is located on the side of the museo Carlo Bilotti. His legacy was revered in a number of ways, including his portrait on the French currency. The inhabitants of Guernsey were erected by sculptor Jean Boucher in Candie Gardens (St Peter's Harbour) to commemorate his stay on the islands. The city of Paris has preserved its residences in Hauteville House, Guernsey, and 6, Place des Vosges, Paris, as museums. The house where he stayed in Vianden, Luxembourg, in 1871 also became a memorial museum. The Avenue Victor-Hugo | district, Paris bears the name Hugo's name and connects the Place de near the Bois de Boulogne on Place Victor-Hugo. This square is served by a Paris Metro station, which is also named in his honour. In the town of Beéziers, there is a main street, a school, a hospital and a number of cafes named after Hugo, and many streets and avenues throughout France have been named after him. The Lycée Victor Hugo school was founded in Besançon, France. Avenue Victor-Hugo, located in Shawinigan, Quebec, was named in honor of him. A street was named after him on Hugo Street in San Francisco. [64] A 1959 French banknote in which Hugo lived in Avellino, Italy, was briefly left in a play known as Il Palazzo Culturale when he reunited with his father, Leopold Sigisbert Hugo, in 1808. Hugo later wrote about his brief stay here, quoting the C'était un palais de marbre... (It was a marble palace). The statue of Hugo is located opposite the Museo Carlo Bilotti in Rome, Italy. Victor Hugo is a city name in Hugoton, Kansas. [65] In Havana, Cuba, a park was named after him. Hugo's bust stands near the entrance to beijing's Old Summer Palace. The London and North Western railways named a Class 4-6-0 Prince of Wales after Hugo. British Railways maintained this monument and named class 92 Electric Unit 92 92001 after it. Hugo is considered a saint in the Vietnamese religion of Cao Đài, a new religion founded in Vietnam in 1926. [66] Hugo's life-long works are only Cromwell's foreword (1819) Odes and poetic varied (1822) Odes (1823) Han d'Islande (1823), (Icelandic Hans) Nouvelles Odes (1824) Bug-Jargal (1826) Odes et Ballades (1826), (Odes and Ballads) Crom Hernani (1 830) Notre-Dame de Paris (1831), (Notre-Dame hunchback) (1831) Les Feuilles d'automne (1831), (Autumn Letters) Le roi s'amuse (1832) Lucrezia Borgia (1833) (1833) Littérature et philosophie mêlées (1834) , (A mixture of literature and philosophy) Claude Gueux (1834) Angelo, The Tyrant of Padua (1835) Les Chants du crépuscule (1835), (Songs of The Half Light) La Esmeralda (libretot of an opera written by Victor Hugo himself) (1836) Les Voix intéri 1837 Ruy Blas (1838) Les Rayons et les Ombres (1840) (1842) (1843) Napoléon le Petit (1852), (Napoleon The Little) Les Châtiments (1853) Les Contemplation (1856) , (Contemplation) Les Tryne (1856) La Légende des siècles (1859), (Legend of the Ages) Les Misérables (1862) William Shakespeare (1862) 1864) Les Chansons des rues et des bois (1865), (Songs of Street and Wood) Les Travailleurs de la Mer (1866), (Toilers of the Sea) Voice of Guernsey (1867) The Laughing Man (1869), (The Man Who Laughs) The Terrible Year (1872) Quatrevingt-Thirteen (Ninety-Three) (1874) My Sons (1874) Acts and Words - Before Exile (18 75) Acts and words in exile (1875), (Deeds and Words) acts and lyrics - Since exile (1876) Legend of the second series (1877) The Art of the Grandfather (1877) History of Crime 1. , (History of Crime) History of Crime 2 (1878) The Pope (1878) The Supreme Pity (1879) Religions and Religions (1880), (Religions and Religions) The Donkey (1880) The Four Winds of the Spirit (1881), (The Four Winds of Soul) Torque 1882) The Legend of the Centuries Tome III (1883) The Channel Archipelago (1883) Victor Hugo's Poems Posthumous Freedom Theatre (1886) The End of Satan (1886) Things Seen (1887) All the Lyre (1888) , (The Whole Lyre) Amy Robsart (1889) The Twins (1889) Laws and Words - Since Exile, 1876-1885 (1889) Alps and Pyrenees (1890), (Alps and Pyrenees) God (1891) France and Belgium (1892) All the Lyre - last series (1 1 190) 893) Cheeses (1895) Correspondence - Tome I (1896) Correspondence - Tome II (1898) The Doomsday Year (1898) Things Seen - New Series (1900) Post-scriptum of My Life (1901) Last Sheaf (1902) Thousand Rewards Frank (1934) Ocean. Piles of Stones (1942) The Intervention (1951) Conversations with Eternity (1998) References - Robb, G. (1999). Victor Hugo (lithuanian). W.W. Norton & Company. 12. ISBN 978-0- 393-31899-9. Escholier, Raymond, Victor Hugo narrated by those who saw stock bookstore, 1931, 11. Bellos, David (2017). The novel of the century: The extraordinary adventure of the wretched. Special books. 162. ISBN 978-1-846-14470-7. Stephens, B. (2019). Victor Hugo. critical lives (Lithuanian). Reaktion Books. 24. ISBN 978-1- 78914-111-5. - Caussé, E. Victor Hugo - All that shines in society (in French). The Smart Ebook Editions. 4. Robb, G. (2017). Victor Hugo (lithuanian). I'm Pan Macmillan. 49. ISBN 978-1-5098-5565-0. King, E. (1878). French political leaders. Short biographies of European commoners. Putnam's voices. 15. Frey, J.A.; Laster, A.; Hugo, V. (1999). Victor Hugo Encyclopedia. ABC-Clio ebook (in Polish). Greenwood Press. 201. ISBN 978-0-313-29896-7. Victoria State Library. Victor Hugo: Les Misérables - From page to stage research guide. Archived on July 14, 2014. Brockett, Oscar G. Theater History. Eight assids. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, p. 339, 1999. Le Bagne de Toulon (1748-1873), Academy du Var, Other Times Editions (2010), ISBN 978-2-84521-394-4 - Les Misérables de Victor Hugo. alalettre.com. April 3, 2017 Garson O'Toole, Short Correspondence: Mark? Exclamation point! (14 June 2014). ^ Norris McWhirter (born 1981). Guinness Book of World Records: 1981 edition. Bantam Books, 216. ^ Robb, Graham (1997). Victor Hugo: Biography. W.W. Norton & Company. P. 414 ISBN 9780393318999. ^ E. de Jouy ellen V.Hugo, see Les aventures militaires, littéraires et autres de Etienne de Jouy de l'Académie française by Michel Faul (Editions Seguier, France, 2009 ISBN 978-2-84049-556-7) ^ Victor Hugo: Les Misérables - From Page to Stage research guide. Victoria State Library. ^ Hugo, Victor (1972). He chose Vues. Paris: Gallimard. 286-87. ISBN 2-07-040217-7. ^ Les Misérables, Random House Publishing Group, 2000, Page 1280, ISBN 9780679641551, 720. ^ Hugo & American Anti-Slavery Society 1860, 7. ^ l'Esclavage ( l'Esclavage ) ^ Herrington 2005, 131. ^ Langellier 2014, 117. ^ Hugo, Victor (1972). He chooses Vues. Paris: Gallimard. 267-69. ISBN 2-07-040217-7. ^ Hugo, Victor (September 15, 1848). Talking about the death penalty. Wikisource.org ...... Accessed July 19, 2012. ^ Victor Hugo's diary of how Parisians ate on zoo animals. The spokesman's review. Spokane, Washington. 3 February 1915 ^ Hugo, Victor, Choses vues, 1870–85, Gallimard, 1972, ISBN 2-07-036141-1, 164 ^ Hugo, Victor (January 1, 1872). Actes et paroles: 1870-1871-1872. Michel Lévy frères. Accessed April 3, 2017. - via the Internet Archive. I'm the indépendance. ^ Hugo, Victor, Choses vues, Gallimard, 1972, ISBN 2-07-036141-1, pp. 176–77 ^ Hugo, Victor, Choses vues, Gallimard, 1972, ISBN 2-07-036141-1, 258 ^ Peace Congress, 2d, Paris, 1849. Report on the procedure of the second general Congress for Peace, which was held in Paris on 18 December 1849. It is made up of authentic documents under the supervision of the Peace Congress Committee. London, Charles Gilpin, 1849 ^ Bicentenaire de Victor Hugo (1802-2002) - Sénat, French government. www.senat.fr. Archived the original on March 3, 2016. Accessed January 23, 2020. ^ Malgras, J. (1906). Les Pionniers du Spiritisme en France: Documents pour la formation d'un livre d'Or des Sciences Psychiques. Paris. ^ Chez Victor Hugo (1480) Les tables tournantes de Jersey. Excerpts from the minutes of the meeting appeared by Gustave Simon in 1923 ^ Gjelten, Tom (2008). Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba. Penguin. P. 48 ISBN 9780670019786. ^ Robb, Graham (1997). Victor Hugo. London: Picador. P. 32) ISBN 9780393318999. ^ Petrucelli, Alan (2009). Morbid curiosity: The disturbing demises of the famous and infamous. Penguin. P. 152. ISBN 9781101140499. ↑ Hugo, Victor, The Man Who Laughs, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014, ISBN 978-1495441936, p. 132 ^ Vincent van Gogh to Theo van Gogh. The Hague between about Wednesday, 13 & Monday, 18 18 1882. Van Gogh Museum. Accessed January 31, 2012. ^ Hugo, V., Les misérables, Volume 2, Penguin Books, 1980. ^ Hugo à l'Opéra,ed. Arnaud Laster, L'Avant-Scène Opéra, no. 208 (2002). ^ Cette page use des cadres Archived 8 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux. Accessed July 19, 2012. ^ Mercredi 23 juillet – 20h – Opéra Berlioz / Le Corum. Archived the original on May 9, 2008. (Access April 13, 2008.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) ^ Hugo, Victor, Choses vues, 1870–1885, Gallimard, 1972, 353. Archived the original on April 29, 2008. ^ V. Hugo, Actes et paroles: Avant l'exile, 1875, Discours à l'Assemblée législative 1849–1851, J. Hetzel, Maison Quantin, Paris, 1875 ^ C. Pulsoni, L'orazione di Victor Hugo trasformata in musica, Il Corriere dell'Umbria, Vivere d'Umbria, Perugia (IT), 19 November 2009 ^ Hugo Victor, Choses vues, 1870-1885, Gallimard, 1972, 2-07-036141-1, fri. 257. ^ Victor, Hugo (February 18, 2014). La Fin de Satan: Nouvelle édition augmentée. Arvensa edition. ISBN 9782368413029. Accessed April 3, 2017. - through Google Books. ^ Robb, Graham Victor Hugo (1997) 506 ^ Liukkonen, Petri. Victor Hugo. Books and writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived on March 24, 2014. ^ Acte de décès de Victor Hugo Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ^ Le Petit Journal (21 mai 1885), Gallica- BnF, /12148/bpt6k608676z.item ^ Hugo, Victor, Choses vues 1870–1885, Gallimard, 1972, ISBN 2-07-036141-1, 411 p. _ Foucher-Hugo Adèle, Victor Hugo raconté par Adèle Hugo, Plon, 1985, 861 p., ISBN 2259012884, 41. ^ Victor Hugo, tome 1: Je suis un forcee qui va by Max Gallo, pub. Broché (2001) ^ ^ Guillemin, Henri, Hugo, Seuil, 1978, 191 p. ISBN 2020000016, p. 55 ^ Seghers, Pierre, Victor Hugo visionnaire, Robert Laffont, 95 p., ISBN 2221010442, p. 10. ^ Hugo, Victor, Choses vues 1849-1885, Gallimard, 1972, 1014 pp., ISBN 2070402177, p. 857, (Sep 17, 2015, p. 17) 1876) ^ Hugo, Victor, Choses vues 1870-1885, p. 529, ISBN 207361411, p. 371, p. 521 (n. 1). ^ The Chronicle 1987. The origin of certain place names in the United States. United States Government Publisher. 163 pp.) ^ Caodaism: The Vietnamese-based Religion. (Accessed May 8, 2009) Additional resources Hugo, V.; American Anti-Slavery Society (1860). Letters of American Slavery by Victor Hugo, de Tocqueville, Emile de Girardin, Carnot, Passy, Mazzini, Humboldt, O. Lafayette ---st. HeinOnline: Slavery in America and the World: History, Culture & American Anti-Slavery Society. Herrington, E. (2005). John Brown's afterlife. Palgrave Macmillan is American. ISBN 978-1-4039-7846-2. Langellier, J.P. (2014). Dictionnaire Victor Hugo. Dictionnaires-Atlas-Encyclopédies (in French). Place des éditeurs. ISBN 978-2-262-04938-6. L'Esclavage, Mémoires des abolitions de. History. The path of abolition. Read more Afran, Charles (1997). Victor Hugo: French playwright. Website: Explore France. (Originally published as Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, 1997, v.9.0.1) Accessed November 2005. Azurmendi, Joxe, (1985). Victor Hugo Euskal Herrian, Jakin, 37: 137-66. Website: Jakingunea. Bates, Alfred (1906). Victor Hugo. Website: Theatre history. (Originally published as The Drama: The History, Literature and Impact of Civilization, vol. 9th ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publisher, 11-13 1906) (Accessed November 2005) Bates, Alfred (1906). Hernani, i'm sorry. Website: Theatre history. (Originally published as The Drama: The History, Literature and Impact of Civilization, vol. 9th ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publisher, 20-23 1906) Accessed November 2005. Bates, Alfred (1906). Hugo Cromwell. Website: Theatre history. (Originally published as The Drama: The History, Literature and Impact of Civilization, vol. 9th ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publisher, 18-19 1906).) Accessed November 2005. Bittleston, Misha. Drawings by Victor Hugo. Website: Misha Bittleston. Accessed November 2005. Burnham, I.G. (1896). Amy Robsar. Website: Theatre history. (Originally published as Victor Hugo: Dramas. Philadelphia: Rittenhouse Press, 203-06, 401-02, 1896) Accessed November 2005. Columbia Encyclopedia, 6. Hugo, Victor Marie, Vicomte. Website: Bartleby, Great Books Online. Accessed November 2005. Accessed November 2005. Haine, W. Scott (1997). Victor Hugo. Encyclopedia revolutions of 1848. Website: University of Ohio. Accessed November 2005. Karlins, N.F. (1998). Octopus with initials V.H. Website: ArtNet. Accessed November 2005. Liukkonen, Petri (2000). I'm Petri Liukkonen. Victor Hugo. Books and writers Meyer, Ronald Bruce (2004). Victor Hugo in Wayback Machine (archived May 8, 2006). Website: Ronald Bruce Meyer. Accessed November 2005. Portasio, Manoel (2009). Victor Hugo ee espiritismo. Website: Sir William Crookes Spiritist Society. (In Portuguese) (Accessed August 2010). Robb, Graham (1997). A Sabre in the night. Website: The New York Times (Books). (Excerpt from Graham, Robb (1997). Victor Hugo: Biography. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.) Accessed November 2005. Roche, Isabel (2005). Victor Hugo: Biography. Meet the Writers. Website: Barnes & Noble. (Notre Dame Hunchback by Barnes & Noble Classics, 2005.) Accessed November 2005. Maria do Carmo M (2010). Victor Hugo, gênio nor fronteiras. Website: MiniWeb Educacao. (In Portuguese) (Accessed August 2010). Victoria State Library (2014). Victor Hugo: Les Misérables – from one side to the stage. Website: (Accessed July 2014) By Uncited author. Victor Hugo. Website: Spartacus Education. Accessed November 2005. Uncited author. Victor Hugo's timeline. Website: BBC. Accessed November 2005. Uncited author. (2000–2005). Victor Hugo. Website: The Literary Network. Accessed November 2005. Uncited author. Hugo Caricature. Website: Présence de la Littérature a l'école. Accessed November 2005. Barbou, Alfred (1882). Victor Hugo and his age. University Press of the Pacific: 2001 paperback edition. ISBN 0-89875-478-X Barnett, Marva A., ed. (2009). Victor Hugo on the things that matter: A reader. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-12245-4 Brombert, Victor H. (1984). Victor Hugo and the Clairvoyant novel. Boston: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-93550-0 Davidson, A.F. (1912). Victor Hugo: His life and his work. University Press of the Pacific: 2003 paperback edition. ISBN 1-4102-0778-1 Dow, Leslie Smith (1993). Adele Hugo: La Miserable. Fredericton: Goose Lane releases. ISBN 0-86492-168-3 Falkayn, David (2001). A guide to the life, time and work of Victor Hugo. Pacific University press. ISBN 0-89875- 465-8 Feller, Martin (1988). Der Dichter in the Politik area. Victor Hugo und der Deutsch-Französische Krieg von 1870/71. Untersuchungen zum französischen Deutschlandbild und zu Hugos Rezeption in Deutschland. Doctoral dissertation. Frey, John Andrew (1999). A Victor Hugo Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29896-3 Grant, Elliot (1946). Victor Hugo's career. Harvard University Press. We're out of prints. Halsall, A.W. and al (1998). Victor Hugo and the romantic drama. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-4322-4 Hart, Simon Allen (2004). Lady in the Shadows: The Life and Times by Julie Drouet, Mistress, Companion and Muse to Victor Hugo. Publish American. ISBN 1-4137-1133-2 Houston, John Porter (1975). Victor Hugo. New York: Twayne Publishing. ISBN 0-8057-2443-5 Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2001), Victor Hugo: Avant l'exil. Paris: Fayard. ISBN 2-213-61094-0 Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2008), Victor Hugo: Pendant l'exil I. Paris: Fayard. ISBN 2-213-62078-4 Ireson, J.C. (1997). Victor Hugo: His companion is poetry. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-815799-1 Maurois, Andre (1956). Olympio: The Life of Victor Hugo. New York: Harper & Brothers. Maurois, Andre (1966). Victor Hugo and his world. London: Thames and Hudson. We're out of prints. O'Neill, J, ed. (2000). Romance & the School of Nature : nineteenth-century drawings and paintings from the Karen B. Cohen collection. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. (contains information on Hugo's drawings) External video presentation by Graham Robb on Victor Biography, 1998. Victor Hugo: Biography. W.W. Norton & Company: 1999 paperback edition. ISBN 0-393- 31899-0, (description/reviews of wwnorton.com) Wikimedia Commons media related to Victor Hugo. Wikiquote has quotes related to: Victor Hugo Wikisource original works written by or about Victor Victor Hugo Hugo of Encyclopædia Britannica Two poems by Victor Hugo, Cordite Poetry Review france Victor Hugo Guernsey official Victor Hugo website Guernsey Victor Hugo International Music Festival Victor Hugo Central Victor Hugo's works: text, concodancia and frequency lists Les Misérables by CliffsNotes.com Victor Hugo le dessinateur official website of the Société des Amis de Victor Hugo Official website of festival international Victor Hugo and Égaux Victor Hugo in the Internet Book List portrait of Victor Hugo at the University of Michigan Museum of Art Study Victor Hugo in Le panorama du siècle, (Panorama of the Century) Alfred Stevens at the University of Michigan Museum of Victor Hugo Collection. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. Works by Victor Hugo of Project Gutenberg Works Victor Hugo of Faded Page (Canada) Works or Victor Hugo of Internet Archive Works Victor Hugo of LibriVox (public treasure audiobooks) Works by Victor Hugo of the Open Library English translation of Hugo's At Dawn Tomorrow (Demain, dès l'aube) Translated by Victor Hugo from The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Les Voix intérieures – athena.unige.ch (French) the legend of Victor Hugo by Paul Lafargue was two years old: Victor Hugo The Lilly Library, Bloomington IN A

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