Machines That Changed the World: the Pendulum Clock

! Machines That Changed the World: The Pendulum Clock

By: Karen Rubbo & Romy Suliteanu

! !

Table of Contents

Cover Page p.1

Table of Contents p.2

Section 1: The History of the Pendulum Clock. Author: Karen Rubbo p.3

Section 2: The Interior of a Pendulum Clock. Author: Karen Rubbo p.5 Section 3: Force Analysis. Author: Romy Suliteanu p.6 Section 4: Guiding Control and Motion Analysis. Author: Romy Suliteanu p.7

Section 5: Energy Analysis. Author: Karen Rubbo p.8 Section 6: The Future of Time. Author: Romy Suliteanu p.9 Conclusion p.10

Bibliography p.11

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!The History of the Pendulum Clock

In 1583, the inventor of the telescope, Galileo Galilei became aware that the motion of the pendulum could produce an excellent adaption to clocks. In 1630, Galileo sketched his idea, a mechanical clock which was powered by a pendulum. At the age of 72, Galileo became completely blind, his loss of sight deprived him of constructing and drawing the models. Near the end of his life Galileo explained his idea and asked his son to manufacture this clock. Unfortunately, when Galileo died in 1642, his sketches and ideas also died. His son never built the mechanical clock. In 1656, a Dutch mathematician, physicist and astronomer named Christiaan Huygens was the first person ever to build the first functioning pendulum clock. Christiaan Huygens’s clock was exactly how Galileo envisioned it. It is without a doubt that the pendulum clock had a major impact on our world. Once Christiaan Huygens developed the first pendulum clock, they became essential for humans and were built all over Europe. They were used by many people for the next hundreds of years. Later in time, the pendulum clock was transformed into what is known as the “grandfather clock.” A negative aspect of a pendulum clock was soon discovered as people realized that in order to keep accurate time, the clocks had to remain motionless. Throughout history, clocks have changed immensely. Once the pendulum clock was constructed, the spring clock followed and later on watches were designed. In the early twentieth century, clocks changed yet again as they were then powered by electricity or the vibrations of quartz crystals. Clocks in general had a huge and important role on the Mark Driedger 12-1-30 8:38 PM world, since they allowed people to structure their lives to the Comment [1]: Excellent!research!! exact minute. Not only did clocks help structure people’s lives but they also helped the evolution of technology and our

Galileo!Galilei’s!sketch!of!the! pendulum!clock.! knowledge of science. The pendulum clock was crucially important in numerous science experiments, particularly those involving movement. In other words, if scientists did not have the precise timing for these experiments then countless discoveries would never have been uncovered. In addition, if these discoveries were not found, our technology would not be as advanced as it is presently. Our knowledge of our history would also be different. It is just to say, that if the pendulum clock was not invented, then the telling of time and dates would have been much harder because all earlier tools such as sundials, water clocks and hourglasses were extremely inaccurate. It is due to the creation of the pendulum clock that our generation has a major understanding of past occurrences.

Christiaan!Huygen’s!sketch!of!the! pendulum!clock! The Interior of a Pendulum Clock

The interior of each machine is constructed of other machines, known as simple machines. The hands of a pendulum clock rotate around an axle, this simple machine is called a wheel and axle. Another example of a wheel and axle is represented by the escapement wheel and its axle. Similar to the hands, the escapement wheel rotates clockwise around the axle. Other examples of wheels and axles in a pendulum clock are the different gears which rotate around different axles. Besides the wheel and axel, levers are also located within the pendulum clock. The pendulum is a lever in fact, it is a 3rd class lever. The reason the pendulum is a 3rd class lever, is because the fulcrum and the load are located on either ends of the rod. The load on the lever is the pendulum and the fulcrum is the anchor. Another reason the pendulum is a 3rd class lever is because the energy that pushes the pendulum back and forth is produced between the fulcrum and the load.

Forces Analysis

In a pendulum clock there are a lot of different gears, weights and wheels. They all have important jobs to do. Let’s start from the front of the clock and work backwards. In the front there is the minute hand, the hour hand and the second hand. When each other hands rotate, it uses a torsion force. All the hands are attached to a separate wheel. The second hand is attached to the escape wheel; the minute and hour hand are attached to a different wheel that turns the main wheel to make both hands spin. That main wheel has a driving weight attached by a string, and when the string goes down or up. That main wheel is also attached to Mark Driedger 12-1-30 8:41 PM another wheel that is attached to the escape wheel. When these wheels move, they Comment [2]: Or!chain! move other gears, which are shearing forces, and since all the objects twist around it is also torsion force. That escape wheel turns moves every second because the way the pendulum is attached. Every time the pendulum moves, one tooth from that gear is released. That is shearing force.

Guiding Controls and Motion Analysis

The types of motion present in a pendulum clock depend on the different gears. For the different hands circling around the clock, it is circular motion. The hands have circular motion because they rotate from the middle of the clock face all around the clock to tell you the time. The pendulum that swings has oscillatory motion and reciprocating motion. The pendulum has oscillatory motion because when the pendulum swings, back and forth from side to side. The pendulum also has reciprocating motion because it swings back and forth to balance and keep the clock more accurate. All the wheels on the pendulum clock have rotational and reciprocating motion. The anchor of the clock has rectilinear and oscillatory motion. It has these motions because the anchor swings back and forth in a straight line and grasps each tooth of the escape wheel.

In the pendulum clock, all the wheels and anchors and rotating hands have a guiding translation. They have a guiding translation because almost all the parts in a pendulum clock are moving and hitting another wheel or gear, and moving in a circular or oscillatory motion..

Energy Analysis

A simple machine such as the pendulum clock incorporates multiple types of energy. The pendulum clock is powered by a pendulum. Similar to a rollercoaster, the pendulum continuously converts its energy from Gravitational Potential energy to Kinetic energy. When the pendulum reaches its highest point which is when it is furthest away from the ground, the pendulum stores Gravitational Potential energy. Then, as the pendulum swings back down, to the lowest point, which is closest to the ground, the Gravitational Potential energy is released and converts into Kinetic Mark Driedger 12-1-30 8:42 PM energy. This transition happens because the pendulum is moving. After that, when Comment [3]: No!caps! Mark Driedger 12-1-30 8:42 PM the pendulum is moving to reach the highest point, the Kinetic energy converts Comment [4]: No!caps! back into Gravitational Potential energy. This conversion constantly occurs. The pendulum is attached to an anchor which is connected to an escapement wheel, as such, every time the pendulum swings, the anchor releases a tooth of the escapement wheel. The energy which is being produced during this process is Kinetic energy, because the escapement wheel and the anchor are gradually moving. Every time a tooth of the escapement wheel is released, the hand of the clock moves, this is also known as Kinetic energy. Lastly, the pendulum clock also produces waste sound energy resulting from the ticking of the hand.

Future of Time

Clocks affect today’s world because everything you do and any activities you have, are guided by time.

From the beginning of the 13th century, clocks were invented to tell the time. Clocks evolved and changed all throughout time; either to become more accurate or by the way which it was powered. In 1852 Alexander Bain made a battery- powered clock. Into the 1930s, the pocket watch was made. After the Second World War, in 1957 clockmakers made electric watches. In the early 20th century Pierre Curie found out that quartz crystals can power a clock. In 1955 a team of British and American scientists found out that atoms could be used to power a clock. For now, most of our clocks are powered by electricity. As a result, Mark Driedger 12-1-30 8:44 PM pendulum clocks are not mainly used. This is because most of our clocks now are Comment [5]: Actually!it!was!that!atomic! processes!could!control!the!speed!of!the!clock,!but! digital, for example, clocks in a computer or in a microwave. they!would!still!be!powered!by!batteries!

Clocks are so important because they schedule everything that people do. The future clocks are going to be put in more items in the future. Architects are Mark Driedger 12-1-30 8:45 PM designing houses called “smart houses”. These houses will be controlled by time Comment [6]: Sounds!a!little!repetitive!since! you!say!“future”!twice!in!this!sentence! from a computer. Also, scientists are working on a special Internet time where two people from different time zones can talk to each other without getting confused with the time changes from each region that the people are living in. Maybe a wristwatch could display Internet time and regular time and it could have a GPS in it. The watch would be able to give you the latitude and the longitude of where you are and where you might need to go.

Conclusion

Pendulum clocks had a major impact on the world. The world today, as we know it, wouldn’t be the same without it. The clock, allows people to schedule their lives to the exact minute and help technology and science.

!!!!! !

Bibliography

Karen’s Resources: (2003). The Mechanistic Philosophy. In The Scientific Revolution- Volume 5 (History of Science) (p. 64). Compendium Publishing Limited. (2004). Motion. In E Encyclopedia Science (p. 70). New York : DK Publishing Inc. Collectors, N. A. (2011). How a Pendulum works? (N. A. Collectors, Producer, & Collectors, National Association Of Watch and Clock) Retrieved 2011 йил 26- Mark Driedger 12-1-30 8:46 PM November from National Watch & Clock Museum: Comment [7]: ?! http://www.nawcc.org/index.php/just-for-kids/about-time/how-does-it-work Collier, J. L. (2004). Great Inventions Clocks. Tarrytown, New York, USA: Benchmark Books. Connell, J. L. (1993). Early Canadian Timekeepers (Found October 26 ed.). Erin, Ontario: A Boston Mills Press Book. Duffy, T. (2000). Turning Point Inventions- The Clock. CommonPlace Publishing LLC. Duffy, T. (n.d.). Turing Point Inventions The Clock. (A. B. Children, & s. P. Division, Eds.) New York. Goodman, E. (n.d.). Parts od a Pendulum Clock. Retrieved 2011 йил 18-november Mark Driedger 12-1-30 8:46 PM from ehow home: Comment [8]: What!are!these?!They!appear!a! http://www.ehow.com/search.html?s=pendulum+clocks&skin=corporate&t=all few!times!in!your!resources! Helden, A. V. (1995). Pendulum Clock. Retrieved November 18, 2011 , from The Galileo Project : http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/pendulum.html History of Science. (2003). The Mechanistic Philiosophy. In The Scientific Revolution- Volume 5 (p. 64). Danbury: Compendium publishing Limited. How Stuff Works. (2000). How does a pendulum clock work? (ThinkQuest Education Foundation) Retrieved 2011 йил 23-November from Oracle ThinkQuest: http://library.thinkquest.org/C0118228/workclock.htm Inc., B. I. (2000). Pendulum clock. Retrieved 201 йил 18-November from clockworks pendulum clock: http://www.britannica.com/clockworks/pendulum.html (1988). Mechanical Clocks and Watches. In D. Macaulay, The Way Things Work (p. 46). London: Dorling Kindersley Limited. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. (2006). Pendulum. In Growing up with Science- Volume 10 (pp. 1212-1213). Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Limited. Wikipedia. (2011 йил 23-November). Pendulum Clocks. Retrieved 2011 йил 26- Mark Driedger 12-1-30 8:46 PM october from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum_clock Comment [9]: ! Woodford, C. (2011, July 17). Pendulum Clocks. Retrieved November 24, 2011, from Explain that Stuff !: http://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-pendulum-clocks- work.html

Romy’s Resources

(2003). The Mechanistic Philosophy. In The Scientific Revolution- Volume 5 (History of Science) (p. 64). Compendium Publishing Limited.

(2004). Motion. In E Encyclopedia Science (p. 70). New York : DK Publishing Inc.

Collectors, N. A. (2011). How a Pendulum works? (N. A. Collectors, Producer, & Collectors, National Association Of Watch and Clock) Retrieved 2011 йил 26- Mark Driedger 12-1-30 8:46 PM November from National Watch & Clock Museum: Comment [10]: ! http://www.nawcc.org/index.php/just-for-kids/about-time/how-does-it-work

Collier, J. L. (2004). Great Inventions Clocks. Tarrytown, New York, USA: Benchmark Books.

Connell, J. L. (1993). Early Canadian Timekeepers (Found October 26 ed.). Erin, Ontario: A Boston Mills Press Book.

Duffy, T. (2000). Turning Point Inventions- The Clock. CommonPlace Publishing LLC.

Duffy, T. (n.d.). Turing Point Inventions The Clock. (A. B. Children, & s. P. Division, Eds.) New York. Goodman, E. (n.d.). Parts od a Pendulum Clock. Retrieved 2011 йил 18-november Mark Driedger 12-1-30 8:45 PM from ehow home: Comment [11]: of! http://www.ehow.com/search.html?s=pendulum+clocks&skin=corporate&t=all

Helden, A. V. (1995). Pendulum Clock. Retrieved November 18, 2011 , from The Galileo Project : http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/pendulum.html

History of Science. (2003). The Mechanistic Philiosophy. In The Scientific Revolution- Volume 5 (p. 64). Danbury: Compendium publishing Limited.

How Stuff Works. (2000). How does a pendulum clock work? (ThinkQuest Education Foundation) Retrieved 2011 йил 23-November from Oracle ThinkQuest: http://library.thinkquest.org/C0118228/workclock.htm

Inc., B. I. (2000). Pendulum clock. Retrieved 201 йил 18-November from clockworks pendulum clock: http://www.britannica.com/clockworks/pendulum.html

(1988). Mechanical Clocks and Watches. In D. Macaulay, The Way Things Work (p. 46). London: Dorling Kindersley Limited.

Marshall Cavendish Corporation. (2006). Pendulum. In Growing up with Science- Volume 10 (pp. 1212-1213). Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Limited.

Wikipedia. (2011 йил 23-November). Pendulum Clocks. Retrieved 2011 йил 26- october from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum_clock

Woodford, C. (2011, July 17). Pendulum Clocks. Retrieved November 24, 2011, from Explain that Stuff !: http://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-pendulum-clocks- work.html

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