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Horatius Eques Et Scriba: Satires 1.6 and 2.7 Author(S): David Armstrong Source: Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-), Vol

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Horatius Eques Et Scriba: Satires 1.6 and 2.7 Author(S): David Armstrong Source: Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-), Vol American Philological Association Horatius Eques et Scriba: Satires 1.6 and 2.7 Author(s): David Armstrong Source: Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-), Vol. 116 (1986), pp. 255- 288 Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/283920 . Accessed: 26/06/2014 18:56 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Philological Association and The Johns Hopkins University Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-). http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 141.222.42.208 on Thu, 26 Jun 2014 18:56:45 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Transactionsofthe American Philological Association 116 (1986) 255-288 HORATIUS EQUES ET SCRIBA: SATIRES 1.6 AND 2.7 DAVID ARMSTRONG Universityof Texas,Austin In 1925, Lily Ross Taylor argued that the loose-living Roman eques whose portraitis drawn by Horace's slave Davus at Satires 2.7.53-56 is Horace himself.'It followsfrom this that at the time of the publication of Satires2 (c. 30 B.C.) Horace dressed as an eques, wearingthe narrow- stripedtoga and gold ring of the order; though for illicitsexual adven- tures at night,Davus claims, he threwthese badges aside and dressed as poorly as one of his own slaves. It also follows from the word iudice(54) thatHorace was an equestrianiudex selectus2 at thisperiod- interestingly,because the elder Horace had held these dignitariesup to him as models when he was a boy being educated at his father's expense in Rome: sive iubebat ut faceremquid, "habesauctorem quo faciashoc," unumex iudicibusselectis obiciebat. (S. 1.4.121-23) Now, though according to Davus his behavior is not so exemplary, Horace belongs himselfto the albumiudicum. Historianshave tended to accept Taylor's argument;literary critics, reluctantto abandon the literal view of Horace's mensa tenuis,have tended to contradictor ignore it.3 Taylor herselfnear the end of her life LilyRoss Taylor,"Horace's Equestrian Career," AJP 46 (1925) 161-70. 2 On the iudicesselecti, and howthey were made up in Horace'sday, and thedistinction between eques equo publico and eques selectorum(Horace was both, but the greatertitle includesthe lesser)see A. H. M. Jones, Studiesin Roman Governmentand Law (Oxford 1960) 40-44; on theprobability of Horace'shaving been one, Taylor(above, note 1) 162, note 11; "Republicanand AugustanWriters Enrolled in the EquestrianCenturies," TAPA99 (1968) 469-86,478, note15. " Thereis no mentionof Taylor'sarticle or of Horace'sequestrian rank in E. Fraenkel, Horace(Oxford 1957). N. Rudd,Horace's Satires (Cambridge 1966) 278, note2, mentions thearticle and calls therank "not certain,but probable"; he makesno use of it in inter- pretation.Compare Jaako Suolahti, Junior Officers of theRoman Army, Acad. Scient. Fen- nica,Annales 97 (1955) 83, who takesit forgranted that Horace was equestrianalready be,forehis commissionby Brutusand "was strivingfor a publiccareer"; C. Nicolet, L'Ordre equestrea l'epoque republicaine(Paris 1966) 2.914-15; Susan Treggiari, Roman Freedmenduring the Late Republic (Oxford 1969) 64-66; T. P. Wiseman, New Men in the This content downloaded from 141.222.42.208 on Thu, 26 Jun 2014 18:56:45 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 256 David Armstrong complainedof thisneglect,4 perhaps especially because Eduard Fraenkel, in his veryfull review of Horace's life,passed over her interpretations in silence.She was entirelyright, however; Horace was an eques, he enjoyeda comfortableliving and a good positionin lifebefore he met Maecenas,and he neverceased to be proudof it. In fact,Horace men- tionshis equestrianstatus explicitly, not onlyin the passageon which Taylorrelied, but in two passagesof Satires1.6 whichshe did not cor- rectlyunderstand (nor has anycommentator so far).These passagesput Horace's statusas eques beyondquestion, even forthe periodc. 43- 38 B.C., beforehis introductionto Maecenas' circle.They lead us to examinethe evidencefor his financialposition that can be deduced fromhis purchaseand tenureof the officeof scribaquaestorius after Philippi,and fromother hints in the Suetonianvita and the poems. Withthis evidence in hand,we can proceedto a clearerinterpretation of some Horatianpoems, especially Satires 1.6 and 2.7, thanhas previously been attempted. I. HoratiusEques The positionof militarytribune Horace held in Brutus'army in 43 and 42 normallyentailed the rank of equesin addition,both in Republi- can timesand underthe Empire.5There is an amusingand touching monumentto the pride with whichone freedmancontemporary of Horace and his fatherregarded his son's achievementof the military tribuneshipand theattendant rank of eques-the monumentof themili- tarytribune L. Appuleiusand his parents,discussed in Paul Zanker's studyof thefunerary reliefs of late Republicanand earlyImperial freed- man.6Indeed, had Taylorever seen this monument(CIL 14.3948, Roman Senate (Oxford 1971) 71-72; John H. D'Arms, Commerceand Social Standingin AncientRome (Cambridge, Mass. 1982) 108-16.Historians even beforeTaylor tended to see Horaceas moreindependent and self-assuredthan do literarycritics: cf. B. G. Curtius, Vortrdgeiuber rbmische Geschichte (1832) 3.132-37. He thought Horace's fatherwas an Italianand probablyonly in slaverybecause of theSocial War-a conjecturerepeated, and withgood argumentsespecially concerning the enslavementof Venusianfreemen in this war, by E. T. Salmon, Samniumand the Samnites (Cambridge 1967) 365, note 5, 369, note4. Curtiusalso arguedthat Horace's education and resourcesmade him much more independentof Augustusand Maecenasthan was Vergil.Fraenkel notices this account to borrowa minorpoint (2, note3), buthis ownchapter on the lifeof Horaceis notin the same spirit.Scholars are stillmisled today by Fraenkel'sattitude: cf. AdditionalNote below. Taylor1968 (above, note 1), esp. 477-79. Suolahti(above, note 2) 55-57. 6 Paul Zanker,"Grabreliefs romischer Freigelassener," JDAI 90 (1975) 267-315, a studyvery important for an understandingof Horace'sbackground among late Republican freedmenof means,especially for its generaland interpretativecomments in conclusion (309-15). The reliefmentioned here is hisfig. 44, p. 305,discussed pp. 304-5. This content downloaded from 141.222.42.208 on Thu, 26 Jun 2014 18:56:45 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions HoratiusEques et Scriba 257 Mentana), or a pictureof it, she would have been delighted.Time has wornaway the threefaces, but the otherdetails are clear.Below the leftand rightfigures, a fatherand motherin Romandress, are their names: L APPVLEIVS L *L APPVLEIA *L *L ASCLEPIADES SOPHANUBA This means,of course,that both parents were libertiniof the same man. Like manyother freedmen of the late Republic,they flaunted on theirmonument with special pride theirRoman dress and their statusas legalmarried people (foras slavesthey could onlylive in con- tubernium).Many freedmenalso proudlydisplay their children at right or left,frequently wearing the Roman bulla thatthey themselves had been denied as slave children.But here, exceptionally,and because of theirson's highrank, Asclepiades and Sophanubahave made him the centralfigure, with themselves looking at him respectfullyon each side: L *APPVLEIVS *L F* TR(ibunius)*MIL(itum)' He is in "heroic"soldierly costume, wearing the paludamentumon the shoulderof his bare torso,presenting a sword-displayingprominently on the fourthfinger of his lefthand, as he does so, a disproportionately oversizedequestrian ring which, as Zankerconjectures, was mostprob- ably gildedon the monumentfor extra display. The monumentis of Republicantimes; Zanker attributes it on groundsof styleto 40-30 B.C., and Dessau notedthat the younger,free-born Appuleius' not bearinga cognomenmay point to the same period.There could be no morestrik- ingand poignantproof that a freedman'sson, likeHorace, who attained the rankof tribunusmilitum acquired with it thatof eques-and would hardlybe allowedby his delightedkinfolk to forgetit. Furthermore,the position of scribaquaestorius which Horace bought afterobtaining pardon for having fought at Philippi,according to Sueto- nius' life,is itselfmentioned explicitly by Ciceroin a famouspassage of the Verrinesas givingotherwise qualified candidates an entreeto the equestrianorder.7 According to a recentstudy of the apparitores,of whomthe scribaewere the highestgrade, inscriptional evidence shows equitesamong all theirranks, but the highestpercentage by far (18%, nearlya fifth)among the scribae.8Nor, thoughthey were debarred by custom(not law) fromholding senatorial rank, were freedmen's sons in 7 2 Verr.3.184, discussed e.g. byWiseman (above, note 3) 73. 8 N. Purcell,"The Apparitores:a Study in Social Mobility,"PBSR 51, n.s. 38 (1983) 125-73,esp. 154-59. This content downloaded from 141.222.42.208 on Thu, 26 Jun 2014 18:56:45 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 258 David Armstrong anyway forbidden the rank of equesin Horace'sday, or apparentlyfrom earliesttimes, even bythe strictest censors.9 Reluctanceto
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