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6005854695.Pdf Casper_cover.indd 1 1/25/2011 7:12:57 PM Casper_ffirs.indd ii 1/6/2011 2:58:53 PM HOLLYWOOD FILM 1963–1976 Casper_ffirs.indd i 1/6/2011 2:58:52 PM Casper_ffirs.indd ii 1/6/2011 2:58:53 PM HOLLYWOOD FILM 1963–1976 Years of Revolution and Reaction DREW CASPER A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Casper_ffirs.indd iii 1/6/2011 2:58:53 PM This edition fi rst published 2011 © 2011 Wiley-Blackwell Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing. Registered Offi ce John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offi ces 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley. com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Drew Casper to be identifi ed as the author of this work been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or oth- erwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Casper, Drew. Hollywood 1963–1976 : years of revolution and reaction / Drew Casper. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-8827-2 (hardback) – ISBN 978-1-4051-8828-9 (paperback) 1. Motion pictures–United States–History–20th century. I. Title. PN1993.5.U6C32 2011 791.430973–dc22 2010043494 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDFs [9781444395228]; Wiley Online Library [9781444395242]; ePub [9781444395235] Set in 10/13 Minion by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India 01 2011 Casper_ffirs.indd iv 1/6/2011 2:58:53 PM To my soulmate Carol, my sweetheart Cecile, and my friend Susan Casper_ffirs.indd v 1/6/2011 2:58:53 PM Casper_ffirs.indd vi 1/6/2011 2:58:53 PM Contents Acknowledgments xi List of Illustrations xii Foreword xv Part I Cultural Overview: The Age of Revolution and Reaction, 1963–76 1 1 Major Historical Events 3 Civil Rights Legislation and Protests 3 The Vietnam War 6 Law and Order 8 Realpolitik 9 2 Economic Situation 12 Expanse and Contraction 12 Downturn 13 3 Societal Issues 14 The New Left, the Counterculture, Neo-Conservatism, and the Silent Majority 14 Ecology, Good Health, and Fitness 18 Scientific/Technological Advances 20 Conglomerate Ascendancy 20 Media Society 21 Culture of Choice: Sex, Fashion, and Food and the Now Generation 22 Crime 24 Religion 25 A Sense of Confusion, Impotence, and Cynicism, and a Wave of Nostalgia 26 Casper_ftoc.indd vii 12/30/2010 6:42:06 PM viii Contents Part II Business Practices 29 4 Production–Distribution 31 Showmen, Caretakers, and Conglomerates 31 The Practices of the Seven Major Studios 34 Competition: Minor and New Studios 47 The Financial Bloodbath 47 Additional Practices: Downsizing, Negative Pickup, Co-Production/Distribution, Tax Breaks/Shelters 49 Still Other Gambits: The Nostalgic Wave and The “Special Event” Movie 49 Distribution 52 Black Groundswell 53 Academy Awards 55 5 Exhibition and the New Audience 58 Exhibition 58 The New Audience 59 Part III Technology 63 6 Color, Screen Shapes, Sound, Special Effects, and Production Refinements 67 Color 67 Screen Shapes 69 Sound 70 Special Effects 72 Production Refinements 74 Part IV Style 83 7 Documentary and Documentary Realism 85 8 TV and TV Theatrical 90 9 Modernism, TV Programming/Commercials, Avant-Garde Cinema, and Expressive Stylization 92 Literary Design 94 Performance 97 Visual Design 98 Composition 99 Temporal Design 101 Sound Design 102 Part V Censorship 107 10 Issues, Solutions, and Problems 111 Subsidiary Syndrome 111 Two-Version Ploy 113 Dilemma: The Pawnbroker (AA, 1965) 114 Turning Point: Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (WB, 1966) 115 The 1966 Production Code Guidelines and the “SMA” Category 116 Casper_ftoc.indd viii 12/30/2010 6:42:06 PM Contents ix Ratings System 118 Enlightenment of the Legion of Decency 124 Divorce: Hollywood and the Church 125 City/State Censorship and the Liberalization of the Supreme Court 126 City/State Censorship vs. Hollywood 128 Part VI Genre 131 11 Adventure 137 12 Biography 147 13 Historical Spectacle 153 14 Comedy 159 Black Comedy 160 Farce 167 Parody 171 Social Satire 174 Romantic Comedy 180 Family Comedy 184 Fantasy Comedy 186 15 Horror and Science Fiction 189 Horror 189 Science Fiction 205 16 Melodrama 211 Family Melodrama 212 Road Film and Biker Film 217 Female Melodrama 222 Male Melodrama 229 Romance Melodrama 237 Buddy Film 247 17 Musical 253 Musical Comedy and Musical Drama 253 Musical Biography 266 18 Social Problem Film and Courtroom Drama 271 Social Problem Film 271 Courtroom Drama 273 19 Suspense Thriller 275 Spy Thriller: WWII/Cold War 275 Crime 282 Vigilante 309 Caper 311 Conspiracy 315 Casper_ftoc.indd ix 12/30/2010 6:42:06 PM x Contents 20 War 322 21 Western 328 Coda: Postmodern Hollywood, 1977 339 Appendix: Hierarchical Order of Top Ten Box-Office Stars, 1963–76 341 Bibliography 343 Index of Films 346 Index of Subjects 361 Casper_ftoc.indd x 12/30/2010 6:42:06 PM Acknowledgments One of the highs of writing a book, any kind of book, is the people who come together around an author, people who put forth their very best: smarts, concern, and generosity. The community The Hollywood Film 1963–1976: Years of Revolution and Reaction formed, I will keep close to my heart. A bunch of USC’s Critical Studies graduates gathered research materials: the mordantly ironic Mike Dillon, always good for a laugh; Renaissance Man Dan Fisher; obliging Chera Kee; David Lerner, who also shared with me his passion for 1960s movies; and especially Marika Piday-Warren, abundant and energetic every time out, and the understated Ken Provencher, who also deloused and helped structure the script. From USC’s Cinema Library, the ever available Ned Comstock and his assistant John Brockman provided photos. Scott Kirk and Phil Dao smoothed over technical glitches. USC colleagues David James and Rick Jewell and NYU’s Dana Polan took collegiality to heart. James assessed sections. Jewel warmly encouraged and patiently answered many questions, all the while casting his careful eye on spelling, grammatical, and factual gaffes. Through all the itera- tions, Polan discussed, argued, prodded, corrected, suggested, and applauded with a munif- icence and selflessness reminiscent of my childhood saints. Editor Jayne Fargnoli immediately pinpointed the problems with the first draft and just as immediately offered solutions. Her expert marksmanship was awesome and, truth to tell, spooky. Finally, copy-editor Juanita Bullough treated the work with the utmost respect. Walking through this part of my life with all of these people was a gracious, lovely, and sustaining thing. Drew Casper Casper_flast.indd xi 12/30/2010 6:42:04 PM Illustrations 1.1 Sunday Bloody Sunday (UA, 1971, p Joseph Janni) 6 3.1 McCabe and Mrs. Miller (WB, 1971, p David Foster/Michael Brower) 16 3.2 The Poseidon Adventure (TCF, 1972, p Irwin Allen) 17 3.3 The Exorcist (WB, 1973, p Peter Blatty) 26 4.1 Diary of a Mad Housewife (U, 1970, p Frank Perry) 40 4.2 The Greatest Story Ever Told (UA, 1965, p George Stevens) 41 4.3 The Sterile Cuckoo (P, 1969, p Alan J. Pakula) 42 4.4 Bedazzled (TCF, 1968, p Stanley Donen) 44 4.5 Paper Moon (P, 1973, p Peter Bogdanovich) 50 4.6 The Towering Inferno (TCF-WB, 1974, p Irwin Allen) 52 4.7 Shaft (MGM, 1971, p Joel Freeman) 54 4.8 Cleopatra Jones (WB, 1973, p William Tennant/Max Julien) 55 6.1 They Shoot Horses, Don’t They? (ABC, 1969, p Robert Chartoff/Irwin Winkler/Sydney Pollack) 68 6.2 Ryan’s Daughter (MGM, 1970, p Anthony Havelock-Allan) 71 6.3 The Fall of the Roman Empire (P, 1964, p Samuel Bronston) 73 6.4 Barry Lyndon (WB, 1975, p Stanley Kubrick) 76 6.5 Grand Prix (MGM, 1965, p Edward Lewis) 77 7.1 The Sand Pebbles (TCF, 1966, p Robert Wise) 88 8.1 Lilies of the Field (UA, 1963, p Ralph Nelson) 91 9.1 A Clockwork Orange (WB, 1971, p Bernard Williams) 99 10.1 Kiss Me, Stupid (UA, 1964, p Billy Wilder) 112 10.2 Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (WB, 1966, p Ernest Lehman) 115 10.3 Blazing Saddles (WB, 1974, p Michael Herzberg) 122 11.1 What’s Up Doc? (WB, 1972, p Peter Bogdanovich) 132 11.2 Walkabout (TCF, 1971, p Si Litvinoff) 140 11.3 Deliverance (WB, 1972, p John Boorman) 144 11.4 Candy (CRC, 1968, p Robert Haggiag) 145 Casper_flast.indd xii 12/30/2010 6:42:04 PM List of Illustrations xiii 12.1 Brother Sun, Sister Moon (P, 1973, p Luciano Purugia) 148 13.1 Patton (TCF, 1970, p Frank McCarthy) 156 14.1 Pretty Maids All in a Row (MGM, 1971, p Gene Roddenberry) 162 14.2 The Day of the Locust (P, 1975, p Jerome Hellman/Sheldon Shrager) 166 14.3 A Shot in the Dark (UA, 1964, p Blake Edwards) 169 14.4 It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (UA, 1963, p Stanley Kramer) 170 14.5 Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex But Were Afraid to Ask (UA, 1972, Charles H.
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  • Reappraising the Renaissance
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