Encyclopedia of Database Systems Ling Liu, M

Encyclopedia of Database Systems Ling Liu, M. Tamer O¨ zsu (Eds.)

Encyclopedia of Database Systems

With 3,067 Entries With 871 Authors With 1,176 Figures and 101 Tables With 6,900 Cross-references With 10,696 Bibliographic references LING LIU Professor College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology 266 Ferst Drive Atlanta, GA 30332-0765 USA

M. TAMER O¨ ZSU Professor and Director, University Research Chair Database Research Group David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo, ON Canada N2L 3G1

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009931217

ISBN: 978-0-387-35544-3

This publication is available also as: Electronic publication under ISBN: 978-0-387-39940-9 and Print and electronic bundle under ISBN: 978-0-387-49616-0

ß Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009 (USA)

All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identiﬁed as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. springer.com

Printed on acid free paper SPIN: 11752127 2109SPi– 543210 To our families Preface

We are in an information era where generating and storing large amounts of data are commonplace. A growing number of organizations routinely handle terabytes and exabytes of data, and individual digital data collections easily reach multiple gigabytes. Along with the increases in volume, the modality of digitized data that requires efficient management and the access modes to these data have become more varied. It is increasingly common for business and personal data collections to include images, video, voice, and unstructured text; the retrieval of these data comprises various forms, including structured queries, keyword search, and visual access. Data have become a highly valued asset for governments, industries and individuals, and the management of these data collections remains a critical technical challenge. Database technology has matured over the past four decades and is now quite ubiquitous in many applications that deal with more traditional business data. The challenges of expanding data management to include other data modalities while maintaining the fundamental tenets of database management (data independence, data integrity, data consistency, etc.) are issues that the community continues to work on. The lines between database management and other fields such as information retrieval, multimedia retrieval, and data visualization are increasingly blurred. This multi-volume Encyclopedia of Database Systems provides easy access to important concepts on all aspects of database systems, including areas of current interest and research results of historical significance. It is a comprehensive collection of over 1,250 in-depth entries (3,067 including synonyms) that present coverage of the important concepts, issues, emerging technology and future trends in the field of database technologies, systems, and applications. The content of the Encyclopedia was determined through wide consultations. We were assisted by an Advisory Board in coming up with the overall structure and content. Each of these areas were put under the control of Area Editors (70 in total) who further developed the content for each area, soliciting experts in the field as contributors to write the entries, and performed the necessary technical editing. Some of them even wrote entries themselves. Nearly 1,000 authors were involved in writing entries. The intended audience for the Encyclopedia is technically broad and diverse. It includes anyone concerned with database system technology and its applications. Specifically, the Encyclopedia can serve as a valuable and authoritative reference for students, researchers and practitioners who need a quick and authoritative reference to the subject of databases, data management, and database systems. We anticipate that many people will benefit from this reference work, including database specialists, software developers, scientists and engineers who need to deal with (structured, semi-structured or unstructured) large datasets. In addition, database and data mining researchers and scholars in the many areas that apply database technologies, such as artificial intelligence, software engineering, robotics and computer vision, machine learning, finance and marketing are expected to benefit from the Encyclopedia. We would like to thank the members of the Advisory Board, the Editorial Board, and the individual contributors for their help in creating this Encyclopedia. The success of the Encyclopedia could not have been achieved without the expertise and the effort of the many contributors. Our sincere thanks also go to Springer’s editors and staff, including Jennifer Carlson, Susan Lagerstrom-Fife, Oona Schmid, and Susan Bednarczyk for their support throughout the project. Finally, we would very much like to hear from readers for any suggestions regarding the Encyclopedia’s content. With a project of this size and scope, it is quite possible that we may have missed some concepts. It is also possible that some entries may benefit from revisions and clarifications. We are committed to issuing periodic updates and we look forward to the feedback from the community to improve the Encyclopedia.

Ling Liu M. Tamer O¨ zsu

Editors-in-Chief

Ling Liu is a Professor in the School of Computer Science, College of Computing, at Georgia Institute of Technology. Dr. Liu directs the research programs in Distributed Data Intensive Systems Lab (DiSL), examining various aspects of data intensive systems, ranging from database and Internet data management, data storage, network computing, and mobile and wireless computing, with the focus on performance, availability, security, privacy, and energy efﬁciency in building very large database and data management systems and services. She has published over 200 international journal and conference articles in the areas of databases, data engineering, and distributed computing systems. She is a recipient of the best paper award of ICDCS 2003, the best paper award of WWW 2004, the 2005 Pat Goldberg Memorial Best Paper Award, and the best data engineering paper award of Int. Conf. on Software Engineering and Data Engineering (2008). Dr. Liu served on the editorial board of IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering and International Journal of Very Large Databases from 2004 to 2008 and is currently serving on the editorial board of several international journals, including Distributed and Parallel Databases Journal, IEEE Transactions on Service Computing (TSC), International Journal of Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications (Springer), and Wireless Network (Springer). Dr. Liu’s current research is primarily sponsored by NSF, IBM, and Intel. B x Editors-in-Chief

M. Tamer O¨ zsu is a Professor of Computer Science and Director of the David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science at the University of Waterloo. He holds a Ph.D. (1983) and an MS (1981) in Computer and Information Science from The Ohio State University (1983) and a B.S. (1974) and M.S. (1978) in Industrial Engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Turkey (1974). Dr. O¨ zsu’s current research focuses on three areas: (a) Internet-scale data distribution that emphasizes stream data management, peer-to-peer databases, and Web data management; (b) multimedia data management, concentrat- ing on similarity-based retrieval of time series and trajectory data; and (c) the integration of database and information retrieval technologies, focusing on XML query processing and optimization. His previous research focused on distributed databases, interoperable information systems, object database systems and image databases. He is the co-author of the book Principles of Distributed Database Systems (Prentice Hall), which is now in its second edition (third edition to publish in 2009). He currently holds a University Research Chair and has held a Faculty Research Fellowship at the University of Waterloo (2000-2003), and a McCalla Research Professorship (1993-1994) at the University of Alberta where he was faculty member between 1984 and 2000. He is a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), a senior member of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and a member of Sigma Xi. He was awarded the ACM SIGMOD Contributions Award in 2006. He is also the 2008 recipient of Ohio State University College of Engineering Distinguished Alumnus Award. He has held visiting positions at GTE Laboratories (USA), INRIA Rocquencourt (France), GMD-IPSI (Germany), University of Jyva¨skyla¨ (Finland), Technical University of Darmstadt (Germany), University of Udine (Italy), University of Milano (Italy), ETH Zu¨rich (Switzerland), and National University of Singapore (Singapore). Dr. O¨ zsu serves on the editorial boards of ACM Computing Surveys, Distributed and Parallel Databases Journal, World Wide Web Journal, Information Technology and Management, and Springer Book Series on Advanced Information & Knowledge Processing. Previously he was the Coordinating Editor-in-Chief of The VLDB Journal (1997-2005) and was on the Editorial Board of Encyclopedia of Database Technology and Applications (Idea Group). He has served as the Program Chair of VLDB (2004), WISE (2001), IDEAS (2003), and CIKM (1996) conferences and the General Chair of CAiSE (2002), as well as serving on the Program Committees of many conferences including SIGMOD, VLDB, and ICDE. He is also a member of Association for Computing Machin- ery’s (ACM) Publications Board and is its Vice-Chair for New Publications. Dr. O¨ zsu was the Chair of ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data (SIGMOD; 2001-2005) and a past trustee of the VLDB Endowment (1996-2002). He was a member and chair of the Computer and Information Science Grant Selection Committee of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada during 1991-94, and served on the Management Committee of the Canadian Genome Analysis and Technology Program during 1992-93. He was Acting Chair of the Department of Computing Science at the University of Alberta during 1994-95, and again, for a brief period, in 2000. Advisory Board

Serge Abiteboul Jiawei Han INRIA-Futurs INRIA, Saclay University of Illinios at Urbana-Champaign Orsay, Cedex Urbana, IL France USA

Gustavo Alonso Theo Ha¨rder ETH Zu¨rich University of Kaiserslautern Zu¨rich Kaiserslautern Switzerland Germany

Peter M. G. Apers Joseph M. Hellerstein University of Twente University of California-Berkeley Enschede Berkeley, CA The Netherlands USA

Ricardo Baeza-Yates Ramesh Jain Yahoo! Research University of California-Irvine Barcelona Irvine, CA Spain USA

Catriel Beeri Matthias Jarke Hebrew University of Jerusalem RWTH-Aachen Jerusalem Aachen Israel Germany

Elisa Bertino Jai Menon Purdue University IBM Systems and Technology Group West Lafayette, IN San Jose, CA USA USA

Stefano Ceri John Mylopoulos Politecnico di Milano University of Toronto Milan Toronto, ON Italy Canada

Asuman Dogac Beng Chin Ooi Middle East Technical University National University of Singapore Ankara Singapore Turkey Singapore

Alon Halevy Erhard Rahm Google, Inc. University of Leipzig Mountain View, CA Leipzig USA Germany B xii Advisory Board

Krithi Ramamritham Patrick Valduriez IIT Bombay INRIA and LINA Mumbai Nantes India France

Schek Hans-Joerg Gerhard Weikum ETH Zu¨rich Max Planck Institute for Informatics Zu¨rich Saarbru¨cken Switzerland Germany

Sellis Timos Jennifer Widom National Technical University of Athens Stanford University Athens Stanford, CA Greece USA

Frank Wm. Tompa Lizhu Zhou University of Waterloo Tsinghua University Waterloo, ON Beijing Canada China Area Editors

Peer-to-Peer Data Management XML Data Management

KARL ABERER SIHEM AMER-YAHIA EPFL-IC-IIF-LSIR Yahoo! Research Lausanne New York, NY Switzerland USA Database Management System Database Middleware Architectures

CHRISTIANA AMZA ANASTASIA AILAMAKI University of Toronto EPF Lausanne Toronto, ON Lausanne Canada Switzerland Database Tools Information Retrieval Models Database Tuning

GIAMBATTISTA AMATI PHILIPPE BONNET Fondazione Ugo Bordoni University of Copenhagen Rome Copenhagen Italy Denmark Visual Interfaces xiv Area Editors

Self Management

TIZIANA CATARCI University of Rome Rome SURAJIT CHAUDHURI Italy Microsoft Research Redmond, WA Stream Data Management USA

Text Mining

UGUR CETINTEMEL Brown University Providence, RI ZHENG CHEN USA Microsoft Research Asia Beijing Querying Over Data Integration China Systems Extended Transaction Models (Advanced Concurrency Control Theory)

KEVIN CHANG University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL PANOS K. CHRYSANTHIS USA University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA USA B Area Editors xv

Privacy-Preserving Data Mining Data Models (Including Semantic Data Models)

CHRIS CLIFTON Purdue University DAVID EMBLEY West Lafayette, IN Brigham Young University USA Provo, UT USA Active Databases Complex Event Processing

KLAUS DITTRICH OPHER ETZION University of Zu¨rich IBM Research Lab in Haifa Zu¨rich Haifa Switzerland Israel

Digital Libraries Database Security and Privacy

AMR EL ABBADI ELENA FERRARI University of California-Santa Barbara University of Insubria Santa Barbara, CA Varese USA Italy xvi Area Editors

Semantic Web and Ontologies Sensor Networks

AVIGDOR GAL LE GRUENWALD Technion - Israel Institute of Technology The University of Oklahoma Haifa Norman, OK Israel USA

Data Clustering Data Cleaning

DIMITRIOS GUNOPULOS University of Athens VENKATESH GANTI Athens Microsoft Research Greece Redmond, WA University of California – Riverside USA Riverside, CA USA

Web Data Extraction Scientific Databases

GEORG GOTTLOB AMARNATH GUPTA Oxford University University of California-San Diego Oxford La Jolla, CA UK USA B Area Editors xvii

Geographic Information Systems Temporal Databases

RALF HARTMUT GU¨ TING CHRISTIAN JENSEN University of Hagen Aalborg University Hagen Aalborg Germany Denmark

Data Visualization Metadata Management

HANS HINTERBERGER MANFRED JEUSFELD ETH Zu¨rich Tilburg University Zu¨rich Tilburg Switzerland The Netherlands Web Services and Service Oriented Architectures Health Informatics Databases

HANS-ARNO JACOBSEN VIPUL KASHYAP University of Toronto Partners Health Care System Toronto, ON Wellesley, MA Canada USA xviii Area Editors

Visual Data Mining Views and View Management

DANIEL KEIM YANNIS KOTIDIS University of Konstanz Athens University of Economics and Business Konstanz Athens Germany Greece

Data Replication Semi-Structured Text Retrieval

BETTINA KEMME MOUNIA LALMAS McGill University University of Glasgow Montreal, QC Glasgow Canada UK Advanced Storage Systems Storage Structures and Systems Information Quality

MASARU KITSUREGAWA YANG LEE The University of Tokyo Northeastern University Tokyo Boston, MA Japan USA B Area Editors xix

Relational Theory Database Design

LEONID LIBKIN JOHN MYLOPOULOS University of Edinburgh University of Toronto Edinburgh Toronto, ON UK Canada

Information Retrieval Evaluation Measures Text Indexing Techniques

WEIYI MENG MARIO NASCIMENTO State University of New York at Binghamton University of Alberta Binghamton, NY Edmonton, AB USA Canada

Data Integration Data Quality

No Photo available

´ RENEE MILLER FELIX NAUMANN University of Toronto Hasso Plattner Institute Toronto, ON Potsdam Canada Germany xx Area Editors

Web Search and Crawl Data Warehouse

CHRISTOPHER OLSTON TORBEN BACH PEDERSEN Yahoo! Research Aalborg University Santa Clara, CA Aalborg USA Denmark

Multimedia Databases Association Rule Mining

VINCENT ORIA JIAN PEI New Jersey Institute of Technology Simon Fraser University Newark, NJ Burnaby, BC USA Canada

Spatial, Spatiotemporal, and Multidimensional Databases Workflow Management

DIMITRIS PAPADIAS BARBARA PERNICI Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Politecnico di Milano Hong Kong Milan China Italy B Area Editors xxi

Query Processing and Optimization Query Languages

EVAGGELIA PITOURA TORE RISCH University of Ioannina Uppsala University Ioannina Uppsala Greece Sweden

Data Management for the Data Warehouse Life Sciences

STEFANO RIZZI LOUIQA RASCHID University of Bologna University of Marlyand Bologna College Park, MD Italy USA

Information Retrieval Operations Multimedia Databases

EDIE RASMUSSEN SHIN’ICHI SATOH The University of British Columbia National Institute of Informatics Vancouver, BC Tokyo Canada Japan xxii Area Editors

Spatial, Spatiotemporal, and Temporal Databases Multidimensional Databases

RICK SNODGRASS TIMOS SELLIS University of Arizona National Technical University of Athens Tuscon, AZ Athens USA Greece Database Tools Database Tuning Stream Mining

DIVESH SRIVASTAVA AT&T Labs – Research DENNIS SHASHA Florham Park, NJ New York University USA New York, NY USA Classification and Decision Trees Distributed Database Systems

KYUSEOK SHIM KIAN-LEE TAN Seoul National University National University of Singapore Seoul Singapore Republic of Korea Singapore B Area Editors xxiii

Logics and Databases Parallel Database Systems

VALTANNEN PATRICK VALDURIEZ University of Pennsylvania INRIA and LINA Philadelphia, PA Nantes USA France

Structured and Semi-Structured Advanced Storage Systems Document Databases Storage structures and systems

FRANK WM. TOMPA KALADHAR VORUGANTI University of Waterloo Network Appliance Waterloo, ON Sunnyvale, CA Canada USA

Indexing Transaction Management

VASSILIS TSOTRAS GOTTFRIED VOSSEN University of California – Riverside University of Mu¨nster Riverside, CA Mu¨nster USA Germany xxiv Area Editors

Self Management Multimedia Information Retrieval

GERHARD WEIKUM JEFFREY XU YU Max Planck Institute for Informatics Chinese University of Hong Kong Saarbru¨cken Hong Kong Germany China

Mobile and Ubiquitous Data Approximation and Data Reduction Management Techniques

OURI WOLFSON XIAOFANG ZHOU University of Illinois at Chicago The University of Queensland Chicago, IL Brisbane, QLD USA Australia List of Contributors

W. M. P. van der Aalst Gail-Joon Ahn Eindhoven University of Technology Arizona State University Eindhoven Tempe, AZ The Netherlands USA

Daniel Abadi Anastasia Ailamaki Yale University EPFL New Haven, CT Lausanne USA Switzerland

Yousef J. Al-Houmaily Alberto Abello´ Institute of Public Administration Polytechnic University of Catalonia Riyadh Barcelona Saudi Arabia Spain Robert B. Allen Serge Abiteboul Drexel University INRIA, Saclay Philadelphia, PA Orsay, Cedex USA France Gustavo Alonso Ioannis Aekaterinidis ETH Zurich University of Patras Zurich Rio Patras Switzerland Greece Omar Alonso Nitin Agarwal University of California at Davis Arizona State University Davis, CA Tempe, AZ USA USA Bernd Amann Charu C. Aggarwal Pierre & Marie Curie University (UPMC) IBM T. J. Watson Research Center Paris Yorktown Heights, NY France USA Giambattista Amati Lalitha Agnihotri Fondazione Ugo Bordoni Philips Research Rome Eindhoven Italy The Netherlands Rainer von Ammon Yanif Ahmad Center for Information Technology Transfer GmbH Brown University (CITT) Providence, RI Regensburg USA Germany B xxvi List of Contributors

Robert A. Amsler Samuel Aronson CSC Harvard Medical School Falls Church, VA Boston, MA USA USA

Cristiana Amza Paavo Arvola University of Toronto University of Tampere Toronto, ON Tampere Canada Finland

George Anadiotis Noboru Babaguchi VU University Amsterdam Osaka University Amsterdam Osaka The Netherlands Japan

Mihael Ankerst Shivnath Babu Allianz Duke University Munich Durham, NC Germany USA Sameer Antani Kenneth Paul Baclawski National Institutes of Health Northeastern University Bethesda, MD Boston, MA USA USA Grigoris Antoniou Ricardo Baeza-Yates Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH) Yahoo! Research Heraklion Barcelona Greece Spain

Arvind Arasu James Bailey Microsoft Research University of Melbourne Redmond, WA Melbourne, VIC USA Australia

Danilo Ardagna Peter Bak Politecnico di Milano University of Konstanz Milan Konstanz Italy Germany

Walid G. Aref Magdalena Balazinska Purdue University University of Washington West Lafayette, IN Seattle, WA USA USA

Marcelo Arenas Farnoush Banaei-Kashani Pontiﬁcal Catholic University of Chile University of Southern California Santiago Los Angeles, CA Chile USA B List of Contributors xxvii

Stefano Baraldi Robert Baumgartner University of Florence Vienna University of Technology Florence Vienna, Austria Italy Lixto Software GmbH Vienna Mauro Barbieri Austria Philips Research Eindhoven Sean Bechhofer The Netherlands University of Manchester Manchester Denilson Barbosa UK University of Alberta Edmonton, AL Canada Steven M. Beitzel Telcordia Technologies Pablo Barcelo´ Piscataway, NJ University of Chile USA Santiago Chile Ladjel Bellatreche LISI/ENSMA–Poitiers University Luciano Baresi Futuroscope Cedex Politecnico di Milano France Milan Italy Omar Benjelloun Ilaria Bartolini Google Inc. Mountain View, CA University of Bologna USA Bologna Italy Ve´ronique Benzaken Sugato Basu University Paris 11 Google Inc. Orsay Cedex Mountain View, CA France USA Mikael Berndtsson Carlo Batini University of Sko¨vde University of Milan Bicocca Sko¨vde Milan Sweden Italy

Michal Batko Philip A. Bernstein Masaryk University Microsoft Corporation Brno Redmond, WA Czech Republic USA

Peter Baumann Damon Andrew Berry Jacobs University University of Massachusetts Bremen Lowell, MA Germany USA B xxviii t of Contributors Leopoldo Bertossi Philip Bohannon Carleton University Yahoo! Research Ottawa, ON Santa Clara, CA Canada USA

Claudio Bettini Michael H. Bo¨hlen University of Milan Free University of Bozen-Bolzano Milan Bozen-Bolzano Italy Italy

Nigel Bevan Christian Bo¨hm Professional Usability Services University of Munich London Munich UK Germany

Bharat Bhargava Peter Boncz Purdue University CWI West Lafayette, IN Amsterdam USA The Netherlands

Arnab Bhattacharya Philippe Bonnet Indian Institute of Technology University of Copenhagen Kanpur Copenhagen India Denmark

Ernst Biersack Alexander Borgida Eurecom Rutgers University Sophia Antipolis New Brunswick, NJ France USA

Alberto Del Bimbo Chavdar Botev University of Florence Yahoo Research! and Cornell University Florence Ithaca, NY Italy USA

Alan F. Blackwell Sara Bouchenak University of Cambridge University of Grenoble I — INRIA Cambridge Grenoble UK France

Carlos Blanco Luc Bouganim University of Castilla-La Mancha INRIA Paris-Rocquencourt Ciudad Real Le Chesnay Cedex Spain France

Marina Blanton Nozha Boujemaa University of Notre Dame INRIA Paris-Rocquencourt Notre Dame, IN Le Chesnay Cedex USA France B List of Contributors xxix

Shawn Bowers Alejandro Buchmann University of California-Davis Darmstadt University of Technology Davis, CA Darmstadt USA Germany

Ste´phane Bressan Chiranjeeb Buragohain National University of Singapore Amazon.com Singapore Seattle, WA Singapore USA

Martin Breunig Thorsten Bu¨ ring University of Osnabrueck Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Osnabrueck Munich Germany Germany

Scott A. Bridwell Benjamin Bustos University of Utah Department of Computer Science Salt Lake City, UT University of Chile USA Santiago Chile Thomas Brinkhoff Institute for Applied Photogrammetry and David Buttler Geoinformatics (IAPG) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Oldenburg Livermore, CA Germany USA

Andrei Broder Yanli Cai Yahoo! Research Shanghai Jiao Tong University Santa Clara, CA Shanghai USA China

Nicolas Bruno Guadalupe Canahuate Microsoft Corporation The Ohio State University Redmond, WA Columbus, OH USA USA

Franc¸ois Bry K. Selcuk Candan University of Munich Arizona State University Munich Tempe, AZ Germany USA

Yingyi Bu Turkmen Canli Chinese University of Hong Kong University of Illinois at Chicago Hong Kong Chicago, IL China USA B xxx List of Contributors

Alan Cannon Wojciech Cellary Napier University Poznan University of Economics Edinburgh Poznan UK Poland

Cornelia Caragea Michal Ceresna Iowa State University Lixto Software GmbH Ames, IA Vienna USA Austria

Barbara Carminati Ug˘ ur C¸etintemel University of Insubria Brown University Varese Providence, RI Italy USA

Michael W. Carroll Soumen Chakrabarti Villanova University School of Law Indian Institute of Technology of Bombay Villanova, PA Mumbai USA India

Ben Carterette Don Chamberlin University of Massachusetts Amherst IBM Almaden Research Center Amherst, MA San Jose, CA USA USA

Marco A. Casanova Allen Chan Pontiﬁcal Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro IBM Toronto Software Lab Rio de Janeiro Markham, ON Brazil Canada

Giuseppe Castagna Chee Yong Chan C.N.R.S. and University Paris 7 National University of Singapore Paris Singapore France Singapore

Tiziana Catarci K. Mani Chandy University of Rome California Institute of Technology Rome Pasadena, CA Italy USA

James Caverlee Edward Y. Chang Texas A&M University Google Research College Station, TX Mountain View, CA USA USA

Emmanuel Cecchet Kevin C. Chang EPFL University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Lausanne Urbana, IL Switzerland USA B List of Contributors xxxi

Surajit Chaudhuri InduShobha N. Chengalur-Smith Microsoft Research University at Albany – SUNY Redmond, WA Albany, NY USA USA

Elizabeth S. Chen Mitch Cherniack Partners HealthCareSystem Brandeis University Boston, MA Wattham, MA USA USA

James L. Chen Yun Chi University of Illinois at Chicago NEC Laboratories America Chicago, IL Cupertino, CA USA USA

Jinjun Chen Rada Chirkova Swinburne University of Technology North Carolina State University Melbourne, VIC Raleigh, NC Australia USA Jan Chomicki Lei Chen State University of New York at Buffalo Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Buffalo, NY Hong Kong USA China Stephanie Chow Peter P. Chen University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) Louisiana State University Oshawa, ON Baton Rouge, LA Canada USA Vassilis Christophides Hong Cheng University of Crete University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Heraklion Urbana, IL Greece USA Chinese University of Hong Kong Panos K. Chrysanthis Hong Kong University of Pittsburgh China Pittsburgh, PA USA Reynold Cheng The University of Hong Kong Paolo Ciaccia Hong Kong University of Bologna China Bologna Italy Vivying S. Y. Cheng Hong Kong University of Science and Technology John Cieslewicz (HKUST) Columbia University Hong Kong New York, NY China USA B xxxii List of Contributors

Gianluigi Ciocca Dianne Cook University of Milano-Bicocca Iowa State University Milan Ames, IA Italy USA

Eugene Clark Graham Cormode Harvard Medical School AT&T Labs–Research Boston, MA Florham Park, NJ USA USA Charles L. A. Clarke Antonio Corral University of Waterloo University of Almeria Waterloo, ON Almeria Canada Spain Eliseo Clementini University of L’Aguila Maria Francesca Costabile L’Aguila University of Bari Italy Bari Italy Chris Clifton Purdue University Nick Craswell West Lafayette, IN Microsoft Research Cambridge USA Cambridge UK Edith Cohen AT&T Labs-Research Fabio Crestani Florham Park, NJ University of Lugano USA Lugano Switzerland Sara Cohen The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Marco Antonio Cristo Jerusalem FUCAPI Israel Manaus Sarah Cohen-Boulakia Brazil University of Pennsylvania Maxime Crochemore Philadelphia, PA USA King’s College London London Carlo Combi UK University of Verona University of Paris-East Verona Paris Italy France

Mariano P. Consens Matthew G. Crowson University of Toronto University of Illinois at Chicago Toronto, ON Chicago, IL Canada USA B List of Contributors xxxiii

Michel Crucianu Alex Delis National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts University of Athens Paris Athens France Greece

Philippe Cudre´-Mauroux Alan Demers Massachussetts Institute of Technology Cornell University Cambridge, MA Ithaca, NY USA USA

Francisco Curbera Ke Deng IBM T.J. Watson Research Center University of Queensland Hawthorne, NY Brisbane, OLD USA Australia

Peter Dadam Amol Deshpande University of Ulm University of Maryland Ulm College Park, MD Germany USA

Mehmet M. Dalkilic¸ Zoran Despotovic Indiana University NTT DoCoMo Communications Laboratories Europe Bloomington, IN Munich USA Germany

Nilesh Dalvi Alin Deutsch Yahoo! Research University of California-San Diego Santa Clara, CA La Jolla, CA USA USA

Manoranjan Dash Yanlei Diao Nanyang Technological University University of Massachusetts Singapore Amherst, MA Singapore USA

Anwitaman Datta Suzanne W. Dietrich Nanyang Technological University Arizona State University Singapore Phoenix, AZ Singapore USA

Ian Davidson Nevenka Dimitrova University of California-Davis Philips Research Davis, CA Eindhoven USA The Netherlands

Antonios Deligiannakis Bolin Ding University of Athens University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Athens Champaign, IL Greece USA B xxxiv t of Contributors Chris Ding Xin Luna Dong University of Texas at Arlington AT&T Labs–Research Arlington, TX Florham Park, NJ USA USA

Alan Dix Chitra Dorai Lancaster University IBM T. J. Watson Research Center Lancaster Hawthorne, NY UK USA

Hong-Hai Do Zhicheng Dou SAP AG Nankai University Dresden Tianjin Germany China

Gillian Dobbie Yang Du University of Auckland Northeastern University Auckland Boston, MA New Zealand USA

Alin Dobra Marlon Dumas University of Florida University of Tartu Gainesville, FL Tartu USA Estonia

Vlastislav Dohnal Susan Dumais Masaryk University Microsoft Research Brno Redmond, WA Czech Republic USA

Mario Do¨ller Schahram Dustdar University of Passau Technical University of Vienna Passau Vienna Germany Austria

Carlotta Domeniconi Curtis Dyreson George Mason University Utah State University Fairfax, VA Logan, UT USA USA

Josep Domingo-Ferrer Todd Eavis Universitat Rovira i Virgili Concordia University Tarragona Montreal, QC Spain Canada

Guozhu Dong Johann Eder Wright State University University of Vienna Dayton, OH Vienna USA Austria B List of Contributors xxxv

Ibrahim Abu El-Khair Hui Fang Minia University University of Delaware Minia Newark, DE Egypt USA

Ahmed K. Elmagarmid Wei Fan Purdue University IBM T.J. Watson Research West Lafayette, IN Hawthorne, NY USA USA

Sameh Elnikety Wenfei Fan Microsoft Research University of Edinburgh Cambridge Edinburgh UK UK

David W. Embley Alan Fekete Brigham Young University University of Sydney Provo, UT Sydney, NSW USA Australia

Vincent Englebert Jean-Daniel Fekete University of Namur INRIA, LRI University Paris Sud Namur Orsay Cedex Belgium France

AnnMarie Ericsson Pascal Felber University of Sko¨vde University of Neuchatel Sko¨vde Neuchatel Sweden Switzerland

Martin Ester Paolino Di Felice Simon Fraser University University of L’Aguila Burnaby, BC L’Aguila Canada Italy

Opher Etzion Hakan Ferhatosmanoglu IBM Research Labs-Haifa The Ohio State University Haifa Columbus, OH Israel USA

Patrick Eugster Eduardo B. Fernandez Purdue University Florida Atlantic University West Lafayette, IN Boca Raton, FL USA USA

Ronald Fagin Eduardo Ferna´ndez-Medina IBM Almaden Research Center University of Castilla-La Mancha San Jose, CA Ciudad Real USA Spain B xxxvi t of Contributors Paolo Ferragina Chiara Francalanci University of Pisa Politecnico di Milano University Pisa Milan Italy Italy

Elena Ferrari Andrew U. Frank University of Insubria Vienna University of Technology Varese Vienna Italy Austria

Dennis Fetterly Michael J. Franklin Microsoft Research University of California-Berkeley Mountain View, CA Berkeley, CA USA USA

Stephen E. Fienberg Keir Fraser Carnegie Mellon University University of Cambridge Pittsburgh, PA Cambridge USA UK

Peter M. Fischer Juliana Freire ETH Zurich University of Utah Zurich Salt Lake City, UT Switzerland USA

Simone Fischer-Hu¨ bner Elias Frentzos Karlstad University University of Piraeus Karlstad Piraeus Sweden Greece

Leila De Floriani Johann-Christoph Freytag University of Genova Humboldt University of Berlin Genova Berlin Italy Germany

Christian Fluhr Ophir Frieder CEA LIST, Fontenay-aux Georgetown University Roses Washington, DC France USA

Greg Flurry Oliver Fro¨lich IBM SOA Advanced Technology Lixto Software GmbH Armonk, NY Vienna USA Austria

Edward A. Fox Tim Furche Virginia Tech University of Munich Blacksburg, VA Munich USA Germany B List of Contributors xxxvii

Ariel Fuxman Like Gao Microsoft Research Teradata Corporation Mountain View, CA San Diego, CA USA USA

Ada Wai-Chee Fu Wei Gao Hong Kong University of Science and Technology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong China China

Silvia Gabrielli Minos Garofalakis Bruno Kessler Foundation Technical University of Crete Trento Chania Italy Greece

Isabella Gagliardi Wolfgang Gatterbauer National Research Council (CNR) University of Washington Milan Seattle, WA Italy USA

Avigdor Gal Bugra Gedik Technion – Israel Institute of Technology IBM T.J. Watson Research Center Haifa Hawthorne, NY Israel USA

Wojciech Galuba Floris Geerts Ecole Polytechnique Fe´de´rale de Lausanne (EPFL) University of Edinburgh Lausanne Edinburgh Switzerland UK

Johann Gamper Johannes Gehrke Free University of Bozen-Bolzano Cornell University Bolzano Ithaca, NY Italy USA

Vijay Gandhi Betsy George University of Minnesota University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN Minneapolis, MN USA USA

Venkatesh Ganti Lawrence Gerstley Microsoft Research PSMI Consulting Redmond, WA San Francisco, CA USA USA

Dengfeng Gao Michael Gertz IBM Silicon Valley Lab University of California - Davis San Jose, CA Davis, CA USA USA B xxxviii t of Contributors Giorgio Ghelli Lukasz Golab University of Pisa AT&T Labs-Research Pisa Florham Park, NJ Italy USA

Gabriel Ghinita Matteo Golfarelli National University of Singapore University of Bologna Singapore Bologna Singapore Italy

Phillip B. Gibbons Michael F. Goodchild Intel Research University of California-Santa Barbara Pittsburgh, PA Santa Barbara, CA USA USA

Sarunas Girdzijauskas Georg Gottlob EPFL Oxford University Lausanne Oxford Switzerland UK

Fausto Giunchiglia Valerie Gouet-Brunet University of Trento CNAM Paris Trento Paris Italy France

Kazuo Goda Ramesh Govindan The University of Tokyo University of Southern California Tokyo Los Angeles, CA Japan USA

Max Goebel Goetz Graefe Vienna University of Technology Hewlett-Packard Laboratories Vienna Palo Alto, CA Austria USA

Bart Goethals Go¨sta Grahne University of Antwerp Concordia University Antwerp Montreal, QC Belgium Canada

Martin Gogolla Fabio Grandi University of Bremen University of Bologna Bremen Bologna Germany Italy

Aniruddha Gokhale Tyrone Grandison Vanderbilt University IBM Almaden Research Center Nashville, TN San Jose, CA USA USA B List of Contributors xxxix

Peter M. D. Gray Amarnath Gupta University of Aberdeen University of California-San Diego Aberdeen La Jolla, CA UK USA

Todd J. Green Himanshu Gupta University of Pennsylvania Stony Brook University Philadelphia, PA Stony Brook, NY USA USA Georges Grinstein Cathal Gurrin University of Massachusetts Dublin City University Lowell, MA Dublin USA Ireland Tom Gruber Marc Gyssens RealTravel Emerald Hills, CA University of Hasselt & Transnational University of USA Limburg Diepenbeek Le Gruenwald Belgium The University of Oklahoma Norman, OK Karl Hahn USA BMW AG Munich Torsten Grust Germany University of Tu¨bingen Tu¨bingen Jean-Luc Hainaut Germany University of Namur Namur Ralf Hartmut Gu¨ ting Belgium University of Hagen Hagen Alon Halevy Germany Google Inc. Dirk Van Gucht Mountain View, CA Indiana University USA Bloomington, IN Maria Halkidi USA University of Piraeus Carlos Guestrin Piraeus Carnegie Mellon University Greece Pittsburgh, PA Terry Halpin USA Neumont University Dimitrios Gunopulos South Jordan, UT University of California-Riverside USA Riverside, CA USA Jiawei Han University of Athens University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Athens Urbana, IL Greece USA B xl List of Contributors

Alan Hanjalic Alexander Hauptmann Delft University of Technology Carnegie Mellon University Delft Pittsburgh, PA The Netherlands USA

David Hansen Helwig Hauser The Australian e-Health Research Centre University of Bergen Brisbane, QLD Bergen Australia Norway

Jo¨rgen Hansson Ben He Carnegie Mellon University University of Glasgow Pittsburgh, PA Glasgow USA UK Nikos Hardavellas Pat Helland Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA Microsoft Corporation USA Redmond, WA USA Theo Ha¨rder University of Kaiserslautern Joseph M. Hellerstein Kaiserslautern University of California-Berkeley Germany Berkeley, CA USA David Harel The Weizmann Institute of Science Jean Henrard Rehovot University of Namur Israel Namur Belgium Jayant R. Haritsa Indian Institute of Science John Herring Bangalore Oracle Corporation India Nashua, NH Stavros Harizopoulos USA HP Labs Nicolas Herve´ Palo Alto, CA USA INRIA Paris-Rocquencourt Le Chesnay Cedex Per F. V. Hasle France Aalborg University Aalborg Marcus Herzog Denmark Vienna University of Technology Vienna Jordan T. Hastings Austria University of California-Santa Barbara Lixto Software GmbH Santa Barbara, CA Vienna USA Austria B List of Contributors xli

Jean-Marc Hick Wynne Hsu University of Namur National University of Singapore Namur Singapore Belgium Singapore

Jan Hidders Jian Hu University of Antwerp Microsoft Research Asia Antwerpen Haidian Belgium China

Djoerd Hiemstra Kien A. Hua University of Twente University of Central Florida Enschede Orlando, FL The Netherlands USA

Linda L. Hill Xian-Sheng Hua University of California-Santa Barbara Microsoft Research Asia Santa Barbara, CA Beijing USA China

Alexander Hinneburg Jun Huan Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg University of Kansas Halle/Saale Lawrence, KS Germany USA

Hans Hinterberger Haoda Huang ETH Zurich Microsoft Research Asia Zurich Beijing Switzerland China

Erik Hoel Michael Huggett Environmental Systems Research Institute University of British Columbia Redlands, CA Vancouver, BC USA Canada

Vasant Honavar Patrick C. K. Hung Iowa State University University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) Ames, IA Oshawa, ON USA Canada

Mingsheng Hong Jeong-Hyon Hwang Cornell University Brown University Ithaca, NY Providence, RI USA USA

Haruo Hosoya Ichiro Ide The University of Tokyo Nagoya University Tokyo Nagoya Japan Japan B xlii List of Contributors

Alfred Inselberg Kalervo Ja¨rvelin Tel Aviv University University of Tampere Tel Aviv Tampere Israel Finland

Yannis Ioannidis Christian S. Jensen University of Athens Aalborg University Athens Aalborg Greece Denmark

Panagiotis G. Ipeirotis Eric C. Jensen New York University Twitter, Inc. New York, NY San Fransisco, CA USA USA

Zachary Ives Manfred A. Jeusfeld University of Pennsylvania Tilburg University Philadelphia, PA Tilburg USA The Netherlands

Hans-Arno Jacobsen Heng Ji University of Toronto New York University Toronto, ON New York, NY Canada USA

H. V. Jagadish Ricardo Jimenez-Peris University of Michigan Universidad Politecnica de Madrid Ann Arbor, MI Madrid USA Spain

Alejandro Jaimes Jiashun Jin Telefonica R&D Carnegie Mellon University Madrid Pittsburgh, PA Spain USA

Ramesh Jain Ryan Johnson University of California-Irvine Carnegie Mellon University Irvine, CA Pittsburg, PA USA USA

Sushil Jajodia Theodore Johnson George Mason University AT&T Labs Research Fairfax, VA Florham Park, NJ USA USA

Greg Jane´e Christopher B. Jones University of California-Santa Barbara Cardiff University Santa Barbara, CA Cardiff USA UK B List of Contributors xliii

Rosie Jones Carl-Christian Kanne Yahoo! Research University of Mannheim Burbank, CA Mannheim USA Germany

James B. D. Joshi Aman Kansal University of Pittsburgh Microsoft Research Pittsburgh, PA Redmond, WA USA USA

Vanja Josifovski Murat Kantarcioglu Uppsala University University of Texas at Dallas Uppsala Dallas, TX Sweden USA

Marko Junkkari George Karabatis University of Tampere University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC) Tampere Baltimore, MD Finland USA

Jan Jurjens Grigoris Karvounarakis The Open University University of Pennsylvania Buckinghamshire Philadelphia, PA UK USA

Mouna Kacimi George Karypis Max-Planck Institute for Informatics University of Minnesota Saarbru¨cken Minneapolis, MN Germany USA

Tamer Kahveci Vipul Kashyap University of Florida Partners Healthcare System Gainesville, FL Wellesley, MA USA USA

Panos Kalnis Yannis Katsis National University of Singapore University of California-San Diego Singapore La Jolla, CA Singapore USA

Jaap Kamps Raghav Kaushik University of Amsterdam Microsoft Research Amsterdam Redmond, WA The Netherlands USA

James Kang Gabriella Kazai University of Minnesota Microsoft Research Cambridge Minneapolis, MN Cambridge USA UK B xliv List of Contributors

Daniel A. Keim Christoph Koch University of Konstanz Cornell University Konstanz Ithaca, NY Germany USA

Jaana Keka¨la¨inen Solmaz Kolahi University of Tampere University of British Columbia Tampere Vancouver, BC Finland Canada

Anastasios Kementsietsidis George Kollios IBM T.J. Watson Research Center Boston University Hawthorne, NY Boston, MA USA USA

Bettina Kemme Poon Wei Koot McGill University Nanyang Technological University Montreal, QC Singapore Canada Singapore

Jessie Kennedy Flip R. Korn Napier University AT&T Labs–Research Edinburgh Florham Park, NJ UK USA

Vijay Khatri Harald Kosch Indiana University University of Passau Bloomington, IN Passau USA Germany

Ashfaq Khokhar Cartik R. Kothari University of Illinois at Chicago University of British Columbia Chicago, IL Vancouver, BC USA Canada

Daniel Kifer Yannis Kotidis Yahoo! Research Athens University of Economics and Business Santa Clara, CA Athens USA Greece

Stephen Kimani Spyros Kotoulas CSIRO Tasmanian ICT Centre VU University Amsterdam Hobart, TAS Amsterdam Australia The Netherlands

Craig A. Knoblock Manolis Koubarakis University of Southern California University of Athens Marina del Rey, CA Athens USA Greece B List of Contributors xlv

Konstantinos Koutroumbas Zoe´ Lacroix Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing Arizona State University Athens Tempe, AZ Greece USA

Bernd J. Kra¨mer Alberto H. F. Laender University of Hagen Federal University of Minas Gerais Hagen Belo Horizonte Germany Brazil

Peer Kro¨gerand Bibudh Lahiri Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich Iowa State University Munich Ames, IA Germany USA

Werner Kriechbaum Laks V. S. Lakshmanan IBM Development Lab University of British Columbia Bo¨blingen Vancouver, BC Germany Canada

Hans-Peter Kriegel Mounia Lalmas Ludwig-Maximilians-University University of Glasgow Munich Glasgow Germany UK

Rajasekar Krishnamurthy Lea Landucci IBM Almaden Research Center University of Florence San Jose, CA Florence USA Italy

Ravi Kumar Birger Larsen Yahoo Research Royal School of Library and Information Science Santa Clara, CA Copenhagen USA Denmark

Nicholas Kushmerick Per-A˚ke Larson Decho Corporation Microsoft Corporation Seattle, WA Redmond, WA USA USA

Mary Laarsgard Robert Laurini University of California-Santa Barbara LIRIS, INSA-Lyon Santa Barbara, CA Lyon USA France

Alexandros Labrinidis Georg Lausen University of Pittsburgh University of Freiburg Pittsburgh, PA Freiburg USA Germany B xlvi List of Contributors

Jens Lechtenbo¨rger Stefano Levialdi University of Mu¨nster Sapienza University of Rome Mu¨nster Rome Germany Italy

Thierry Lecroq Brian Levine University of Rouen University of Massachusetts Rouen Amherst, MA France USA

Dongwon Lee Changqing Li The Pennsylvania State University Duke University University Park, PA Durham, NC USA USA

Yang W. Lee Chen Li Northeastern University University of California-Irvine Boston, MA Irvine, CA USA USA

Pieter De Leenheer Chengkai Li Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Collibra nv University of Texas at Arlington Brussels Arlington, TX Belgium USA

Wolfgang Lehner Hua Li Dresden University of Technology Microsoft Research Asia Dresden Beijing Germany China

Ronny Lempel Jinyan Li Yahoo! Research Nanyang Technological University Haifa Singapore Israel Singapore

Kristina Lerman Ninghui Li University of Southern California Purdue University Marina del Rey, CA West Lafayette, IN USA USA

Ulf Leser Ping Li Humboldt University of Berlin Cornell University Berlin Ithaca, NY Germany USA

Carson Kai-Sang Leung Qing Li University of Manitoba City University of Hong Kong Winnipeg, MB Hong Kong Canada China B List of Contributors xlvii

Xue Li Danzhou Liu The University of Queensland University of Central Florida Brisbane, QLD Orlando, FL Australia USA

Ying Li Guimei Liu IBM T.J. Watson Research Center National University of Singapore Hawthorne, NY Singapore USA Singapore

Yunyao Li Huan Liu IBM Almaden Research Center Arizona State University San Jose, CA Tempe, AZ USA USA

Leonid Libkin Jinze Liu University of Edinburgh University of Kentucky Edinburgh Lexington, KY UK USA

Sam S Lightstone Ning Liu IBM, Canada Ltd. Microsoft Research Asia Markham, ON Beijing Canada China

Jimmy Lin Qing Liu University of Maryland CSIRO Tasmanian ICT Centre College Park, MD Hobart, TAS USA Australia

Tsau Young (T.Y.) Lin Vebjorn Ljosa San Jose State University Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard San Jose, CA Cambridge, MA USA USA

Xuemin Lin David Lomet University of New South Wales Microsoft Research Sydney, NSW Redmond, WA Australia USA

Tok Wang Ling Phillip Lord National University of Singapore Newcastle University Singapore Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Singapore UK

Bing Liu Nikos A. Lorentzos University of Illinois at Chicago Agricultural University of Athens Chicago, IL Athens USA Greece B xlviii List of Contributors

Lie Lu Nikos Mamoulis Microsoft Research Asia University of Hong Kong Beijing Hong Kong China China

Bertram Luda¨scher Stefan Manegold University of California-Davis CWI Davis, CA Amsterdam USA The Netherlands

Yan Luo Murali Mani University of Illinois at Chicago Worcester Polytechnic Institute Chicago, IL Worcester, MA USA USA

Yves A. Lussier Serge Mankovski University of Chicago CA Labs, CA Inc. Chicago, IL Thornhill, ON USA Canada

Craig MacDonald Ioana Manolescu University of Glasgow INRIA, Saclay–Iˆle-de-France Glasgow Orsay UK France

Ashwin Machanavajjhala Yannis Manolopoulos Cornell University Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Ithaca, NY Thessaloniki USA Greece

Sam Madden Svetlana Mansmann Massachussetts Institute of Technology University of Konstanz Cambridge, MA Konstanz USA Germany

Paola Magillo Florian Mansmann University of Genova University of Konstanz Genova Konstanz Italy Germany

David Maier Shahar Maoz Portland State University The Weizmann Institute of Science Portland, OR Rehovot USA Israel

Paul Maier Ame´lie Marian Technical University of Munich Rutgers University Munich Piscataway, NJ Germany USA B List of Contributors xlix

Volker Markl Andrew McGregor IBM Almaden Research Center Microsoft Research San Jose, CA Mountain View, CA USA USA

Maria De Marsico Timothy McPhillips Sapienza University of Rome University of California-Davis Rome Davis, CA Italy USA

David Martin Brahim Medjahed SRI International The University of Michigan–Dearborn Menlo Park, CA Dearborn, MI USA USA

Maria Vanina Martinez Carlo Meghini University of Maryland The Italian National Research Council College Park, MD Pisa USA Italy

Maristella Matera Tao Mei Polytechnico di Milano Microsoft Research Asia Milan Beijing Italy China

Marta Mattoso Jonas Mellin Federal University of Rio de Janeiro University of Sko¨vde Rio de Janeiro Sko¨vde Brazil Sweden

Andrea Maurino Massimo Melucci University of Milan Bicocca University of Padua Milan Padua Italy Italy

Jan Małuszyn´ ski Weiyi Meng Linko¨ping University State University of New York at Binghamton Linko¨ping Binghamton, NY Sweden USA

Jose-Norberto Mazo´n Ahmed Metwally University of Alicante Google Inc. Alicante Mountain View, CA Spain USA

Kevin S. McCurley Gerome Miklau Google Research University of Massachusetts Mountain View, CA Amherst, MA USA USA B l List of Contributors

Harvey J. Miller Peter Mork University of Utah The MITRE Corporation Salt Lake City, UT McLean, VA USA USA

Rene´e J. Miller Mirella M. Moro University of Toronto Federal University of Rio Grande do Sol Toronto, ON Porto Alegre Canada Brazil

Tova Milo Edleno Silva de Moura Tel Aviv University Federal University of Amazonas Tel Aviv Manaus Israel Brazil

Prasenjit Mitra Kyriakos Mouratidis The Pennsylvania State University Singapore Management University University Park, PA Singapore USA Singapore

Michael Mitzenmacher Kamesh Munagala Harvard University Duke University Boston, MA Durham, NC USA USA

Mukesh Mohania Ethan V. Munson IBM India Research Lab University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee New Delhi Milwaukee, WI India USA

Mohamed F. Mokbel Shawn Murphy University of Minnesota Massachusetts General Hospital Minneapolis, MN Boston, MA USA USA

Angelo Montanari John Mylopoulos University of Udine University of Toronto Udine Toronto, ON Italy Canada

Reagan W. Moore Frank Nack University of California - San Diego University of Amsterdam La Jolla, CA Amsterdam USA The Netherlands

Konstantinos Morfonios Marc Najork University of Athens Microsoft Research Athens Mountain View, CA Greece USA B List of Contributors li

Ullas Nambiar Chong-Wah Ngo IBM India Research Lab City University of Hong Kong New Delhi Hong Kong India China

Alexandros Nanopoulos Peter Niblett Aristotle University IBM United Kingdom Limited Thessaloniki Winchester Greece UK

Vivek Narasayya Naoko Nitta Microsoft Corporation Osaka University Redmond, WA Osaka USA Japan

Mario A. Nascimento Igor Nitto University of Alberta University of Pisa Edmonton, AB Pisa Canada Italy

Alan Nash Cheng Niu Aleph One LLC Microsoft Research Asia La Jolla, CA Beijing USA China

Harald Naumann Vile´m Nova´k Vienna University of Technology University of Ostrava Vienna Ostrava Austria Czech Republic

Gonzalo Navarro Chimezie Ogbuji University of Chile Cleveland Clinic Foundation Santiago Cleveland, OH Chile USA

Wolfgang Nejdl Peter Øhrstrøm University of Hannover Aalborg University Hannover Aalborg Germany Denmark

Thomas Neumann Christine M. O’Keefe Max-Planck Institute for Informatics CSIRO Preventative Health National Research Saarbru¨cken Flagship Germany Acton, ACT Australia Frank Neven Hasselt University and Transnational University of Patrick O’Neil Limburg University of Massachusetts Diepenbeek Boston, MA Belgium USA B lii List of Contributors

Iadh Ounis Dimitris Papadias University of Glasgow Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Glasgow Hong Kong UK China

Mourad Ouzzani Spiros Papadimitriou Purdue University IBM T.J. Watson Research Center West Lafayette, IN Hawthorne, NY USA USA

Fatma O¨ zcan Apostolos N. Papadopoulos IBM Almaden Research Center Aristotle University San Jose, CA Thessaloniki USA Greece

M. Tamer O¨ zsu Yannis Papakonstantinou University of Waterloo University of California-San Diego Waterloo, ON La Jolla, CA Canada USA

Esther Pacitti Jan Paredaens University of Nantes University of Antwerp Nantes Antwerpen France Belgium

Chris D. Paice Christine Parent Lancaster University University of Lausanne Lancaster Lausanne UK Switzerland

Noe¨l De Palma Gabriella Pasi INPG – INRIA University of Milano-Bicocca Grenoble Milan France Italy

Nathaniel Palmer Chintan Patel Workﬂow Management Coalition Columbia University Hingham, MA New York, NY USA USA

Biswanath Panda Jignesh M. Patel Cornell University University of Wisconsin-Madison Ithaca, NY Madison, WI USA USA

Ippokratis Pandis Marta Patin˜ o-Martinez Carnegie Mellon University Universidad Polytecnica de Madrid Pittsburgh, PA Madrid USA Spain B List of Contributors liii

Norman W. Paton Mario Piattini University of Manchester University of Castilla-La Mancha Manchester Ciudad Real UK Spain

Cesare Pautasso Benjamin C. Pierce University of Lugano University of Pennsylvania Lugano Philadelphia, PA Switzerland USA

Torben Bach Pedersen Karen Pinel-Sauvagnat Aalborg University IRIT-SIG Aalborg Toulouse Cedex Denmark France

Fernando Pedone Leo L. Pipino University of Lugano University of Massachusetts Lugano Lowell, MA Switzerland USA

Jovan Pehcevski Peter Pirolli INRIA Paris-Rocquencourt Palo Alto Research Center Le Chesnay Cedex Palo Alto, CA France USA

Jian Pei Evaggelia Pitoura Simon Fraser University University of Ioannina Burnaby, BC Ioannina Canada Greece

Ronald Peikert Benjamin Piwowarski ETH Zurich University of Glasgow Zurich Glasgow Switzerland UK

Mor Peleg Vassilis Plachouras University of Haifa Yahoo! Research Haifa Barcelona Israel Spain

Fuchun Peng Catherine Plaisant Yahoo! Inc. University of Maryland Sunnyvale, CA College Park, MD USA USA

Liam Peyton Claudia Plant University of Ottawa University of Munich Ottawa, ON Munich Canada Germany B liv List of Contributors

Christian Platzer Vivien Que´ma Technical University of Vienna CNRS, INRIA Vienna Saint-Ismier Cedex Austria France

Dimitris Plexousakis Christoph Quix Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas RWTH Aachen University (FORTH) Aachen Heraklion Germany Greece Sriram Raghavan Neoklis Polyzotis IBM Almaden Research Center University of California Santa Cruz San Jose, CA Santa Cruz, CA USA USA

Raymond K. Pon Erhard Rahm University of California - Los Angeles University of Leipzig Los Angeles, CA Leipzig USA Germany

Lucian Popa Krithi Ramamritham IBM Almaden Research Center IIT Bombay San Jose, CA Mumbai USA India

Alexandra Poulovassilis Maya Ramanath University of London Max-Planck Institute for Informatics London Saarbru¨cken UK Germany

Sunil Prabhakar Georgina Ramı´rez Purdue University Yahoo! Research Barcelona West Lafayette, IN Barcelona USA Spain

Cecilia M. Procopiuc Edie Rasmussen AT&T Labs University of British Columbia Florham Park, NJ Vancouver, BC USA Canada

Enrico Puppo Indrakshi Ray University of Genova Colorado State University Genova Fort Collins, CO Italy USA

Ross S. Purves Diego Reforgiato Recupero University of Zurich University of Maryland Zurich College Park, MD Switzerland USA B List of Contributors lv

Colin R. Reeves Rami Rifaieh Coventry University University of California-San Diego Coventry San Diego, CA UK USA

Payam Refaeilzadeh Stefanie Rinderle Arizona State University University of Ulm Tempe, AZ Ulm USA Germany

Tore Risch Bernd Reiner Uppsala University Technical University of Munich Uppsala Munich Sweden Germany Thomas Rist Frederick Reiss University of Applied Sciences IBM Almaden Research Center Augsburg San Jose, CA Germany USA Stefano Rizzi Harald Reiterer University of Bologna University of Konstanz Bologna Konstanz Italy Germany Stephen Robertson Matthias Renz Microsoft Research Cambridge Ludwig Maximillian University of Munich Cambridge Munich UK Germany Roberto A. Rocha Andreas Reuter Partners Healthcare System, Inc. Boston, MA EML Research gGmbH Villa Bosch USA Heidelberg Germany John F. Roddick Technical University Kaiserslautern Flinders University Kaiserslautern Adelaide, SA Germany Australia

Peter Revesz Thomas Roelleke University of Nebraska-Lincoln Queen Mary University of London Lincoln, NE London USA UK

Mirek Riedewald Didier Roland Cornell University University of Namur Ithaca, NY Namur USA Belgium B lvi List of Contributors

Oscar Romero Kenneth Salem Polytechnic University of Catalonia University of Waterloo Barcelona Waterloo, ON Spain Canada

Rafael Romero George Samaras University of Alicante University of Cyprus Alicante Nicosia Spain Cyprus

Timothy Roscoe Giuseppe Santucci ETH Zurich University of Rome Zurich Roma Switzerland Italy

Kenneth A. Ross Maria Luisa Sapino Columbia University University of Turin New York, NY Turin USA Italy

Prasan Roy Sunita Sarawagi Aster Data Systems, Inc. IIT Bombay Redwood City, CA Mumbai USA India

Yong Rui Anatol Sargin Microsoft China R&D Group University of Augsburg Redmond, WA Augsburg USA Germany

Dan Russler Kai-Uwe Sattler Oracle Health Sciences Technical University of Ilmenau Redwood Shores, CA llmenau USA Germany

Michael Rys Monica Scannapieco Microsoft Corporation University of Rome Sammamish, WA Rome USA Italy

Giovanni Maria Sacco Matthias Scha¨fer University of Torino University of Konstanz Torino Konstanz Italy Germany

Simonas Sˇaltenis Sebastian Schaffert Aalborg University Salzburg Research Aalborg Salzburg Denmark Austria B List of Contributors lvii

Ralf Schenkel Heiko Schuldt Max-Planck Institute for Informatics University of Basel Saarbru¨cken Basel Germany Switzerland

Raimondo Schettini Heidrun Schumann University of Milano-Bicocca University of Rostock Milan Rostock Italy Germany Peter Scheuermann Felix Schwagereit Northwestern University Evanston, IL University of Koblenz-Landau USA Koblenz Germany Ulrich Schiel Federal University of Campina Grande Nicole Schweikardt Campina Grande Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Brazil Frankfurt Germany Markus Schneider University of Florida Fabrizio Sebastiani Gainesville, FL The Italian National Research Council USA Pisa Italy Marc H. Scholl University of Konstanz Nicu Sebe Konstanz University of Amsterdam Germany Amsterdam The Netherlands Michel Scholl University of Trento Cedric-CNAM Trento Paris Italy France Monica Sebillo Tobias Schreck University of Salerno Darmstadt University of Technology Salerno Darmstadt Italy Germany

Michael Schreﬂ Thomas Seidl University of Linz RWTH Aachen University Linz Aachen Austria Germany

Matthias Schubert Manuel Serrano Ludwig-Maximilians-University University of Castilla – La Mancha Munich Ciudad Real Germany Spain B lviii List of Contributors

Amnon Shabo (Shvo) Dennis Shasha IBM Research Lab-Haifa New York University Haifa New York, NY Israel USA

Mehul A. Shah Carpendale Sheelagh HP Labs University of Calgary Palo Alto, CA Calgary, AB USA Canada

Nigam Shah Shashi Shekhar Stanford University University of Minnesota Stanford, CA Minneapolis, MN USA USA

Cyrus Shahabi Dou Shen University of Southern California Microsoft Corporation Los Angeles, CA Redmond, WA USA USA

Jayavel Shanmugasundaram Heng Tao Shen Yahoo Research! The University of Queensland Santa Clara, CA Brisbane, QLD USA Australia

Marc Shapiro Jialie Shen INRIA Paris-Rocquencourt and LIP6 Singapore Management University Paris Singapore France Singapore

Mohamed A. Sharaf Rao Shen University of Toronto Yahoo! Toronto, ON Sunnyvale, CA Canada USA

Mehdi Sharifzadeh Xuehua Shen Google Google, Inc. Santa Monica, CA Mountain View, CA USA USA

Jayant Sharma Frank Y. Shih Oracle Corporation New Jersey Institute of Technology Nashua, NH Newark, NJ USA USA

Guy Sharon Arie Shoshani IBM Research Labs-Haifa Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Haifa Berkeley, CA Israel USA B List of Contributors lix

Pavel Shvaiko Cristina Sirangelo University of Trento University of Edinburgh Trento Edinburgh Italy UK

Wolf Siberski Yannis Sismanis University of Hannover IBM Almaden Research Center Hannover Almaden, CA Germany USA

Ronny Siebes Spiros Skiadopoulos VU University Amsterdam University of Peloponnese Amsterdam Tripoli The Netherlands Greece

Adam Silberstein Richard T. Snodgrass Yahoo! Research Silicon Valley University of Arizona Santa Clara, CA Tucson, AZ USA USA

Sonia Fernandes Silva Cees Snoek Etruria Telematica Srl University of Amsterdam Siena Amsterdam Italy The Netherlands

Fabrizio Silvestri Il-Yeol Song ISTI-CNR Drexel University Pisa Philadelphia, PA Italy USA

Alkis Simitsis Ruihua Song IBM Almaden Research Center Microsoft Research Asia San Jose, CA Beijing USA China

Simeon J. Simoff Stefano Spaccapietra University of Western Sydney EPFL Sydney, NSW Lausanne Australia Switzerland

Radu Sion Greg Speegle Stony Brook University Baylor University Stony Brook, NY Waco, TX USA USA

Mike Sips Padmini Srinivasan Stanford University The University of Iowa Stanford, CA Iowa City, IA USA USA B lx List of Contributors

Venkat Srinivasan Diane M. Strong Virginia Tech Worcester Polytechnic Institute Blacksburg, VA Worcester, MA USA USA

Divesh Srivastava Jianwen Su AT&T Labs–Research University of California-Santa Barbara Florham Park, NJ Santa Barbara, CA USA USA

Steffen Staab Kazimierz Subieta University of Koblenz-Landau Polish-Japanese Institute of Information Technology Koblenz Warsaw Germany Poland

Maarten van Steen V. S. Subrahmanian VU University University of Maryland Amsterdam College Park, MD The Netherlands USA Constantine Stephanidis Dan Suciu Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas University of Washington (FORTH) Seattle, WA Heraklion USA Greece

Robert Stevens S. Sudarshan University of Manchester Indian Institute of Technology Manchester Bombay UK India

Andreas Stoffel Torsten Suel University of Konstanz Yahoo! Research Konstanz Sunnyvale, CA Germany USA

Michael Stonebraker Jian-Tao Sun Massachusetts Institute of Technology Microsoft Research Asia Cambridge, MA Beijing USA China

Umberto Straccia Subhash Suri The Italian National Research Council University of California-Santa Barbara Pisa Santa Barbara, CA Italy USA

Martin J. Strauss Stefan Tai University of Michigan University of Karlsruhe Ann Arbor, MI Karlsruhe USA Germany B List of Contributors lxi

Kian-Lee Tan Sandeep Tata National University of Singapore IBM Almaden Research Center Singapore San Jose, CA Singapore USA

Pang-Ning Tan Nesime Tatbul Michigan State University ETH Zurich East Lansing, MI Zurich USA Switzerland

Wang-Chiew Tan Christophe Taton University of California-Santa Cruz INPG – INRIA Santa Cruz Grenoble CA, USA France

Letizia Tanca Paolo Terenziani Politecnico di Milano University University of Turin Milan Turin Italy Italy

Lei Tang Evimaria Terzi Arizona State University IBM Almaden Research Center Tempe, AZ San Jose, CA USA USA

Wei Tang Bernhard Thalheim Teradata Corporation Christian-Albrechts University Kiel El Segundo, CA Kiel USA Germany

Egemen Tanin Martin Theobald University of Melbourne Stanford University Melbourne, VIC Stanford, CA Australia USA

Val Tannen Sergios Theodoridis University of Pennsylvania University of Athens Philadelphia, PA Athens USA Greece

Abdullah Uz Tansel Yannis Theodoridis Baruch College – CUNY University of Piraeus New York, NY Piraeus USA Greece

Yufei Tao Alexander Thomasian Chinese University of Hong Kong Thomasian and Associates Hong Kong Pleasantville, NY China USA B lxii List of Contributors

Bhavani Thuraisingham Goce Trajcevski The University of Texas at Dallas Northwestern University Richardson, TX Evanston, IL USA USA

Srikanta Tirthapura Peter Triantaﬁllou Iowa State University University of Patras Ames, IA Rio Patras USA Greece

Wee Hyong Tok Silke Tribl National University of Singapore Humboldt University of Berlin Singapore Berlin Singapore Germany

David Toman Andrew Trotman University of Waterloo University of Otago Waterloo, ON Dunedin Canada New Zealand

Frank Wm. Tompa Juan Trujillo University of Waterloo University of Alicante Waterloo, ON Alicante Canada Spain

Rodney Topor Theodora Tsikrika Grifﬁth University Center for Mathematics and Computer Science Nathan, QLD Amsterdam Australia The Netherlands

Riccardo Torlone Vassilis J. Tsotras University of Rome University of California-Riverside Rome Riverside, CA Italy USA

Kristian Torp Peter A. Tucker Aalborg University Whitworth University Aalborg Spokane, WA Denmark USA

Nicola Torpei Anthony K. H. Tung University of Florence National University of Singapore Florence Singapore Italy Singapore

Nerius Tradisˇauskas Theodoros Tzouramanis Aalborg University University of the Aegean Aalborg Salmos Denmark Greece B List of Contributors lxiii

Antti Ukkonen Stijn Vansummeren Helsinki University of Technology Hasselt University and Transnational University Helsinki of Limburg Finland Diepenbeek Belgium Mollie Ullman-Cullere Harvard Medical School Vasilis Vassalos Boston, MA Athens University of Economics and Business USA Athens Greece Antony Unwin Michael Vassilakopoulos Augsburg University University of Central Greece Augsburg Lamia Germany Greece ¨ Ali Unlu¨ Panos Vassiliadis University of Augsburg University of Ioannina Augsburg Ioannina Germany Greece

Susan D. Urban Michalis Vazirgiannis Texas Tech University Athens University of Economics & Business Lubbock, TX Athens USA Greece

Jaideep Vaidya Olga Vechtomova Rutgers University University of Waterloo Newark, NJ Waterloo, ON USA Canada

Shivakumar Vaithyanathan Erik Vee IBM Almaden Research Center Yahoo! Research San Jose, CA Silicon Valley, CA USA USA

Athena Vakali Jari Veijalainen Aristotle University University of Jyvaskyla Thessaloniki Jyvaskyla Greece Finland

Patrick Valduriez Yannis Velegrakis INRIA and LINA University of Trento Nantes Trento France Italy

Christelle Vangenot Suresh Venkatasubramanian EPFL University of Utah Lausanne Salt Lake City, UT Switzerland USA B lxiv List of Contributors

Rossano Venturini Feng Wang University of Pisa City University of Hong Kong Pisa Hong Kong Italy China

Victor Vianu Jianyong Wang University of California-San Diego Tsinghua University La Jolla, CA Beijing USA China

K. Vidyasankar Jun Wang Memorial University of Newfoundland Queen Mary University of London St. John’s, NL London Canada UK Millist Vincent Meng Wang University of South Australia Microsoft Research Asia Adelaide, SA Beijing Australia China Giuliana Vitiello X. Sean Wang University of Salerno University of Vermont Salerno Burlington, VT Italy USA Michail Vlachos Xin-Jing Wang IBM T.J. Watson Research Center Hawthorne, NY Microsoft Research Asia USA Beijing China Agne`s Voisard Fraunhofer Institute for Software and Systems Matthew O. Ward Engineering (ISST) Worcester Polytechnic Institute Berlin Worcester, MA Germany USA

Kaladhar Voruganti Segev Wasserkrug Network Appliance IBM Research Sunnyvale, CA Haifa USA Israel

Gottfried Vossen Hans Weda University of Mu¨nster Philips Research Mu¨nster Eindhoven Germany The Netherlands

Kenichi Wada Gerhard Weikum Hitachi Limited Max-Planck Institute for Informatics Tokyo Saarbru¨cken Japan Germany B List of Contributors lxv

Michael Weiner Ian H. Witten Indiana University School of Medicine University of Waikato Indianapolis, IN Hamilton USA New Zealand

Michael Weiss Kent Wittenburg Carleton University Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc. Ottawa, ON Cambridge, MA Canada USA

Ji-Rong Wen Eric Wohlstadter Microsoft Research Asia University of British Columbia Beijing Vancouver, BC China Canada

Chunhua Weng Dietmar Wolfram Columbia University University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee New York, NY Milwaukee, WI USA USA

Mathias Weske Ouri Wolfson University of Potsdam University of Illinois at Chicago Potsdam Chicago, IL Germany USA

Thijs Westerveld Janette Wong Teezir Search Solutions IBM Canada Ltd. Ede Markham, ON The Netherlands Canada

Karl Wiggisser Raymond Chi-Wing Wong University of Klagenfurt Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Klagenfurt Hong Kong Austria China

Jef Wijsen Peter T. Wood University of Mons-Hainaut Birkbeck, University of London Mons London Belgium UK

Mark D. Wilkinson David Woodruff University of British Columbia IBM Almaden Research Center Vancouver, BC San Jose, CA Canada USA

Graham Wills Marcel Worring SPSS Inc. University of Amsterdam Chicago, IL Amsterdam USA The Netherlands B lxvi List of Contributors

Adam Wright Ming-Hsuan Yang Partners HealthCare University of California at Merced Boston, MA Merced, CA USA USA

Yuqing Wu Seungwon Yang Indiana University Bloomington, IN Virginia Tech USA Blacksburg, VA USA Alex Wun University of Toronto Yu Yang Toronto, ON City University of Hong Kong Canada Hong Kong China Ming Xiong Bell Labs Murray Hill, NJ Yun Yang USA Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, VIC Guandong Xu Australia Victoria University Melbourne, VIC Yong Yao Australia Cornell University Hua Xu Ithaca, NY USA Columbia University New York, NY USA Mikalai Yatskevich University of Trento Jun Yan Trento Microsoft Research Asia Italy Haidian China Hiroshi Yoshida Xifeng Yan Fujitsu Limited IBM T. J. Watson Research Center Yokohama Hawthorne, NY Japan USA Masatoshi Yoshikawa Jun Yang University of Kyoto Duke University Kyoto Durham, NC Japan USA

Li Yang Matthew Young-Lai Western Michigan University Sybase iAnywhere Kalamazoo, MI Waterloo, ON USA Canada B List of Contributors lxvii

Cong Yu Hugo Zaragoza Yahoo! Research Yahoo! Research New York, NY Barcelona USA Spain

Hwanjo Yu Stan Zdonik University of Iowa Brown University Iowa City, IA Providence, RI USA USA

Demetrios Zeinalipour-Yazti Jeffrey Xu Yu University of Cyprus Chinese University of Hong Kong Nicosia Hong Kong Cyprus China Hans Zeller Hewlett-Packard Laboratories Philip S. Yu Palo Alto, CA IBM T.J. Watson Research Center USA Yorktown Heights, NY USA Pavel Zezula Masaryk University Ting Yu Brno North Carolina State University Czech Republic Raleigh, NC ChengXiang Zhai USA University of lllinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL Vladimir Zadorozhny USA University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA Aidong Zhang USA State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo, NY USA Ilya Zaihrayeu University of Trento Benyu Zhang Trento Microsoft Research Asia Italy Beijing China Mohammed J. Zaki Donghui Zhang Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY Northeastern University USA Boston, MA USA

Carlo Zaniolo Ethan Zhang University of California-Los Angeles University of California-Santa Cruz and Yahoo! Inc. Los Angeles, CA Santa Cruz, CA USA USA B lxviii List of Contributors

Jin Zhang Feng Zhao University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Microsoft Research Milwaukee, WI Redmond, WA USA USA

Kun Zhang Ying Zhao Xavier University of Louisiana Tsinghua University New Orleans, LA Beijing USA China Lei Zhang Baihua Zheng Microsoft Research Asia Beijing Singapore Management University China Singapore Singapore Li Zhang Peking University Yi Zheng Beijing University of Ontario Institute of China Technology (UOIT) Oshawa, ON Qing Zhang Canada The Australian e-health Research Center Brisbane, QLD Jingren Zhou Australia Microsoft Research Rui Zhang Redmond, WA USA University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC Australia Li Zhou Partners HealthCare System Inc. and Harvard Yanchun Zhang Medical School Victoria University Boston, MA Melbourne, VIC USA Australia Zhi-Hua Zhou Yi Zhang Nanjing University University of California-Santa Cruz Nanjing Santa Cruz, CA China USA

Yue Zhang Huaiyu Zhu University of Pittsburgh IBM Almaden Research Center Pittsburgh, PA San Jose, CA USA USA

Zhen Zhang Xingquan Zhu University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Florida Atlantic University Urbana, IL Boca Ration, FL USA USA B List of Contributors lxix

Cai-Nicolas Ziegler Arthur Zimek Siemens AG Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich Munich Munich Germany Germany

Hartmut Ziegler Esteban Zima´nyi University of Konstanz Free University of Brussels Konstanz Brussels Germany Belgium