A Line in the Sayans History and Divergent Preceptions of Property

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Line in the Sayans History and Divergent Preceptions of Property This is an authorized facsimile, made from the microfilm master copy of the original dissertation or master thesis published by UML The bibliographic information for this thesis is contained in UMFs Dissertation Abstracts database, the only central source for accessing almost every doctoral dissertation accepted in North America since 1861. Dissertation UMT Services 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106-1346 USA 800.521.0600 734.761.4700 web www.il.proquest.com Printed in 2004 by digital xerographic process on acid-free paper NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI A LINE IN THE SAYANS: HISTORY AND DIVERGENT PERCEPTIONS OF PROPERTY AMONG THE TOZHU AND TOFA OF SOUTH SIBERIA Brian Robert Donahoe Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology, Indiana University December 2003 UMI Number: 3133859 Copyright 2004 by Donahoe, Brian Robert All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3133859 Copyright 2004 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ©2004 Brian Robert Donahoc ALL RIGHTS RESERVED To my mother, Rho Donahoe Lord knows you 've waited long enough! IV PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I was first introduced to the Republic of Tyva (more commonly known as Tuva) by Prof, Roman Zlotin of Indiana University's Department of Geography, who had done his dissertation research in Tyva in the early 1960s. I was particularly intrigued by its position at the ecological crossroads of the Siberian boreal forests and the Inner Asian steppes; cultural and linguistic crossroads of the Turkic and Mongolia peoples; and historical, political and administrative crossroads between Russia, Mongolia, and China. My interest was furiher kindled through communication with the organization Friends of Tuva, and its founder, Ralph Leighton. I began to read all I could find on Tyva in English. Of course, prior to the glastnost' and perestroika movements in the Soviet Union under Gorbachev, virtually no Western researchers could get into Tyva (or anyplace else in the former USSR), so there was very little English-language literature up to that time. Following that, the great majority of English-language material, both academic and journalistic, focused on one of three things: Tyva's national art, throat-singing (khoomei); the revival of shamanism in Tyva; or the nationalist-secessionist movement in Tyva in the early 1990s. Tyva is also known to stamp collectors for its curiously shaped postage stamps issued during Tyva's short-lived national independence (1921-1944). As I am not musically inclined nor a philatelist, a study of Ty van throat-singing or of postage stamps was out of the question. That left shamanism and the nationalist-secessionist movement. Hence my initial research interest was to investigate the critical juncture where, I imagined, the discourses of nationalism, shamanism, and environmentalism converge to contribute to a unique Tyvan national identity and to justify Tyva's claims to sovereignty over its natural resources. At the time, based on available materials (e.g., Alatalu 1992; Eismont 1996; McMullen 1993). I was speculating that in the wake of Chechnya's efforts to secede, Tyva appeared to be subtly positioning itself to become the next secessionist test-case to challenge Moscow in the volatile politics of the fragmenting Russian Federation. However, when I made my first trip to Tyva in .1997,1 found that neither of these issues was foremost in people's minds, and to ray understanding, both had been blown out of proportion by the handful of Western academics and journalists who had made their way to Tyva in the early 1990s. No one in Tyva talks about seceding anymore, and "shamanism" has, in my opinion, been woefully misrepresented. Western attention has focused on a highly publicized, newly institutionalized form of shamanism, represented by shamanic training institutes, certification boards, and clinics. In my experience most Tyvans emphatically reject this version of shamanism as inauthentic. and view these shamans as charlatans. The belief system that has legitimacy in the eyes of most Tyvans is for the most part tacit, an internalized worldview that incorporates a spirit world manifest in nature. This worldview permeates the consciousnesses of most Tyvans and is reflected in many subtle ways, but is in no way dependent on a shaman, hence is more accurately described as a type of animism (with appropriate caveats - see inter alia Bird- David 1999) or spiritism. Given the lack of salience of these two issues to the everyday lives of the Tyva people. 1 found myself without a topic. But several people said to me, "You know, we used to have a lot of reindeer up in the Tozhu region, but now we don't. Why don't you look into that?" And thus a dissertation topic was born. But the first task was to become proficient in the Tyvan language. Tyva has always been unique among the republics of the former in USSR in that il is one of the few places where the titular nationality has always been in the majority, and where virtually all Tyva people still speak Tyvan as their first language. In fact, many of the older reindeer herding peoples (as well as some yak herders in the west), being the most removed from urban areas and still leading nomadic or semi-nomadic iifestyles, speak Russian only as a distant second language, and are uncomfortable expressing themselves in Russian. At the time of my initial trip to Tyva, I knew no Russian. This proved to be an advantage for me - I probably would not have been able to 3eam Tyvan if I had known Russian, because everyone in the capital would have reverted to speaking Russian with me. But with a strong background in Turkic languages and my total lack of Russian, the easiest thing for me and others to do was to try to speak in Tyvan. Of course, I couldn't become fluent in a single summer, but 1 returned in 1998, and then lived in Tyva for two full years from September 1999 through September 2001.1 conducted all fieldwork in the Tyvan language, including extensive interviews and surveys. I became proficient in reading Russian, as this was necessary for archival work and to read earlier ethnographic accounts, most of which are written in Russian. Toward the end of my first year in Tyva, I was contacted by a colleague who was in the process of applying for a grant from the Volkswagen Stiftung to document endangered Tyva-reiated languages in and around Tyva. He got the grant and set up the Altai-Sayan Language and Ethnography Project (ASLEP). This allowed me to stay in Tyva for another year (Sept.. 2000 - Sept. 2001). While my main task within the ASLEP project was to document the Tozhu dialect of the Tyva language via video and audio vii recording, as well as to assess people's attitudes toward their language and its decline, I was also able to go up to an area informally known as Tofalaria in southwestern Irkutsk Oblast', just on the other side of the border between Tyva and Irkutsk Oblast'. In this remote region live the Tofa (more commonly known as Tofalar), an ethnic group very closely related ethnically, historically, linguistically, and in their traditional lifestyles to the Tozhu reindeer herders I had been working with. The short time I spent with the Tofa (two trips totaling five weeks) was very informative and particularly productive for the comparative framework it allowed me to construct. This comparative framework is the structural backbone of the entire dissertation. Needless to say, any project of this size can only be accomplished with the support and assistance of an army of people. Stateside, I would like to thank my dissertation committee, first and foremost my principal advisor and committee chair, Dr. M. Nazif Shahrani. Dr. Shahrani brought me into anthropology and made my doctoral studies possible by nominating me for a Social Science Research Council (SSRC) Fellowship, despite the fact that I had had no prior anthropological training. He was the perfect advisor for an older student such as myself - he gave me the latitude and freedom to make my own decisions (and mistakes), but stepped in where necessary with unconditional support and sage advice. In the dissertation writing process, I thank him for giving me enough rope to hang myself and then not letting me do it, and for making me make it better. I thank Dr. Emilio Moran for prompt and insightful comments on earlier drafts; Dr. Rick Wilk for forcing me to look beyond the ethnography; and Dr. Eduardo viii Brondizio for agreeing to step in at the last minute and sit on my committee. I would also like to thank Dr. Lair)-' Clark for offering a course on the structure of Tyva Turkic when there was only one student to take it. The administrative staff at Indiana University's Department of Anthropology, especially Connie Adams and Debra Wilkerson, have given me unconditional administrative, logistical, and moral support.
Recommended publications
  • Steppe Nomads in the Eurasian Trade1
    Volumen 51, N° 1, 2019. Páginas 85-93 Chungara Revista de Antropología Chilena STEPPE NOMADS IN THE EURASIAN TRADE1 NÓMADAS DE LA ESTEPA EN EL COMERCIO EURASIÁTICO Anatoly M. Khazanov2 The nomads of the Eurasian steppes, semi-deserts, and deserts played an important and multifarious role in regional, interregional transit, and long-distance trade across Eurasia. In ancient and medieval times their role far exceeded their number and economic potential. The specialized and non-autarchic character of their economy, provoked that the nomads always experienced a need for external agricultural and handicraft products. Besides, successful nomadic states and polities created demand for the international trade in high value foreign goods, and even provided supplies, especially silk, for this trade. Because of undeveloped social division of labor, however, there were no professional traders in any nomadic society. Thus, specialized foreign traders enjoyed a high prestige amongst them. It is, finally, argued that the real importance of the overland Silk Road, that currently has become a quite popular historical adventure, has been greatly exaggerated. Key words: Steppe nomads, Eurasian trade, the Silk Road, caravans. Los nómadas de las estepas, semidesiertos y desiertos euroasiáticos desempeñaron un papel importante y múltiple en el tránsito regional e interregional y en el comercio de larga distancia en Eurasia. En tiempos antiguos y medievales, su papel superó con creces su número de habitantes y su potencial económico. El carácter especializado y no autárquico de su economía provocó que los nómadas siempre experimentaran la necesidad de contar con productos externos agrícolas y artesanales. Además, exitosos Estados y comunidades nómadas crearon una demanda por el comercio internacional de bienes exóticos de alto valor, e incluso proporcionaron suministros, especialmente seda, para este comercio.
    [Show full text]
  • Preserving the Symbol of Siberia, Moving On: Sobol' and The
    EA-13 • RUSSIA • JULY 2009 ICWA Letters INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS Preserving the Symbol of Siberia, Moving On: Sobol’ and the Elena Agarkova is studying management Barguzinsky Zapovednik (Part I) of natural resources and the relationship between By Elena Agarkova Siberia’s natural riches and its people. Previously, Elena was a Legal Fellow at the LAKE BAIKAL–I started researching this news- University of Washington’s letter with a plan to write about the Barguzin- School of Law, at the sky zapovednik, a strict nature reserve on the Berman Environmental eastern shore of Baikal, the first and the old- Law Clinic. She has clerked est in the country.1 I went to Nizhneangarsk, a for Honorable Cynthia M. Rufe of the federal district small township at the north shore of the lake, court in Philadelphia, and where the zapovednik’s head office is located has practiced commercial now. I crossed the lake and hiked on the east- litigation at the New York ern side through some of the zapovednik’s ter- office of Milbank, Tweed, ritory. I talked to people who devoted their lives Hadley & McCloy LLP. Elena to preserving a truly untouched wilderness, on was born in Moscow, Rus- a shoestring budget. And along the way I found sia, and has volunteered for myself going in a slightly different direction environmental non-profits than originally planned. An additional protago- in the Lake Baikal region of Siberia. She graduated nist emerged. I became fascinated by a small, from Georgetown Universi- elusive animal that played a central role not ty Law Center in 2001, and only in the creation of Russia’s first strict nature has received a bachelor’s reserve, but in the history of Russia itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov
    SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV CHOKAN OF WORKS SELECTED SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV Pioneering Ethnographer and Historian of the Great Steppe When Chokan Valikhanov died of tuberculosis in 1865, aged only 29, the Russian academician Nikolai Veselovsky described his short life as ‘a meteor flashing across the field of oriental studies’. Set against his remarkable output of official reports, articles and research into the history, culture and ethnology of Central Asia, and more important, his Kazakh people, it remains an entirely appropriate accolade. Born in 1835 into a wealthy and powerful Kazakh clan, he was one of the first ‘people of the steppe’ to receive a Russian education and military training. Soon after graduating from Siberian Cadet Corps at Omsk, he was taking part in reconnaissance missions deep into regions of Central Asia that had seldom been visited by outsiders. His famous mission to Kashgar in Chinese Turkestan, which began in June 1858 and lasted for more than a year, saw him in disguise as a Tashkent mer- chant, risking his life to gather vital information not just on current events, but also on the ethnic make-up, geography, flora and fauna of this unknown region. Journeys to Kuldzha, to Issyk-Kol and to other remote and unmapped places quickly established his reputation, even though he al- ways remained inorodets – an outsider to the Russian establishment. Nonetheless, he was elected to membership of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and spent time in St Petersburg, where he was given a private audience by the Tsar. Wherever he went he made his mark, striking up strong and lasting friendships with the likes of the great Russian explorer and geographer Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tian-Shansky and the writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Integration of Siberian Regional Markets
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Spatial Integration of Siberian Regional Markets Gluschenko, Konstantin Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk State University 2 April 2018 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/85667/ MPRA Paper No. 85667, posted 02 Apr 2018 23:10 UTC Spatial Integration of Siberian Regional Markets Konstantin Gluschenko Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IEIE SB RAS), and Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk, Russia E-mail address: [email protected] This paper studies market integration of 13 regions constituting Siberia with one another and all other Russian regions. The law of one price serves as a criterion of market integration. The data analyzed are time series of the regional costs of a basket of basic foods (staples basket) over 2001–2015. Pairs of regional markets are divided into four groups: perfectly integrated, conditionally integrated, not integrated but tending towards integration (converging), and neither integrated nor converging. Nonlinear time series models with asymptotically decaying trends describe price convergence. Integration of Siberian regional markets is found to be fairly strong; they are integrated and converging with about 70% of country’s regions (including Siberian regions themselves). Keywords: market integration, law of one price; price convergence; nonlinear trend; Russian regions. JEL classification: C32, L81, P22, R15 Prepared for the Conference “Economy of Siberia under Global Challenges of the XXI Century” dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the IEIE SB RAS; Novosibirsk, Russia, June 18–20, 2018. 1. Introduction The national product market is considered as a system with elements being its spatial segments, regional markets.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of Land and Real Estate Transactions in the Russian Federation
    36117 V. 1 Public Disclosure Authorized Foreign Investment Advisory Service, Project is co-financed by the a joint service of the European Union International Finance Corporation in the framework of the and the World Bank Policy Advice Programme Public Disclosure Authorized SURVEY OF LAND AND REAL ESTATE TRANSACTIONS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION CROSS-REGIONAL REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized March 2006 Public Disclosure Authorized Survey of Land and Real Estate Transactions in the Russian Federation. Cross-Regional Report The project has also received financial support from the Government of Switzerland, the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (seco). Report is prepared by the Media Navigator marketing agency, www.navigator,nnov.ru Disclaimer (EU) This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of its authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. Disclaimer (FIAS) The Organizations (i.e. IBRD and IFC), through FIAS, have used their best efforts in the time available to provide high quality services hereunder and have relied on information provided to them by a wide range of other sources. However they do not make any representations or warranties regarding the completeness or accuracy of the information included this report, or the results which would be achieved by following its recommendations. 2 Survey of Land and Real Estate Transactions in the Russian Federation. Cross-Regional Report TABLE OF
    [Show full text]
  • The Vocabulary of Inanimate Nature As a Part of Turkic-Mongolian Language Commonness
    ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 6 No 6 S2 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy November 2015 The Vocabulary of Inanimate Nature as a Part of Turkic-Mongolian Language Commonness Valentin Ivanovich Rassadin Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor, Department of the Kalmyk language and Mongolian studies Director of the Mongolian and Altaistic research Scientific centre, Kalmyk State University 358000, Republic of Kalmykia, Elista, Pushkin street, 11 Doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s2p126 Abstract The article deals with the problem of commonness of Turkic and Mongolian languages in the area of vocabulary; a layer of vocabulary, reflecting the inanimate nature, is subject to thorough analysis. This thematic group studies the rubrics, devoted to landscape vocabulary, different soil types, water bodies, atmospheric phenomena, celestial sphere. The material, mainly from Khalkha-Mongolian and Old Written Mongolian languages is subject to the analysis; the data from Buryat and Kalmyk languages were also included, as they were presented in these languages. The Buryat material was mainly closer to the Khalkha-Mongolian one. For comparison, the material, mainly from the Old Turkic language, showing the presence of similar words, was included; it testified about the so-called Turkic-Mongolian lexical commonness. The analysis of inner forms of these revealed common lexemes in the majority of cases allowed determining their Turkic origin, proved by wide occurrence of these lexemes in Turkic languages and Turkologists' acknowledgement of their Turkic origin. The presence of great quantity of common vocabulary, which origin is determined as Turkic, testifies about repeated ancient contacts of Mongolian and Turkic languages, taking place in historical retrospective, resulting in hybridization of Mongolian vocabulary.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Climatic Change and Human Activity on Erosion Processes in Sub-Arid Watersheds in Southern East Siberia
    HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol. Process. 17, 3181–3193 (2003) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/hyp.1382 The influence of climatic change and human activity on erosion processes in sub-arid watersheds in southern East Siberia Leonid M. Korytny,* Olga I. Bazhenova, Galina N. Martianova and Elena A. Ilyicheva Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Ulanbatorskaya St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia Abstract: A LUCIFS model variant is presented that represents the influence of climate and land use change on fluvial systems. The study considers trends of climatic characteristics (air temperature, annual precipitation totals, rainfall erosion index, aridity and continentality coefficients) for the steppe and partially wooded steppe watersheds of the south of East Siberia (the Yenisey River macro-watershed). It also describes the influence of these characteristics on erosion processes, one indicator of which is the suspended sediment yield. Changes in the river network structure (the order of rivers, lengths, etc.) as a result of agricultural activity during the 20th century are investigated by means of analysis of maps of different dates for one of the watersheds, that of the Selenga River, the biggest tributary of Lake Baikal. The study reveals an increase of erosion process intensity in the first two-thirds of the century in the Selenga River watershed and a reduction of this intensity in the last third of the century, both in the Selenga River watershed and in most of the other watersheds of the study area. Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY WORDS LUCIFS; Yenisey watershed; fluvial system; climate change; land use change; river network structure; erosion processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping Russian Census 2002
    CENSUS ATLAS OF RUSSIA: FERTILITY An NCEEER Working Paper by Timothy Heleniak American Geographical Society National Council for Eurasian and East European Research 1828 L Street NW Suite 1200 Washington, DC 20036 [email protected] http://www.nceeer.org/ TITLE VIII PROGRAM Project Information* Principal Investigator: Timothy Heleniak NCEEER Contract Number: 828-06 Date: August 29, 2014 Copyright Information Individual researchers retain the copyright on their work products derived from research funded through a contract or grant from the National Council for Eurasian and East European Research (NCEEER). However, the NCEEER and the United States Government have the right to duplicate and disseminate, in written and electronic form, reports submitted to NCEEER to fulfill Contract or Grant Agreements either (a) for NCEEER’s own internal use, or (b) for use by the United States Government, and as follows: (1) for further dissemination to domestic, international, and foreign governments, entities and/or individuals to serve official United States Government purposes or (2) for dissemination in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act or other law or policy of the United States Government granting the public access to documents held by the United States Government. Neither NCEEER nor the United States Government nor any recipient of this Report may use it for commercial sale. * The work leading to this report was supported in part by contract or grant funds provided by the National Council for Eurasian and East European Research, funds which were made available by the U.S. Department of State under Title VIII (The Soviet-East European Research and Training Act of 1983, as amended).
    [Show full text]
  • Án Zimonyi, Medieval Nomads in Eastern Europe
    As promised, after the appearance of Crusaders, in Slavic or Balkan languages, or Russian authors Missionaries and Eurasian Nomads in the 13th ­ who confine themselves to bibliography in their 14th Centuries: A Century of Interaction, Hautala own mother tongue,” Hautala’s linguistic capabili­ did indeed publish an anthology of annotated ties enabled him to become conversant with the Russian translations of the Latin texts.10 In his in­ entire field of Mongol studies (14), for which all troduction, Spinei observes that “unlike West­Eu­ specialists in the Mongols, and indeed all me­ ropean authors who often ignore works published dievalists, should be grateful. 10 Ot “Davida, tsaria Indii” do “nenavistnogo plebsa satany”: ­ Charles J. Halperin antologiia rannikh latinskikh svedenii o tataro­mongolakh (Kazan’: Mardzhani institut AN RT, 2018). ——— István Zimonyi. Medieval Nomads in Eastern Part I, “Volga Bulgars,” the subject of Zimonyi’s Europe: Collected Studies. Ed. Victor Spinei. English­language monograph,1 contains eight arti­ Bucureşti: Editoru Academiei Romăne, Brăila: cles. In “The First Mongol Raids against the Volga­ Editura Istros a Muzueului Brăilei, 2014. 298 Bulgars” (15­23), Zimonyi confirms the report of pp. Abbreviations. ibn­Athir that the Mongols, after defeating the his anthology by the distinguished Hungarian Kipchaks and the Rus’ in 1223, were themselves de­ Tscholar of the University of Szeged István Zi­ feated by the Volga Bolgars, whose triumph lasted monyi contains twenty­eight articles, twenty­seven only until 1236, when the Mongols crushed Volga of them previously published between 1985 and Bolgar resistance. 2013. Seventeen are in English, six in Russian, four In “Volga Bulgars between Wind and Water (1220­ in German, and one in French, demonstrating his 1236)” (25­33), Zimonyi explores the pre­conquest adherence to his own maxim that without transla­ period of Bulgar­Mongol relations further.
    [Show full text]
  • Second Report Submitted by the Russian Federation Pursuant to The
    ACFC/SR/II(2005)003 SECOND REPORT SUBMITTED BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 25, PARAGRAPH 2 OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES (Received on 26 April 2005) MINISTRY OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION REPORT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROVISIONS OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES Report of the Russian Federation on the progress of the second cycle of monitoring in accordance with Article 25 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities MOSCOW, 2005 2 Table of contents PREAMBLE ..............................................................................................................................4 1. Introduction........................................................................................................................4 2. The legislation of the Russian Federation for the protection of national minorities rights5 3. Major lines of implementation of the law of the Russian Federation and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities .............................................................15 3.1. National territorial subdivisions...................................................................................15 3.2 Public associations – national cultural autonomies and national public organizations17 3.3 National minorities in the system of federal government............................................18 3.4 Development of Ethnic Communities’ National
    [Show full text]
  • Timing and Dynamics of Glaciation in the Ikh Turgen Mountains, Altai T Region, High Asia
    Quaternary Geochronology 47 (2018) 54–71 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Geochronology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quageo Timing and dynamics of glaciation in the Ikh Turgen Mountains, Altai T region, High Asia ∗ Robin Blomdina,b, , Arjen P. Stroevena,b, Jonathan M. Harbora,b,c, Natacha Gribenskia,b,d, Marc W. Caffeec,e, Jakob Heymanf, Irina Rogozhinag, Mikhail N. Ivanovh, Dmitry A. Petrakovh, Michael Waltheri, Alexei N. Rudoyj, Wei Zhangk, Alexander Orkhonselengel, Clas Hättestranda,b, Nathaniel A. Liftonc,e, Krister N. Janssona,b a Geomorphology and Glaciology, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden b Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden c Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA d Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland e Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA f Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden g MARUM, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany h Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia i Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia j Center of Excellence for Biota, Climate and Research, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia k College of Urban and Environmental Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China l Laboratory of Geochemistry and Geomorphology, School of Arts and Sciences, National
    [Show full text]
  • A Region with Special Needs the Russian Far East in Moscow’S Policy
    65 A REGION WITH SPECIAL NEEDS THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST IN MOSCOW’s pOLICY Szymon Kardaś, additional research by: Ewa Fischer NUMBER 65 WARSAW JUNE 2017 A REGION WITH SPECIAL NEEDS THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST IN MOSCOW’S POLICY Szymon Kardaś, additional research by: Ewa Fischer © Copyright by Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia / Centre for Eastern Studies CONTENT EDITOR Adam Eberhardt, Marek Menkiszak EDITOR Katarzyna Kazimierska CO-OPERATION Halina Kowalczyk, Anna Łabuszewska TRANSLATION Ilona Duchnowicz CO-OPERATION Timothy Harrell GRAPHIC DESIGN PARA-BUCH PHOTOgrAPH ON COVER Mikhail Varentsov, Shutterstock.com DTP GroupMedia MAPS Wojciech Mańkowski PUBLISHER Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, Warsaw, Poland Phone + 48 /22/ 525 80 00 Fax: + 48 /22/ 525 80 40 osw.waw.pl ISBN 978-83-65827-06-7 Contents THESES /5 INTRODUctiON /7 I. THE SPEciAL CHARActERISticS OF THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST AND THE EVOLUtiON OF THE CONCEPT FOR itS DEVELOPMENT /8 1. General characteristics of the Russian Far East /8 2. The Russian Far East: foreign trade /12 3. The evolution of the Russian Far East development concept /15 3.1. The Soviet period /15 3.2. The 1990s /16 3.3. The rule of Vladimir Putin /16 3.4. The Territories of Advanced Development /20 II. ENERGY AND TRANSPORT: ‘THE FLYWHEELS’ OF THE FAR EAST’S DEVELOPMENT /26 1. The energy sector /26 1.1. The resource potential /26 1.2. The infrastructure /30 2. Transport /33 2.1. Railroad transport /33 2.2. Maritime transport /34 2.3. Road transport /35 2.4.
    [Show full text]