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Water Management in Latin America: Political Resistance Strategies and Types of Community. Comparative Case Studies of Argentina, Brazil and Colombia

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Water Management in Latin America: Political Resistance Strategies and Types of Community. Comparative Case Studies of Argentina, Brazil and Colombia Water Management in Latin America: Political Resistance Strategies and Types of Community. Comparative Case Studies of Argentina, Brazil and Colombia CAMILLA CAPOTORTO A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Greenwich for the Degree of Master of Philosophy September 2015 DECLARATION I certify that this work has not been accepted in substance for any degree, and is not concurrently being submitted for any degree other than that of Master of Philosophy being studied at the University of Greenwich. I also declare that this work is the result of my own investigations except where otherwise identified by references and that I have not plagiarised the work of others. Camilla Capotorto London September 2015 2 Acknowledgements “The likelihood that your acts of resistance cannot stop the injustice does not exempt you from acting in what you sincerely and reflectively hold to be the best interest of your community”. Susan Sontag. “Let there be work, bread, water and salt for all”. Nelson Mandela. It would not have been possible to write this thesis without the support and help of the people who have been around me during these years. Above all, I would like to thank my family for the personal support and great patience against all odds. A special mention goes to the invaluable advice, insightful comments, hard questions and help I received from my first supervisor, Dr. Nandini Dasgupta and to the constructive critiques and support from my second supervisor, Dr. Linnell Secomb. The friendly and cheerful group of people who shared my 'Mexican experience' during a difficult moment of my life will always have a place in my heart. Also, I would like to thank my friends in the UK and Italy, particularly Barbara Dockalova for keeping her post-communist peculiarity and making me laugh; my 'tower of strength' Caterina Ricci; Silvia Poggioli for her kind, unconditional support; Aitor Rovira for the formatting of this thesis; Anna Cantelmi for her friendship and affection; Francesco Grosso for his jokes in Roman dialect and for sharing my cynicism and pessimistic views. To all the other people who are in my life surrounding me with a safety net of friendship: thank you, grazie, gracias, obrigada, shukran, merci, sagol. 3 Abstract This research investigates the causal relation between resistance to water management strategies and types of community in Latin America, and establishes whether communitarianism, communicative community or post-modern community are merely ideal-types or if they coexist in real-life communities. Most prior studies rarely address the correlation between water management approaches and the economic mainstream represented by Washington Consensus and Post-Washington Consensus which, in turn, are the driving forces of political resistance. This study examines resistance movements in this context. By examining three case studies, namely Argentina, Brazil and Colombia, this project highlights the reason why some economic models have been supported around the world, particularly in developing countries. Under the over-arching approach of a desk-based research, several analytical tools are used to undertake this multi-level study. These are: a meta-policy and policy process analysis to establish the analytical framework at global and national levels; case studies of three Latin American countries to establish more specific national policies and issues in water management; the analysis of community theories to understand different community structures and to identify the theoretical explanations of different resistance strategies used by communities; and the analysis of data on websites of organisations and social groups to understand the different strategies adopted by these communities and social movements. This research shows that different types of community and different levels of relative deprivation influence strategies, which are country-specific, and that communities are a determinant for political resistance. This may direct future research on the specifics of community responses to water management strategies. Significant findings include the fact that traits of communitarianism, communicative community and post- modern community coexist in the three countries analysed. However, they do not offer a neatly defined categorisation of real-life communities. This research contributes to the fields of community research and water policy by examining the relation between types of community and political resistance and by analysing water management strategies. 4 Contents DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Glossary ............................................................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 1 – Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 11 1.1 Research Question ............................................................................................................................. 11 1.2 Aims and Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 11 1.3 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 13 1.4. Plan of the Dissertation .................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2 - Water management strategies ..................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Water Management Strategies at the Global Level .......................................................................... 16 2.2.1. Rise and decline of local authorities in water management ............................................................. 16 2.2.2 Water Management in Developing Countries .................................................................................... 19 2.2.3 Neoliberal Policies and the Water Sector ........................................................................................... 20 2.2.4. Approaches to Water Management .................................................................................................. 25 2.3 Water Management Strategies in Latin America .............................................................................. 28 2.3.1. Colonialism, Independence and Import-Substitution Strategy ......................................................... 29 2.3.2 The Impact of Washington and Post-Washington Consensus in Latin America ................................ 31 2.3.3 IFIs Pressure for Water Privatisation and Political Resistance ........................................................... 32 2.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 3 – Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 38 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 38 3.2 Qualitative Method: Why it is Appropriate for this Study ................................................................ 38 3.2.1 Issues examined ................................................................................................................................. 40 3.3 Methods and Techniques .................................................................................................................. 40 3.3.1 Policy Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 41 3.3.2. Choice of Case Studies ....................................................................................................................... 42 3.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 45 Chapter 4 – Theories of Community and Conflict ........................................................................................... 47 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 47 4.2 Community ........................................................................................................................................ 48 5 4.2.1 Liberal Individualism ........................................................................................................................... 48 4.2.2 Communitarianism ............................................................................................................................
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