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Synergies: Persian, Urdu, and Hindi in MESALC Fall 2014 Volume 4, Issue 1 Synergies: Persian, Urdu, and Hindi in MESALC ............................................1 Notes from the Chair: MESALC: A Synergies: Local Global Village ...........................3 Persian, Urdu, and Hindi in MESALC My Summer with UVA in Jordan ......4 Mahmoud Darwish: He is Quiet and So Am I ...................................................4 My MESALC Experience ...................5 MESALC’s Newest Faculty Member .6 New MESALC Courses ......................7 New Faculty Publications ..................8 Calendar of Events .......................... 9 Our Ongoing Mehfil ........................ 10 An Ethnographic Documentary by MESALC Faculty, Ashok Rajput ..... 12 The Persian language came to India with the Turks, who th Hassan, Mahvash & Farzad Milani established the Delhi Sultanate in the 12 century. It became the language of the court. Under the Mughals, who ruled India Scholarship ...................................... 13 th beginning in the early 16 century, literature in Persian Middle East & Women’s Studies at flourished as more and more poets and scholars from Iran and UVA: A Stop on My Way Back Home Central Asia found their way to the Mughal court. Under Mughal ......................................................... 14 rule, translations from classical languages, such Sanskrit and Arabic, into Persian were undertaken on a massive scale. Multicultural Student Services in the Elaborate histories of the Mughal administration, such as the Office of the Dean of Students ........ 15 Ain-e Akbari of Abul Fazl, were written in Persian. All these activities made Persian synonymous with the Mughal state. Innovative Collaborations: When Persian speakers interacted with the languages of Synaesthesia and Inter-institutional northern India (subsumed under the umbrella term Hindi) over Collaborations ................................. 16 the next couple of centuries, a mixed language that we now know as Urdu emerged. Urdu, or its early literary version, On Leopards, Cheetahs, and Persian Rekhtah, was built on the Hindi/Indic grammar base with a Literature: An Interview with David vocabulary speckled with Persian and Sanskrit derivatives. Laylin ............................................... 18 2 | MESALC NEWSLETTER SYNERGIES continued from page 1 Three different shades of Persian The relationship between Hindi were also created: Indo-Iranian and Urdu, though troubled in the Persian, which is the Persian decades leading up to the partition written by Iranian-born writers of India, is one of mutual who lived the most part of their enrichment. lives in India, Indo-Persian, We are proud to which is the Persian written by occasionally have students in our second generation Iranians whose Department studying Persian, forefathers had settled in India, Urdu and Hindi simultaneously. I and Indian Persian, which is am currently offering an upper Persian written by Indians, who level seminar on Urdu poetry, were either Muslims or Hindus. (Urdu 7300), in which students Thus Persian, in its different can and do read the ghazals in the registers, became the most script of their choice: Nasta’liq for important literary language in Urdu, Devanagari for Hindi and India. A vast quantity of even Urdu in Roman for students literature, both in poetry and ghazal poetry in the “Indian who can understand the language prose, was produced. To style.” The themes of Sabk-i but cannot read. Ghazal poetry is facilitate the absorption of Persian Hindi poets were complex and meditative with embedded layers by the Indian elite, many major, their metaphors very intricate and of meaning couched in a language influential dictionaries of Persian abstruse. The Urdu ghazal, too, that is at once fastidious and were produced in India from the leaned towards Sabk-i Hindi sparkling. The emotions are 13th to the 19th century. Some motifs. What is remarkable is that presented in a manner that can great dictionary writers, such as some of Urdu’s greatest poets, make them individual and Tek Chand Bahar (Bahar-i Ajam) such as Mirza Asadullah Khan universal at the same time. Every and Sialkoti Mal Varasta, were Ghalib and Muhammad Iqbal, student in the class has a Hindus. were highly regarded Persian “takhallus,” or poetic name, and By the latter half of the poets too. The capability of learns to recite the ghazal in order 18th century, immigration from writing in two languages with to appreciate the aural impact of Iran and central Asia began to equal felicity is a remarkable the language. The students are wane. In the peripheral regions of accomplishment of the Indian encouraged to have favorite the Mughal Empire, it was literati. she’rs, or verses, that they Rekhtah rather than Persian that The relationship between memorize. The following she’r of represented the authority of the Persian and Urdu grew stronger as Ghalib is typical in its imagery center. Muhammad Vali, a poet Urdu was split by the British and sensibility, and offers a from western India, was the first colonizers beginning in the 19th distinctive shade of the experience to produce an entire Divan or century to create the so-called of love, which appealed to the collection of ghazals in Rekhtah. standardized form of Urdu and class. Vali’s rekhtah poetry opened the Hindi. A Persianized vocabulary MEHR FAROOQI flood gates to the writing of became the benchmark for Urdu. The heart must have burned ghazals in the rekhtah mode. The Paradoxically, as Indian Persian synergies between the Persian and declined, Persianized Urdu took when the body burned; Sanskritic indigenous literatures its place. But Urdu and Hindi had resulted in the creation of the cannot be unlinked because of What are you searching Sabk-i Hindi, or the Persian their common root: grammar. digging in those ashes? 3 | MESALC NEWSLETTER NOTES FROM THE CHAIR MESALC: A Local Global Village In his History of the In its core composition East and South Asia. University of Virginia, Philip and mission, MESALC rises to The institutional Bruce describes Thomas the challenge of educating a new experience of academic Jefferson’s vision for his wave of students who represent a disciplines suggests that the “academical village” as a truly surge of interest—and crossing of such wide-ranging international and cosmopolitan enrollment—in the languages, linguistic, intellectual, and place: “His inquisitive eyes literatures, and cultures of the regional boundaries is difficult, if looked abroad unerringly for the Middle East, North Africa, and not impossible. We take great best in the practical or intellectual South Asia, an area encompassing pride in having accomplished life of every foreign land in order some 30% of the world interdiscipinarity cross-culturally. to employ it for the betterment of population. MESALC is not While maintaining our strong his own,” writes Mr. Bruce. From united by a common geographic language programs and content the days of its founding, foreign area of expertise, one language, courses, we are designing more languages (along with or one intellectual commitment. trans-cultural, trans-national philosophy, arts, science, law, and Yet, it has a unique identity. It courses in tandem with the medicine) were part of the focuses on the deep historical ties College’s mandate for University of Virginia’s between the many and varied interdisciplinarity in a global curriculum. Remarkably, of the literatures, languages, cultures, context. original seven professors teaching politics, and religions of the And yet, what most on the first day of classes at UVa Middle East (Iraq, Iran, Israel, distinguishes the Department is in 1825, five were foreign citizens Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, its students. We consider our and two were foreign-born. Mr. Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, students our major asset. They Jefferson would be delighted with Turkey, Yemen, and the United speak out for global justice, the Department of Middle Eastern Arab Emirates), North Africa question canonical knowledge, and South Asian Languages and (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, revise methods of inquiry, and Cultures—an exemplary Sudan, and Tunisia) and South challenge conventional academic academical village at the Asia (Afghanistan, India, structures and curricula. By institution he founded. Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and refusing to remain uninvolved Sri Lanka). We teach six citizens of the global village, they languages—Arabic, Hebrew, contribute significantly to Hindi, Persian, Sanskrit, and advance the priorities of the Urdu—and have an impressive University and its founding array of expertise and father. specialization among our faculty members—Anthropology; Comparative Literature; Islamic Studies; Language Pedagogy; Literary Studies; Linguistics; History; Media Studies; Anthropology; Film Studies; MESALC Faculty Philology; and Gender Studies. We are also one of very few universities nationwide that takes FARZANEH MILANI a cross-regional approach, integrating studies of the Middle 4 | MESALC NEWSLETTER My Summer with UVA Mahmoud Darwish in Jordan He is Quiet and So Am I When I told my family my plan to study He is quiet and so am I abroad in Jordan that summer, they were He sips tea with lemon, shocked. They couldn’t believe “Play It Safe” And I drink coffee, Katharyn would choose to study Arabic 23 That is the difference between us. hours per week for two whole months… and He wears, like me, a loose, striped shirt without air-conditioning. I honestly could not And I read, like him, the evening newspapers. believe it either. However, UVA in Jordan was He does not see me as I glance stealthily, essential to my college experience. Once a “Play And I do not see him when he glances stealthily. It Safe” kind of person, I became something I He is quiet and so am I. had never thought I could be: bold. He asks the waiter something, Inside the classroom, my Arabic I ask the waiter something … improved markedly. Once too shy to speak in A black cat passes between us, Arabic, I found myself chatting with professors, I touch its black fur language partners, and complete strangers. I still He touches its black fur … made mistakes, yet with each one, my I do not say to him: the sky is clear today confidence in my abilities grew.
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