Technical Bulletin No. 1083 March 1954

/' Classification of Wheat Varieties Grown in the United States in 1949

By

B. B. BAYLES Principal Agronomist

and

J. ALLEN CLARK Senior Agronomist Field Crops Research Bran~h

United States Department of Agriculture, Washingtc'll, D. C.

For gale by the Superintendent of Documents, WaehinMlon 25, D. C. • Price 70 cent. Technical Bulletin No. 1083 March 1954

Classification of Wheat Varieties Grown in the

United States in 1949 1

By B. B. BAYLES, principal agronomist, and J. ALLEN CLARK, senior agronomist, Field Crops Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service CONTENTS

Pale Need for classification ______1 Classification of the genus Trit- Previous investigations ______2 zcum ______• 3S Foreign classifications ______2 SpeU ______37 Domestic classifications ______6 Emmer______37 Summary of previous classifica- Poulard wheaL ______37 tions ______8 Polish wheat ______40 Present investigations ______9, TimopheevL ______40 Clasl3ification nurseries ______10 Einkorn ______40 Description, history, and dis- Common wheat ______40 tribution ______12 Clubwheat ______146 Varietal nomenclature ______13 Durum wheat ______151 The wheat plant ______, 14 Literature cited ______158 Taxonomic characters ______14 Index to varieties and synonyms __ 169 Other characters ______34

NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION careful consideration by growers. The choice is partly dependent, The varieties of wheat grown in however, upon the determination the United States show a great of identity. diversity of type: This diversity is The identification of varieties natural, as wheat is produced com­ :requires some knowledge of the mercially in most of the 48 States appearance of plant and kernel under a wide range of environmen­ and is assisted by information tal conditions. More than 200 regarding history or distribution. distinct varieties are grown. Many Wheat varieties are most generally of these are adapted only locally, designated by names, which are whereas others are well aclapte9-' to established through publication and It wide range of vaTying conditions. usage. Confusion in names is fre­ Adaptation of varieties is an im­ quent in the United States, where portant factor, as it affects the the number of varieties is very yield and profitableness of the large_ This confusion occurs in crop and the standardization of two principal ways: (1) The same varieties. The choice of varieties name is applied to distinctly clif­ for specific conditions and pur­ ferent varieties in different parts of poses is therefore usually given the country, and (2) the same

1 Received for publication April 22, 1953. This bulletin is a revision of and super­ sedes'Department Bulletin 1074, Classification 'of American Wheat Varieties, Technical Bulletin 459, Classification of \Vheat Varieties Grown in the United States, and Technical Bulletin 79S, Classification of Wheat Varieties Grown in the United States in 1939. 1 2 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

variety is grown under several Theophrastus mentioned many different names in different parts of the differences between these of the country or even in the kinds of wheat. In the writings same area. Identification is diffi­ of 'larro, Pliny, and Columella, in cult in cases of similar or closely the first century B. C. and the first rela ted varieties and is confused by century A. D., the observations of the multiplicity of names. Inabil­ Theophrastus were repeated, re­ ity to identify varieties leads to arranged, and amplified. The fol­ duplication in varietal experiments lowing notes, based on the writings and the fraudulent or unknowing of Varro and others, as well as those exploitation of old varieties under of Columella, were presented in the new names. translation, in 1745, of Columella's There is need, therefore, for a book entitled "Of Husbandry" (62, practical and usable system of clas­ p.60): sification that will standardize the Triticum, common bare wheat, which varietal nomenclature and enable lIas little husk upon it, was, according growers to identify varieties with to Varro, a name given formerly to all which they ~re concerned.. The sorts of grain beaten or bruised out of purpose of this bulletin is to pro­ cars by trituration or threshing; but afterwards it was given to a peculiar vide such a classifica tion of the species of grain, of which there are many wheat varieties that are grown sorts, which take their name from the commercially in the United States places where they grow; as African, or may be so grown soon. The Pontic, Assyrian, Thracian, Egyptian, Sictlian, etc., which differ from one classification has been made by another in colour, bigness, and other using only such characters as can properties, too tedious to relate. One be distinguished by the naked eye, sort has its ears without beards, and is no instrument other than a meas­ either of winter or summer. Another sort is armed with long beards, and uring rule having been used in the grows up sometimes with one, sometimes investigations. The names of vari­ with more cars. Of these the grains arc eties have been standardized insofar of different sorts: some of them are white, as practicable in accordance with a some reddish, some round, others oblong, some large, others small. Somc sorts code of nomenclature. are early ripe, others late in ripening; some yield a great increase, some are PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS hungry, and yield little; some put forth a great ear, others a small. One sort stays long in the hose (folliculo); another FOREIGN CLASSIFICATIONS frees itself very soon out of it. Some have a small stalk or straw; others have The existence of many different a thick one, as the African. Some are varieties of wheat has been recog­ cIoathed with few coats, some with many, as the Thracian. Some grains put forth' nized for more than 2,300 years. only one stalk, some many stalks. Some Theophrastus (206, p. 167),2 a require more, some less time to bring pupil of Plato, in his Enquiry into them to maturitv. For which reason Plants, written about 300 B. C., some are called trimestrian, some bimestrian; and they say, that, in Euboea, states: there is a sort, which may be brought to There are also many kinds of wheat perfection in 40 days; but most of thcse which take their names simply from the sorts, which ripen in a short time, are places where they grow, as Libyan, light, unfruitful, and yield very little, Pontic, Thracian, Assyrian, Egyptian, tho' they are sweet and agreeable to the Sicilian. They show differences in COlor, taste and of easy digestion. size, form, and individual character, and also as regards their capacities in geneml In the early Roman literature and especially their .value as food. mentioned, reference is found to

2 Italic numbers in parentheses refer two groups of wheat; namely, to Literature Cited, p. 158. triticum and adoreum, or far. Co1- CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 3 umella . referred to the jar as species have since been included in bearded ,vheat. The grain of trit­ another genus. In the second edi­ icum was separated from the chaff tion of the Species Plantarum, in threshing, whereas that of jar pu blished in 1762 (1)35, p. J 26) he was not, indicating that the former described six species that are still consisted of true wheats, but the included in the genus Triticum: T. latter was emmer or spclt. aestivum, T. hybernum, T. turgid'um, Columella recognized three types T. polonicum, T. 8pelta, and T. of Triticum, robus (red), ,siligo mo'nococcum, the species T. poloni­ (white), and trimestrian (spring), cum having been added. Linnaeus and in addition four types of divided the common wheat into bearded wheat (spell, or emmer), two species-To aestivum, awned viz. (62, pp. 61-62): spring, and T. hybernurn, awnless winter-apparently believing that Clusznian, of a shining, bright, white colour; a bearded wheat, which is called all spring wheats were awned and venuculum. One sort of it is of a firv all winter wheats awnless. Writers red colour, and another sort of it [s who followed him usn ally have not white; * * *. The tnmestrian seed, or recognized these distinctions. that of 3 months' growth, which is called Lamarck in 1778 (127) created halicastrum * * *. the species T. sativum to include It is evident from these quota­ both the species T. ae8tivum and T. tions that many of the leauing hybernum that Linnaeus had characters of the wheat plant were adopted. Each species and sub­ recognized in this early: period. species was described according to What attention was given to studies the presence or absence of awns, of wheat during the Dark Ages no the color and covering of the one can say. With the revival of glumes, the color, size, and density learning the botanists and medical of the kernels, the solidity of the men began the publication of the stem, and several other characters. folio and royal octavo herbals, Villars in 1787 (214-) divided the many of them illustrated with common wheats into two species, woodcuts. In these, wheat species T. vulgare and T. touzelle. The were included, the forms mostly latter consisted of awnless wheat being those described by Theo­ having white kernels. phrastus, Pliny, and Varro, but Schrank in 1789 (182, pp. 387- from time to time new ones were 389) arranged the cultivated wheats added. There is little advantage in in three species. For common trying to guess what particular wheat he established the name form of common wheat each so­ "Triticum cereale" and placed T. called species represented. :More aestivum and T. hybernum under it recent botanical writers described as varieties. The second species species that can now be recognized. was T. spelta and the third T. di­ Principal among these writers was coecum Schmnk, the cultivated Tournefort (209), who in 1719 emmer. listed 14 species of Triticum. Desfontaines in [1798] (67, p. 114-) The classification of wheat prac­ established the species T. durum tically began with the work of for the group of wheats having Linnaeus in 1753. In his Species long awns and long vitreous kernels. Plantarum (134-, p. 85) he described Host in 1805 (107, v. 3) was the seven species of Triticum: T. aesti­ first to include the T. aestivum and vum, T. hybernum, T. turgidum, T. T. hybernum of Linnaeus as one 8pelta, T. monococcum, T. repens, species under the name T. vulgare. and T. caninum. The two latter Host's name T. vulgare is still com- 4 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE monly used by geneticists, agrono­ and the remaining 555 names were mists, and cereal taxonomists for considered as synonyms. . the species T. aestivum. He also Kornicke in 1873 (125) and Kor­ described and named the species T. nicke and Werner in 1885 (126) compactum to include the club prepared the most complete classi­ wheats (107, v. 4) and in addition fication of wheat yet published. recognized 10 other species of the They followed Alefcld's system of genus Triticu,m (107, v. 3, v. 4). applying Latin names to the botan­ Seringe in 1818 (187) arranged ical groups. The groups keyed by the common and club wheats to­ them included 22 of vulgare, 21 of gether into 10 groups, based on lax compactum, 26 of turgidum, 24 of or dense and awned or awnless durum, 12 of spelta, 20 of dicoccum, spikes, white ~ brownish kernels, 21 of polonicum, and 4 of monococcum. and glabrous or pubescent glumes. Named varieties included in each He listed varieties from Switzer­ botanical group were described in land, France, Germany, and; detail, and the history, synonyms, England. and source of each were given. Metzger in 1824 (141), at Heidel­ Much of this latter information had berg, followed essentially the same been published in the works of Ale­ system as Seringe, but in addition feld and Heuze. considered winter or spring habit of Harz in 1885 (94) classified and growth. The 10 groups of Seringe described a large number of wheats were further subdivided, making 18 in a manner similar to that of Kor­ groups. The kernels were described nicke and Werner. The common as white, yellow, and reddish. and club wheats were considered as a single species. . Metzger in 1841 (142) reedited Hackel in 1890 (91) classified the his classification of 1824, making genus Triticum according to a key some changes and adding more very similar to the one adopted by varieties. Kornicke and Werner. Hackel rec­ Seringe in 1841 (188) published ognized three species, sativum Lam., a revision of his previous work of monococcurn L., and polonicum L.; 1818, in which he classified and and three races of sativum, namely, partly described a large number of spelta, dicoccum, and tenax. In the varieties of wheat. latter he included vulgare, compac­ Alefeld in 1866 (7) classified the tum, turgidurn, and dUl'um as sub­ wheats into two genera and species, races. Triticum vulgare and Deina po­ Vilmorin in 1889 (215) grouped lonica. The latter contained four the wheats into 50 sections, accord­ subspecies or varieties of Polish ing to their leading characters. wheats, T. polonicum, and the for­ Each section was briefly described mer was divided into many sub­ and the synonyms were given. species and varietal groups con­ The common and club wheats were taining all other species of Triticum. considered as one species. Each of these was described in Eriksson in 1895 (74) subdivided detail. the botanical groups of Kornicke Heuze in 1872 (99) grouped, the and Werner into smaller groups, ,vheats into 7 species. He listed which he called subvarieties, based 700 varietal names of wheat, 602 chiefly on the density of the spike, of which belong to the species T. the thickness of tho kernel, and the sativum, which included both com­ length of the rachis. He also gave mon and club wheats. He de­ an excellent review of the literature scribed 47 varieties in this species, on wheat classification. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 5

Heuze in 1896 (100) published a fic~tion of 1920 to include 82 second edition of his Les Plantes varieties. Data were also pre­ Cereales, in which rather complete sented on the agpcultural char­ histories and descriptions of the acters of these varieties. varieties of wheat were included. Zhukovsky in 1928 (233) described Cobb in 1896 (57) keyed 54 vari­ a new species, T. timopheevi Zhuk., eties of wheat that he was growing· which has 14 haploid chromosomes in New South Wales, Australia, and is very resistant to several using the leading plant, spike, and diseases. kernel characters. In 1905 (60) he Newman in 1928 (149) discussed proposed to classify wheat varieties the value of characters used by by a microscopic examination of the Clark, Martin, and RaIl (48) for aleurone layer. , classifying Canadian variet.ies and Howard and Howard in 1909 reported extensive studies on the (109) classified the wheats of India effect of environment on glume largely according to the methods characters and on variability in of Kornicke and Werner and of lvlarquis seed stocks. Eriksson. They (108) also consid­ Papadakis iri 1929 (158) pub­ ered in detail the characters used lished a classification of the wheats in classification. grown in Greece. Richardson in 1913 (171) de­ Miege in 1930 (144) described the scribed many of the wheats of principal varieties of common and Australia and gave the history of durum wheat grown in Nlorocco. each variety. He did not arrange Vavilov and associates in 1931 them in a classified order. (213) published a contribution to Flaksberger in 1915 (77) pub­ the knowledge of the 28 chromo­ lished extensive treatises on the somes group of cultivated wheats. taxonomy of Russian wheat forms. Gurney in 1932 (90) published a The Union of South Africa in key and detailed descriptions for 1919 (192) published descriptions the wheat varieties grown in South and synonyms of the ,vheat vari­ Australia. eties of South Africa and also desig­ Histories and descriptions and nated the areas where the varieties colored plates of heads of the should be grown in that country. wheat varieties developed by Ducellier in 1920 (72) published Strampelli are given in the ap­ a classification and description of pendix of a report by the National the wheats of the Hoggar and oasis Institute of Genetics as Related to regions of Algeria. Only a few the Cultivation of Cereals in Rome varieties were fully described. in 1932 (200). The Institute of Science and Mc.Millan in 1933 (139) pre­ Industry, of Australia, in 1920 (12) sented a genealogical chart showing classified and described 48 of the the history of Australian wheat leading wheats of Australia in a varieties. manner similar to that used by the Vasconcelos in 1933 (212) de­ writers of this bulletin. scribed the native and other vari­ Percival in 1921 (162) described eties of wheat that have been grown and classified a large number of in Portugal for a long period. whea t varieties of the world and Varieties of the following species discussed fully the morphology of were included: vulgare, compactum, the wheat plant. turgidum, durum, and polonicum. The Institute of Science and Voss in 1933 (219) described and Industry, of Australia, ·in 1923 (13) grouped the wheat varieties of revised and extended the class i- Germany. 6 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Zhukovsky in 1933 (234) pub­ species of the genus Triticum IS lishrd a botanical classification of followed by the writers. the wheat varieties of Anatolia. Patr6n in 1940 (160) described Hudson in .1933 and 1934 (110) 35 varieties of wheat grown com­ described and classified the wheat mercially in Argentina. varipties of England. The adaptation, disease reaction, KaIt in 1934 (118) described quality, and a description of the brirfiy the wheat varieties grown in varieties of wheat grown in Chile Chile. was presented by the Ministry of Flaksberger in 1935 (78, 79) Agriculture (38) about 1941. presented the results of extensive Horovitz (106) in 1945 described studies on the origin and classifica­ the principal varieties of wheat tion of the species and varieties of grown in Argentina. wheat of the world. Jonard in 1951 (116) presented Jonard in 1936 (115) classified the results of studies on the mor­ and gave. the origin, synonomy, phological and physiological char­ and description of the common acteristics and on the diseases of \\hf'ats grown in France. wheat. He also discussed the Newman, Fraser, and Whiteside adaptation of varieties, presented in 1936 (150) classified and de­ keys for their identification, and scribed the spring wheat varieties described each variety. of Canada and gave a brief account of the origin and distribution of DOMESTIC CLASSIFICATIONS each. Their work was revised in 1939 and 1946. Harmon in 1844 (92) published Barbacki and coworkers in 1937 descriptions and histories of about . (20) classified and described the 30 varieties of wheat that he had wheats of Poland. grown in ~vfonroe County, N. Y. Wenholz and others in 1938-41 Klippart in 1858 (124) described (225), in a series of articles begin­ a large number of wheat varieties ning in the November 1, 1938, grown in Ohio and grouped them in­ issue of the Agricultural Gazette of to a partly classified order. ~f'W South Wales, gave a brief Todd in 1868 (208, p. 88) de­ history of the named varieties of scribed a number of wheat varieties, wheat grown in Australia. most of the descriptions, however, Maugini in 1939 (140) described being obtained from agricultmal the wheats of Abyssinia and Eri­ literature of the time. He sug­ trea, which included the following gested that the Government "take species: dicoccum, durum, pyra­ hold of this subject [the nomen­ midale Perc., turgidum, polonicum, clature of wheat] in a proper manner t'ulgare, and compactum. and establish a common standard Par{'ra and Palau in 1939 (159) of merit and an intelligible descrip­ olassified, described, and gave a tion of each variety * * *." brief account of the origin of the Killebrew in 1877 (123) de-' wheat varieties grown in Argentina. scribed a number of American Flaksberger and coworkers in wheats, most of which had been 1939 (80) revised and enlarged his described previously by Klippart earlier publications on the species or Todd. He grouped the varieties and varieties of wheat of the world. into two families, winter wheats and He and his associates have given spring wheats. The winter wheats more attention to a study of the were divided into six classes based species of wheat than other recent upon their kernel characters, white, workers, and his classification of the amber, and red, and upon the CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194!) 7 awned '01' awnless character. The illustra~ed by plates accompanying spring wheats, which were all re­ the arLlCle. garded as being awned, "Were plac£;d Williams in 1905 (228) listed and in three classes, with white, amber, partly described about 60 varieties or red kernels. of wheat that were under studv at Tracy in 1881 (210) listed a the Ohio Agricultural ExperirncnL number of wheat varieties grown by Station at that time. him at the Missouri Agricultural Hume, Center, and Hegnlluer in Experiment Station. The varieties 1908 (111) briefly classiiied the were partly described, showing the wheat varieties grown in experi­ "bearded" or "smooth" heads and ments in Illinois and gave the his­ the color and size of the kernels. tory and partial descriptions of He mentions several varietal names some of the Russian und American as being synonyms~ varieties. Devol in' 1887 (68) and in 1888 Scherffius and vVoosley in 1908 (69) published a.classification of the (180) published illustrations of 36 wheat varieties being grown at the varieties of wheat grown by the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Sta­ Kentucky Agricultural Experiment tion. This classification was further Station. developed by Hickman (102), who Noll in 1913 (152) presented a in 1889 divided the varieties into tabular description of varieties eight morphological groups. grown by the Pennsylvania Agricul­ tural Experiment Station. Plumb in 1889 (163) described a Leighty in 1914 (133) gave a list large number of wheat varieties, of the leading varieties of wheat chiefly American, and gave the grown in the eastern half of the histories of many of them. United States, arranging them in Blount in 1892 (22) listed 478 classified groups by kernel and spike varieties of wheat that he was charac ters. growing experimentally in New Schafer and Gaines in 1915 (178) Mexico. Histories of some of these recorded brief descriptions of the were given. principal wheat varieties of ·Wash­ Carleton in 1900 (35) summarized ington, together with their histories. the varietal information of that Nelson and Osborn in 1915 (148) time, listed about 350 varieties, gave a brief tabular description of gave their source by countries and the wheat varieties grown at the their principal characters, and Arkansas Agricultural Experiment grouped them by districts of the Station during the period from 1908 United States to which they were to 1914. best adapted. Reisller 3 in 1915 compiled much Scofield in 1902 (183) classified valuable information on the descrip­ and described a large number of . tion and history of varieties grown durum wheats grown in Algeria, in New York. many of which were introduced into Ball and Clark in 1915 (14-) pre­ the United States about 1901. He sented keys to the groups of hard also described the characters used red spring wheat and the durum in classification. In 1903 Scofield wheats grown in the United States (184-) prepared a detailed list of and described and gave the histories characters to be used in the descrip­ of the more importap.t varieties. tion of wheat varieties. He did not Carleton in 1916 (37) listed the publish the descriptions of uny 3 REISNER, J ORN H. W'REAT IN NEW varieties at that time. The applica­ YORK, 1015. (Unpublished thesis, Cornell tion of the terminology wus partly University.] 8 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE lC"ading wheat varieties of the world, 1926 (179) keyed and presented induding American varieties. They tabular descriptions of the wheat w('r£' grouped into the botanical varieties of Washington. groups used by Kornicke find Wer­ Hill in 1930 (104) presented tho ner. Ko attempt was made to dis­ resul ts of a survey showing the tinguish between the closely related percentage of the total production agricultural varieties. for the wheat varieties grown in Stanton in 191G (196) grouped a each county in Oregon in 1929. large> collection of wheat varieties Gaines and Schafer in 1931 (85) grown in experiments in :MIlI'yland presented results of a similar survey and Virginia in accordance with for vVashington, giving the per­ sam£' of the most obvious taxonomic centages of the total acreage and char acters. production for the varieties in each Jones in 1916 (11.7) presented a county in that State in 1929. bripf key to the groups of common The Northwest CI'OP Improve­ spring and durum wheats grown in ment Association of .Minneapolis, pxperiments in ·Wyoming. Minn. (H. R. Sumner, secretary), Ball and Clark in 1918 (17) pub­ issued a Dictionary of Spring Wheat lished a key to the groups and Val'ietics in the United States in vari£'ties of durum wheat grown in 1933 (154). Revisions were issued the United States. CR. D. Putnam, secretary) in 1941 Grantham in 1918 (89) listed a (155) and 1949 (156). Jarge number of varieties that wero Gaines and Schafer in 193G (86) being grown at the Delaware Agri­ presented results of a survey show­ cultural Experiment Station and ing the production of the wheat statpd whether they were boarded varieties grown in each county in OJ' smooth, the color of the grain and Washington in 1934. chaff, the height of the plant, and Reitz in 1945 (168) gave de­ the wpight of the kernels. tailed descriptions and enlarged Clark, Stephens, and Florell in drawings of the kernels of the im­ 1920 (56) gave a tabular description portant varieties of hard red wintcr of more than 150 samples of and soft red winter wheat grown Australian wheat varieties grown in in Kansas. e~periments in the Pacific coast Crawford in 1947 (63) gave the ar('a of the United States. origin, distribution in 194G, de­ Clark, Martin, and Smith in 1920 scription, and identifying character­ (50) keyed the groups of common istics and milling and baking char­ spring and durum wheat grown in acteristics of the varieties grown in exppriments in tho northern Great the Pacific Northwest. Plains area of the United States Dines in 1948 (70) studied the and gave the histories of the kernel characteristics of the hard principal varieties. red winter wheats and published ~tewart in 1920 (198) presented very accurate and useful drawings ke} s and brief descriptions of the and descriptions of each of the commercial wheat varieties grown important varieties. in Utah. Clark, Martin, and Ball in 1922 SUlUl\IARY OF PREVIOUS (48) presented detailed keys, de­ CLASSIFICATIONS scriptions, histories, distributions, and synonyms of the wheat vari­ From tho beginning of botanical eties grown commercially in the classification there was a tenden­ United States. cy to regard the different forms Schafer, Gaines, and Barbeo in of Triticum as distinct species. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 9

Toward the end of the 19th century, extent of reduction of the number there became -evident a tendency of species, these authors still main­ toward the more reasonable view tained a complete Latin nomencla­ that comparatively few species were ture for forms as far as the fifth involved and that the evident rank. They, as well as other early major groups were mostly to be investigators, were handicapped by regarded as subdivisions of the spe­ .making their studies in only OIle cies sativum of Lamarck or vulgare locality. In the present work, the of Host. ' varietal descriptions arc based on The designating of botanic spe­ the expression of euch variety un­ cies of wheat was carried to great der widely varying conditions of lengths by the botanists of 100 to environment in the United States. 300 years ago, who_did Dot recog­ 'The recent work of Flaksberger nize that the characters sufficient to and his associates (80) is an out­ separate species of wild plants were standing contribution to the classi­ sufficient to separate only agro­ fication of species and varieties of nomic and horticultural varieties wheat throughout the world. of domesticated plants. Before this fact was recognized and bot­ PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS anists very largely had ceased to deal with the forms of cultivated The present investigations were plants, s,ome 50 or 60 supposed started in 1915 4 with the object of species of wheu,t had been described. making a classification of the wheats In the works of most of the of the' world. During the first 2 botanists there was little effort to years much time was devoted to a study and describe the farm vari­ study of foreign varieties, and sev­ eties of wheat. However, Heuze, eral hundred introductions were Kornicke and Werner, Eriksson, added to the large collection of Richardson, and others describe.d foreign wheats previously obtained. many v!1rieties, and some of theIr In the third year the study was descriptions were fairly complete. devotcd largely to diverse botanical No attempt hu,d been made, how­ types obtained from hybrids or ever, to show by detailed keys and distinct types found as mixtures in by uniform descriptions the minor wheatfields in the western part of differences that separate closely re­ the United States. It was soon lated varieties. found, however, that if the stu.dies There has been wide diversity were to be of economic value they among botanists in the taxonomic must be limited to the principal use of the various morphological cultivated varieties. All available characters of the wheat plant and domestic varieties were first grown seed. Only a few authors have in classification nurseries, where given attention to the winter or they were studied, described, {Lnd spring habit of growth in 'wheat classified, and herbarium specimens varieties. Some, as Eriksson, have were prepared and preserved in a placed undue importance on dif­ classified order. Now varieties were ferences in spike density. added from time to time as soon as The classification of Kornickc they became known, and each and Werner (126) is the most ex­ year varieties studied during the tensive of the earlier studies and the first one that made a definite 4 The plan to classify wheat varieties attempt to describe and classify was evolved by Carleton R. Ball, then agronomist in charge of western w~eat foreign and domestic farm varieties. investigations, Office of Cereal Investiga­ Although conservative as to the tions, Bureau of Plant Industry 10 'rECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEP'l'. OF AGRICULTURE preceding season, together with ment Station, Bozeman, Mont. the new ones, were grown to allow Plant characters and colors develop comparison s. By this means the more distinctly at many points in cluRsification became more complete the Western States, because sum­ each year. mer rains arc rare and gl'owing con­ Clark, Ivfar tin, and Ball in 1922 ditions favorable. The nurseries (48) presented descriptions, his­ were sown in short rows, usually tories, distributions, and synonyms not exceeding 5 feet in length and a of 230 variet ies grown up to 1919. foot or 18 inches apart (fig. 1). At Clark and B ayles in 1935 (43) in­ the stations where all varieties were cluded 77 new varieties and omitted grown froln both fall and spring 68 of the 230 varieties no longer sowing, each variety was seeded in grown comm ercially in the United the spring on one end of the row States, thus m aking a total of 239 sown in the fall. varieties. A second revision in 1942 (44) included 50 new varieties ASSISTANCE RECEIVED and omitted 74 (43). Thus, a total of 215 varieties were dis­ The first important task was to cussed. The present revision in­ obtain samples of the different . clud('s 81 new varieties, and 72 of wheat varieties. This was ac­ the varieties discussed in 1942 are complished with the assistance of omitted (44) . Thus, a total of 224 many individuals and institutions. varieties arc discussed in this The classification nurseries at bulletin. the various stations usually were sown·by local representatives. They CLASSIFI CATION NURSERIES also took notes on emergence, heading, ripening, and height of the The classification nurseries were many varieties. During the sum­ grown in widely separated areas of mer the writers visited the various the United Stat es. This was neces­ points and took additional notes sary in order to determine the de­ on the characters of the varieties. velopment of varietal differences The descriptions of the varieties under many en vironments and thus were written largely in the field, provide a classification that would and from these descriptions keys b(' usuble wh er ever the varieties were designed to distinguish the happenNl to b e grown. It also different varieties. The descrip­ serv{'d to gu ard against the loss of tions were checked and rechecked c{\rtain varieties. at the various points, and the During th e years 1915- 50, some different descriptive classes were 40,000 separate sowings were made established on a basis that is be­ aL experimen t stations in all parts lieved to be broad enough to in­ of the United States. Nurseries clude the varieties wherever grown. grown from 1946 to 1950, prepara­ tory to the revision of Technical NATURE OF THE MATERIAL BuiIetin 795 (44), were sown at the Pendleton B ranch Experiment Sta­ The early studies showed the tion, Pendleton , Oreg.; Washington necessity of working with pure Agricultural E xperiment Station, types. When bulk seed was used Pullman, Wash.; Nebraska Agri­ it often consisted of mixed varieties, cultural Experiment Station, Lin­ and a wTong description might coln, Nebr.; N ew York Agricultural easily become applied to a variety. Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y.; The same variety was often repre­ and l\'fontana Agricultural Experi- sented by different lots of seed CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 11

II

FIGURE I.-WheaL-classification nursery: A, VarieLies of winLer wheal ~rown from (1) spring and (2) fall sowing; B, varieties of spring wheat grown from (1) spring and (2) fall seeding. 12 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUHE obtained from different sources. mechanical mixtures of varieties These lots were identified by dif­ grown in the locality, but most of ferent C. 1. numbers, which are these were new types. These prob­ accession numbers of the Division ably originated, for the most part, of Cereal Crops and Diseases. from natural hybrids, with possibly The varieties, however, have always an occasional mutation. :Many of been known by names rather than the types continued to segregate, by numbers. The records also thus proving their hybrid origin. SIlOW the source of t.he seed and t.he Many of them closely resembled original source of t.he variety. commercial varieties but were not After different seed lots of the identical in all characters. same variety were grown for a N early every field of wheat con­ few years, one was select.ed as the tains some plants that cannot be standard foJ' the variety. The identified. Many of these, in all descriptions here recorded, there­ probability, are the result of natural fore, should represont tho true type hybrids. of tho variety. In certain cases, however, material was limited to DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, AND samples obtained from only one DISTRIBUTION or two sources; in these cases, the judgment of the writers in selecting For each variety this bulletin the strain to represent the variety gives the description, the history may not be so accurate as in in­ so far as known, the distribution stances where more samples of the in the United States, and the same variety were available. synonymy. Some varieties here described are badly mixed in commercial fields DESCRIPTION wherever they are grown. Mention The detailed descriptions, which of this sometimes is made in the include the more important tax­ descriptions. This may account onomic characters, contain much for differences observed between more information than do the keys. a variety as commonly grown and The descriptions are intended to be its description as here recorded. sufficiently inclusive to provide a In other cases, all the characters comprehensive knowledge of the here recorded may not become different varieties. apparent in some localities, and Following the description of many this may cause some confusion. varieties is a paragraph showing The failure of stem and glump colors the chief characters that distinguish to develop in some sections is an the variety from closely related example of this. ones. .Mention is also made of Natural crossing between wheat known resistance to diseases and of plants occurs quite commonly in high- or low-baking properties or some sections of the United States. other qualities. This natural crossing has caused some difficulty in describing varie­ HISTORY ties, especially since hybridization between closely related varieties The history of the Ol'lgm of could not always be detected. varieties cannot be neglected in a Several hundred mixtures ob­ classification, as many varieties are tained from experimental plots and scarcely or not at all d.istinguish­ commercial fields were grown in able, by observable charaeLel's, from the classification nurseries for iden­ similar or closely related varieties tification. A few proved to be and differ only in their origin and CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 13 other qualities. In thi'S study much are an improvement over the old attention has been given to the standard varieties, as their use history of varieties, and to many improves the quality or increases readers it probably will be the most the efficiency of production. interesting and valuable part of the To determine the acreage and classification. The compiling, of distribu tion of the commercial va­ these histories has required a re­ rieties of wheat in the United view of the literature on wheat· States, surveys have been made at varieties written during a period of 5-year intorvals since 1919 in co­ more than 200 years. The sources operation with the Bureau of Agri­ of this information are varied. cultural Economics. The methods Introductions of foreign varieties of conducting the surveys and the have bpen recorded by the Division results have been published (45. of Plant Exploration and Introduc­ 48,49, 52-55). By moallS of these tion, Bureau of Plant Industry, surveys a record of the increase of Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. new varieties and the decrease of Frequent reference is made to the old varieties is made possible. accession numbers and published In 1919, 1924, 1929, 1934, 1939, inventories of that Division. Many 1944, and 1949, respectively, 139, bulletins of the State agricultunil 152, 190, 213, 208, 216, and 199 experiment stations eontain valu­ distinct varieties were reported. able information on the origin of In the 7 surveys 353 distinct domestic varieties. Agriculturvl varieties were reported. papers have been reviewed, and Maps are included to show the much information as to the origin acreage distribution of the more of varieties has been obtained from important varieties, the county that sourcc. There is still much acreage having been used as a to learn concerning the origin of basis. The scale used on the va­ cultivated varieties. The origin rietal maps is 1 dot for 1,000 acres. of many probably has never been A dot is shown in each county recorded; but for others, though from which a variety was reported, their origin has not been determined, even though less than 500 acres there is probably a recorded history were grown in the county. somewhere. The origin and history of the varieties that have appeared VARIETAL NOllIENCLATURE in recent years are much more complete than for the older varieties. A standardized nomenclature is important because names arc used DISTRIBUTION by agronomic workers, growers, seedsmen, and the grain trade. The The commercial distribution, pro­ form and appropriateness of these duction, and grain quality of dif­ names, therefore, are of general ferOJ1.t varieties are the economic interest. It is desirable that they factors with, which this classifica­ be short, simple, ana appropriate, tiQll is concerned. Those varieties easily spelled, and easily pro­ that are most widely grown usually nounced. It also is desirable that a are the most valuable. Vai'ieties single name be accepted and used that are more productive may be for each recognized variety. in existence, but until they become The multiplication of names and known and widely grown they are other designations for crop vari­ of little value. New varieties are eties has sometimes been carried to being produced continually. Some extremes, resulting in great con­ are of little or no value. Others fusion. Some varietal designations 14 TECHNICAL BULLETJN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUHE

are merely descriptive phrases that THE WHEAT PLANT an' often long and cumbersome. Otll('r~ are only numbers, which The different cultivated va.rieties sometImes are equally long and of wheat vary greatly in their habit; cumbersome or arc easily confused. form, and structure, but all nre Because of this condition, a code of annual grasses. The principal parts nomenclature was proposed by Ball are the roots, culms, leaves and and Clark (18) and presented to the spikes. There are two sets of r~ots­ ~imerican Society of Agronomy at the first, or seminal or seed Toots I~S annual busmess meeting on and the second, 01' coronal root~ ::Sovpmber 13, 1917. ~With a few which arise from the crown' of the minor changes, the code was stem. The culm usually is a hol­ adopted. It was also published in low, jointed cylinder comprising Department Bulletin 1074 and three to six nodes and internodes. Technical Bulletin 459. The upper internode of the culm 8ince the adoption of this code which bears the spike, is called th~ simple names have been given to peduncle. The leaves are composed most of the new American varieties. of the sheath, blade, ligule, and Examples are Brevor, Cadet, Ceres auricle. The spike is made up of Forward, lVlida, N ebred, Pawnee' the rachis and spikelets, the latter Reward, Ridit, Thatcher, and Vigo: in turn comprising the rachillas, glumes, lemmas, paleas, and the REGISTERED VARIETIES sexual organs (the three stamens and the single ovary with its style Through a cooperative agreement and stigma). Each of these parts between the Bureau of Plant In­ may show distinct characters in dustry, Soils, and Agricultural En­ different varietios. Those charac­ gineering, and the American Society ters that do not vary in different of Agronomy, the 230 varieties varieties or are not readily observed described in Department Bulletin are of little value in classification. 1074 (48) were registered (46) as The root characters, for example, standard varieties. Thirty-five ad­ cannot be conveniently used, and ditional varieties mentioned in no attention has been given to them Technical Bulletin 459 have also in this work. Other characters, been registered as standard varieties such as those of the sheaths, ligules, (42). Eighty varieties that orig­ and auricles, are not generally used inated through introduction selec­ because they show very slight dif­ tioJ}, or hybridiza~on hav~ been fercm:es in different varieties. regIstered as improved varieties The keys and descriptions used (41, 47, 51). here to identify varieties are based on characters that show constant SYNONYMY differences and are therefore of value in identifying them.

lViany varieties are known by TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS several names. The names here used for the recognized varieties Taxonomic character.,> of the are the original names or the names wheat plant as have been found in now most commonly used or are the present study to be most useful the new or simplified names, as are described in detail. The char­ provided for by the code of nomen­ acters used to dis tinguish the differ­ clature. All other names used for ent species, subspecies, and lesser the varieties here described are groups in the genus Triticum are considered synonyms. often of no higher rank than the CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 15

characters used to distinguish the varieties are of value for classifica- . cultivated varieties. tion purposes. These are the habit Because different straIns, partic­ of growth, the period of growth, ularly of the older varieties, may and the height of the/plant. differ slightly in some characters, the C. 1.5 number of the particular HABIT OF GROWTH s(,rain described is given in the All wheat varieties are here clas­ history of each variety. sified as having winter habit, inter­ In the preparation of the keys cer­ mediate habit, or spring habit of tain primary characters have been growth. In the keys to the culti­ llsed in a regular sequence. Certain vated varieties this character occu­ othe.. characters are llsed to separate pies the seventh and last major further the closely related varieties. position. For this purpose any character is Varro (in Columella, 62), writ­ used that serves to distinguish the ing before the beginning of the varieties under discussion. The Christian era, called the spring same characters are not necessarily wheats trimestrian, because they used in two successive cases, and matured in 3 months from sowing. they are not useo in any definite Linnaeus (134) treated them as order. The general principle fol­ separate species in his Species lowed in the choice of characters Plantarum, but combined the was to progress from those most awned factor with the spring habit easily observed and most often in his species aestivum and the win­ occurring to those least easily ob­ ter habit with the awnless factor in served or least often occurring. his species hybernum. Few agro­ The principle governing the se­ nomic writeTs have recognized these quence of characters is to progress forms as distinct species. The ex­ from the absence of the character, istence of winter and spring forms as I1wnlessness, to the presence of has been recognized by most authors the character, and from the smaller but recently has not been used as a size to the greater. character for separating species or The descriptions of the wheat even as an important character for varieties are arranged in a logical separating varieties. When con­ order of plant development. The sidering the United States as a major and minor characters used whole, the writers regard these dis­ in the key are included in their tinctions as less valuable for classi­ proper places in the descriptions, fication purposes than several spike as arc many minor characters not and kernel characters, although the used in the keys. winter- or spring-growth habit is a All the characters used in the very important separation in some keys and the descriptions of culti­ areas. In the southern part of the vated varieties are considered in United States, both east and west, the following paragraphs in the several varieties of spring wheat are order of their appearance in the fall-sown, and growers do not know descriptions. whether they have a spring wheat or a fall wheat. The Purplestraw PLANT CHARACTERS variety of the Southeastern States Certain plant characters that are has a spring intermediate habit, genetically different in the several although it has been grown from fall sowing in that section for more

5 C. I. refers to accession number of the than 150 years. N early all the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. varieties grown in Arizona and 260503-54--2 16 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

California are spring wheats, but produce seed, but heading in such thE'Y are fall-sown. cases is often irregular and usually Winter, intermediate, and spring occurs very late in the season. habits of growth are inherited char­ All varieties of wheat classified acters. They are the characters as spring wheats can be grown suc­ shown first in the descriptions, as cessfully from fall sowing only in they are first apparent in the growth mild climates, such as the southern of the plant. In the keys the parts of the United States and in wheats having a winter habit are the Pacific Coast States. In parts listed before those having a spring of this territory they sometimes habit, because there are more fall winterkill. ·When spring-sown their whE'ats than spring wheats and be­ early growth usually is erect. cause fall wheat is of much greater importance in this country than TIllIE OF HEADING AND RIPENING spring wheat. The relative dates on which vari­ The intermediate types retain a eties head and ripen when sown at prostrate habit of growth in most the normal time in regions where localities when sown late in the they are adapted are useful in spring, but will head normally identifying varieties. The heading when sown early. Some early date ordinarily is more useful than winter-wheat varieties also have a the ripening date. The relative short prostrate or dormant period order of maturity is indicated by and, when early spring-sown, be­ classing varieties as early, mid­ gin heading soon after intermediate season, or late. The relative time wheats have headed. There are of heading and ripening is some­ also certain varieties of wheat what dependent on time of seeding grown commercially that are mix­ and also varies somewhat in dif­ tUl"(~S with respect to growth habit. ferent areas. ]\;10re than lIsual cau­ The different classes for growth tion, therefore, must be exercised habit are not clear-cut, as there is in making usc of these characters. a more or less complete series of t~'pes from true winter to spring HEIGHT and their ,expression depends upon temperature, length of day, and The height of the plant also is date of seeding. However, for the often an important factor in wheat varieties reported in this bulletin production, because it may deter­ the differences have been carefully mine the method or ease of harvest­ determined by sowing varieties on ing and the susceptibility of vari­ one or more dates in the spring and eties to lodging. Height is meas­ observing their behavior . Varieties ured from the surface of the ground classified as winter wheats do not to the tip of the spike, not including produce seed when sown at normal the awns of awned varieties. All dates for spring seeding. Winter varieties of wheat have been placed wheats can be produced success­ in three classes-short, mid tall, and fully in the principal wheat areas tall. These are characters of minor of this country only from fall sow­ value for classification and arc used ing. When spring-sown they usu­ only for separating or distinguishing ally remain prostrate on the ground otherwise closely related varieties. throughout the growing season and Since plant height influences sus­ produce no culms or spikes. In ceptibility to lodging, several new some sections or in some years, varieties bred for resistance to winter-wheat varieties, sown very lodging have short stems. Al­ early in the spring, will head and though there waS:formerly a widely CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 17

held opinion thatJtall plants were ever, this stem color may be clearly essential for the production of high seen for a week or 10 days prior to yields in wheat, varieties with short maturity. When apparent, the stiff_ straw have been developed color differences are" very useful in recently in several sections of the distinguishing varieties. The color country that outyield the taller is usually most distinct on, the varieties. The principles govern­ . peduncle, or uppermost internode ing the grouping of varieties as supporting the spikes, but often early, midseason, and late apply continues downward to the sheaths here also. As an example, under of the lower leaves. California conditions wheats from Those varieties here described as '12 to 35 inches in height would be having white stems may have a classed as short, wheats from 24 to stem color ranging from a cream to 48 inches in height would be called a golden yellow. Few, if any, have midtall, and wheats from 35 to 50 stems that are truly white. inches high would be considered The varieties classed as having tall. In many sections of the purple stems may have a stom country these differences would ranging in color from a pale violet not be so great. In order to use to a dark purple. In some varieties the height of the plant for classifi­ this coloring may occur only in a cation, the height of certain varie­ short portion of the peduncle. It ties must be determined and used sometimes cloes not occur in the for comparison. There are also peduncle and is present only in the cases where the relative height is sheaths. Kornicke and Werner changed when the varieties are (126) used color differences in de­ grown in different sections of the scribing many of the varieties wi th country; for example, some of the which they worked. Heuze (100) club wheats Q.re usually short when pointed out two contrasting char­ grown east of the Rocky _Moun­ acters, which he called "white" tains but relatively tall when grown and "rcddish." west of these mountains. STRENGTH STEJ\l CHARACTERS l'he strength of the stem usually Three characters of the stem of is an important character. In wheat varieties are useful in classi­ many localities lodging is one of fication; namely, color, strength, the most serious problems in wheat and degree of hollowness. production, as many varieties lodge under conditions of excessive mois­ COLOR ture. All varieties here discussed are classified into three groups, All varieties of wheat are here having weak, midstrong, or strong classified as having white or purple stems, respectively. Stems classed stems. These characters are of as weak are also usually slender, with minor importance in classification, vory thin walls. Varieties with for in many localities and in some such stems have a greater tendency seasons the purple color common to to lodge, which in turn causes a large number of wheat varieties harvest losses and increases the does not become apparent. This is cost of harvesting. The successful often the case under conditions of cultivation of weak-stemmed varie­ extreme drought and also under ties usually is limited to semiarid or conditions of excessive moisture. arid regions. Under favorable conditions, how- The varieties classed as having 18 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE midstrong stems usually will' not quently break off. In this bulletin lodge under conditions where wheat very little use is made of leaf is grown extensively. In this class characters. A few varieties are arC' included the greatest number noted as having especially broad of varieties. A considerable varia­ or narrow blades. The presence or tion exists within this group, and in absence of pubescence on the leaves humid or irrigated sections varieLies is a useful character in identifying hf're described as having midstrong plants of some varieties. stf'ms might more properly be Kornicke and Werner (126) and classed as weak. In dry-farming others have described the color of sections certain of these stems the blades of both the seedlings and might more properly be classed as the partly grown plants. This strong. also was attempted in the present The varieties here described as studies, but the differences were having strong stems are those that found to be so slight and un­ will not lodge readily under exces­ depel1dable that no definite classes sively humid conditions. Only by could be established by using tho s('vere rain, by hail, or by windstorm character. Few persons can agreo can the stems of these varieties as to the various shades of. green be bent or broken down. Com­ shown by the blades of wheat, paratively few of the cultivated even when a standard color chart wheats come in this class. is used. The color varies with the condition of the pJant as HOLLOWNESS affected by the temperature, the soil moisture, and the soil solution. The stems of most varieties of The appearance of the color is wheat are solid at the nodes, but changed by the character of the the internodes are hollow. Some venation and of the blade surface. varieties of durum and poulard The plants appear to have a dif­ wheat and a very few of common ferent color in the sunlight from that wheat have stems that are solid or in the shade, and the value changes nearly so in the internodes. It has also according to the position of been found that in some cases hol­ the observer with regard to the lowness is associated with resist­ direction of the rays' of the sun. ance to the wheat stem sawfly. In general, the hard red winter wheats have dark-green blades, LEAF CHARACTERS whereas all durum varieties have , blades with a light-green color. The principal parts of the leaves The blade widths are mentioned of wheat plants are the sheath, in describing only a few varieties, blade, ligule, and auricle. None of because neaTly all varieties are these parts usually show differences very much alike in this character. that are of even minor value for The hard red winter wheats are distinguishing cultivated varieties. distinctly narrowleaved, and the The blades of wheat varieties soft varieties, like Sol and Red vary considerably in their dimen­ Russian, have wide leaf blades. sions, in the shade of green color, Winter varieties having the narrow­ and in the angle to the culm main­ est blades usually are most resistant tained during the successive periods to low temperatures. The length of growth. These differences, how­ of the blade has not shown suf­ ever, are usually apparent during ficiently constant differences for only a short period. As the plant taxonomic purposes. matures, the blades dry and fre- The terminal leaf 01' flag leaf of CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 19

some varicties of wheat is erect and rachis, parallel to its flat surface. in others it is drooping ,at various At the base of each spikelet, on the angles. These differences are great.:. apex of each rachis joint, a tuft of est just previous to the heading short hairs usually occurs. These period but frequently are not ap­ hairs may be white or brown in parent a few days .later. Chiefly color, b~t the differences are difficult because of the instability of this to distinguish, partly because the character, it is not used in this hairs frequently are discolored. classification. In some varieties Spikes differ greatly in form and like Hard Federation and White degree of compactness. Club Federation the flag leaf is curled or wheats (Triticum compactum) have twisted, whereas in most varieties been separated from common it is flat. wheats (T. vulgare) principally be­ The sheaths normally enclose cause of their distinctly compact or about the lower two-thirds of the dense spikes. culm, although' in dry seasons the In distinguishing the cultivated spike sometimes is not entirely varieties, five spike characters are exserted. The edges of the sheath used. These are awnedness, shape, overlap on the side opposite the density, position, and shattering of blade. The sheaths may be either the spikes. white or purple. During early growth they usually are quite AWNEDNESS scabrous, but they become smoother at maturity. There are some dif­ Awns are sometimes of impor­ ferences in these characters in the tance agriculturally and are usually cultivated varieties, but they are the character most readily appar­ few and minute. After a careful ent. For these reasons awnedness study the writers decided not to is given precedence over all others include any sheath characters in in preparing the keys. Some earlier the descripGions. writers, as previously stated, used The same decision was reached this character for separating so­ in regard to the minute differences called species. observed in the ligules and auricles. Varieties are separated into two The ligules usually are short, vary­ major groups .on the basis of the ing from 1 to 2 mm. long and be­ awnedness character, namely, awn­ coming lacerate as the plant ma­ less to awnleted, and awned. As a tures. Auricles always are present minor character in the key and in on wheat leaves. They are narrow the descriptions the awnless to to midwide, usually strongly curved, awnleted group is subdivided into with a few long strigose hairs on awnless, apically awnleted, and the outer margin. The auricles awnleted. The awn types are often are purple in the young stage, shown in figure 2, A. Awnless sometimes changing to white as varieties have no awnlcts or very the plant matures. short apical awnlets. Apically awn- 1eted varieties have short awnlets SPIKE CHARACTERS 1 to 15 mm. long at the apex of the spike. Awnleted varieties have The entire inflorescence on one awnlets 3 to 40 mm. long, the culm is called the spike. It is made shorter ones occurring near the base up of separate groups of flowers of the spike and the length increas­ known as "spikelets." These are ing toward the apex. The length borne singly on alternate sides of a of the awnlets and their relative zigzag, flattened, channeled, jointed number i(given. 20 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

A 1 2 4

2 8 7 B FIGURE 2.-Wheat varieties: A, Awn types- en Supreme, (2) Onas, (3) Thatcher, and (.l) Ceres; B, spike shapes- (l and 2) fusiform, (3 and 4) oblong, (5 and 6) clavate, and (7) elliptical. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 21

Awned varieties are those that spike shapes 30S tho loading charac­ . have an awn or beard that termi­ ters in separating varieties wi1hin nates the lemmas on all spikelets. the species. The shapes mentioned, These awns usually incr'ease in however, are here cpnsiclered only length from the basal part. of the as minor characters; nevertheless, spike upward, In the common they are very useful in distinguish­ wheats, awns seldom, if ever, excee:d ing varieties. 10 cm. in length. In durum and Spikes classed as fusiform taper poulard wheats, however, they usu­ toward the apex or from the middle ally range from 10 to 20 cm. toward both base and 3opCX. A majority of the varieties of common SHAPE wheat have spikes of this shape. Spikes differ greatly in shape, Spikes described as oblong are length, and width. They may be usually uniform in width and thick­ flattened parallel or at right angles ness tlu'oughout the length of the to the plane of the face of the spike­ spike but are always several times bts. Those flattened parallel to longer than wide. this plano are widest when seen in Varieties classed as having cla­ face view and can be said to be vate spikes are clubbed, that is, dorsoventrally compressed. The distinctly larger and more dense at spikes of all varieties of common the apex. This is caused by a wheat are thus formed, except those shortening of the rachis internodes that are clubbed at the tip, in which in that pnrt of the spike, which case they are only pal·tly so. Spikes results in a chango from dorsoven­ that are flattened at right angles to tral to lateral flattening and a the plane of the face of the spikelets broadening ,of the upper part of the are narrow when seen in face view spike. and may be described as laterally Elliptical spikes are short and compressed. The club, durum, and uniformly rounded at both the base poulard wheats are separated from and apex but are flattened on the the common wheats partly on the sides. Most varieties of club wheat basis of having such spikes. have spikes of this shape. In general, spikes vary in length In the descriptions of varioties from 5 to 15 cm., but are usually 8 these designations of spike shapes to 12 cm.long. They vary in width have sometimes been modified to or thickness from 1 to 3 cm. The take into account the length and differences in length and width ara width of the spikes and the over­ not used in themselves, but are often lapping of shapes that occurs in combined with the spike shape in a. some varieties. compound descriptive word. Spikes that arc usually long are Whether dorsoventrally or later­ described as linear fusiform, linear ally compressed, whether long or oblong, or linear clavate. If spikes short, Or narrow or wide, spikes are are unusually short, that fact is classified in the keys as having the included in the description. Broad following four general shapes­ spikes may be described as broadly fusiform, oblong, clavate, and ellip­ fusiform, broadly oblong, or broadly tical. These shapes are shown in clavate; and narrow spikes as nar­ figure 2, B. For all common wheats rowly fusiform, narrowly oblong, or these shapes are determined from narrowly clavate. a face view of the spikelets and for Varieties that are nearly inter­ 3011 club, durum, 30nd poulard wheats mediate between any of the shapes from an edge view of the spikelets. arc sometimes described as oblong Heuze (100) used sever30l different fusiform 01' oblong to subclavate. 22 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

By the use of these compound de­ were fixed as lax, middense, .and scriptive terms spike shapes are dense by determining the number more accurately presented in the . of millimeters occupied by 10 inter­ description than they can be in the nodes of the rachis measured in tlie keys, where brevity is imperative. center of the spikes. By this method spikes are classed as' ·lax DENSITY when 10 internodes occupy from 50 to 75 mm., as middense when 10 The differences in shape of spikes internodes occupy from 35 t060mm., shown above are the result in part and as dense when 10 internodes of differences in density. All spikes occupy from 20 to 45 mm. A ma­ are described as of three density jority of the varieties are included classes-lax, Illiddense, and dense. in the middense class, which, ac­ These are minor differences that cording to the above measurements, are used to advantage in distin­ overlaps both the dense and lax guishing varieties. Seringe (187) classes by two-fifths of their entire separated the common wheats into range. two groups, having lax and dense POSITION spikes, respectively. Kornicke and Werner (126) described the spikes The position of the spike at ma­ of many varieties according to dif­ turity is often distinctly different fercnt degrees of density. N eer­ in different varieties. Spikes are gaard (14.6) suggested a formula for here described as erect, inclined, or use in measuring the density of the nodding. Heuze (100) used essen­ spike. Eriksson (74) subdivided tially these same distinctions in de­ the botanical groups of Kornicke scribing his varieties. and Werner on the basis of density Those varieties described as hav­ into subvarieties called laxum, den­ ing erect spikes mature with the sum, and capitatum. He measured spike in an approximately vertical the density of spikes by determin­ position. The spikes of these vari­ ing the number of spikelets in 100 eties seldom, if ever, are inclined mm. of rachis length. Heuze (100) more than 15° from the vertical at used the spike density along with maturity. Spikes of varieties that spike shape as the leading character are described as inclined usually in separating varieties. Boshna­ mature at an angle of approxi­ kian (25) described means of meas­ mately 15° to 45° from the vertical, uring density and suggested the but sometimes are nearly erect and name Triticum compacto-capitatum under some conditions will become for varieties of club wheat having slightly nodding. The majority of clavate heads. wheat varieties come within this lVIany measurements have been class. Varieties that are described made by the writers to determine as having nodding spikes usually the difference in density of the mature with the spike in a drooping spikes of the varieties here de­ position, the apex of the spike being scribed. The most definite differ­ lower than the base. Spikes of ences were found comparable at 1 such varieties sometimes are only station for 1 year, but otherwise inclined if they are not well filled these measurements were of little with grain when ripe. value. It was found necessary to SHATTERING establish density classes of rather indefinite limits. In this way al­ Glumes of different varieties vary lowance was made for the varying in the tenacity or firmness of conditions. The density classes attachment to the rachis, in the CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 23

tightness' with which they clasp the COVERING kernels, and in size in relation to Glumes of all varieties hore dis­ size of the kernels. These and cussed are described u.s glabrous or possibly other characters cause vari­ pubescent (fig. 3). Host (107. v. 4) eti~s to differ greatly in their reSIstance to shattering. The durum varieties usually do not shatter easily. Most commercial' varieties of common and club whea~ are resistant, but some varieties are su~jec.t to loss of grain by shattermg If allowed to stand in the field after they reach maturity. Such v~rieti~s are not adapted for harvestmg WIth the combine. This (:). character i~ u.sua11y mentioned only for the VarIetIes that shatter easily. o. U 6 GLUME CHARACTERS FIGURE 3.-Glume covering: a, Glabrous; b, pubescent. ex I and X 3.) The unit of the spike is the spikelet. It consists of several rloce(~ the pubescent-glumed wheats III a separate species called flowers OJ:flor~ts attached alternately Triti­ to OpposIte sIdcs of a central axis or cum villosum. Several later authors rachilla. These flowers two to five also considered pubescent wheats in number, are subtended by two as different. species. This char­ empty scales, called the glumes, the acter is used here however keel of each glume terminating in a only as a major one i~ separating tooth or beak. Each floret consists yarieties. It is given second place III the keys because of the definite of a flowering glu~e, called the lemma, and a thm two-keeled and striking contrast between ab­ glume, called the paleo. These sence and presence. This is in two glumes enclose the sexual accordance with the usage of K6r- organs. The lemma encloses the nicke and Werner (126). . back, dorsal, or outer portion of the . Glumes described as glabrous are mature kernel, and in the awned WIthout. any covering of hairs. varieties it terminates in an awn. Those described as pubescent are The lcmma itself is of little or no more or less covered with hairs of use in classification. The palea varying length. Pubescence us­ protects the inner or crease side of ually is readily apparent. The the kernel. It differs from the degree of pubescence varies in the ~emma jn having its back instead of different varieties. On some the Its face toward the rachilla or hairs are much longer and more axis of the spikelet. Like the numerous than on others. Glumes ~emma, !t ~s not used in distinguish­ of some durum varieties arc partly mg varIetIes. The outer glumes glabrous and partly pubescent but however, are much used. ' are classed as pubescent. In snch The covering and coloring of the varieties the pubescence is most glumes are major characters of the often found on the edge of the second and third place, respectively. glumes. The length and width of the glumes COLOR ~lso are used but are of only minor Differences in glume color were Importance. early recognized. Lamarck (12n 24 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE used these distinctions in classify­ is still darker than the yellowish ing varieties. Glume color is here class and may vary- in shade from used as a major character and oc­ light to dark brown and bluish cupies third position in the key brown, and in some varieties there because of the distinct differences is a reddish or mahogany tinge. that are readily apparent when the For the latter reason some taxon­ plants are mature. This is also il]_ omists have used the term "red," accord with the usage of Kornicke but in the present work the writers and Werner (126). All glumes are prefer the term "brown," as it classed as white, yellowish, brown, more accurately describes the glume or black. color of the class as a whole. Glumes classed as white may vary Thera are no commercial varieties in color from a cream or pale-straw grown in the United States having color to a dark yellow. Practi­ glumes that are entirely black. cally no glumes are without color. Within the class, however, there LENGTH are two rather distinct shades. Glume length is used as a minor Some taxonomists have classified character in the varietal descrip­ them separately as white and yel­ tions. Usually small-kerneled var­ lowish. In the present bulletin, ieties have short glumes and large­ however, both shades are placed in kerneled varieties long glumes, but the same class and described only there arc exceptions to this. The by the term "white" except in the gillmes are usually about three­ case of the durums, which are fourths the length of the lemmas, classed separately as white and although in some long-glumed va­ yellowish. In the descriptions the rieties the glumes and lemmas more glumes of some varieties of common nearly approach the same length. wheat are described as being yel­ Polish wheat (Triticum polonicum) lowish white, indicating a darker has glumes as long as or longer than glume than those described as the lemmas and is separated from white. A few varieties have white the other species principally on this or yellowish glumes with brown or distinction. The length of the black stripes or nerves, or the glume is here described as short, glumes are sometimes tinged on the midlong, or long. These length dif­ edges with brown or black. Such ferences are illustrated in figure 4. varieties are placed in the white~ glumed class and the peculiar mark­ inD's are indicated in the descrip­ ti;ns. The Blackhull variety has glumes that usually are tinged with black but sometimes are almost en­ tirely black. The Rudy variety has black stripes along the edges of the glumes. Glumas of durum varieties classed as yellowish are much darker than those of the common wheats classed as white but similar to those de­ scribed as yellowish white. This Q Q yellowish class, therefore, is quite o distinct. It may range in color from yellow to buff: FIGURE 4.-Glume length: a, Short; b, mid­ The brown-glumed class usually long; c, long. ex" 1 and X 3.) CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 25

Houze (100) and Scofield (184) SHOULDER CHARACTERS used essentially these same terms. Most varieties of -\vheat have mid­ The shoulder as here considered long glumes. A few varieties, how­ is the more or/less rounded cnd of ever, are distinct in having either the glume from the beak to the short or long glumes. Short glumes lateral margin, including the part may have lengths varying from pta referred to by Kornicke and "\Verner 10 mm. Midlong glumes may vary (126), Hackel (91), and others as from 8 to 12 mm. and long glumes side teeth. Scofield (184) applied from 11 to 15 mm. 'rhe gl,lmes of the name "shoulder" to this part of Polish wheat exceed this latter meas­ the glumes. urement and are described Il:S very Considerable variation exists in long. shoulder width and shape in dif­ ferent varieties and also in different WIDTH spikes of the same variety anct even among the glumes on a single spike. The width of glumes is used in Although variable, they are of the same manner as the length. some value in classification. All glumes are described as being narrow, midwide, or wide (fig. 5). WIDTH '['he shoulder widths often differ from the glume widths. For this reason they are described separately but on the same basis of measure­ ment and by the use of the same terms-narrow, midwide, and wide (fig. 6). D b ~

FIGURE 5.-Glume widths: a, Narrow; b, midwide; c, wide. eX 1 and X 3.) ~ These differences were pointed out W by Scofield (184). The width of t the glume is here determined across FIGURE 6.-Shoulder widths: a, Narrow; b, its center from the keel to the mid wide; c, wide. (Upper row, X 3; lower margin of the outer side. Narrow row, X 1.) glumes may vary in width from 2 to 4 mm., midwide ones from 3 to SHAPE 5 mm., and wide ones from 4 to Shoulder shapes are described in 6 IT'lll. The differences are small overlapping terms that allow for a and much overlapping of the classes considerable variation, which is occurs. Wide glumes nearly cover nearly always present in the same the lemma at the point of measure­ spike. The terms used are want­ ment, whereas narrow glumes usu­ ing, oblique, rOllnded, square, ele­ ally cover less than a third of it. vated, and apiculate (fig. 7). 26 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

A I . f'1 n CJ I WJ lJ {, o U b d e f FIGURE 7.-Shoulder shapes: a, Wanting; b, oblique; c, rounded; d, square; e, elevated; j, apiculate. (Upper row, X 3; lower row, X 1.)

BEAK CHARACTERS The average beak is only 1 mm. wide, so the variations are very The word "beak" is used here small, and general observation is for the short projection that termi­ the only' basis for describing them. nates the keel of the outer glume. Those that are wider than the In some varieties it approaches an average are called wide and those awn in appearance. Scofield (184) tha t are narrower are called narrow. first used the term "beak," previous authors having referred to it as a SHAPE tooth or point. The beaks vary in width, shape, and length. These The apex of the beak vanes characters are of considerable im­ considerably in shape. It is de­ portance in identification and are scribed as obtuse, acute, and acu­ used in the descriptions of the minate (fig. 9). Obtuse beaks ara varieties. blunt at the apex. Acute beaks WIDTH come to a point at the apex. Acu­ Beak widths are described as minate beaks are narrowly and narrow, midwide, and wide. (fig. 8). '.'

. . n (J, . ~ OJ 6 a u ~ e FIGt.:RE B.-Beak widths: a, Narrow; b, FIGURE 9.-Beak shapes: a, Obtuse; b, acute; midwide; c, wide. (Upper row, X 3; lower c, acuminate. (Upper row, X 3; lower row, X 1.) row, X 1.) CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 27 very sharply pointed. All awned vertical or appressed, whereas others spikes have acuminate beaks. are spreading. These characters are affected by drol1ght or other I.ENGTH abnormal conditions and usually Beak lengths are quite variable, are not sufficiently constant for especially in the awned varieti~s, classification purposes. The awns and are considerably influenced by of some varieties sometimes are environment. In general, conditions deciduous, dropping off at maturity. that increase or decrease the lengtb '~his occurs so rarely that it is of of the beak affect nearly all varieties httle or no use in classification. t6 a similar degree. In the awnless, The color and length of the awns, apically awnleted, and awnleted however, are factors of some im­ wheats the differences in length are portance in this classification. not great, but in many varieties COLOR they ara quite distinct. The length of the beak is measured from the In the key to the varieties of shoulder of the glume upward. durum wheat the awn color is used On most awned wheats the length as the fourtb major character. increases from the base of the spike This method was followed by to its apex. The range of difference Kornicke and Werner (126). For varies greatly with the variety. the other species and subspecies For this reason no single measure­ the awn color is used only as a ment is used in describing the minor character. All awns are lengths, but instead the average described as white or black. The maximum and minimum lengths white class Jllay include yellowish are given. None of the awnless shades, and the black class may varieties here described has beaks include shades of brown and blue. longer than 3 mm. Variations in Few varieties of common wheat beak lengths are shown in figure 10. have really black awns. LENGTH The length of the awn in awned varieties is of slight value in classi­ fication. No attempt has been made in these studies to separate these varieties into classes with respect to awn length. In all descriptions, however, the average extreme lengths are recorded in f) f) centimeters. UJ ~j 0.•. ll)h Git a ~ ~ d t r , KERNEL CHARACTERS The kernel color, length, and FIGURE lO.-Beak lengths, showing seven texture are the most constant of variations. ex 1.) all the kernel characters. These AWN CHARACTERS are used as major distinctions. The shape of the kernel is con­ Cert!lin characters of the awn are sidered of only minor importance distinct. Some of these are im­ as are certain differences of th~ portant in classification, although germ, crease, cheeks, and brush. others are not. The divergence of the awn from the vertical is Oile COLOR that is not important. The awns Kernel ?olors were early recog­ of some varieties are all nearly nized as Important charactars in 28 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U: S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

srparating varieties. ·Most varie­ kernels may appear to have dif­ tips wl:'rp observed to have either ferent shades of yellow color because white or red kernels but were of differences in texture of the ~ometimes regarded as being yellow endosperm. or brown. The kernel color was Kernels of the red class may used by Kornicke and Werner vary from light brown to the (126) and by Vilmorin (215) as darker shades of red. The varia­ one of the leading taxonomic char­ tions are due to varietal differences acters of wheat. Heuze (100) and and environment. Differences in Kornicke and Werner have in­ texture, due to varying conditions, dicQ,ted various shades of white or may cause "yellow berries," which yrllow and of red in the descriptions sometimes give the kernels a of the kernel color. Eriksson (74) mottled appearance. Some samples believed that white wheat becomes have been received for identification red and states that the color of in which kernels appeared to be grain is useless in distinguishing a partly red and partly white. This variety. ,Cobb (/)7) arranged the condition has been found to be the whpats he was growing according result of environment, as such to the color tint from lightest to kernels produce plants with only darkl'st. Howard and Howard (109, red kernels. p. 2:128) regard the wheat kernel as .Many writers have classed some being either white or red. They varieties as "amber." This usu­ state that "the particular tone of ally refers to a white kernel having colour depends partly on the con­ a translucent or vitreous endosperm. sistency of the grain." Hayes, The term "amber" is used to Bailey, Amy, and Olson (96) pro­ designate It certain subclass of pOSE'd the use of the terms "red" durum wheat in the United States and "white" in describing the official grain standards. Until re­ prf'sence and absence of a brownish­ cent years hard red kernels some­ red pigment in the bran layer. times were referred to as amber­ The use of the modification "light colored. The word "amber" also red" was suggested where the has been used as a part of a varietal degrf'e of pigmentation was less name, such as .Martin Amber,. than usual in the reel wheats. which is a soft white wheat, and Three varieties of Abyssinian wheat 1fichigan Amber, which is a soft having violet-colored kernels were red ~ wheat. Because of this am­ mentioned by Ko-rnicke and Werner biguity and because wheats usually (126). The writers have grown arc either red or white, the word plll'ple-kerneled wheats from Ethi­ "amber" is not used in this bulletin opia (Abyssinia), but they arc not in describing wheat kernels. considered in the present classification. LENGTH Kernels of all varieties are grouped into two classes, described The length of the kernel is used as white and red, and, as in the as a major character in distinguish­ glume colors, many different shades ing varieties. are present. In general, however, KOl'llicke and Werner (126), in the two classes distinctly separate their descriptions of wheal, varieties, all wheats. indicated the average length and Kernels of the white class may width of the kernels in millimeters vary from cream to yellowish, or and the average number of kernels they may be white, without pig­ in 10 grams. The kernels were ment. White or faintly pigmented described as very small, small, CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 29 large, and long. Heuze (100) de­ dividual samples more definite scribed the kernels as short, me­ limitation is possible. For this dium, or long. The size of the. purpose the term "short" is used kernels of any variety varies when for kernels ranging from 4 to 6 mill. grown in different sections or in in length, "midlong" for those rang­ different years in the same section. ing from 6 to 8 mm., and "long" From necessit.y, therefme, t.he lim­ . for thosc ranging from 8 to 10 mIn. its of the classes in which varieties are placed must. be overlapping. A TEXTUHE kernel of wheat reaches its maxi­ The tcxLure of wheat kernels is mum length several days before an important character in classifI­ ripening. The length, t.herefore, is cation. It h<.1s an economic- value, fairly constant, even when it is as most wheat is marketed in com­ considerably shrunken, and is the mercial classes, which arc fixed most valuable of the kernel dimen­ largely on a basis of texture becausa sions for taxonomic purposes. In hard whaats generally are better for making measurements only the bread making than soft wheats. normal kernels should be used. Two texture classes are used­ The kernels from the tip spikelets kernels soft to semihard and kernels on a spike and from the upper semihard to hard. Here, as with florets in the spikelet are below size, overlapping class limits were average length. found necessary. In general, all In the keys two classes are made, wheat varieties can be classed namely, kernels short to midlong readily in 'one or the other of these and kernels midlong to long. In t,vo groupings. In describing spe­ the descriptions three classes­ cific samples. and in individual de­ short, midlong, and long-some­ scription of varieties, three classes times are mentioned separately. arc used separately, as soft, semi­ 'l'hese kernel lengths are shown in hard, and hard. A soft kernel is figure 11. one that, when normally developed, has an endosperm entirely soft, mealy, or starchy. A hard kernel, when normally developed, has a corneous, horny, or vitreous endo­ sperm throughout. A semihard kernel has an endosperm that is intermediate between the other two. The species Tn'ticum durum was so named by Desfontaines (67) be­ cause of the hardness of the kernels. c Metzger (142) divided the white­ kcrnelecl wheats into two groups ]<'IGUHE ll.-Kernel lengths: a, Short; b, midlong; c, long. (Upper row, X 3; lower on the basis of texture, the starchy row, X 1.) ones being considered as y.ellow. Kornicke and Werner (126) de­ The short to midlong class in­ scribed the kernels of different vari­ cludes varieties the kernels of which eties as being entirely mealy, nearly measure within' the limits of 4 to entirely mealy, mostly mealy, partly 7.5 mm. in length. The micllong mealy, partly glassy, mostly glassy, to long class includes varieties the nearly entirely glassy, and entirely kernels of which come within the glassy. The texture of the same limits of 6.5 to 10 mm. For in- variety varied in different seasons. 30 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TIH'se authors, as well as Eriksson ~ess, opaqueness, and low gluten content (74-), Fruwirth (83), and Howard III wheats. 3. There are two types of soft grains and Howard (109, p. 232), conclude among the wheats included in these ex­ that kernel texture is useless as a periments. -varietal character and that it de­ (a) A type designated by the writer as p('nds on environment. Hayes, :'true softness" in which thc air spaces III the endosperm are diffuRe and finely Bailey, Arny, and Olson (96) sug­ scattered. This type of softness is only gest the terms corneous, sub cor­ slightly affected by environic conditions. npous, substarchy, and starchy for (b) A type commonly called "yellow describing the texture of the wheat berry," in which the air spaces within t~e end.osperm .oceur in flakelike groups kernel. The writers have concluded With qUlte dcfilllte margins. The opaque­ that because of the variability in ne"" thus arising may be confined to a texture under different environ­ small spot only or may include the entire ments one can separate varieties of endosperm. This type of softness is very wheat accurately into only two sensitiv(J of environic condition~. classes and fairly accurately into In .this bulletin soft texture three classes. Soft-kerneled vari­ refers to the condition designated eties grown under very dry condi­ above as "true softness" and must tiolls will sometimes become brittle not be confused with yellow berry. and slightly subcorneous. When True kernel texture, therefore, hard-kerneled varieties are grown cannot he determined on yellow­ under humid conditions or in soil berry kernels, Lecause they always deficient in nitrogen they some­ are soft. It usually is possible, times become starchy, semistarchy, however, to select from a sample a or mottled, the condition being few kernels that arc not wholly designated as "yellow berry," and starchy and that can be accurately the kernels are then rather soft. used for texture determinations. The difficulty of numerous in­ Roberts (172) attempted to measure vestigators in determining the ker­ hardness mechanically by deter­ nel texture has been caused by the mining the crushing strength. This failure to dissociate softness from is not entirely accurate, as the starchiness or yellow berry. Free­ shape of the kernel influences its man (82, pp. 224--225) has shown crushing strength and, in addition the nature of hardness in the wheat soft-wheat varieties grown unde; kernel. The following is quoted dry-land conditions are quite brittle from his conclusions: and difficult to crush. The particle­ size determination of Cutler and 1. The hardness of a wheat is deter­ Brinson (65) and the pearling test mined by the solidity of the grain, and this, in turn, by the nature and relative of Taylor, Bayles, and Fifield (204-) proportions of gluten and starch in the are useful in determining the texture endosperm. of kernels of varieties. Texture in 2. When the ratio of gluten to starch the present studies was determined is sufficiently high, the entire cell con­ tents are cemented together solidly as by cutting kernels not affected the grain dries out in ripening. It, there­ by yellow berry and examining the fore, takes on a hard, glassy, semi trans­ endosperm. lucent texture. In the absence of a suffi­ cient proportion of gluten to hold the cell SHAPE contents together, the shrinkage in drying does not hilly compensate for the loss of The shape of the kernel is de­ water, and air spaces appear within the scribed as ovate, elliptical, or oval cells. These open spaces render the grain (fig. 12). These terms refer only to soft and, also, since they serve as refract­ ing surfaces, make it opaque. We are, the outline of the kernel as viewed therefore, accustomed to associate soft- from the dorsal surface, mid not to CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 31

of the head, and (6) the species which produces the kernel. The kernels from the base or tip spikelets on the sp*e are shorter in proportion to Width than the others. The kernels from club wheat or from the tip spikelets of ·clavate spikes of common wheats are usually laterally compressed or "pinched." Shrunken kernels usually have an elliptical sha.pe because of being narrow. As the FIGURE 12.-Kernel shapes: a, Ovate; b, width of a kernel of wheat depends elliptical; c, oval. (Upper row, X 3; largely upon the degree of de­ lower row, X 1.) , velopment of plumpness, this char­ acter has verv little taxonomic the kernel as a whole. When egg­ value. • shaped in outline, the germ end The tip, or brush, end of nearly all being the broader, it is described as varieties is rounded, but the kernels ovate. An elliptical kernel is one of It few varieties, in which the tips the length ?f which is more t~lan are square rather than rounded, as twice the wIdth and that has sIdes seen from the dorsal view, are de­ somewhat curved and both ends scribed as truncate. Kernels of a rounded. An oval kernel is broader, few varieties have acute or pointed like the ovate, but with both ends tips, as seen in both dor~al and of nearly equal width. ~;fo~ifica­ lateral vie.ws, and such tIpS are tions of these shapes are mdlCated described as acute. by describing kernels as narrowly or The shape of the kernel as seen broadly elliptical, ovate, or oval, as in the lateral view is important in the case may be. A few varieties, only a few varieties. Many vari­ as Baart show other characteristic eties, especially durums and em­ shapes, 'which are giv.en. in the mel'S, are more or less keeled on the descriptions of these vanetlCS. dorsal surface. Normally the ker­ .Most kernels are classified as nels of wheat, in dorsoventral di~m­ ovate, but in a few varieties a eter are thickest near the base, lust considerable part of the kernels abo~e the germ. In a few varieties may have one or the other of the the kernels are strongly elevated on shapes just noted. The shape of the dorsal side of this basal portion the wheat kernel is influenced by and they are popularly known as the position in the spikelet, the "humped." That term is used in position in the spike, and the describing such kernels. When the deO'ree of plumpness. Boshnakian dorsal portion is less keeled than (26, ~ p. 205) has shown that normal the kernel is described as spikelet characters that affect the flattened. Where only the ti.p of shape of the wheat kernel are the kernel is thus flattened it is mainly- described as having a flattened tip. (1) The stiffness of the gl~mes, .(2) the The kernels of a few varieties when size and shape of the space III whlCh ~he viewed from the side have a de­ grain develops, (3) the num?~r of grallls p:r;essed dorsal surface about mid­ in the spikelet and their pOSItIOn, (4) the density of the head, (5) the pressure way between the ends. This fea­ caused by the growth of different parts ture is referred to as sway-backed. 260503-54-·3 32 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

The shape of the kernel has been usrd as a distinguishing character by only a few authors. Kornicke and Werner (126) recorded the" lrngths and widths of the kernels and referred to some as roundish or elongated. Eriksson (74) used the number of kernels in 100 mm., placed side by side, to indicate the wid th of the kernel. This charac­ t,('r is, however, of value only in comparing varieties grown under id('ntical conditions. Heuze (100) FIGURE l3.-Germ sizes: a, Small; b, mid­ sized; c, large. (Upper row, X 3; lower d('scribed the shape of kernels of row, X 1.) ('ach variety, using such terms as dongated, short, angular, com­ prrssed, ovoid, oblong, and swollen. The limits of the three size groups ~cofield (184) suggested 16 descrip­ overlap. Most kernels have a mid­ tive terms Lo be applied to the shape sized germ, so these characters are of wheat kernels. Wheat kernels not much used in distinguishing cannot be accurately described ac­ varieties. For some varieties, how­ eording to shape unless they are ever, they can be used to advantage. normally developed, that is, neither shrunken nor excessively plump. CREASE CHARACTERS GERI\I CHARACTERS The crease, or sulcus, on the ven­ The size and shape of the germ, tral side of the wheat kernel is or embryo, of the wheat kernel rather variable but is of value in have scldom been used as charac­ distinguishing a few varieties. The trr5 in classification. Aftcr exam­ chief taxonomic characters are the ining thousands of samples, the width and the depth. Shrunken "Titers have concluded that the kernels nearly always have a rela­ "ize of the germ is one of the most tively wide and deep crease, whereas constant of minor kernel characters. in extremely plump or yellow-berry There is considerable variation kernels the crease is narrow and among the individual kernels of a shallow, because the space beneath bulk sample, but typical kernels of the bran is occupied by large starch a pure variety have a characteristic l(ells and air spaces. size of germ. The germ is devel­ WIDTH oped earlier than the endosperm and consequently is of almost nor­ The width of the crease is deter­ mal size even in shrunken grain. mined by the distance between the The germ is here described as crests of the cheeks on each side of 5mall, midsized, or large (fig. 13). the crease. Creases are described A small germ is one that occupies as narrow, midwide, and wide l('ss than one-sixth of the area of (fig. 14). A narrow crease is about the dorsal surface of the kernel or two-thirds or less of the total width the area visible in dorsal view. A of the kernel in ventral view. Tho midsize germ occupies from one­ midwido crease, which is typical of sixth to one-fourth of the dorsal most varieties, is usually about area of the kernel. A large germ four-fifths of the total kernel width. occupies one-fourth or more of the A wide crease is almost the total dorsal area. width of the kernel. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 33

few varieties of common wheat have ;.>"" .. .'~~? (::::J" ~- been described as having a "pitted" \-!)" -", . crease. This is characterized by having a distinct opening near the C# center of the creuse (fig. 15, d). b The sides of the opening usually are FIGURE I4.-Crcasc widths: a, Narrow; b, wrinkled. The pitted character is midwidc; c, wide. (Upper row, X 3; lower most marked on the kernel" of the row, X 1.) Humpback (no longer grown com­ DEPTH mercially) and the Huston varieties.

The depth of the crease in. this CHEEK CllARACTERS classification has been determIned The cheeks of a kernel are the by an external examination rather ridges along each side of the crease than by a cross section of the kernpl. Oil the ventral surface of the kernel. The depth, therefore, is judged The most distinguishing character from the crest of the checks to the of the cheek is the outline of th2 position where the crcase is closed. crest in cross section. This is No measurements of the portion of rounded or angular (fig. 16). Ex- the crease below the surface of the kernel have been considered. Crease depths are described as shallow, middeep, and deep (fig. 15).

FIGURE I6.-Check shapcs: a, Rounded; b, angular. (Upper row, X 3; lower row, X 1.) QJ b tremely starchy (yellow berry) ker­ FIGURE IS.-Crease depths: a, Shallow; b, nels always have rounded cheeks, middeep; c, deep; d, pitted. (Upper whereas the cheeks of shrunken row, X 3; lower row, X 1.) kernels are always angular. It is necessary, therefore, to examine A shallow creuse has a depth of 20 normally developed kernels in order percent or less of the dorsoventral to recognize the difl'erences. All thickness of the kernel. A middeep of the durum wheats have angular crease has a depth of from 15 to 35 checks. Most of the common percent of the thiclmess of the wheats have cheeks that are more kernel, and a deep crease has a or less angular, but a few varieties, depth of 30 to 50 percent of the such as Turkey, consistently have thickness of the kernel. rounded checks. There is no sharp The depth of the creuse is of distinction between the angular taxonomic value only when the ker­ and the rounded checks. nels are normally developed and is 'a distinguishing character in only a BRUSH CHARACTERS few varieties. It is sufficiently con­ stant, however, to be of use in The brush of the kernel is the describing varieties grown under hair at the tip or the end opposite identical and normal conditions. the germ. Cobb (59) described in N early all of the durum and club detail the brush of 51 varieties of wheats have a shallow crease. A wheat grown in Australia. 34 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

SIZE hairs are less than 0.5 mm. long The size of brush refers to the in midlong brush from 0.5 to 1 mm: area that it occupies on the kernel. long, and in long brush more than I t is described as small, midsized, 1 mm. long. A few very long hairs may be present in a short brush. and large (~g. 17). A small brush All durum wheats and some vari­ eties of common wheat, such as Red Bobs, have a short brush. Both size and length of brush are very constant characters, probably the most constant kernel characters aside from color and size. In ma­ chine threshing, part of the hairs of the brush frequently are removed. (~ I~~ COLLAR tJJ The brush area of some varieties is a f here described as "collared" (fig. 17, FIGLRE 17.-Brush sizes: a, Small; b, mid­ d). Cobb (59) referred to this as sized; c, large; d, collared brush. (Upper row, X 3; lower row, X 1.) an abrupt margin. This refers to the presence of a distinct raised occupies only a part of the tip of collar: or flange of bran along the the kernel. In kernels that are margm of the brush area. This is distin?tly pointed at the tip, how­ most noticeable on shrunken ker­ ever, It may cover all of the end. nels, but is very distinct on normal A midsized brush covers the tip of kernels of a few varieties such as the kernel. N early all varie~ies of Golclcoin. ' ,,,heat come within this class. A large brush is one that extends OTHER CHARACTERS partly over the sides of the kernel, Several characters of wheat vari­ chiefly along the crease. eties of interest to growers cannot LENGTH be observed in a morphological ex­ amination. These differences often The length of brush refers to the are of great economic importance average length of hairs, which are but, are of little value in classifica­ described as short, midlong, and tion. Following the descriptions long (fig. 18). In short brush the of many of the varieties, therefore other characters of importance' s~ch as productivity, quality, re~ slstance to low temperatures and resistance to diseases and in~ects. are mentioned.

PRODUCTIVITY A comparison of yield of different varieties of wheat 1S of value onlr when the varieties are grown under ide"'?-tical. condi~ions, fl:s side by side, ~m Identical SOlI. and III one locality FIGURE IS.-Brush lengths: a, Short; b, midlong;c,long. (Upper row, X 3; lower III the same season. Under certain row, X 1.) conditions it is possible for almost CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 "35 any variety to outyield all others, heaving, winter drought, and many and consequently an expression of other factors that may cause in­ yield is of little taxonomic impor­ jury or death to the plant. In the tance. Kornicke and Werner (126) case of winter wheats, rcsista:dfe to recorded the yields of the varieties low temperatures consists of the grown at Poppelsdorf in t,he de­ ability to survive low winter tem­ scription 'of each variety. In the peratures; in the case of spring present work the writers have men­ wheats, it is the ability to resist tioned productivity or yield of only injury from spring, summer, or fall those varieties that experiments frosts. Winterkilling in the hard have shown to be distinctly high or red winter region is more commonly low in yield in certain areas. caused by low temperatures and drought, while in the more humid QUALITY soft winter wheat region of the Next to productivity, the value Eastern States it is often caused by of wheat varieties for milling and heaving as well as low temperatures for making bread, cake, pastries, without-snow cover. Following the macaroni, and other baking prod­ varietal descriptions, the writers ucts is of the greatest economic have indicated a few varieties that importance, as these are the prin­ are known to be especially winter­ cipal uses for wheat. Flour from hardy or nonhardy, but otherwise hard red winter, hard red spring, the character is not mentioned. and hard white varieties is used mostly for breadmaking. The soft RESISTANCE TO DISEASE AND INSECTS white common, club, and soft red Wheat varieties are known that common varieties are used mostly have more ·or less resistance to for the manufacture of cake, cooky, each of the many diseases of wheat pastry, biscuit, and cracker flours, and to some insects. N early all for breakfast cereal products, or varieties of wheat herein consid­ for bread when blended with high ered have been grown in nurseries protein hard wheats. Durum va­ where they were inoculated either rieties are used for macaroni and naturally or artificially with stem similar products. Varieties differ rust, leaf rust, stripe rust, bunt or greatly in their usefulness for these stinking smut, loose smut, flag various products. As with yield, smut, powdery mildew, and mosaic these differences can be accurately or were exposed to infestation by determined only by careful experi­ hessian fly or greenbugs. Immunity ments, conducted with comparably and resistance can be determined grown samples. The percentage when varieties are exposed equally of protein in grain is determined to a disease or insect under condi­ chiefly by the environment under tions favorable for its development. which it is grown, but some varie­ When a variety is known to be ties are'consistently higher or lower resistant to a disease or some races than others. The quality of the or to an insect, this fact is noted protein is determined chiefly by following the varietal descriptions. variety. Where quality differences are known to exist they are pointed CLASSIFICATION OF THE out, following the descriptions. GENUS TRITICUM

HARDINESS Wheat belongs to the grass family Gramineae (Poaceae) and to the Hardiness is the ability of the tribe Hordeae, in which the one- to plant to resist low temperature, several-flowered spikelets are sessile 36 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURJ,:

and alternate on opposite sides of nodes of a zigzag, channeled, artic­ the rachis, forming a true spike. ulate rachis; the glumes keeled,· Wheat is located in the genus rigid, three- to seveml-D(lrved, ob­ Triticum, where the solitary two­ tuse, acute or acuminate; the lem­ to several-flowered spikelets are mas keeled or rounded on the back, placed sidewise against the curved many-nerved, ending in a single channeled joints of the rachis. tooth or awn. Wheat is characterized as a mid­ The following eight divisions of tall annual grass with flat blades the genus Triticum were used by and a terminal spike. The spikelets Hackel (91, pp. 180-187) and arc solitary, one- to five-flowered, recognized by others for many sessile, arranged alternately on the years:

vulgare VilL ____ _ Common wheat. . lenax ______tucompactum ·dum L HosL_ Club wheat. POlllard wheat. sa I wum______{ durumrgt DesL- -____- - -- _ 7'riticum ___ _ Durum wheat. { dtcocwm Schrank ______Emmer. spelta L ______Spelt. polonicum L ______Polish wheat monococcu m L ______Einkorn.

In recent years the species of described since 1920 and the classi­ wheat have been classified on the fication of Flaksberger and co­ basis of chromosome numbers. Sa­ workers, 1939 (80), includes all kamura in 1918 (174) reported the those known at the present time. numbers for each of the above spe­ cies or subspecies and his counts The species recognized by Flaks­ have since beon verified by Sax berger, grouped according to chro­ (177), Kihara (119, 120, 121), mosome number, with their com­ Watkins (224), and others. mon names used in the United New species of wheat have been States, are as follows:

Diploid series Tetraploid series Hexaploid series 14 chromosomes 28 chromosomes 42 chromosomes T. spontaneuln Flaks., wild T. dicoccoides Kuru., wild T. spelta L., spelt. ·einkorn. emmer. T. monococcum L., einkorn. T. timopheevi Zhok., timo­ T. vulgare (Vili.) Host (T. pheevi. aestivum L.), common T. dicoccum Schrank, em­ wheat. mer. T. compactum Host, club T. durum Desf., durum wheat. wheat. T. sphaerococcum Perc., T. abyssinicum Steud., shot wheat. Abyssinian wheat. T. macha Dek. & Men., T. turgidum L., poulard macha. wheat. T. polonicum L., Polish wheat T. persicum (Boiss.), Aitch., & Hemsl., Per­ sian wheat. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 37

A translation of the key to the Emmer is distinguished from species of Triticum prepared by spelt by the shorter, denser spikes. Flaksberger et a1. (80) was given which are laterally compressed. by Clark and Bayles (44, pp. The pedicel of emmer/is shorter and 38-40). narrower and is usuallv attached to SPELT the base of the spikelet which it Spelt may be of either winter or bears, whereas in spelt the pedicel spring habit and awnless or awned. remains attached to the face of the It has a long, narrow, lax spike and next lower spikelet. The inner side a brittle rachis. The pedicel (in­ of the spikelet is flat instead of ternode of the rachis) is long and arched, and the kernel usually is wide, and after threshing remains darker red than that of speIt. A attached to the face of the spikelet spike, glumes, a spikelet, and kernel below the one that It bears. The of the Vernal variety of emmer arc spikelets are two-kernel cd, arched shown in figure 19, B. on the inner side, and closely ap­ In the United States only a very pressed to the rachis. The kernels, small acreage of emmer is grown, which remain enclosed in the glumes and it is used as feed for livestock. after threshing, are pale red, long, and laterally compressed, and have POULARD WHEAT an acute tip and a narrow, shallow crease. Thl3 poulard wheats may be of Spelt is grown commercially only either winter or spring habit and to a slight extent in the United usually are tall with broad leaves. States. Spikes, glumes, a spikelet, The culms are thick, usually solid, and kernel of the Red Winter but sometimes pithy. The spikes variety of spelt arc shown in figure are long and occasionally compound 19, A. or branched. The spikelets are EMMER compactly arranged on the spike, Emmer is often incorrectly called and the glumes are short and "speltz" in the United States. sharply keeled. The kernels are Emmer may be of either winter or thick, humped, and mostly hard, spring habit and usually is awned. but usually are very starchy (yellow '1'he culms often are pithy within, berry). A spike, glumes, and ker­ and the leaves usually are pubes­ nels of the Alaska variety of poulard cent. The rachis is brittle. '1'h8 wheat are shown in figure 20, A. spikes are very dense and laterally The poulards are most closely compressed, being narrow when related to the durums. The glumes viewed from the face of the spikelet and kernels usually arc shorter and and wide from the edge view. The the kernels thicker in the dorso­ pedicel (internode of rachis) is ventral diameter and are somewhat short, narrow, and pointed and softer. In many instances the remains attached to the base of the varieties of poulard and durum are spikelet which it bears. The spike­ so nearly alike that it is difficult to lets are flattened on the inner side distinguish them. and usually contain two flowers. Only a very limited acreage of The kernels, which remain enclosed poulard wheat is cultivated in the in the glumes after threshing, are United States, and the grain is of red or white, long, and slender, no commercial value except as feed with both ends acute. for stock. 38 'l'ECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U .. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTllRE

B

FIGURE 19.-A, Red Winter spell and B, Vernal emmer: Spikes and gillmes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1 \)4 \) 39

f

fA I I.

A B

J FIGUUE 20.- A. Alaska (poulard) wheat and B,. timopheevi: Spikes and glurnes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 40 'l'ECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

POLISH WHEAT usually contain only one fertile floret, for whieh reason it is called Polish wheat has a spring habit one-grained wheat. The terminal !~lll stc:ms,. and a pithy peduncle: spi~{ele.ts arc aborted. The palea I he spIke IS Mvn ed large and lax splIts mto two parts at maturity. The glunll's are papel'Y, ~ery long; The kernels that remain in the and lUl,rrow. The length of the spikelets after threshing, are pale glume ('quaIs or exceeds the length red, slender, and very much com­ of t.he lemmas. The kernel is Iona- . b pressed. The kernel crease is al­ HlH I _nurrow, sometrmes n early a m<;>st wanting. A spike, glumes, a half lIH'h long, is hard, and has a spIkelet, and kernels of einkorn are shave ~omewhat similar to that of shown in figure 21, B. a kernel of rye. A spike, glumes, . Einl~orn is not grown commer­ and kernels of th e White Polish CIally III North America and the variety of Polish wheat are shown species itself has no cco~omic Im- . in figure 21, A. portance. Poli~h wheat usually yields less than other adapted varieties. It COMMON WHEAT al 0 is of inferior value for bread or macaroni manufacture. Polish In t~e Species Plantarum, Lin­ when t is seldoIll grown in the naeus III 1753 (134) first used the United 'tates. name Triticum aestivum for a part of the common and club wheats. TUI0PHEEVI This name originally referred to the Timophccvi whea t, which was awned spring forms. It has been given priority use by botanists for only 1'(J l'cuLly dis.covel'Jd by ZllU­ the name of the species more ~.;:ovsky (233), IS of particular lll(,el'l'St. because of its resistance to commonly recognized as T. vulgare. sen'rul diseases of wbeat. It is This name was applied to the com­ mon wheats by Host in ' 1805 VNy highly resis tant to stem rust ll'af rust, stinking smut, and mild ew~ (107, v. 3) when it became apparent TIll' . cytological studies of Kihara that Linnaous' separations were not (122) have shown that it belongs to logical or correct. As the name the emmer gr oup but contains one T. vulgare is in general use among cereal agl'onomists the world over g~n,0.n~('. not prese ~lt in other species the writers give preference to that of ~ nflcum. Irt IS a la:te-maturing prmg type. f h e gram does not form, which has also been aecepted thresh free of the glumes. The by Flaksberger and associates (80). glumes t\,re densely pubescent, and Common wheat has pairs of 21 the leaV('s have hairs on both upper chromosomes and is distinguished und low('l' surface. 4 spike, spike­ from club wheat, which it most lets, and kernels of tImopheevi are closely resembles, by a spike long in proportion to its thickness. The ~hown in figure 20) B. spik~ is usually dorsally compressed and IS thus WIde when seen in face E I NKORN view of the spikclets instead of nar­ Einkorn, or ono-grained wheat row, as with those of some other di­ has no English name but is called visions. The spikelets are two- to einkorn in Gorman, and that name five-:B.ow~red, far apart, only slightly has 1)1'(:01110 fairly w ell known in overlappmg, pressed close to the .,_Jorth America. The spikes are rachis, and nearly erect. The awned, 11 arrow, slender, and 1ater­ glumes are keeled only in the upper all} compressed. The spikelets half, shorter than the lemmas, CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 41

/

I /

A B

FIGURE 21.- A, While Polish (Po1ish) wheat and B, eiokorn: Spikes and glumcs, X 1; kernels, X 3. 42 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

firm, and either glabrous or pubes­ in this respect. It is also the best cent. The lemmas are awnless known and most widely cultivated or have awns less than 10 cm. long. of all the species. The varieties The palea is as long as the lemmas are most nearly related to the club and remains entire at maturity. wheats (T. compactum.) These two The culm of the plant usually is divisions have the same chromo­ hollow, but occasionally is pithy some number and cross readily. within, and varies in strength and There are intermediate types that height. The blades of the leaves resemble both common and club are usually narrower than those of wheats. . the durum and poulard wheats. Common wheat is adapted to The kernels may be either soft or widely varying climatic conditions hard and white or red. and possesses more diverse charac­ The characteristic of common wheat of greatest economic value is ters than any of the other divisions. its well-known quality for bread­ The 204 varieties cult.ivated in the making, as common wheat excels United States are distinguished by all the other divisions of the genus the accompanying key.

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT la. Spike awnless to awnleted. 2a. Glumes glabrous. 3a. Glumes white. 4a. Kernels white (TritIcum vulgare albidum Alef.).l Kernels short to midlong. Kernels soft to semihard. 'Vinter habit. PaQe Spike fusiform to oblong ______Yorkwin ______------50 Spike oblong. Keel straight above, shoulders Greeson______52 wide. Keel incurved above, shoulders White WinteL ______- _ 52 wanting to oblique. Spike oblong to clavate ______BrevoL ______~__ 52 Spike clavate ______Wilhelmina (Holland)____ 53 Spring habit. Spike fusiform. A wnlets few ______Defiance ______53 Awnlets many, incurved ______Rink______53 Spike oblong. ' Plant early to midseason. Spike awnless. Spike fusiform to oblong ____ Idaed______53 Spike oblong______LemhL ______55 Spike apically awnleted ______Onas ______-- 55 Resistant to bunt ______Onas 4L______55 Spike awnleted ______Bunyip______57 Plant midseason. Spike awnless ______l\farfed______57 Spike apically awnleted ______Cascade______57 Plant late ______Pacific Bluestem______57 Resistant to bUIlL ______Pacific Bluestem 37 ______59 Spike clavate. Plant early to midseasoIl. Spike apically awnleted ______MajoL______59 Spike awnleted ______Oregon Zimmerman______j 59 Plant late. Stem very glaucous ______Dicklow______59 See footnote at end of key. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 43

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT-Continued la. Spike awnless to awnleted-Continued 2a. Glumes glabrous-Continued 3a. Glumes white-Continued 4a. Kernels white-Continued Kerneli"' short to midlong-Continued Kernels semihard to hard. Spring habit. Page Spike fusiform ______Florence (Quality)______60 Spike oblong. Susceptible to bunt and rust ____ White Federation ______. _ 60 Resistant to bunt and rusk _____ White Federation 38_____ 60 Kernels midlong to long. Kernels soft. Spring habit. Spike clavate ______Pilcraw______60 4b. Kernels red. (T. vulgare lutescens Alef.).l Kernels short to midlong. Kernels soft to semihard. Wiriter habit. Stem white. Spike fusiform. Plant early. Spike erect, awnlets 2 to 15 Rice ______60 mm. long. Early Premium______64 Spike nodding, lax. Awnlets few, 3 to 10 mqt. Leap ______---______64 long. Awnlets several, 5 to 25 Leapland______64 mm. long. Plant midseason. Spike erect. Awnlets several, 5 to 20 Vahart______64 mm. long. Spike inclined. Apically awnleted ______Kanqueen______64 Awnlets few, 3 to 15 mm. Vigo______66 long. Awnlets several, 5 to 30 Lofthouse______66 mm. long. Spike nodding, lax______Wabash______66 Spike oblong. Plant midseason. Spike erect to inclined. Spike lax ______Fairfield______67 Spike middense ______Clarkan______67 Spike dense. Awnlets, 3 to 10 mm. Harvest Queen______69 long. Awnlets, 5 to 15 mm. PennolL______69 long. Spike nodding. Awnlets straight, 3 to 10 Prosperity ______69 mm. long. Awnlets incurved, 5 to 15 Forward______69 mm. long. Spike clavate. Plant midseason ______Valprize______70 Plant very late______Red Russian______70 See footnote at end of key. 44 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT-Continued lao Rpike awnless to awnleted-Continued 2a. Glumes glabrous-Continued 3a. Glumes white-Continued ,lb. Kernels red-Continued Kernels short to midlong-Continued Kernels soft to semihard-Continued Winter habit-Continued Stem purple. Spike fusiform. Plant midseason. Page Shoulders narrow, rounded __ ~ured ______70 Shoulders midwide, rounding Fulhio ______70 to square. Fultz ______70 TrumbulL ______70 Ashland ______73 Spike clavate ______. ______Fultzo-Mediterrancan ___ _ 73 Intermediate habit. Stem white. Spike fusiform. AWlllets 3 to 10 mm. long ____ _ Carala ______73 A wnlets 5 to 20 mm. long. Plant early ______Redhart ______73 Plant midseason ______Taylor ______73 Spike fusiform to oblong. A wnlets 5 to 20 mm. long ____ _ Hardircd ______74 Spike oblong ______Coker 47-27 ______74 Spike oblong to clavate. Awnlets 3 to 10 mm. long ____ _ Atlas 66 ______74 Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long ____ _ Atlas 50 ______76 Stem purple. Spike fusiform. Susceptible to leaf rust ______Purplestraw______76 Gasta ______76 Resistant to leaf rust and Chancellor ______76 mosaic. Resistant to leaf rust ______Sanford ______76 Spike oblong ______Flint ______77 Spring habit. Stem white. Spike fusiform ______CoastaL ______77 Stem purple. Awnlets 3 to 10 mm. long ______Huston ______77 Awnlets 5 to 25 mm. long ______Seabreezc ______79 Kernels semihard to hard. Winter habit. Spike fusiform. Awnlets few, 3 to 12 mm. long. Kernels ovate, germ smalL __ _ ~ewturk ______79 Kernels elliptical, germ mid­ Ridit ______79 sized. Awnlets several, 3 to 25 m,m. long. Kernels short to midlong ____ _ Purkof ______79 Kcrncls midlong. Glumcs white ______Cache ______80 Glumcs white with black Chiefkan ______80 pigmcnt. Spike oblong. Awnlets several, 3 to 12 mm. Michikof ______80 long. Awnlcts several, 5 to 25 mm. Mosida ______80 long. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 45

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT-Continued 1a. Spike awnless to awnleted-Continued 2a. Glumes glabrous-Continued 3a. Giumes white-Continued 4b. Kernels red-Continued Kernels short to midlong-Continued Kernels semi hard to hard-Continued Spring habit. Stem white. Plant early. Page Spike awnless ______- __ - Red Bobs ______82 Supreme ______82 Spike awnleted. Spike fusiform. Kernels short- ______- __ _ Redman ______82 Kernels short to midlong_ Garnet ______~ __ _ 82 Spike oblong ______- __ _ CorneL ______- __ -- __ - - - 8·1 Plant early to midseason . . Kernels short. Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long __ Thatcher ______- _ 84 Newthatch ______86 Kernels midlong. Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long. Plant short to midtalL __ _ Marquillo ______86 Plant midtall to taiL ____ _ Carleeds (N ordhougen) __ _ 86 Plant midseason to late. Kernels short. Awnlets 3 to 10 mm. long. Stem hollow ______Marquis ______87 Stem solid ______Rescue ______88 Awnlets 5 to 15 mm. long __ Apex ______90 Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long __ Cadet ______90 Stem purple. Plant early. Awnlets 3 to 10 mm. long ____ _ Rushmore ______- _ 90 Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long ____ _ Saunders ______-- __ - - _ 92 Plant early to midseason. Awnlets 2 to 10 mm. long. Spike fusiform, erect ______Renown ______- _ 92 Spike oblong, inclined ______Regent ______92 Spike oblong to subclavate __ Kitchener ______94 3b. Glumes brown. 4a. Kernels white (T. vulgare alborubrum Koern.).(' Kernels short to midlong. Kernels soft to sernihard. Winter habit. Spike awnless. Spike oblong, stem white ______Rex ______94 Spike awnleted. Spike fusiform, stem purple ____ _ Cornell 595 ______-- - _ 94 Spike oblong, stem white. Awnlets 1 to 3 mm. long ____ _ Genesee ______95 A wnlets 3 to 20 mm. long ___ _ Dawson ______- __ ---- 95 Spike clavate, stem purple. Spike middense, erect to in­ Goldcoin (Fortyfold) ____ _ 95 clined. Spike dense, erect ______Golden ______97 Spring habit. Spike oblong ______- __ -- Federation ______-_ 97 Resistant to bunt ______-- Federation 4L ______98 Kernels semihard to hard. Spring habit. Spike middense to lax ______Ramona 44 ______"- _ 98 . Spike dense ______-- _ - -- Hard Federation ______-_ 98 Hard_Federation:3L ____ _ 98 See footnote at end of key. 46 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S .. DEPT. OF AGRICULTVHE

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT-Continued 1a. Spike awnless to awnleted-Continued 2a. Glumes glabrous-Continued 3b. Glubes brown-Continued 4b. Kernels red CT. vulgare miltura Alef.).' Kernels short to midlong. Kernels soft to semihard. Winter habit. Stem white. Spike fusiform. Plant midseason. Palle Awnlets 3 to 10 mm. long __ _ 11okin~ ______99 Awnlets 5 to 15 mm. long __ _ Fted Wave ______99 Spike oblong ______Purdue No. L ______99 Stem purple. Spike fusiform. Plant early, midtalL ______Currell ______99 Plant midseason, midtall to tall. Beaks 0.5 mm. long. A wnlets 3 to 12 mm. long_ Baldrock ______. ___ _ 99 Awnlets 5 to 20 mm. long_ Poole ______101 Beaks 1 to 1.5 mm.long ___ _ Russian Fted ______101 Spike oblong. Plant early. Awnlets several, 5 to 25 Purcam ______101 mm.long. Plant midseason. Awnlets few, 3 to 15 mm. Fted 11ay (11ichigan Am- 101 long. ber). Awnlets several, 5 to 25 Thorne______103 mm. long. Seneca ______103 Kernels midlong to long ______Anderson ______103 3c. Glumes brown with black pigment. 4b. Kernels red. Kernels hard ______Fted ChieL ______103 2b. Glumes pubescent. 3a. Glumes white. 4b. Kernels red CT. vulgare villosum Alef.).' Kernels short to midlong. Kernels soft to semihard. Winter habit. Spike inclined; kernels semihard __ _ TripleL ______106 Spike nodding; kernels soft ______Jones Fife ______106 Kernels hard. Spring habit. Plant early, shorL ______Fteward ______106 3b. Glumes brown. 4a. Kernels white CT. vulgare delft K.oern.).l Kernels short to midlong. Kernels soft to semihard. Spring habit. Spike fusiform; beaks acute ______Galgalos ______106 Spike oblong; beaks acuminate ___ _ Sonora ______108 lb. Spike awned. 2a. Glumes glabrous. 3a. Glumes white. 4a. Kernels white (T. vulgare graecum Koern.).l Kernels short to midlong. Kernels soft to semihard. Spring habit- ______Awned Onas ______108 Spring intermediate habit ______Orfed ______108 See footnote at end of key. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 47

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT-Continued lb. Spike awned-Continued 2a. Glumes glabrous-Continued 3a. Glumes white-Continued -4a. Kernels white-Continued Kernels long. Kernels semihard. Spring habit. Page Susceptible to rust and bunt:. ____ _ Baart ______110 Resistant to some races of rust and Baart 38 ______110 bunt. Baart 46 ______llO 4b. Kernels red (T. vulgare erythrospermnm Koern.).' Kernels short to midlong. Kernels soft to semihard. Winter habit. Stem whIte. Beaks 1 to 3 mm. long ______Gladden ______111 Saline ______111 Blackhawk ______III Beaks 2 to 8 mm. long. Plant midtaIL ______Gipsy ______111 Plant midtall to taIL ______noyaL ______111 N ewcaster ______113 Plant talL ______Valley ______113 Stem purple. Spike fusiform. Beaks 1 to 3 mm. long ______Kawvale ______113 Beaks 2 to 8 mm. long. Plant midtall. Plant midseason ______ned Indian ___ - ______113 Plant late ______Mammoth ned ______114 Plant talL ______Fulcaster______114 NudeL ______115 v. P. 1. 13L ______115 Spike oblong. Beaks 1 to 2 mm.long ______Butler ______115 Beaks 2 to 10 mm. long ______Nittany ______115 Spring habit. Beaks 2 to 10 mm.long ______Progress ______. ______115 Kernels semihard to hard. Winter habit. Stem white. Plant very early. Glumes white ______Tri urn ph ______117 Glumes white with black pigment. Kernels short to midlong __ _ Wichita ______117 Kernels midlong ______Early Blackhull ______117 Plant early. Glumes white. Kernels short to midlong. Beaks 3 to 5 nUll. long __ _ Pawnee ______118 Beaks 5 to 15 mm. long __ Ponca ______118 Spike fusiform ______Westar ______120 Spike oblong. Winter habit ______Cornanche ______120 Winter intermediate Quanah ______121 . habit. Kernels midlong. Beaks 3 to 10 mm. long __ Apache ______121 Gillmes white with black pigment. Kernels midlong. Kiowa ______, Beaks 2 to 3 mm. long __ _ 122 See footnote at end of key. 260503-54--4 48 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT-Continued 1a. Spike awned-Continued 2a. Glumes glabrous-Continued 3a. Glumes white-Continued 4b. Kernels red-Continued Kernels short to midlong-Continued Kernels semihard to hard-Continued Winter habit-Continued SLem whiLe-ConLillued Plant midseason. Glumes white. Stem white. Beaks 1 to 2 mm. long. Page Spike inclined ______Marmin ______122 Spike nodding ______yogo ______122 Beaks 2 to 5 mm. long. Spike fusiform. Spike middense ______MinturkL ______123 Minter ______123 Spike lax ______RelieL ______. ____ _ 123 Wasatch ______124 Spike oblong to fusi­ Cheyenne ______124 form, dense. Beaks 2 to 8 mm. long. Spike fusiform, mid­ Turkey______126 dense. Karmont______127 Montana No. 36______128 Nebraska No. 60______128 Nebred______128 Sioux ____ .______128 Rio______128 Reliant______128 Ioturk______130 Beaks 3 to 30 mm. long. Kernels short to mid- Telllnarq______130 long. Kernels midlong. Spike fusiform. Spike lax ______Sherman______130 Spike middense. Glumes white ___ Kanred ______. ____ .__ 130 Glumes yeIlow- Utah Kanred______131 ish. Stem purple. Beaks 2 to 8 mm. long ___ Wisconsin Pedigree No. 2_ 131 Beaks 2 to 25 mm. long. Spike inclined ______Sibley 81.______131 Spike nodding ______Iowin______132 Glumes white with black pig- ment. Stem white. Beaks 1 to 3 mm.long ___ BlackhulL______132 Blue Jacket______132 Plant late. Spike lax, beaks 2 to 3 mm. long. Kernels midlong, semihard Orienta______133 to hard. Kernels midlong to long, Stafford ______. ______133 semihard. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 49

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT-Continued lb. Spike awned-Continued 2a. Glumes glabrous-Continued 3a. Glumes white-Continued . 4b. Kernels red-Continued Kernels short to midlong-Continued Kernels semihard to hard-Continued Spring habit. Spike fusiform. Stem white. Plant midseason. Page Beaks 0.5 mm. long ______Spinkcota______133 Beaks 1 to 5 mm. long. Kernels shorL ______Sturgeon______133 Kernels midlong______Komar ______135 Beaks 2 to 10 mm. long. - Kernels short to midlong_ Canus______135 Kernels midlong______Ceres ______135 Beaks 5 to 20 mm. long ____ Vesta______135 Stem purple. Plant midseason. Beaks 1 to 5 mm.long _____ Henry______136 Beaks 2 to 10 mm. long ____ Hope______136 Pilot______136 Beaks 5 to 20 mm.long ____ RivaL______138 Awns black ______Mida ______" ______138 Premier______140 Spike oblong to fusiform, stem Lee______140 white, plant early. Kernels midlong to long. Kernels soft to semihard_ Winter habit. Stern purple. Glurnes white ______NiggeL______140 Nabob______140 Glumes white with black pig- Rudy ______140 ment. 3b. Glumes brown. '4a. Kernels white (T. vulgare erythroleucon Koern.).! Kernels rnidlong. Kernels soft. Winter habiL ______Requa______141 Kernels hard. Spring habit ______SevieL______141 4b. Kernels red (T. vulgare ferrugineum Alef.).1 Kernels short to midlong. Kernels soft. Winter habit. Beaks 1 to 3 mm. long ______Goens______141 Beaks 5 to 8 mm_ long ______Prairie ______143 Kernels semihard to hard. Winter habit. Kernels short. Beaks 2 to 10 mm. long ______Iobred______143 Beaks 8 to 15 mm. long ______IohardL______143 Kernels midlong. Beaks 1 to 5 mm. long _____ . ___ Brill______143 Beaks 2 to 10 mm. long. Glumes brown with black Red Jacket______144 pigment. RedhulL ______144 See footnote at end of key. 50 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

KEY TO THE VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT- Continued Ih. Spike awned-Continued 2a. GluUlcs glabrous-Continued 3h. Glullles brown-Continued lll. Kernels red-Continued T' ern cIs midlong to long. KC'J'Ilcls soft to semihard. " ' inter habit. PafO 'tem white ______Denton______144 Stem purplc ______Mediterranean _ _ __ 144 Red Rock______145 I ntcrmediatc habit. Austin ______B eaks 5 to 8 mm. long ______145 Hpring habit. Plant early ______Kentana ___ . _ . ______146 Plant mid sea 011______Supremo ______146 I Til<' COlTl'ct botanical. name for common wheat is Triticum aestivum L. The trinomials made by Alefeld and 01 h!,TS undl'r ']'. vUlqa:f cited In t.ll e koy h ave never been transferred to T. auiil'um and are quoted in the fOTm in which tI]('y were ongmally publlshec1.

UE~CH1PT ION , HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION, History.- Yorkwin (C, 1. 11855) was A 'J) SY.l\ O"iYUY OF COMMO WHEAT selected from a Cr01>8 between Dietz (Fulcaster) and Goldcoin made in 1919. YAHIE'I'IES The last selection was made in 1924, and YORKWIN the strain was distributed to growers in DC8criplion,-Plant winLer habit, mid­ 1936 (1 37). Prior to being named Yorkwin the strain was known as No . .'t'U.'Oll, midtall; stem white, midstrong 254A1-101-1!J. 10 ~tr()lll!;; 'pike awnleted, fu. iform to Yorkwin wal; developed oblollg, IIliddense, inclined; glumes g]a­ by the Cornell University Agricultural hrow.:, white, khort to midlong, n"lidwide; Experiment Station in cooperation with 8ho\llcl\·r:.;; midwide, oblique to quare; the United States Department of Agri­ beaks wide, obtuRc, 0.5 mm, long; culture. On account of it winter hardi­ aWIllets fl'w, [) to 15 mm, long; kernels ness and high yield, Yorkwin became t he ,,,hite, lllidloIlg, sof t, elliptical; germ leading variety in New York and mici:-:izcu; crca"e mid\vid, middecp; Iichigan. cheek rOlll\ded; brush midsized, midlong, Distribution.- E stimated area in 1949 (~ee fig. 22, A.) was 1,107,530 acres (fig. 23). CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 51

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FIGURE 22.- A, Yorkwin and B, Brevor wheat.s: Spikes and glume • X J; k ernels. X 3. 52 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. History.-White Winter (C. 1. 5219) (reg. 5) is one of the oldest wheats in western Oregon. It is reported to have been one of the principal wheats raised in Oregon Territory in 1855 (87). Joseph Connell, of Hillsboro, Oreg., reported in the wheat varietal survey of 1\)17 that 'IVold's ~White Winter, a synonym for Whita 'Winter, originated in Kent County, England, and had been grown in 'Vash­ ington County, Oreg., for about 40 years. W. L. Bishop, of Dundee, Yamhill County, Oreg., claims that he originated it 'as a result of a hybrid obtained by sowing several varieties in a field and FIGURE 23.-Distribution of Y orkwin wheat letting them cross naturally. Names in 1949. Estimated area, ],107,530 other than White Winter have been acres. applied to the variety at times, but none has become generally used~ GREESON Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, 3,829 acres, grown in weRtern Oregon. Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ Synonyms.-Bishop's Pride, ~Wold's spason, midtall; stem glaucous, white, White Winter. . midstrong to strong; spike awnleted, BREVOR oblong tOo fusiform, middense, erect to inclined; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ wide; shoulders wide, square to elevated; season, very short; stem white, very keel straight above; beaks wide, obtuse, strong; s,!?ike awnleted, oblong to clavate, 1 mm. long; awnlets few, 2 to 20 mm. mid dense, erect to inclined; glumes gla­ long, somewhat incurved; kernels white, brOilS, white, short to midlong, midwide; midlong, soft, ovate, acute; germ mid­ shoulders midwide, rounded; beaks mid­ sized; crease midwide, deep; cheeks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, rounded; brush small, midlong. 3 to 5 mm. long; kernels white, midlong, As grown commercially, Greeson con­ soft, ovate; germ midsized; crease mid­ tains a mixture of red kernels. wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush History.-Greeson (C. 1. 6320) (reg. 64) midsized, midlong. (See fig. 22, B.) was recorded by J. 1. Wagoner, county The leaves of Brevor have a characteris­ agent of Guilford County, N. C. (220, tic flecking, particularly noticeable af(,er p. 10). George Greeson of that county heading. It is resistant to 23 of the 25 found a plant of wheat growing besidi! races of common bunt and moderately an old stump in his apple orchard in 1896. resistant to the other two races, L-8 and He increased the seed and distributed it T-IG. It is moderately resistant to dwarf under the name Wild Goose. After the bunt. It averaged among the highest death of Mr. Greeson in 1899, the variety yielding strains in tests covering 4 years was called Greeson. both on dry land and under irrigation in Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, the Pacific Northwest. The kernels of 2,452 acres, grown in North Carolina. Brevor appear uniform in texture. It has Synonyms.-Gleason, Greensboro. only fair milling quality but has good quality for bread, family, and cake flours. WHITE WINTER History.-Brevor (C. 1. 12385) was Selection 1-3-11-5 from a cross between Description.-Plant winter habit, late, Brevon, a selection from a cross between midtall; stem white, strong; spike awn­ (Turkey-Florence X Fortyfold-Federa­ leted, oblong, dense, erect; glumes gla­ tion), and an F2 from the cross (Oro X brous, white, midlong, broad at base; Turkey-Florence) X (Oro X Fortyfold­ shoulders wanting to oblique; keel in­ Federation). The cross was made in curved above; beaks wide, obtuse, 1 mm. 1938 at Pullman, Wash. (217). Brevor long; awnlets few, 3 to 20 mm. long; was released by the Washington Agricul­ kernels white, short to midlong, soft, tural Experiment Station in cooperation ovate, slightly humped; germ small; with the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, • Reg. refers to registration number, explained on Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, p.14. United States Department of Agricul- CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 53

ture 7 in the fall of 1949 when approxi­ G. Pringle, in the Champlain Valley, near mat~ly 100"acres were sown. It is reCOm­ Charlotte, Vt., in 1871. It was first dis­ mended for growing in Washington, tributed in 1878 by B. C. Bliss & Sons, as Oregon, and Idaho. . Pringle's Defiance. It showed three dis­ tinct types of grain. A. E. Blount took WILHELMINA (HOLLAND) some of this wheat to the Colorado Agri­ Description.-Plant winter habit, late, cultural Experi nent Station, where he midtall; stem white, strong; spike awn­ grew it during a nU'llber of years and leted clavate, dense, erect; glumes gla­ made careful selections. Three other brou~ white short to midlong, midwide; commercial varieties-Early Defiance, shoulders n~rrow, wanting to round; Escondido, and Regenerat:d Defiance­ beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets have been developed from It. few 3 to 10 mm. long; kernels white, Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, to midlong, soft, ovate, slightly 1 488 acres, grown in Colorado. sho~t , Synonym.-Pringle's Defiance. humped; germ small; crease m~d'Yide, middeepj cheeks rounded; brush ~IlldsIZ:d, midlong. (See fig. 24, A.) Wilhelmma RINK is slightly later and shorter and has a Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­ more dense erect and blockier Apike season midtall; stem white, strongj White Wint~r. ' spike ~wnleted, broadly fusiform, mid­ History.-Wilhelmina, or Queen Wil­ dense to dense, inclinedj glumes glabrous, helmina (C. 1. 11389) (reg. 279), was yellowish white, midlong, midwide; developed by Emeritus Prof. L. Broekema shoulders wide, usually squarej beaks (27) of the agricultural high school, wide, acute, curved, 1 to 1.5 mm. long; Wageningen, the Netherlands, by back­ awn lets many, 2 to 10 mm. long, oc­ crossing a selection from Squarehead X curring throughout the spike. and dis­ Zeeuwsche on Squarehead. Zeeuwsche tinctly iucurved; kernels white, short was grown extensively in the Netherlands to midlong, soft, ovate, slightly humped; about 1890. The original cross was made germ usually small; crease midwide, in 1885. deep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, It was introduced under the name of midlong to long. Queen Wilhelmina from the N ethe~lands This variety is distinct in having in­ by the Oregon Agricultural Expenment curved awnlets throughout the length Station about 1914 and distributed as of the spike. Holland in the Willamette Valley of west­ History.-The origin of Rink (C. 1. ern Oregon, where it has partly replaced 5868) (reg. 14) is undetermined. ~t such varieties as vVhite 'Vinter. was reported to have bee~ grown 1Il Distnbution.-Estimated area in 1()49, Washington County, Oreg., smce .1909. 53 136 acres, grown in western Oregon, Distribution.-Estimated area III 1949, Id~ho, and Washington. 959 acres, grown in western Oregon. Synonyms.-Holland, New Yictory, Queen Wilhelmina, Victory, White Hol­ IDAED land. DEFIANCE Description.-Plant spring habit, ear.ly, short; stem white, midstrong; spIke Description.-Plant spring ha?it, mid­ awnless fusiform to oblong, dense, erect; season midtall to tall; stem white, weak glumes 'glabrous, white, midlong, mid­ to mictstrong; spike awnleted, fusiform, wide' shoulders midwide, oblique to middense, erect to inclined; glumes gla­ squa;e; beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 brous white midlong, narrow; shoulders ~m. longj awnlets want~ngj kernels white, narro~ oblique to square; beaks wide, short soft to semlhard, ovate; germ obtuse 'somewhat incurved, 1 mm. long; midsi'zed; crease midwide, middeepj awnlet~ few, 5 to 20 mm. long; kernels cheeks angular' brush midsized, midloug. white, midlong, soft, ?vatej germ usually History.-Id~ed (C. 1. 11706) was small' crease wide, mid deep ; cheeks usu­ developed in the coordinated wheat ally ~ngular; brush midsized, midlong. improvement program of. the . State Defiance wheat is variable in many of agricultural experiment statlO.n~ .m the the characters above described, indicating western region and the DIVISIOn of that there are several different strains Cereal Crops and Diseases. It resulte? within the variety. from a cross between Sunset and Boadl­ History.-Defiance (C. 1. 6477) (reg. eea (two Australian varieties) ma~e 13) is the result of a cross of White Ham­ at Davis, Calif., in 1920. The hybrid burg and Golden Drop, made by Cyrus was carried in bulk until 1927 when a number of heads were selected. Selec­ 7 Hereinafter shortened to the Division of Cereal tion 20172 VII-4, which was later named Crops and Diseases. , 54 TJ~CHNICAL BULLETIN 1083 , U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

•

A B

FIGUItE 24.-A, Wilhelmina amI B, Lemhi wheats: Spikes and glumes. X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 55

Idaed, showed considerable promise and and Diseases at the Aberdeen substation, was taken to Moscow, Idaho, for testing from a cross between Federation and in 1931. Its value and adaptation were Dicklow made in 1921. The Cross wa" determined in the coordinated regional grown in bulk until H)27 whcn head!'; program. It was increa ed by the Idaho were selected. The election later named Agricultural Experiment Station and Lemhi was grown in the uniform irrigg,ted distributed in 1938. nursery in the western region in 1931 Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949; and was so promi ing that it wa made- a 166,418 acres, grown in Idaho, Washing­ uniform variety in field plots in 1935. ton, and Oregon. It was released to growers in the irrigated districts of southern Idaho in the spring LEMHI of 1939. Distribution.-Estimated area in 194fl, Description.-Plant spring habit, early 202,256 acres, grown in seven States to midseason, short; stem white, strong; (fig. 25). spike awnless, oblong, dense, ~rect to ONAS inclined; glumes glabrous_, white, midlong, midwide; shoulders midwide, oblique; Descriplion.-Plant spring habit, early beaks wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets to midseason, short to midtall; stem wanting; kernels white, short to midlong, white, strong; spike apically awnleted, soft, oval to ovate; germ midsized; crease oblong, dense, erect; glumes glabrous, wide, deep; cheeks rounded to angular; white, short, wide; houlders wide, brush midsized, midlong. (See fig. 24, oblique to square; beaks midwide to B.) wide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. long; apical awn­ Lemhi combines the short stiff straw lets few, 0.5 to 5 mm. long; kernels white, of Federation with the Dicklow charac­ short to midlong, soft, ovate; germ mid­ teristic of producing white flour low in sized; crease wide, middeep; cheeks carotenoid pigments. It i slightly rounded; bru13h small, midlong. (Sec earlier than Federation. fig. 26, A.) History.-Lemhi (C. I. 11415) was de­ History.-Onas (C. I. 6221) (reg. 252) veloped in cooperative investigations of was developed (166) py F. Coleman, of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Sta­ Tuela, Saddleworth, South Australia, tion and the Division of · Cereal Crops from a cross' between Federation and Tarragon, the latter in turn from a cross between Improved Fife and Tardent's Blue. Onas was introduced from Aus­ tralia by the United States Department of Agriculture (211, P. r.s 46796) in 1918. After having been tested in cooperative experiments in the Pacific Coast States seed was distributed from University Farm at Davis, Calif., in 1923. Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, 49,661 acres, grown in California, Mon· tana, and W'yorning.

ONAS 41 Description.-Onas 41 is resistant to several races of bunt but is otherwise similar to Onas. History.-Onas 41 (C. I. 12229), which has the Martin factor for resistance to bunt, was developed in the backcrossing program of the California Agricultural Experiment Station. According to Sune­ son (201) it is a composite of 115 Fs bunt­ resistant lines grown in 1941 from the backcro s (Martin-White FederationS) X Onas6 • It was distributed in 1942 and probably comprised most of the acreage reported as Ollas in California in 1949.

8 P. 1. refeTs~to acccsRion number of the Division of FIGURE 25.-Distribution of Lemhi wheat Plant Exploration and Introduction (formerly Foreign in 1949. Estimated area, 202,256 acres. Plant Introduction). 56 TECII~-ICAL BULLETIN 1083 .• U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

l' II:l' RE 26.-A, Onas and B, Bunyip wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATIOl: OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 194.9 57

D NYIP Marfed is resistant to 13 of 25 race::; of bunt to which it hafl becn tested and Descriplion.-Plant spring habit, early, is moderately resistant to mildew. It midtall; tem white, strong; spike awn­ has a good test weight, but some lots leted, oblong, dense, erect; glumes gla­ do not mill so well as Fed"'Tation. ;\lnrfed, brous, yellowish whiLe (brown-striped), while a spring wheat, is ::slightly more midlong, rrridwide; shoulders midwide, winter-hardy than Federation and may h~ oblique to square; beaks narrow to mid­ fall-sown in areas with mild winter:;. wide, acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few, It has outyielded Federat;on, especially 3 to 12 mm. long; kernels white, midlong, from late-spring seedings. soft to semihard, ovate; germ midsized; History.-";\Iarfed (C. I. 11919) was crea e midwide, middeep; cheek angular; developed by the '\Vashington Agri­ brush mid long, midsized to large. (See cultural Experiment Station in coopera­ fig. 26, B.) tion with the Division of Cereal Crops The glumes of this variety are distinctly and Diseases from a cross between a brown-striped, which sometimes gives it Marquis-Florence selection and Federa­ the appearance of a brown-glumed variety. tion made at Pullman in 1931. The IIistory.-Bunyip (C. 1. 5125) (reg. 15) selection, Washington 3348, which re­ is an Australian variety originated by sulted in Marfed was made in 193Q. William Farrer, the well-known plant Two thousand bushels were distributed breeder of New South Wales, Australia. in Washington for growing in 1947 (218). Its origin has been recorded (203, p. 189) Distribution.-Estimated area in 194\), as follows: 31,998 acres, grown in '\Vashingtoll, It is a crossbred, produced as the Oregon, and Idaho. result of mating two other crossbreds, Rymer and Maffra, together. Rymer, CASCADE the mother plant, was produced as the result of crossing Purplestraw [a white Description.-Plant pring habit, mirl­ grain Australian variety] on to Im­ season, tall; stem white, strong;; ::;pikc proved Fife, the latter being a Mani­ apically awnleted, oblong to fusiform, toba variety. Iaffra was the product lax, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, of King's Jubilee, mated with an midlong, wide; shoulders midwide, ob­ unnamed crossbred (Blount' Lambrigg lique to rounded; beaks miclwicic, obtuse, X Hornblende). . . . The cross was 0.5 mm. long; awnlets few,5 to 15 mm. made in 1897, and named in 1901. long; kernels white, short, soft to sellli­ hard, ovate; germ midsized; crease mid­ Bunyip was first introduced into the wide, middeep to deep; cheeks rounded; United States (211, P. 1. 38345) in May brush midsized, midlong. 1914 by the United States Department of Cascade is moderately resistant to Agriculture. In 1915 a sample of the stem and leaf rust, to mildew, and also variety was included in the Australian to loose smut and bunt. Its quality is exhibit at the Panama-Pacific Interna­ satisfactory for family flour. tional Exposition at San Franci co, Calif. History.-Cascade (C. 1. 12376) (C. A. A part of this seed was obtained, together N. 3593) (reg. 345) was developed by the with that of several other varieties, by Cereal Division, Central Experimental the Sperry Flour Co., and grown on their Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, from the experiment station near Stockton, Calif. crOss [(Quality A-Pacific Blue:;tem) X Of several varieLics grown, Bunyip was C-26-59.2D) X Oua made in 193G (81). selected as the mo t promising aud was The C-26-59.2D was a selection from a increased and distributed for commercial Hope X Reward cross. Cascade was li­ growing in California. cen ed in Canada in 1947, di:;tributed in Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, 1948, and is recommended for growing in 13,541 acres, grown in California. the eastern Provinces and in British Columbia. l\tARFED PACIFIC DLUESTE~I Description.-Plant spring habit, mid­ Description.-Plant spring habit, late, season, midtall; stem white, strong; tall; stem white, midstrong; spike awn­ spike awnless, oblon~, dense, erect; leted, linear-oblong, dense, crect to glumes glabrous, whIte, short, mid­ inclined; glumes glabrous, yellowish white, wide to wide; shoulders narrow to sometimes becoming a light brown, mid­ midwide, wanting to oblique; beaks long, wide; shoulders wide, square to midwide, acute, 0.5 mill. long; kernels e leva ted; beaks wide, a btu set 0 white, short, soft, ovate; germ mid­ truncate, 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets sized; crease mid wide, middeep; cheeks several, 8 to 20 mm. long; kernels white, rounded; brush midsized, midlong. midlong, soft to semihard, ovate, some- 5 TEC' - ~ ~ICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

A B

FIGURE 27.-A. Pacific Bluestem and B, Dicklow wheats: Spikes and glumes. X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 59 times becoming oval; germ midsized; MAJOR crease wine, middeep; cheeks usually angular; brush midsized, midlong. (See Description.-Plant spring habit, early fig. 27, A.) to midseason, midtall; stem white, strong; spike apically awnleted, ob10ng to clavate, This variety can be easily identified by dense, erect; glurnes glabrous, white, its broad, · i3quare to elevated shoulders midlong, midwide; shoulders narrow, and broad, blunt beaks oblique to elevated; beaks narrow, acutf', Hislory.-Pacific Bluestem (C.!, 4067) ' 0 .5 to 1 mm. long; awnlets few, 3 to 5 (reg. 16) is an old wheat of the Pacific mm. long; kernels white, midlong, Roft, coast area, most commonly known as ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide to Bluestem and White Australian. The wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush variety came to North America from midsized, midlong. Australia. White Lammas was the lead­ IIistory.-Major (C. 1. 4984) was ing wheat variety of Australia during the bred at Dookie Agricultural College, earliest years of wheat production in that Victoria, Australia, from a cross between country. According to Cobb (58, p. 9), . Federation and Wallace (166) . It was White Australian of California is identical introduced by the United States Depart­ with White Lammas. It apparently was ment of Agriculture in 1916 as P. 1. 42107 introduced into the United States in the (211). The variety was distributed by early fifties as White Australian or the Branch Experiment Station at Water­ Australian. During the period from 1852 ville, WaSh., about 1\)29. to 1866 (9, p. 138; 73, p. 586; 190, p. 176) Distribution.-Estimated area in 194£l, its culture became established in Cali­ 1,474 acres, grown in Washington. fornia under the name White Australian. Bluestem is the name under which the OREGON znOIERMAN (ZIMMER~IA ,) variety became established in Washing­ ton and Oregon. According to W. P. DesGription.-Plant spring habit, mid­ Church, of Walla Walla, Wa h., the season, tall; stem white, strongi spike wheat known as Bluestem in the section awnleted, clavate, middense to dense at came from two introductions, the first apex, inclined; glumes glabrous, white, from Australia in 1882 and the second midLong, midwide; shoulders narrow, from New Zealand in 1896. A more oblique; beaks. midwide, obtuse, 1 mm. complete history is given in Technical long; awnlet.s several, 5 to 25 mm. long; Bulletin 459 (43). kernels white, short to midlong, soft; Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, germ elliptical, midsized; crease wide, 11,007 acrc~ grown in Washington, deep; cheeks angular; brush rnidlong. Oregon, and .idaho. History.-Ed. Zimmerman, of Shedd, Synonyms.-Australian, Bluestem, Oreg., developed this variety from a single Palouse Bluestem, White Australian, plant and first distributed it about 1921. White Lamma . As the Surprise variety has been grown in this locality, it is probable that Oregon PACIFIC BLUESTEM 37 Zimmerman (C. 1. 7359) (reg. 281) i ::; a selection from it. Oregon Zimmerman is Description.-Pacific Bluestem 37 is grown in Oregon under the name "Zim­ very similar to Pacific Bluestem, except merman." It has white kernels aild in being resistant to some races of bunt. should not be confused with the soft red History.-This strain (C. 1. 11903) of winter variety bearing the latter name. Pacific Bluestem is the result of a co­ Distribution.-EstimaLed area in 1040, operative program of the California Agri­ 21,309 acres, grown in the Willamettc cultural Experiment Station and the Valley of Oregon. Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases, at Synonym.-Zimmerman. Davis, Calif., to develop strains of the important commercial varietie of Cali­ DICKLOW fornia resi tant to bunt. The original cross, Martin X Pacific Bluestem, was Description.-Plallt spring habit, late, made in 1922. Bunt-resistant lines were midtall to tall; stem glaucous before backcrossed to Pacific Blue'tem 6 times. maturity white, midstrong to _trong, Following the sixth backcross a com­ coarse; leaves broad; spike awnleted, posite of 78 resistant F3 lines was released clavate, dense, erect; glumes glabrous, for production in the foothill area of the white, midlong, midwide, shoulders mid­ Sacramento Valley and in northern Cali­ wide, oblique to square; beaks wide, ob­ fornia counties in 1937 (201). tuse, 1 mm. long; awnlets several, 3 to Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, 15 mm. long; kernels white, short to 26,773 acres, grown in California and midlong, soft, oval to ovate; germ small Nevada. to midsized; crease wide, deep; cheeks 60 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

rounded to angular; brush midsized, Santa Rosa, Calif., in 1918 (1J9) as one midlollg. (See fig. 27, B.) of his productions and was growh in the Dicklow produces a low-protein, very :United State~ for several years before "hit.£' soft flour of good quality. It was recogmzed as being identical with Ihstory.-D icklow (C. 1. 3663) (reg. the Australian variety Florence. The 2.1) is a selection from Surpri e. Its Pillsbury Flour Mills Co., of Minneapolis origin has been recorded by Aicher Minn., distributed seed under the l1al11~ (6, p. 1JO) as follows: "Quality" or "Burbank's Quality" in North Dakota, South Dakota and .\fr. James Holly, of Utah County, Minnesota in 1923. ' Utah, obtained some California Club Florence was produced by William wheat from northern California and seeded it on his farm. Excellent results Farrer, of New South Wales, Australia were obtained, and he called the at­ as the re ult of a succes ful attempt t~ telltion of his neighbor, Mr. Richard produce a bunt-resistant variety. The Low, to h is new wheat. Mr. Low cross was made in 1901 and Florence was obtained some and grew it. He reported to have been distributed in 1907. According to Sutton (1J03 p. 288) noticed t hat the wheat contained its pedigree is as follows: ' , different types and proceeded to (White Naples 2 X Improved Fife) X . elect the t y pe which he liked best. (Improved Fife X Eden) H(' grew this selection for several Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949 Y<'ltrs, and th e neighbors soon began 5,797 acres, grown in Montana IdahO' clamoring for "Dick" Low's wheat. South Dakota, and Oregon. ' , As the wheat became spread over that . Synonyms.-Burbank's Quality, Qual­ section of Utah, it lost its personal Ity. connection 'wit h "Dick" Low and hp('arne k nown simply as Dicklow WIDTE FEDERATION " hl'at. Irwin Dicklow is the name used for a Description.-Plant spring habit, early . elect ion of Dicklow developed by Carl short to midtall; st~m white, strong; spik~ D. Twin Falls, Idaho, and is awnless, oblong, mlddense, erect; glumes Irwin, glabrous, white, short, wide; shoulders ('\'(,11 more u niform than Dicklow itself. Distribution.- Estimated area in 1949 wide, square; beaks narrow, acute 0.5 29,229 acres, grown in Utah, Idaho: Inm. long; awnlets wanting or nearly so' Colorado, Or egon, Nevada, Washington, kernels white, short, hard, ovate with and :\Iontana. truncate tip; germ midlarge; crease mid­ Synonyms.-Irwin Dicklow, Jim Holly. wide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush midsized, midlong. (See fig. 28, B.) This variety is very similar to Hard FLORENCE (QUALITY) Federation, except that it has white in­ Dr.scription.- Plant spring habit, early, stead of brown glumes, and is taller and sh?rt to m idtall;. stem white, strong; more uniform in height. The kernels are "'plke aWllleted , fusIform, middense, erect not quite so hard. It has proved to be to inclined, easily shattered; glumes a high-yielding wheat in some sections of glnbrou~, yellmvish white, short, wide; California, Oregon, and Washington. shoulders w ide, oblique to square; beaks IIistory.-White Federation (C. I. wid!', acute, 0.5 mm. long; awnlets 4981) (reg. 25) is a selection from Federa­ :-cv('ral, 5 to 25 mm. long; kernels white tion (139). The following indicates its short to m idlong, hard, oval; ger~ origin (4-, p. 664-): "The seed [hard ker­ mic1sized; cr ease midwide, middeep to nels selected from Federation by Mr. J. decp; checks rounded; brush midsized T. Pridham, from which Hard Federation mirUong. (Sec fig. 28, A.) , originated} was propagated, and in 1910 Florence is r esistant to some races of the occurrence of white heads was noticed bunt.. and from then untn 1912 distinctly white IIistoJ'y.-Florence (C. 1. 4170) (reg. heads were common among the brown 23) (P. I. 38349) was introduced from " Australia in 1914 by the United States The name "White Federation" ha Department of Agriculture (211) and been used for this variety at the Cowra wru tcstcn at experiment stations in the Experiment Farm, New South Wales \Yeslcrn Hta t es, but results did not Australia, since 1915, when a field of :3 WHrnmt its distribution for commercial acres was grown (165). growing. I t was, however, used cx­ It was introduced into the United tClIsi\'cly in t h e breeding program be­ States by the United States Department calise of its bunt resistance. This of Agriculture (211) in 1916 (P. 1. 42104) "al'il'1y under i 11e name "Quality" was from Victoria, Australia. It was first distributed by Luther Burbank, of grown at the Sherman Branch Experiment CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 61

./

A B

l FIGURE 28.-A, F lorence and B, White Federation wheats: Spikes and glumes, X 1; kernels, X 3. 62 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Statioll, ~roro, Oreg., in 1916. In 1918 resistant and stem-rust-resistant strains it was first grown at the United States were then crossed, and 182 of the Fa seg­ Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Calif., regates, homozygous for resistance to ~nd because of its high yield at that point both diseases, were bulked and increased It was IJIcreaHed and distributed in 1920 in 1938. The variety was distributed to for eommercial p;rowillg in California (56). growers in the fall of 1939. Disinbution ....:....Estimated area in 1949, Distribution.-Estil~lated area in 1949, !),.J 17 acres, grown in Utah and Nevada. 241,675 acres, grown III three States (fig. 29). WHITE FEDERATION 38 PILCRA W (THOMPSON CLUB) /)rscn ption.- This variety is very simi­ De8cription.-1'Iant spring habit mid­ lar to White Federation except in being se~~on, midtall; stem white, strong; resistant to stem rust and sOllle races of spIke awnleted, clavate, dense, erect; hUl\t. glumes glabrous, white to yellowish, lIistor!f.--This strain (C. I. 11 !l06) of short, wide; shoulders lllidwide to wide, White Federation waH developeo in coop­ square to elevated; beaks narrow, acute, ('rat ive investigations of the California 0.5 to 1 mm. long; awn lets several, 8 to AlI;ricultural Experiment Station and the 40 nlln. long; kernels white, midlong to Di"ision of Cereal Crops and Di~eases at long, soft, ovate, distinctly humped; I)a vis, Calif. A program was begun in germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep 1H22 to develop, by backcrossing, strains to deep, pitted; cheekR rounded; brush of the important comm

i)

A B

FIGURE 30.-A, Rice and B, Leap wheals: Spikes and glume , X I; kernels, X 3. 260503-54- -5 64 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

United States. In 1883, it was first the five heads gathered in 1901, Mr. Leap reported as a new variety tested by increased the wheat until 1905, when he M. F. P., Mount Pleasant, Ontario threshed 190 bushels grown from 10 County, N. Y. (157), and it also was bushels of seed. T. W. Wood & Sons, mentioned in that year by C. S. Plumb seeds men, of Richmond, Va., first dis­ (163, p. 310) in a paper entitled "The tributed the variety as Leap's Prolific. Wheats of the \Vorld," read at the Ba­ General distribution of the wheat started tavia Institute. about 1907, and it later became very Rice is very similar if not identical popular (131, p. 44). with the variety Zimmerman, which is Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, reported to have been originated about 127,489 acres, grown in 10 Eastern States, 1837 near Frederick, Md., by Henry the largest acreage being in Virginia. Zimmerman, who noticed three heads of Synonyms.-Hastings Prolific, Leap's singular appearance lIear the edge of one Prolific, Woods PrOlific. of his wheatfields (105). References in literature show that it was widely grown LEAPLAND in Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania about 1850, and that it was an important Description.-Leapland is similar to variety in Kansas in the early nineties. Leap in appearance except in having In the South Central States, the nallle awnlets, several, 5 to 25 mm. long, and in Red .\Iay is applied to a variety appar­ being taller and more uniform. Its ently identical with Hice. growth is more prostrate from spring Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, seeding, but from fall seeding it appears 11,114 acres, grown in eight Southern to make a more rapid growth early in the States. spring and has produced higher yields Synonyms.-Early May, Early Rice, than Leap in Maryland. bittle May, May, Red May. History.-Leapland (C. 1. 11762) was the best line developed from 2,000 spaced EARLY PREMIUM plants of Leap grown at the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, College Description.-Early Premium is very Park, Md., in 1924. It was distributed to similar to Rice in all taxonomic charac­ farmers in 1932. ters, although it may be a day or two Distribution.-Estimated area in 1949, earlier. 48,949 acres, grown in nine Eastern States, H!story.-Early Premium (C. 1. 11858) the largest acreage being in Maryland. was selected from a field of "May" wheat VAHART (probably Rice) on the farm of J. A. Houston, Platte County, Mo., in 1924. Description.-Plallt winter habit, mid­ It was found by the Missouri Agricultural season, IIlidtall; stem white, midstrong; Experiment Station, Columbia, to be spike awuleted, fusiform, lax to middense, about 8 days earlier than such varieties erect; glumes glabrous, white, midlong, as Fulcaster and was increased and dis­ midwide; shoulders midwide, oblique to tributed in the fa.ll of 1937 (75). rounded; beaks midwide, obtuse, 0.5 mm. Distribution.-Estimated area ill 1949, long; awnlcts several, 5 to 20 mm. long; 1,675 acres, grown in Missouri. kernels red, midlong, soH to semihard, Synonym.-Missouri Early Premium. ovate; germ midsized; crease midwide, middeep; cheeks rounded; brush mid­ LEAP sized, midlong. Vahart is resistant to mosaic, to some Description.-Plant winter habit, early, races of loose smut, and is somewhat midtall; stem white, rnidstrong; spike resistant to mildew. awnleted, fusiform, middense to lax, History.-Vahart (C. I. 12537) resulted inclined to nodding, casily shattered; from a head selected from the original glumes glabrous, yellowish white, mid­ Redhart at the Virginia Agricultural Ex­ long, midwide; shoulders midwide, oblique periment Station at Blacksburg in 19:30 to square; beaks wide, acute, 0.5 mm. and is similar to that strain of Hedhart long; awnlets few, 3 to 10 mm. long; ker­ (197). It was released to growers in nf'ls red, midlong, soft, ovate; germ small; 1945. It is recommended for growing in crease midwide to wide, middeep; cheeks all sections of Virginia. usually angular; brush small, midlong. Distributwn.-Estimated area in 1949, (See fig. 30, E.) Leap is resistant to 60,991 acres, of which 60,805 were grown loose smut. ill Virginia. History.-Leap (C. I. 4823) (reg. 35) is KANQUEEN reported to have originated from a single plant found in a field of Mediterranean Description.-Plant winter habit, mid­ by a Bon of J. S. Leap, of Virginia. From season, midtall; stern white, midstrong CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 65

A

FlGURE 31.- A, V.igo and B, Fairfield wheats: Spikes and glwnes, X 1; kernels, X 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 169

(227) \VIANCKO, A. T. Where two or more page numbers 1923. MICHIKOFF WHEAT, A HARD RED WINTER WHEAT FOR are given, therefore, the name is a INDIANA. Purdue Univ. synonym of more than one variety. Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. 112, 4 pp., illus. Name .; Page (228) \VILLIAMS, C. G. Acme______145 1905. EXPERIMENTS WITH WIN­ Alabama Bluestem______76 TER WHEAT. Ohio Agr.· Alabama Bluestem 89______73 Expt. Sta. Bul. 165, pp. Alberta Red______127 37-65, illus. AtBlT ______147,150 (229) ALICEL ______, 147, 148 1916. WHEAT EXPERIMENTS. American Banner______95 Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. American Bronze ______69 298, pp. 447-484, illus. ANDERSON ______46,103 (230) APACHK ______47,121 1920. THE GLADDEN AND OTHER APEX ______45,90 VARIETIES. OF WHEAT. Argentine______127 Ohio Farmer 146(6): 3. ARNAUTKA ______152,156 (231) WOODWARD, R. \V., AND TINGEY, ASHLAND ______44,73 D. C. ATLAS 50 ______44, 76 [1944.1 CACHE, A BEARDLESS, ATLAS 66______44, 74 SMUT-RESISTANT WINTER AUSTIN ______50, 145 WHEAT. Utah Agr. Expt. Australian______59 Sta. Bul. 312, 10 pp., AWNED ONAS______46,108 illus. BAART ______47, llO (232) ZA VITZ, C. A. BAART 38 ______47,110 1894. EXPERIMENTS WITH WIN­ BAART 46 ______47,110 TER WHEAT. Ontario Agr. BALDROCK ______46,99 Col. Expt. Sta. Bul. 97, Baldwin______143 15 pp., illus. Bartels Best______144 (233) ZHUKOVSKY, P. M. Bearded Bluestem______114 1928. A NEW SPECIES OF WHEAT. Beardless Turkqy ______79, 82 Trudy Prikl. Bot., Genet., Beechwood ______101,103 i Selek. (Bul. App!. Bot., Beloturka______157 Genet., and Plant Breed­ BIG CLUB 43 ______147,150 ing) 19(2); [591-66, illus. Bishop's Pride______52 [In Russian. English Black-Bearded Durum______154 summary, pp. 65-66.1 Black Chaff______132 (234) BLACKHAWK ______47, 111 1933. LA TURQUIE AGRICOLE BLACKHULL ______48,132 (PARTIE ASIATIQUE-ANA­ Black l\Iediterranean______141 TOLLE). Pp. 155-224, iIlus. Black Sea______69 Moscow and Leningrad. BLUE JACKET ______48,132 [In Russian. French sum­ llluestem ______59,72,76,145 mary, pp. 800-820.1 Bluestem Fultz______72 BREVOR ______42, 52 BRILL ______49,143 INDEX TO VARIETIES AND Bronze Turkey______144 SYNONYMS Bulgarian ______72,127 BUNyIP ______42,57 Burbank's Quality ______60 Recognized varietics are In cap­ Burbank's Super______106 itals; varietal synonyms are III BUTLER ______47,115 capitals and lower case, and com­ CACHE ______44,80 mon names of species llre in italic CADET ______45,90 Canadian Progress______115 capitals. Of the two page refer­ CANUS ______49,135 ences given for recognized varieties, CARALA ______44,73 the first refers to the key and the CARLEEDS ______45,86 second to the description, history, CARLETON ______152,155 CASCADE ______42,57 distribution, and synonymy. Each CERES ______49,135 page reference given for a synonym CHANCELLOR ______44,76 is to the recognized variety for CHEyENNE ______48,124, which the name is a synonym. CHIEFKAN ______44,80 170 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEfT. OF AGRICULTURE

Name Page Name Page (hiefton______81 Fortyfold______97 CLARKAN ______. ______43,67 FORWARD ______43,69 Clark's Black HuIL ______• 132 FULCASTER ______'17, 114 ('lark's No. 40______67 FULHIO ______44, 70 CleathE'r~ Red______144 FUL TZ ______44, 70 CLUB lVHEAT______146 FULTZO-MEDITERRANEAN__ 44,73 COMiTAL ______44,77 GALGALOS ______46,106 COKER 47-27 ______44,74 GARNET ______45, 82 Columbia______73 GASTA ______44,76 COMANCHE ______47,120 GENESEE ______4S,9S COMET ______45,84 Georgia Bluestem______76 COM.1WN TVHEAT______40 Georgia Red______76 ('onoway ______144 German Amber.______113 COR~ELL 595 ______45,!H German Red ______70 Crail Fife______106 Gharnovka______158 Crimean______127 Gill______9!J Cumberland Vallcy______114 GIPSY ______47,111 Cu III rni ngs ______143 GLADDEN ______47,111 ('{TRRELL______46, 99 Glea~on______52 ('urrell's Prolific ______- 09 GOENS~ ______49,141 D-5 ______154 Going______143 D-fi~ ______154 GOLDCOIN ______45,95 Dane's Early Triumph______117 GOLDEN ______4S,97 D.\\\80N ______45,95 Golden Bronze ______95 Daw~on Golden Chaff______95 Golden Chaff ______.. ______95,99 DEFIANCE ______42,53 Golden Van______69 De IllX(' Red Chief. ______106 Goosc______158 DENTON ______50,144 GreeIlHboro______S2 DI('1\LOW ______42, S9 GREESON ______42,52 DIetz ______114 Haeberle ______118 Dietz Longberry ______114 Haeberle's Early______118 Duffy______114 HalL ______~ _ 143 Dunbar______99 HARD FEDERATION ______45,98 Dunlap______143 HARD FEDERATION 3L ____ 4S,98 Durtl'n No. 5______154 HARD IRED ______74 DUller}... I TVHEAT______151 Ha~Lings Prolific______64 F.J.rly Baart______110 Harvcst King ______101 K\RLY BLACKHULL ______47,117 HARVEST QUEEN ______43,6!J Early Dain ~ ______117 Hedge Prolific______101 Early Hardy______118 HENRY ______49,136 Early Kan:- ______118 Hickman______72 Early ;\lay ______64,77,101 Holland ______53 Early Premium______117 HOPE ______49,136 r· \IlLY PREMIUM ______43,64 H undred-and-Onc______127 Early Purplestraw ______76 Hundred Mark______101 harly Red ______~ ______.____ 143 H llngarian______127 Early Rice______64 H USTO N ______44, 77 Early Ripe______143 Hybred______143 Early Russian______118 HYBRID 63 ______147,150 Early Triumph______82, 117 HYBRID 128 ______147,149 Farly Wonder. ______77 HYMAR ______147,149 ElNKORN______40 IDAED ______42, 53 ELGIN ______147,149 Improved Turkey______127 ELMAR ______147,149 Indiana Red \Vave______99 KU}\IER______37 Indiana Swamp______113 FAIRFIELD ______43,67 IOBRED ______49, 143 Farmers Trust______145 IOHARDL ______. ______49,143 FEDEUATION ______4S,97 IOTURK ______48,130 FEDERATION 4L ______4.5,98 Iowa Bred______143 Fi~______106 IOWIN ______48,132 Fishhead ______106 Ironclad BlackhuIL______144 Flat Top______73 Irwin Dicklow______60 FLINT ______44, 77 JENKIN ______147,151 FLORENCE. ______43,60 Jim Holly______60 CLASSIFICATION OF WHIDAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 171

Name Page Name Puge Johnson______158 l\IOSIDA______. ______44,80 JONES FIFE ______46,106 Mountain Purplestraw ______76 Jones Longberry ______, __ _ 103 NAllOB ______41l,140 Jones Red Wave______99 N. D. Ns. No. 1656.84.______135 Jones Winter Fife ___ . ______106 Nebraska No. 50 ______-':______124 Junior No. 6______\)7 NEBRASKA NO. 60 ______48,128 Kanhull______81 NEBRED ______48,128 KANQUEEN______43,64 NEWCASTER ______47,113 Kanred______131 NewchieL ______81 KANRED ______48,130 New Columbia______73 Kansas Queen______69 NEWTHATCH ______45,86 KARMONT ______48, 127 NEWTURK ______44,79 KAWVALK ______47,113 New Victory ______53 KENTANA ______50,146 Niagara ______111,113 Key's Prolific______145 Nicaragua______158 Kharkof______127 Nick SpeciaL______144 King ______---- ___ 114 NIGGER ______49,140 KIOW A ______47, 122 Ninety-Day ______77,108 KITCHENEIL ______45,94 Nissley ______101 Klondike______97 NITTANY ______47,115 KOMAR ______49,136 No. 1656______135 KUllANKA ______152,156 Nordhougell ______87,11.5 Ladd Durum______154 NUDEL ______47,115 Lancaster______114 NUGGET ______152,154 Lancaster Red______145 Number 6100______111 LEAP ______43, 64 NURED ______44,70 LEAPLAND ______43,64 Ohio No. 127______72 Leap's Prolific______64 ONAS ______42,55 Lebanon______111 ON AS 41. ______42, 55 LEE ______49,140 Orange______103 Lehigh ______145 Oregon Red Chaff ______151 LEl\IHL ______42, 55 OREGON ZIl\!MERMAN ______42,55 Little May ______64, 77 ORFED ______46,108 Little HeeL ______77 ORIENTA ______48,133 Little Red May______77 Owen ______143 LOFTHOUSE ______43,66 P-762______131 MAJOR ______42,59 PACIFIC llLUESTEM ______42,57 MalakoL ______127 PACIFIC BLUESTEM 37 ______42,59 MAMMOTH RED ______47,114 Palouse Bluestem______5!J MARFED ______42,-57 PAWNEE ______47,118 MAR MIN ______48, 122 Pearl Prolific ______99 lHAHQUILLO ______45,86 Peck______114 MARQUIS ______45,87 PELISS ______152, 154 ~rarvelous______114 Pelissier ______154 May ______64,77,103 Penn. No. 44______115 ~Iay Queen______69 PENNOLL______43, 69 MEDITERRANEAN ______50,144 PENTAD______152 l\Iichigan Amber. _____ c______103 Pererodka______157 Michigan Wonder______103 PerfectioIl______99 MICHIKOF ______44,80 P~rson______158 MIDA ______41l,138 PILCRA W ______. __ 43, 60 MilleL______145 Pilcraw EIlormous ______. 62 l\lINDUM ______152,158 PILOT ______-H\,136 Minnesota No. 1507______123 Pioneer Turkey______127 Minnesota No. 2202______86 POLISH TVHEAT______40 Minnesota Reliable ______127 PONCA ______47,118 MINTER ______48,123 POOLE ______46,101 l\IINTURIU ______. 48,123 P08ey______72 i\liracle______114 Poso 44 ______150 Missouri Bluestem______145 POSO 48______147, 150 l\lissouri Early Premiu-n______64 POULARD TVHEAT______37 i\IOKING ______46,99 PRAIRIE ______41l, 143 Montana DeaL______70 PREMIER ______49,140 l\IONTANA NO. 36 ______48,128 Premium______117 Mortgage Lifter. ______101, 145 Pringle's Defiance______53 172 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1083, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Name Page Name Page PROGRESS ______47,115 Rupp______144 Prolific______99 RUSHMORE ______, 45,90 Prosper ______.______115 Russian______127 PROSPERITY______43,69 Russian Amber______113 PURCAM ______46,101 Russian Red ______108 PURDUE NO. L ______46,99 RUSSIAN RED ______46,101 Purdue No. 4______103 SALINE ______47, III PURKOF ______44,79 Sanett______77 FPRPLESTRAW ______44,76 SANFORD ______44,76 Quality______60 SAUNDERS ______45,92 QUANAH ______47,121 SEABREEZE ______44,79 Queen Wilhelmina______53 Selection C______79 ItAMONA 44______45,98 SENECA______46, 103 Rappahannock______77 SEVIER ______49,141 Red Amber ______101,103 Shelby Red Chaff______143 ItED BOBS ______45,82 SHERMAN ______48,130 ItEDCHAFF ______147,151 SIBLEY 81. ______48,131 Red Chaff ______101,108,143,144,145 Sil ver King ______106 Red Chaff Bearded______143 SIOUX.. ______48,128 Red Chaff Club______151 Slickhead______72 RED CHIEF ______46,103 Smutless______79 Red Cross______69 Snow______72 Red Durum______154 SONORA ______46,108 Ited Fultz______101 SPELT______37 R(:'d GilL ______99 SPINKCOTA ______49,133 Red Hall______143 Squarehead______70 REDHART ______44,73 Square Head______73 REDHULL ______49,144 STAFFORD ______.47, 133 ItED INDIAN ______47,113 Standby______145 ItED JACKET ______49,144 STEWART ______152,155 Ited King______101 Stoner______114 REDMAN ______45,82 STURGEON ______49,133 Red May ______64,77 Super______106 ItED MAY ______46,101 Superhard______132 Red Mediterranean______145 Superhard BlackhulL ______132 Red Prolific ______- ______99 Su perred ______106 Ited Republic______103 Super Red ChieL______106 RED ROCK ______50,145 SUPREME ______45,82 Red Rudy______143 SUPREMO ______50,146 Red RusseIL______101 Swamp______145 Red Russian ______'____ 127,143 Taganrog______157 RED RUSSIAN ______43,70 Taruanian______127 Red Sea______145 TAYLOR ______44,73 l~ed Top ______" ______145 TENMARQ ______48,130 Red Walla______70 Tennessee Prolific______99 RED WAVE ______46,99 THATCHER ______45,84 Red Wonder______114 Theiss______127 REGENT ______45,92 Thompsol1______62 Reliable ______111 Thompson Club______62 RELIANT ______,______48,128 THORNE ______46,103 RELIEF ______48, 123 TIMOPHEEVL______40 RENOWN ______45,92 T. N, 1006______105 REQUA ______49,141 TRIPLET ______46, 106 RESCUE ______45,82 TRIUMPH ______47,117 REWARD ______46,106 TRUMBULL. ______44,70 REX ______45,94 TURKEY ______48,126 RICE ______43,60 Turkey Hybrid______151 RID IT-______44, 79 Turkey Red______127 RINK ______42,53 Turkish Red______127 RIO . ______48, 128 Ulta______127 Ripley______76 UTAC ______147,151 RIVAL ______49,138 UTAH KANRED ______48,131 Romanella______127 VAHART ______43,64 ROYAL ______47,111 VALLEY. ______47,113 RUDY ______- 49,140 V ALPH.IZE ______43, 70 CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT VARIETIES GROWN IN 1949 173

Name Page Name Page Velvet Ch_alf ______106,108 WHITE WINTER ______42, 52 VERNUM ______152,154 WICHITA ______47,117 VESTA ______49,135 Wild Goose ______158 Victory ______53 WILHELMINA ______--- ___ 42,53 VIGO ______43,66 Winter Fife ______'= ______106 V. P. 1. 13L ______------47,115 Winter King ______101, 114, 140 WABASH ______43, 66 Winter La Salle ______66 WASATCH ______48,124 Winter Nellis______66 WESTAR ______47,117 Winter Queen______69 White Australian ______59 WISCONSIN PEDIGREE NO. 2_ 48,131 White Clawson______97 Wold's White Winter______52 WHITE FEDERATION ______43,60 Woods Prolific______64 WHITE FEDERATION 38 _____ 43,60 Yellow Gharnovka______157 White Holland______53 YOGO ______48, 122 White Lammas______59 YORKWIN ______42,50 White Russian______62 Zimmerman______59 White Sonora______108 Zuni______127

U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OffiCE: 1954