DOCSLIB.ORG

Towards a Typology of Phonological Quantity in the Dialects of Modern Swedish

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Towards a Typology of Phonological Quantity in the Dialects of Modern Swedish Towards a Typology of Phonological Quantity in the Dialects of Modern Swedish Felix Schaeffler and P¨ar Wretling Department of Philosophy and Linguistics, University of Ume˚a, Sweden [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT sonant cluster. Because of this alternating pattern in the length of vowels and consonants, CSS quantity is This study examines phonological quantity and its usually called “complementary”. Measurements by El- phonetic outcome in a large range of modern Swedish ert [2] showed clear durational differences between long dialects. It focusses on the so-called complementary and short vowels and between the consonants follow- quantity pattern and the accompanying differences in ing them. With that, /V:C/ sequences and /VC:/ se- vocalic quality. The results show that the amount of quences tend to be of equal length. However, the differ- complementarity in quantity distinctions varies sys- ence between the vowels is somewhat greater than the tematically across the dialects. This is due to re- difference between the consonants. Therefore /VC:/ duced differences between long and short consonants. sequences are usually slightly shorter than /V:C/ se- Furthermore we found some indication that the spec- quences in CSS (cf. [2], p. 158). The complementary tral difference between long and short vowels increases pattern has been opposed to quantity patterns in lan- when the degree of complementarity decreases. guages like German and Danish, where only the vowel changes its duration (see e.g. [3], p. 23). Similar re- lationships with only a slight difference of consonant 1 INTRODUCTION duration after long vs. short vowels have also been re- ported for one dialectal region in Southern Sweden, namely Sk˚ane (see [4], p. 27-28). This study focusses on the realisation of complemen- tary quantity, that is the complementary relationship between vowel length and consonant length in Swedish. 1.3 THE ORIGIN OF COMPLEMENTARITY Complementary quantity is often seen as a quite unique The origin of the complementary pattern has been at- characteristic of the Scandinavian languages (except tributed to diachronic changes of syllable structure. It Danish) and marks therefore a natural point of depar- seems to be mostly a consequence of the elimination ture for the construction of a typology of phonological of so-called “short” /VC/ and “over-long” /V:C:/ se- quantity in modern Swedish dialects. quences during the “Scandinavian quantity shift” (see e.g. [5]). In Standard Swedish, the elimination of the 1.1 THE PROJECT “SweDia 2000” short and over-long sequences is complete, while some The project “SweDia 2000” is a joint project of the dialects kept the short sequences, mostly in bi-syllabic Phonetics sections of the universities of Stockholm, words. A few dialects even seem to have preserved Lund and Ume˚a (for a detailed description of the over-long sequences (cf. [6], [7], [8]). In dialects that project, see e.g. [1]). Between 1998 and 2000 record- kept short or over-long sequences, vowel and consonant ings were made at about 100 locations all over Sweden quantity is not just complementary, but consonant du- and the Swedish speaking parts of Finland. For each ration functions partly independent of vowel duration. location recordings of 3 elderly women, 3 elderly men, 3 younger women and 3 younger men have been made. 1.4 QUANTITY AND QUALITY The material includes recordings of several quantity The quantity distinctions of vowels in CSS are accom- minimal pairs, where, normally, each speaker produced panied by differences in the vocalic timbre. In [9] we each word five times in a row. have investigated spectral and durational differences between the long and the short variant of the vowel 1.2 QUANTITY IN SWEDISH /a/ in Northern Swedish dialects (with partly the same Central Standard Swedish (CSS) restricts the use of material as in this study). We found some indications phonological quantity to lexically stressed syllables. for a possible trading relationship between the spectral Under stress, long vowels are either syllable-final or and the durational difference of the vowels. However, followed by a short consonant (V:C), while short vow- the effects were rather weak and only observable for els are followed by a long consonant (VC:) or a con- “extreme” cases, i.e. for dialects that had exceptional high durational or spectral differences. 2.3 MEASUREMENTS Only data of those speakers was used who produced both words and repeated both more than once with- 1.5 AIMS OF THE STUDY out a preaspiration phase. The measured variables The first aim of the present study was to find out, up were averaged for every speaker, so that each speaker to which degree the complementary pattern is realised was represented with one value per variable. For the in the dialects of modern Swedish. Therefore we exam- spectral analysis we performed the following measure- ined the durational differences between the /V:C/ and ments: F0, F1 and F2 were measured in the middle of the /VC:/ sequence of a minimal pair, together with each vowel. For each speaker and vowel category, the the difference between the long and the short vowel mean values of F0, F1 and F2 were calculated. To get and the difference between the post-vocalic consonants. an approximate estimation of the perceptual difference The second aim was to examine vocalic timbre differ- of the two vowels, these values were bark-transformed ences between the long and the short variant of the and for each vowel the differences B2-B1 and B1-B0 vowel, and to look for possible relations to durational were calculated. Then the euclidean distance between differences. the location of the long and the short vowel in the (B1-B0) over (B2-B1) space was calculated. 2 METHOD 3 RESULTS 3.1 DURATIONS 2.1 DIALECT AREAS For each of the seven dialect areas, table 1 provides the As a geographical basis for the analysis of the di- number of speakers and the means and standard devi- alectal patterns we used a traditional classification ations for the long and short vowels, for the long and in major areas, that has been developed by Swedish short consonants and for the respective VC-sequences. dialectologists (see e.g. [10]). According to this, The dialect areas have been roughly ordered from Swedish is roughly divided into 6 dialect areas, namely north-east to south. Table 2 shows the mean differ- ¨ “Ostsvenska m˚al” (Eastern Swedish variety, EV - ences, and standard deviations, between the /V:C/ and comprising the Swedish dialects spoken in Finland), the /VC:/ sequence (δVC), the long and the short vowel “Norrl¨andska m˚al” (Northern Swedish variety, NV), (δV ) and the long and the short consonant (δC ). “Sveam˚al” (Svea variety, SV), “G¨otam˚al” (G¨ota vari- ety, GV), “Sydsvenska m˚al” (Southern Swedish vari- n V: C V C: V:C VC: ety, SoV), and “Gotl¨andska m˚al” (Gotlandic variety, EV 12 233 157 136 258 390 394 GotV). As a seventh category we added the variety (64) (43) (48) (60) (76) (95) ¨ ¨ NV 27 199 162 113 218 361 331 spoken on the island “Oland” (Oland variety, OeV). (35) (23) (22) (56) (48) (62) For the analysis, all recording locations were assigned SV 29 194 166 117 214 360 331 to a dialect area. The numbers of speakers per dialect (34) (35) (28) (46) (57) (64) area are given below. GV 38 204 160 125 185 363 310 (42) (38) (32) (52) (58) (71) SoV 25 214 177 134 196 392 330 (55) (48) (24) (54) (81) (69) 2.2 SUBJECTS AND MATERIAL GotV 8 186 156 107 175 342 283 The study was based on the comparison of one mini- (30) (37) (25) (41) (38) (42) mal pair, produced by 147 speakers of the category OeV 8 201 138 140 143 339 283 (43) (42) (27) (45) (69) (65) “elderly men” in the Swedia database. The speakers came from 66 different locations in Sweden and the Swedish speaking parts of Finland. The minimal pair Table 1: Mean durations and standard deviations (in used was “tak” (roof) vs. “tack” (thank you). “Tak” brackets) for the minimal pair tak-tack. Val- has a /V:C/ structure, while “tack” has a /VC:/ struc- ues for the vowels, the following consonants and the whole sequences. ture in CSS. The segmentation of the sounds followed usual criteria like increase and decrease of formant en- ergy, periodicity in the time signal etc. (see [8] for a The mean values for vowel duration and consonant du- more thorough description). The end of the final plo- ration are also graphically represented in figure 1 and sive was always marked immediately before the burst. 2. Table 2 shows that the regions differ in δVC.In In some cases, a preaspiration phase was marked be- the Eastern Swedish sample, the difference between the tween the vowel and the following plosive. Those to- /V:C/ and the /VC:/ sequence is virtually 0 (-4 ms). kens have been excluded from the current investiga- In the G¨ota varieties and the Svea varieties, the mean tion. Detailed accounts on preaspiration in our mate- difference between the two sequences is around 30 ms. rial can be found in [11] and [12]. In the remaining areas, δVC is around 60 ms. For each δVC δV δC the 5% level across the groups (a non-parametric test EV -4 (55) 97 (30) 101 (53) NV 30 (49) 86 (31) 56 (49) was chosen here and in the following if the samples SV 28 (39) 77 (25) 49 (31) differed significantly in variance according to a Levene GV 54 (38) 79 (24) 25 (37) test).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Is Spoken Danish Less Intelligible Than Swedish? Charlotte Gooskens, Vincent J
    Is spoken Danish less intelligible than Swedish? Charlotte Gooskens, Vincent J. van Heuven, Renée van Bezooijen, Jos J.A. Pacilly To cite this version: Charlotte Gooskens, Vincent J. van Heuven, Renée van Bezooijen, Jos J.A. Pacilly. Is spoken Danish less intelligible than Swedish?. Speech Communication, Elsevier : North-Holland, 2010, 52 (11-12), pp.1022. 10.1016/j.specom.2010.06.005. hal-00698848 HAL Id: hal-00698848 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00698848 Submitted on 18 May 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Accepted Manuscript Is spoken Danish less intelligible than Swedish? Charlotte Gooskens, Vincent J. van Heuven, Renée van Bezooijen, Jos J.A. Pacilly PII: S0167-6393(10)00109-3 DOI: 10.1016/j.specom.2010.06.005 Reference: SPECOM 1901 To appear in: Speech Communication Received Date: 3 August 2009 Revised Date: 31 May 2010 Accepted Date: 11 June 2010 Please cite this article as: Gooskens, C., van Heuven, V.J., van Bezooijen, R., Pacilly, J.J.A., Is spoken Danish less intelligible than Swedish?, Speech Communication (2010), doi: 10.1016/j.specom.2010.06.005 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Family Language Policy in Bilingual Finnish and Swedish Families in Finland
    FAMILY LANGUAGE POLICY IN BILINGUAL FINNISH AND SWEDISH FAMILIES IN FINLAND Austin Huhta Master’s Thesis Applied Linguistics Department of Language and Communication Studies University of Jyväskylä Fall 2020 UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Faculty Department Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Language and Communication Studies Author Austin Huhta Title Family Language Policy in Bilingual Finnish and Swedish Families in Finland Subject Level Applied Language Studies Master’s Thesis Month and year Number of pages December 2020 30 Abstract In Finland families are only allowed to choose one language for their child to be the child’s L1 even if the family is bilingual. With both Finnish and Swedish being national languages of Finland this thesis looked into which language a family chose, why they chose it, and how they helped their child maintain it. Looking at their perspective on this can allow us to get further insight into family language policy in Finland. The research method used here is a case study, with semi-structured interviews for the data collection and interpretive phenomenological analysis for the data analysis. This thesis interviewed a bilingual family with a Finn and a Swedish Swede and their one child. It found that while their initial language choice was Swedish, that their family language policy was dynamic. Over time the child was switched from Swedish medium education to Finnish medium education; however, at home multiple family language policies worked together to help maintain his Swedish language skills. The findings demonstrated that the right combination of family language policies and more formal educational settings can work together to help children grow up to be bilingual even if the minority language is mainly used at home.
    [Show full text]
  • THE SWEDISH LANGUAGE Sharingsweden.Se PHOTO: CECILIA LARSSON LANTZ/IMAGEBANK.SWEDEN.SE
    FACTS ABOUT SWEDEN / THE SWEDISH LANGUAGE sharingsweden.se PHOTO: CECILIA LARSSON LANTZ/IMAGEBANK.SWEDEN.SE PHOTO: THE SWEDISH LANGUAGE Sweden is a multilingual country. However, Swedish is and has always been the majority language and the country’s main language. Here, Catharina Grünbaum paints a picture of the language from Viking times to the present day: its development, its peculiarities and its status. The national language of Sweden is Despite the dominant status of Swedish, Swedish and related languages Swedish. It is the mother tongue of Sweden is not a monolingual country. Swedish is a Nordic language, a Ger- approximately 8 million of the country’s The Sami in the north have always been manic branch of the Indo-European total population of almost 10 million. a domestic minority, and the country language tree. Danish and Norwegian Swedish is also spoken by around has had a Finnish-speaking population are its siblings, while the other Nordic 300,000 Finland Swedes, 25,000 of ever since the Middle Ages. Finnish languages, Icelandic and Faroese, are whom live on the Swedish-speaking and Meänkieli (a Finnish dialect spoken more like half-siblings that have pre- Åland islands. in the Torne river valley in northern served more of their original features. Swedish is one of the two national Sweden), spoken by a total of approxi- Using this approach, English and languages of Finland, along with Finnish, mately 250,000 people in Sweden, German are almost cousins. for historical reasons. Finland was part and Sami all have legal status as The relationship with other Indo- of Sweden until 1809.
    [Show full text]
  • Role Language in Swedish a Study of the Comic Åsa Nisse
    Role Language in Swedish A Study of the Comic Åsa Nisse Marcus Zanteré 2016 1 Contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.1. Purpose .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.2. Theory ............................................................................................................................... 3 2. Method and Material ................................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Introduction of Primary Source ............................................................................................ 5 3. Results ......................................................................................................................................... 5 3.1. Laughing in Swedish ............................................................................................................ 5 3.2. Eye Dialect ............................................................................................................................ 7 3.3. Dialects ................................................................................................................................. 9 4. Discussion and Future Studies ..................................................................................................... 9 5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • University of Groningen an Acoustic Analysis of Vowel Pronunciation In
    University of Groningen An Acoustic Analysis of Vowel Pronunciation in Swedish Dialects Leinonen, Therese IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2010 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Leinonen, T. (2010). An Acoustic Analysis of Vowel Pronunciation in Swedish Dialects. s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 01-10-2021 Chapter 2 Background In this chapter the linguistic and theoretical background for the thesis is presented.
    [Show full text]
  • Authentic Language
    ! " " #$% " $&'( ')*&& + + ,'-* # . / 0 1 *# $& " * # " " " * 2 *3 " 4 *# 4 55 5 * " " * *6 " " 77 .'%%)8'9:&0 * 7 4 "; 7 * *6 *# 2 .* * 0* " *6 1 " " *6 *# " *3 " *# " " *# 2 " " *! "; 4* $&'( <==* "* = >?<"< <<'-:@-$ 6 A9(%9'(@-99-@( 6 A9(%9'(@-99-(- 6A'-&&:9$' ! '&@9' Authentic Language Övdalsk, metapragmatic exchange and the margins of Sweden’s linguistic market David Karlander Centre for Research on Bilingualism Stockholm University Doctoral dissertation, 2017 Centre for Research on Bilingualism Stockholm University Copyright © David Budyński Karlander Printed and bound by Universitetsservice AB, Stockholm Correspondence: SE 106 91 Stockholm www.biling.su.se ISBN 978-91-7649-946-7 ISSN 1400-5921 Acknowledgements It would not have been possible to complete this work without the support and encouragement from a number of people. I owe them all my humble thanks.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Immigrant Multilingualism in Swedish Compulsory Schools
    WORKING PAPER SERIES Online Working Paper No. 09 (2012) Managing Immigrant Multilingualism in Swedish Compulsory Schools Tünde Puskás This paper can be downloaded without charge from: http://www.recode.fi/publications ISSN 2242-3559 RECODE – Responding to Complex Diversity in Europe and Canada ONLINE WORKING PAPER SERIES RECODE, a research networking programme financed through the European Science Foundation (ESF), is intended to explore to what extent the processes of transnationalisation, migration, religious mobilisation and cultural differentiation entail a new configuration of social conflict in post-industrial societies - a possible new constellation labelled complex diversity. RECODE brings together scholars from across Europe and Canada in a series of scientific activities. More information about the programme and the working papers series is available via the RECODE websites: www.recode.fi www.esf.org/recode Series Editor: Peter A. Kraus Editorial Assistant: Daniel Moran Section 1, Workshop 1: Linguistic Diversity and the Changing Dynamics of Political Integration Title: Managing Immigrant Multilingualism in Swedish Compulsory Schools Author: Tünde Puskás Working Paper No. 09 Publication Date of this Version: October 2012 Webpage: http://www.recode.fi/publications © RECODE, 2012 Helsinki, Finland http://www.recode.fi © 2012 by Tünde Puskás All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit is given to the source. The views expressed in
    [Show full text]
  • Phonology of a Southern Swedish Idiolect Svantesson, Jan-Olof
    Phonology of a southern Swedish idiolect Svantesson, Jan-Olof 2001 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Svantesson, J-O. (2001). Phonology of a southern Swedish idiolect. (Working Papers, Lund University, Dept. of Linguistics; Vol. 49). http://www.ling.lu.se/disseminations/pdf/49/bidrag40.pdf Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Lund University, Dept. of Linguistics Working Papers 49 (2001), 156–159 Phonology of a southern Swedish idiolect Jan-Olof Svantesson Dept. of Linguistics, Lund University [email protected] In this egocentric article I describe briefly the segmental phonology of my own southern Swedish idiolect.
    [Show full text]
  • How Do Swedish Encyclopedia Users Want Pronunciation to Be Presented?
    Proceedings, FONETIK 2009, Dept. of Linguistics, Stockholm University How do Swedish encyclopedia users want pronuncia- tion to be presented? Michaël Stenberg Centre for Languages and Literature, Lund University Abstract were four introductory questions about age and linguistic background. In order to evaluate the This paper about presentation of pronunciation questions, a pilot test was first made, with five in Swedish encyclopedias is part of a doctoral participants: library and administrative staff, dissertation in progress. It reports on a panel and students of linguistics, though not special- survey on how users view presentation of pro- izing in phonetics. This pilot test, conducted in nunciation by transcriptions and recordings, March 2009, resulted in some of the questions so-called audio pronunciations. The following being revised for the sake of clarity. main issues are dealt with: What system should The survey proper was carried out in be used to render stress and segments? For March―April 2009. Fifty-four subjects be- what words should pronunciation be given tween 19 and 80 years of age, all of them affili- (only entry headwords or other words as well)? ated to Lund University, were personally ap- What kind of pronunciation should be present- proached. No reward was offered for parti- ed (standard vs. local, original language vs. cipating. Among them were librarians, admi- swedicized)? How detailed should a phonetic nistrative staff, professors, researchers and stu- transcription be? How should ‘audio pronunci- dents. Their academic studies comprised Lin- ations’ be recorded (human vs. synthetic guistics (including General Linguistics and speech, native vs. Swedish speakers, male vs. Phonetics) Logopedics, Audiology, Semiology, female speakers)? Results show that a clear Cognitive Science, English, Nordic Langua- majority preferred IPA transcriptions to ‘re- ges, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Polish, spelled pronunciation’ given in ordinary or- Russian, Latin, Arabic, Japanese, Translation thography.
    [Show full text]
  • Dialekt Där Den Nästan Inte Finns En Folklingvistisk Studie Av Dialektens Sociala Betydelse I Ett Standardspråksnära Område
    SKRIFTER UTGIVNA AV INSTITUTIONEN FÖR NORDISKA SPRÅK VID UPPSALA UNIVERSITET 98 JANNIE TEINLER Dialekt där den nästan inte finns En folklingvistisk studie av dialektens sociala betydelse i ett standardspråksnära område With a summary: Dialect where it almost doesn’t exist: A folk linguistic study of the social meaning of a dialect close to the standard language 2016 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Ihresalen, Engelska parken, Thunbergsvägen 3L, Uppsala, Saturday, 12 November 2016 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in Swedish. Faculty examiner: Rune Røsstad (Universitetet i Agder, Institutt for nordisk og mediefag). Abstract Teinler, J. 2016. Dialekt där den nästan inte finns. En folklingvistisk studie av dialektens sociala betydelse i ett standardspråksnära område. (Dialect where it almost doesn’t exist. A folk linguistic study of the social meaning of a dialect close to the standard language). Skrifter utgivna av Institutionen för nordiska språk vid Uppsala universitet 98. 295 pp. Uppsala: Institutionen för nordiska språk. ISBN 978-91-506-2597-4. By approaching dialect and standard language from a folk linguistic perspective, this thesis aims to investigate how laypeople perceive, talk about and orient towards dialect and standard language in a dialect area close to the perceived linguistic and administrative centre of Sweden. It consequently focuses on dialect and standard language as socially meaningful entities, rather than as sets of linguistic features, and studies a dialect area as it is understood by those who identify with it. To explore these issues, group interviews, a set of quantitative tests among adolescents and a ‘mental mapping’ task were used.
    [Show full text]
  • AUDIENCE DESIGN in INTERACTION: Studies on Urban Adolescent Spoken Languages
    AUDIENCE DESIGN IN INTERACTION: Studies on urban adolescent spoken languages Department of philosophy, linguistics and theory of science AUDIENCE DESIGN IN INTERACTION: Studies on urban adolescent spoken languages Julia Forsberg Doctoral dissertation in linguistics, University of Gothenburg 20181012 © Julia Forsberg, 2018 Cover: Maria Björk, images by Emeli Höcks Typeface: Times Printed by Repro Lorensberg, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 2018 Publisher: University of Gothenburg (Dissertations) ISBN 978-91-7833-199-4 (print) ISBN 978-91-7833-200-7 (pdf) Distribution Department of philosophy, linguistics and theory of science, Box 200, SE-405 30 Gothenburg ABSTRACT Title: Audience design in interaction: studies on urban adolescent spoken languages Author: Julia Forsberg Language: English, with a summary in Swedish Department: Department of philosophy, linguistics and theory of science ISBN 978-91-7833-199-4 (print) ISBN 978-91-7833-200-7 (pdf) Speakers of a language carry with them a set of language ideologies, i.e. beliefs about norms and rules in relation to that language. One such ideology is a standard language ideology, which is generally associated with prescriptive beliefs connected to linguistic standardness and correctness. A speaker’s understanding of language ideologies can affect their speech style. The speech style of a given speaker at a given time is further affected by a number of factors surrounding the setting of the speech situation in question, including the topic of conversation, the physical surroundings and the audience (known as audience design). Those audience members who are not present in a given speech situation are known as referees. In this compilation thesis, urban adolescent language in Sweden is studied from a number of angles, with the overarching assumption that speech style is designed with a specific audience in mind, and within the frame of those language ideologies available to the speaker.
    [Show full text]
  • Summer 2013 Vasastjärnan Publication of the Vasa Order of America
    THE VASA STAR summer 2013 VASASTJÄRNAN Publication of The Vasa Order of America Drott Lodge #168 celebrated 2013 ABBA Palooza in Potomac, MD with (l to r) Ashley Mullinax and Julie Olson, Chair of the lodge (see page 9 for the rest of the cast). THE GRAND MASTER’s MESSAGE Bertha E. Kalm, Benefactor of our Order in Sweden and in Swedish American society. We were only a week into in San Pedro (a California Please share these as program ideas in your this year when I got a call branch of the Church of own Vasa cultural programs throughout the from Gunilla Thelin, one Sweden) was bequeathed coming year. of my predecessors as the same amount as each We are still in the process of tabulat- chairperson of our Lodge. of the three Vasa Lodges. ing the results of the 2013 annual Stamp Acting as executor of the Unfortunately, I didn’t Fundraiser in support of the Grand Lodge Bertha E. Kalm estate she have the opportunity to Education Program. If you haven’t yet made was about to distribute four meet Ms. Kalm - she never that important donation you may still mail it checks for a total of one applied for membership in to our Grand Secretary, Joan Graham. I’m million dollars to benefit the Vasa Order and never encouraged by the health of our Scholarship Swedish-American institutions. The size of attended any meetings at our lodge, the Program and know many young students the bequest came as a surprise to me even Golden Valley Lodge (GVL) in Van Nuys, will receive Vasa Order of America Scholar- though I knew that Ms.
    [Show full text]