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Rome, Colosseum Square and NE Slopes of the Palatine Hill: Toward an Integrated 3D System for Stratigraphic Data Management and Ancient Urban Landscape Reconstruction

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Rome, Colosseum Square and NE Slopes of the Palatine Hill: Toward an Integrated 3D System for Stratigraphic Data Management and Ancient Urban Landscape Reconstruction CLEMENTINA PANELLA, EMANUELE BRIENZA, LORENZO FORNACIARI Rome, Colosseum square and NE slopes of the Palatine hill: toward an integrated 3D system for stratigraphic data management and ancient urban landscape reconstruction The investigations carried out in the valley of the Colosseum and on the NE slopes of the Palatine have disclosed a complex sequence of urban and monumental inter- ventions whose documentation has inevitably produced a vast amount of data that is difficult to manage without the aid of an information system. With the recent deve- lopment of new applications, it is possible to create a system for the integration and visualisation of archaeological data, both in two and three-dimensional format, and to experiment with new criteria and methods for the combined and effective use of documents of a different nature. We want to thank the staff of the Parco Archeologico del Colosseo (MIBACT) for the permission and support to our work, in particular Dr.sa Giulia Giovanetti. Introduction The urban landscape lying between the Colosseum valley, the northeast slopes of the Palatine hill and the Temple of Venus and Rome is the result of multiple urban changes occurring here during past centuries. The current appearance, if we consider the floor in use today and the monuments present, reflects the aspect reached during the 4th century C.E. (Fig. 1). It must be said, of course, that what we see today is the result of spoliations and diggings made in this area of the city since the end of antiquity. If it is true that the Colosseum and the Temple of Venus and Rome survived (more or less) these destructions and abuses, it is also clear that today they live in a me- taphysical space because the urban connective system they belonged to does not exist anymore. The first and substantialcoup de grâce was given to this zone by interventions made in the first half of the 19th century (during Napoleonic administration and subse- GROMA | documenting archaeology ISSN: 2531-6672 | Vol. 5-2020 DOI: 10.12977/groma32 | pp. 1-24 Published on: 06/03/2021 | Section: Article License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International Fig. 1. The investiga- ted urban district and quent papal restoration) and later at the end of the same century, when Rome the excavation areas. became the capital of Italy: all of these activities were planned in order to restore the levels of the ancient city and to enlarge the valley area; sadly this included the destruction of the medieval remains. The second act, responsible for the isolation of today’s ancient architecture, hap- pened during the fascist regime, when the Velia hill was almost totally demolished to build the brand new Via dell’Impero (now Via dei Fori Imperiali), linking the regime square, Piazza Venezia, with the Colosseum and after, to enlarge via di San Gregorio, renamed Via dei Trionfi, leading from the Colosseum to the Circus Maximus. On this occasion two imperial “ruins” were demolished: the base of the giant statue of Nero (the Colossus) and the Meta Sudans, a monumental fountain built in the Flavian era. It is within this framework that the department of Antiquity Sciences of the Sapien- za Rome University started in 1986 its archaeological excavations, first at the Meta Sudans (with an extended area going from the Arch of Constantine to the Colossus base) and later, from 2001, at the NE slopes of the Palatine hill, along the actual Via Sacra, reaching the Arch of Titus. The goals of these investigations were: CLEMENTINA PANELLA, EMANUELE BRIENZA, LORENZO FORNACIARI 2 • to reconnect a very important monument such the Meta Sudans with the surrounding ancient topography • to restore the connection between the Colosseum valley and the Palatine hill interrupted by destructive activities carried out from the end of antiquity. During our excavations we have adopted the “big areas” strategy and the strati- graphic procedure1: we have investigated an area of about 4500 square meters, reaching a depth, were possible, of 8/9 meters, chasing the millenary history of this urban zone, from the first settlement at the foot of the Palatine hill (10th century BCE) to modern age spoliations and activities, including the contemporary city services and infrastructure (water pipes, electric lines and underground B line). In order to reconstruct the original geomorphology, continuously modelled by human activities, we have conducted geophysical investigations, such as by means of augers or using tools such as ground-penetrating radar and resistivity2. To make an extreme synthesis of the main results3, starting from the remains of Iron Age huts, found along the slope, we move on to an early urban planning wit- nessed by the presence of two sanctuaries dating to the Roman Kingdom (8th-7th century BCE) located along both sides of the ancient road leading to the Roman Forum: one of them has been identified with the Curiae Veteres, linked to the an- cient Roman tradition and frequented until the end of antiquity. A residential zone along the road is documented from the archaic period: subsequently this area has been periodically rebuilt until Augustus age. In this period here, at the meeting point of five of the 14 city zones he first Meta Sudans was constructed in front of the Curiae Veteres, which were also renewed in monumental shape during the years of the emperor Claudius. After the big fire of year 64 Nero planned a deep tran- sformation of the area linked with the building of his Domus Aurea. In the years between 64 and 68 CE it was carried out a reorganization of the roads assigning them a regular and orthogonal shape. The following urban planning of flavian emperors was focused instead on restoring a public dimension to this sector with the construction of the Colosseum and its square together and the rebuilding of the sanctuary and the Meta Sudans. Another big urban change will happen during Hadrian’s reign with the construction of the Venus and Rome Temple and, on the other side, of a long storehouse flanking the porticoed street direct to Forum. As a result of a further fire, broke out at the end of the 2nd century, the area was rebuilt again by the severian dynasty: in connection with the reorganization of the 1 On the archaeological meaning of the terms “strategy” and “procedure” see Barker 1977, Har- ris 1979. 2 Arnoldus-Huyzendveld and Panella 1996; Piro 2006; Panella, Piro, Zeggio and Brienza 2008. 3 About the results of the excavations see: Panella 1996; Panella et al. 2006; Panella 2011; 2013; Panella, Zeggio and Ferrandes 2014; Saguì, Cante and Quondam 2014; Saguì and Cante 2015; Ferrandes 2016; Brienza 2016; Papini 2019; Panella et al. 2019. 3 GROMA 5 - 2020 imperial palace the north east Palatine’s substructures were transformed and the constructions at the feet were replaced by a new building commonly called “Bagni di Elagabalo”. In the 4th century CE, in fact, a banquet hall with a small bath was created inside this complex; during the same century the Meta Sudans and the Ve- nus and Rome Temple were restored and finally the Constantine’s Arch was built. From the micro-history of the excavated area it has been necessary to skip to the macro-history of the whole ancient urban district, of whose landscape our investi- gations discovered very few parts: our research had to take into consideration the previous archaeological literature about the settlement vicissitudes of the whole Palatine, as well as of the Oppio, Celio and Velia hills; for the same reason we have acquired the data of geomorphological research focused on these zones4. Dealing with this purpose, we had to use computerized information tools for data collection and management, articulated into distinct chronologies and with graphic outputs able to reproduce the ancient spaces and their transformations over time, on a small and large representation scale. C.P. The archaeological record collection: techniques and procedures The stratigraphic excavations have produced a large amount of material evidence related to ancient buildings and architecture of great impact, distributed over hun- dreds of years. In particular, the physical overlap of structures following the deve- lopment of diversified urban systems is strongly linked to the environmental, to- pographical and stratigraphic continuum whose surviving traces must be connected in shape, place and time to an entire sequence of actions, in order to understand the general history of this ancient city zone. All of this leads us to an attempt to reconstruct the historical events of an enlarged urban landscape, changing over the centuries from its first settlements to the pre- sent day. This is why other investigations were carried out, together with the excavations, aimed at identifying and correctly positioning the archaeological and morpholo- gical evidence of the surrounding areas, reconsidering them in the light of the new results coming from updated technology. The historical sequence reconstructed for the excavation areas was therefore con- textualized in a wider urban historical framework, traced through the study of pre- 4 For the geological study of these zones see Funiciello and Rosa 1995; Funiciello et al. 1995; Funiciello, Lombardi and Marra 2002; Arnoldus-Huyzendveld 2016; Del Monte 2018. CLEMENTINA PANELLA, EMANUELE BRIENZA, LORENZO FORNACIARI 4 vious bibliographies, archive data and historical cartography. The archaeological records collected during these operations were linked to a general map developed in a GIS environment, made up of several distinct plans combined into a unique reference system by overlay mapping procedures: the vector cadastre of Rome, the digital cartography of the Municipality plus several rectified aerial photos and satellite images. Over this base-map we have georeferenced several historic carto- graphies, in raster and vector format, such as Nolli’s Nuova Pianta di Roma (1748), some sheets of Lanciani’s Forma Urbis Romae and the cartographic atlas Media Pars Urbis made by V.
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