Unassisted Establishment of Biological Soil Crusts on Dryland Road Slopes
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Web Ecol., 19, 39–51, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/we-19-39-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unassisted establishment of biological soil crusts on dryland road slopes Laura Concostrina-Zubiri, Juan M. Arenas, Isabel Martínez, and Adrián Escudero Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain Correspondence: Laura Concostrina-Zubiri ([email protected]) and Juan M. Arenas ([email protected]) Received: 13 January 2019 – Revised: 12 May 2019 – Accepted: 15 May 2019 – Published: 6 June 2019 Abstract. Understanding patterns of habitat natural recovery after human-made disturbances is critical for the conservation of ecosystems under high environmental stress, such as drylands. In particular, the unassisted estab- lishment of nonvascular plants such as biological soil crusts or biocrust communities (e.g., soil lichens, mosses and cyanobacteria) in newly formed habitats is not yet fully understood. However, the potential of biocrusts to improve soil structure and function at the early stages of succession and promote ecosystem recovery is enor- mous. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of lichen biocrusts to spontaneously establish and develop on road slopes in a Mediterranean shrubland. We also compared taxonomic and functional diversity of biocrusts between road slopes and natural habitats in the surroundings. Biocrust richness and cover, species composition, and func- tional structure were measured in 17 road slopes (nine roadcuts and eight embankments) along a 13 km highway stretch. Topography, soil properties and vascular plant communities of road slopes were also characterized. We used Kruskal–Wallis tests and applied redundancy analysis (RDA) to test the effect of environmental scenario (road slopes vs. natural habitat) and other local factors on biocrust features. We found that biocrusts were com- mon in road slopes after ∼ 20 years of construction with no human assistance needed. However, species richness and cover were still lower than in natural remnants. Also, functional structure was quite similar between roadcuts (i.e., after soil excavation) and natural remnants, and topography and soil properties influenced species composi- tion while environmental scenario type and vascular plant cover did not. These findings further support the idea of biocrusts as promising restoration tools in drylands and confirm the critical role of edaphic factors in biocrust establishment and development in land-use change scenarios. 1 Introduction (Delgado-Baquerizo et al., 2015) and hydrology (Chamizo et al., 2013), and also modulating biotic interactions (Luzuriaga Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) have earned a place as key et al., 2012). Moreover, due to the functional roles they per- ecosystem components in drylands in the last decades (We- form and their ability to establish and develop in very harsh ber et al., 2016a). They are complex communities composed environments, biocrusts have been pointed out as promis- of lichens, bryophytes, fungi, cyanobacteria and other mi- ing tools in dryland restoration (Bowker, 2007). Some of the croorganisms living on and interacting with the first soil biocrust constituents are early, fast colonizers of degraded ar- layers, and are found in almost every dryland occurring in eas with enormous potential to aid and speed up ecosystem stressful conditions, i.e., water scarcity and high solar radia- structure and functioning recovery, e.g., stabilizing soil sur- tion and temperatures. Biocrusts contribute greatly to ecosys- face, improving soil fertility, maintaining soil humidity and tem diversity, with several tens of species per square me- promoting the establishment of vascular plants (Weber et al., tre, and to ecosystem functioning, being critical in the fix- 2016a). This is particularly true in strongly disturbed areas ation of carbon and nitrogen (Elbert et al., 2012), controlling under high abiotic stress, where vascular plant development topsoil structure (Jimenez Aguilar et al., 2009), chemistry Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Ecological Federation (EEF). 40 L. Concostrina-Zubiri et al.: Biocrusts on dryland road slopes is less likely to occur due to a higher demand on soil re- sitional level (Arenas et al., 2017a). For biocrusts, we ex- sources and lower tolerance of water scarcity, among others pect to find processes of colonization and community as- (Bowker, 2007). sembly on road slopes similar to those that occur for vas- Biocrusts have been shown to recover naturally without cular vegetation, and therefore evidence the ecological in- assistance from mechanical disturbances, such as grazing, terest of natural colonization as a useful biocrust restora- trampling and vehicle driving, and also from fire, at varying tion measure. In particular, we hypothesized that biocrusts recovery rates and following different community trajecto- establish easily in the road slopes, provided that biocrusts ries depending on the disturbance type, intensity and timing are common and abundant in the surroundings (i.e., inocu- (Belnap and Eldridge, 2003). However, little is known about lum availability) and because of their capacity to tolerate natural recovery of biocrusts in newly formed and emer- harsh environmental conditions typical for newly created gent habitats such as those generated after the construction habitats (e.g., very thin soil, high radiation inputs) (Weber of linear infrastructures which include massive soil removal et al. ,2016b). Nevertheless, we expect to find marked differ- or the accumulation of exogenous soil material. At the very ences in biocrust composition depending on road slope type fine spatial scale (i.e., topsoil, area < 10 m2), several studies (i.e., roadcut vs. embankment), topography, soil properties have evaluated biocrust natural colonization and establish- and vascular plant abundance since the diversity of these or- ment after biocrust removal (i.e., scalping). Recovery rates ganisms is highly sensitive to changes in (i) climate at the range from less than 3 years for cyanobacteria, commonly local and microscale given by topography, e.g., sun vs. shade the earliest, fastest colonizers within biocrusts, up to a few environments (Pintado et al., 2005); (ii) soil physicochemical decades or almost a millennium for bryophytes and lichens, properties, e.g., texture (Fischer and Subbotina, 2014), nutri- the typical components of more developed, mature biocrusts ent content (Bowker et al., 2006) and pH (Ochoa-Hueso et (reviewed in Weber et al., 2016b). Similarly to biocrust re- al., 2011); and (iii) biotic interactions, especially with vascu- covery in secondary succession, the colonization and estab- lar plants, e.g., biocrust–plant facilitation–competition pro- lishment of biocrusts largely depend on climate, particularly, cesses (reviewed in Bowker et al., 2016). In this study, we precipitation amount and timing after disturbance, and soil aimed to assess the potential of lichen biocrusts to colonize properties, such as soil stability and nutrient concentration and prosper in pioneer habitats under natural conditions (i.e., (Weber et al., 2016b). with no artificial assistance). We focused only on lichens be- Surprisingly, to our knowledge, there is only one study cause they are the most conspicuous, rich and common com- focusing entirely on the recovery of biocrust communities ponents of biocrusts in Mediterranean grasslands and shrub- on road slopes (Chiquoine et al., 2016). Yet, Chiquoine lands (Concostrina-Zubiri et al., 2014), even in fragmented et al. (2016) did not focus on natural colonization but on landscapes (Concostrina-Zubiri et al., 2018). successful establishment after applying biocrust inoculum, Specifically, we addressed the following questions: (1) can among other restoration treatments. This is a bit striking lichen biocrusts establish on road slopes spontaneously? If since there is no baseline for comparison. Therefore, no so, (2) what species and functional attributes characterize previous study has evaluated the unassisted recovery of the newly formed communities? Regarding the functional biocrusts on road slopes, and this limited knowledge on attributes characterizing these communities, we focused on biocrust recovery under natural conditions weakens many eutrophication tolerance, gypsum tolerance, because our projects of ecological restoration of road slopes in drylands. biocrust model occurs in this type of soil (Concostrina-Zubiri In contrast, many studies have highlighted the role of nat- et al., 2018), and thallus continuity to test the following hy- ural colonization in the establishment of vascular vegeta- potheses: (i) lichen biocrust communities in the road slopes tion on road slopes (Bochet et al., 2007; Mola et al., 2011; are more tolerant to high nutrient levels (e.g., derived from Arenas et al., 2017a, b). In Mediterranean drylands, na- the road traffic and the subsequent passive air fertilization), tive vascular plants can establish and develop well in road (ii) they present a higher tolerance of/affinity to gypsum con- slopes in the absence of human assistance when the slope is tent, as expected in a less developed topsoil layer at road gentle (< 45◦) (Bochet and García-Fayos, 2004) and suffi- slopes compared to natural remnants where soil carbon and cient propagule is available from the surroundings (Arenas other nutrients