North American Fungi

Volume 11, Number 6, Pages 1-49 Published November 7, 2016

A checklist of Mojave Desert lichens, USA

Monica W. Proulx2, Kerry Knudsen3, Larry L. St. Clair1,2 1Department of Biology, Brigham young University, Provo, UT 84602 USA; 2M. L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 USA; 3Department of Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, CZ 165 21, Czech Republic

Proulx, M. W., K. Knudsen, and L. L. St. Clair. 2016. A checklist of Mojave Desert lichens, USA. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2509/naf2016.011.006

Corresponding author: Monica W. Proulx, [email protected]. Accepted for publication October 23, 2016 http://pnwfungi.org Copyright © 2016 Pacific Northwest Fungi Project. All rights reserved.

Abstract: After adjusting for synonyms and misdeterminations, 279 species in 89 genera are documented herein for the Mojave Desert. This catalog is based on species lists reported in nine peer reviewed publications and includes a general overview of the Mojave Desert in terms of climate, environmental sensitivity, vegetation, and geology. It also includes brief information about each of the eight general collection areas (two papers cover the same study area), as well as a summary discussion of the Mojave Desert lichen flora.

Key words: Mojave Desert, lichens, checklist, environmental sensitivity, vegetation, geology.

2 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

Introduction Description of the Mojave Desert Much of the Mojave Desert falls within an The Mojave Desert at roughly 140,000 km2 elevation range of 600 to 1500m; however, the represents approximately 11% of the total North Mojave Desert also includes Death Valley - which American desert area, (Barbour and Billings Eds. at its lowest point is 86m below sea level, and is 2000) and is the smallest of the four North the lowest and warmest location in North American deserts. It covers a large portion of America (ASU). Wide temperature swings are Southeastern California, some of Central common in the desert. Mojave summers are hot California, the southern tip of Nevada, and the with daytime temperatures often reaching 50°C. SW and NW corners of Utah and Arizona Nights are generally cooler and winter respectively. The Mojave Desert is bordered by temperatures can be below freezing. the Great Basin Desert to the north, the warmer Sonoran Desert to the south, and the Chihuahuan Vegetation Desert to the southeast. The Colorado Plateau, a There is some disagreement among scientists as mixture of high desert and forested areas, lies to to whether or not the Mojave is a desert in its the east. own right or simply a transition zone between the Great Basin and Sonoran deserts to the north and More specifically, portions of three mountain south, respectively. MacMahon (Barbour and ranges in Southern California serve as western Billings Eds. 2000) argues that it is a distinct and transition zones to the Mojave with their extreme separate desert since 25% of its plant species are NE and SE reaches defining the Mojave’s NW endemics. Approximately 250 of the vascular and SW boundaries. These are the SE foothills of plant species reported for the Mojave Desert are the Tehachapi Mountains, and NE plateaus of the annuals, and 80% of those are endemics San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains. (Barbour and Billings Eds. 2000). These so-called mountain-desert boundaries are further delineated by the San Andreas and A Creosote bush scrub community dominates Garlock faults. large portions of the Mojave Desert; particularly, the lower elevation bajadas and valley floors. Climate Creosote (Larrea tridentata) is an evergreen Most of the Mojave Desert is considered high shrub which grows in the well aerated sandy to desert, or what has been called by some a warm- gravelly soils of alluvial fans, plains, benches, and cold desert. MacMahon, in “North American rocky slopes with low salinity and annual Terrestrial Vegetation”, defines a desert as a precipitation of less than 18 cm (Nellessen 2004). warm area with low rainfall and a high rate of L. tridentata has an interesting adaptation which evapotranspiration (Barbour and Billings Eds. maximizes access to water. Its trunk is divided 2000). Average precipitation across the Mojave into multiple stems which are angled from 45° to Desert is less than 12 cm/year, though averages 65° relative to the soil surface; this arrangement vary depending on specific locations (Barbour optimizes stem flow and concentrates rainfall to and Billings Eds. 2000). There are also seasonal the roots (Nellessen 2004). Creosote bushes in differences in rainfall, with winter rains being Death Valley, which is the most arid part of this longer in duration, broader in coverage, but species’ range, have stem angles greater than 65° generally less intense. Summer rainfall events (Nellessen 2004). L. tridentata is often found are more intense, cyclonic thunderstorms, with Ambrosia dumosa (white bursage), and covering smaller areas, and generally of shorter MacMahon estimates that perhaps 70% of the duration (Barbour and Billings Eds. 2000).

Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 3

Mojave is covered with these two co-occurring years (Kliemann 1979), and some individuals species (Barbour and Billings Eds. 2000). have been reported to be as much as 300 years old (Johnson 1970). Despite its prevalence in the Other vascular plant species commonly found in Mojave - it has not been reported as a lichen the Mojave Desert include: two species of substrate in any of the studies cited herein. saltbush - Atriplex hymenelytra (desert holly) and Atriplex polycarpa (cattle spinach); Encelia Environmental Sensitivity farinosa (brittlebush), Sphaeralcea ambigua The Mojave Desert, typical of xeric systems in (mallow), Menodora spinescens (spiny general, is a fragile and vulnerable environment menodora), Lycium pallidum or Lycium and recovery following human-related impact andersonii (wolfberries), Ephedra nevadensis occurs very slowly. This pattern is illustrated by (Mormon tea), Krameria parvifolia (ratany), the slow recovery rate of biological soil crusts on Acamptopappus schlockeyi (goldenhead), desert pavement damaged nearly 70 years ago Psorothamnus fremontii (Fremont dalea), during World War II related training maneuvers Psilostrophe cooperi (yellow paper daisy), and in the Mojave Desert. In 1942 the Desert Hilaria rigida (a perennial grass). In addition, 23 Training Area (DTA) was established in the species of cactus including: Opuntia basilaris Mojave Desert by the U. S. military. The facility (beavertail), O. echinocarpa, O. acanthocarpa (2 was actively used from 1942-1944 (Webb et al. chollas), Echinocactus polycephalus, and 2009). Where open shrub interspaces were Ferocactus acanthodes (a barrel cactus) are also impacted by vehicular traffic, the damage to the reported for the Mojave Desert. In rills and soil crust community area is still clearly visible channels with more moisture Hymenoclea (Belnap and Warren 2002). In the intervening salsola (cheesebush) is common, along with years since the original maneuvers the recovery Cassia armata, Ambrosia eriocentra, Brickellia rate for two of the more common soil crust incana, and Acacia greggii (catclaw). There are lichens – Placidium squamulosum and also 3 yuccas species reported for the Mojave Enchylium tenax - has been 3%, and 6%, Desert: Yucca brevifolia (Joshua tree), Y. respectively (Belnap and Warren 2002). schidigera (Mojave yucca), and Y. baccata (banana yucca). Finally, in areas with established Recently, parts of the Mojave Desert system have desert pavement and calcareous soils creosote experienced significantly altered fire regimes bush is often found with Atriplex confertifolia largely due to the introduction of invasive exotic (Barbour and Billings Eds., 2000). grasses (D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992; Horn et al. 2015). Historically, deserts generally have The Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia) is a Mojave fewer and smaller fire events than environments Desert endemic and its distribution generally with higher fuel loads, due in part to lower follows the Mojave Desert boundary. It is a large, amounts of noncontiguous fuel (Humphrey 1974; evergreen, tree-like monocot that achieves its Brooks and Chambers 2011; Horn et al. 2015). annual growth primarily during the winter and The introduction of invasive grasses into the spring months (Digital Desert). It ranges in Mojave Desert in recent years has resulted in height from 5m to 10m and occasionally as high much higher intershrub space fuel loads thus as 20m (US Forest Service Database). The facilitating larger and more intense fire events Joshua tree’s growth rate is relatively slow (D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992; Brooks et al. compared to vascular plants from other 2004; Brooks and Matchett 2006; Bukowski and environments, but fairly rapid for a desert species Baker 2012; Horn et al. 2015). In environments – increasing by an average of 5.9 cm/year that are fire adapted, fire can positively impact (Webber 1953). It has an average life span of 150 diversity partly through stimulating seed bank 4 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

activity (Keeley et al. 2005); however, high the “plutonic inclusions” found currently in the intensity desert fires generally negatively impact Mojave Desert (Ianno and Paterson 2014). These the ecosystem response and suppress now cooled inclusions can be found today as the regeneration of the plant community by much eroded and weathered monzonite and scorching seeds and root crowns in the upper monzogranite boulders and rock formations of layers of soil (Brooks 2002; Esque et al. 2010; the Mojave Desert Preserve. These date from the Horn et al. 2015). In addition, high intensity fires Mesozoic Era, from as early as the Jurassic to as also change the nutrient content, structure, and late as the Cretaceous periods (Howard et al. hydrology of soils (D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992; 2013). They serve as important substrata for a Webb et. al. 2009; Horn et al. 2015). significant number of Mojave Desert lichens. Furthermore, fire-damaged soils may have Other saxicolous substrates in the Mojave Desert, decreased pore space, water content, and organic as outlined by the overview of the 8 collection matter, along with increased pH and soil areas, include: granite, gneiss, basalt, other- temperatures at the surface (Lei 1999; Horn et al. forms-of “lava rock”, caliche, limestone, 2015). Thus the Mojave Desert post-fire vascular sandstone, gypsiferous soil, and non-calcareous plant community is dramatically altered and rocks. commonly transitions into a monoculture of invasive annual species (Abella 2010; Vamstad Summary information concerning the and Rotenberry 2010). eight collection areas included in this report Geology and substrates Herman Edward Hasse. 1913. The lichen flora of The most common soil types found on the Mojave Southern California. Bulletin of the United States Desert floor are sandy soils, gravelly pavement National Museum. Issued June 9, 1913. (desert pavement), salt flats, and playas (Barbour and Billings Eds. 2000). The physiography of the For more than a dozen years, Herman Hasse Mojave Desert is classic basin and range collected lichens mostly in Los Angeles County, topography, the basins are sunken regions of the California (Hasse 1910, Hasse 1913), periodically flat crust bordered by up-thrust block mountain receiving feedback and specimens from several ranges along fault lines. These basins run north prominent European lichenologists, including to south and generally cover more than 50% of Ernst Stizenberger, Dr. William Nylander, and the land area (Barbour and Billings Eds. 2000). Dr. A. Zahlbruckner (Hasse 1913). He also This general topography has been caused by received specimens from other California stretching of the earth’s crust with subsequent collectors, including Mr. S. B. Parish of San faulting. Mountain and basin forming actions Bernardino, who is noted below on a few began in this region 170 MYA and lasted through specimens (Hasse 1913). Hasse published his 40 MYA, from the Jurassic through the Cenozoic Lichen Flora of Southern California in 1913 with Periods (geomaps.wr.usgs.gov). the National Herbarium, noting that the lichens of Southern CA were found in three The subduction of the ancient Farallon oceanic topographical areas: a coastal area, a plate caused the complete subsumtion of that mountainous region, and a desert. This is plate into the earth’s molton mantle and a partial assumed as proof that he included Mojave Desert melting of the North American plate. The friction lichens within this flora. He states that the caused by the movement of the thinner but mountainous region transitions through a denser oceanic plate sliding parallel to - and gradual descent which “passes into the desert beneath - the thicker less dense continental plate plateau of 1200m elevation, gently sloping east is the source for the molton material that became and northeasterly, southward descending to, and Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 5 in some localities even below, the sea level” County (GPS: 36° 25.607’ North Latitude, 115° (Hasse 1913). He notes that this desert section is 58.434’ West Longitude) - to a high of 2,642m at arid most of the year, and observed that the Bristlecone Loop Trail, Clark County (GPS: 36° lichens were primarily found on soil or rocks, 18.618’ North Latitude, 115° 40.629’ West with very few corticolous species, mainly but not Longitude) (St. Clair et al. 2007, Proulx 2011). entirely, due to scanty-precipitation and low- The species list from the Spring Mountains humidity (Hasse 1913). As evidence that there survey includes 122 lichen species in 54 genera were other factors at work, he offers his and represents 44% of the 279 species in 98 observation that in locations sheltered from wind genera reported to date for the Mojave Desert. and direct sunlight, desert lichens could be said to “flourish in a measure”, though much limited The Lichen Flora of Joshua Tree National Park: as to variety compared to elsewhere in Southern An Annotated Checklist California (Hasse 1913). Kerry Knudsen, Mitzi Harding, Josh Hoines, published 2013 Generally, Hasse doesn’t specifically designate whether a specimen is from the desert portion of Joshua Tree National Park, consisting of his study, except in a few cases where based on approximately 800,000 acres, is located in the locality given by Hasse some specimens were Southern California specifically in Riverside and definitely either collected in the transition zone San Bernardino counties. Portions of the park or the Mojave Desert proper. For the rest, a bit of form a transition zone between the Sonoran and detective work was necessary to arrive at a list of Mojave deserts. Collections considered in this “possible Mojave Desert lichens” based on publication were from the Mojave Desert portion Hasse’s published flora. This task was of the park – specifically, the northwest section. accomplished by examining elevation substrate, Lichens reported for Joshua Tree National Park vegetation, and precipitation patterns. Based on were generally found on the rock walls of washes this information, we have included several of or on north facing slopes. The Eureka Peak area Hasse’s collections in this checklist. was examined more specifically in a separate

study. This study reported 143 species in 61 Spring Mountains, Humboldt-Toiyabe National genera. (Note: the Knudsen, K., M. Harding and Forest, Clark and Nye Counties, Nevada. J. Hoines 2013 report for the Joshua Tree Monica W. Proulx and Larry L. St. Clair, National Park covers lichens found in both the published 2013. Sonoran and Mojave Deserts inside the park, and

usually gives the substrate and abundance The Spring Mountains are a sky island mountain separately for each portion of the park, but range in the Mojave Desert located approximately occasionally gives this information “in general” 25 km northwest of Las Vegas. This survey was for the entire park and not specifically for the based on extensive collections made between Sonoran or Mojave deserts. For the purpose of 1997 and 2007 as part of an air quality bio- this checklist in the event this is the case for a monitoring program and baseline established in specific lichen, the substrate and/or abundance the Spring Mountains National Recreation Area will be stated “in general” for Joshua Tree in the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest (St. National Park using the phrase “in general” in Clair et al. 2007, Proulx 2011). Specimens were quotation marks. Inferring conclusions about the collected from 15 unique collections sites in the Mojave Desert, specifically, is up to the Spring Mountains, with elevations ranging from a judgement of the reader.) low of 1,600m at Crystal Spring Canyon, Nye 6 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

Lichen flora of the Eastern Mojave Desert: for these two surveys is 98 species in 53 genera, Blackrock Arizona, Mojave County, Arizona, USA with 17 lichen species in common between the Heather Bird Jackson, Steven D. Leavitt, Thomas two studies. Krebs, and Larry L. St. Clair, published 2005. This survey is based on field identifications and The Lichen Flora of Two Sites in the Mojave collections made at several sites near Black Rock Desert, California, USA Road in the Northeastern Mojave Desert, 1.6 km south of the Utah-Arizona border, in Mojave Kathryn B. Knight, Deborah R. Clements, Luis F. County, extreme Northwestern Arizona. The Gordillo, Jonathan I. Jefferies, Derek Tilley, elevation of the site was 1,058m (3,471 ft.); at 36° Taylor J. Workman, Anna F. Lloyd, and Larry L. 58.522’ North Latitude, 113° 38.650’ West St. Clair, published 2002. Longitude. The authors report 41 lichen species in 28 genera. Specimens were collected from Two sites were collected in the Mojave National Kaibab and Moenkopi rock outcrops, soil and Preserve, along Kelbaker Road, 20 km southeast bark/lignum of creosote shrubs, in an open and of Baker, California and 1 km east of the Orofino flat shrub land transitioning upward into a Mine along a north facing lava flow at 610m vegetated drainage area with rocky outcrops. elevation (GPS: 35° 12.315’ North Latitude, 115° 52.259’ West Longitude). The second site was at Lichens of the Granite Mountains, Sweeney the east end of Black Tank Wash and 3 km N-NW Granite Mountain Desert Research Center, of a cinder pit mine, also along a north facing lava Southwestern Mojave Desert, San Bernardino flow, at 1160m elevation (GPS: 35° 14.424’ North County, California. Latitude, 115° 44.355’ West Longitude). Lichens Kerry Knudsen, Silke Werth, published 2008. were collected from rock, soil, and lignum. And Conditions at these two sites are marked by Lichens of the Sweeney Granite Mountains extreme heat and aridity. Lichens were found Desert Research Center and Environs: only in protected habitats, with saxicolous species California Lichen Society Exploratory Field Trip, limited to the north facing exposures of the basalt October 9-12, 1998, published 1999. flows. No lichens were found on south Janet Doell exposures. Patchy terricolous lichen communities were found on the edges of Two lichen surveys were completed in the ephemeral waterways. This study reported 39 Sweeney Granite Mountains, discussed here as species in 29 genera. one area. The Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center is part of the University The Lichen Flora of the Southwestern Mojave of California Natural Reserve System and is Desert: Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree National Park, located in San Bernardino County 128 km east of Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, Barstow. The highest point in the Reserve, California, USA within the Granite Mountains, is 2,070m; the Kerry Knudsen and Tasha La Doux, published lowest point is 670m, and the Reserve includes 2006. 3,626 ha (36 sq km) of the Mojave Desert. Average annual precipitation is 15-20 cm year. Eureka Peak is the second highest peak (1,677m) From maps, one can see that the Granite in the San Bernardino Mountain range and is Mountains are inside the Eastern Mojave Desert, located in Joshua Tree National Park, in the which lies within the transition zone between the southwestern Mojave Desert of California. The Sonoran Desert to the south and the Great Basin Little San Bernardino Mountains are adjacent to Desert to the north. The combined species count the northern portion of the Sonoran Desert along Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 7 the San Andreas Fault. Eureka Peak is located at includes 16 species reported for Utah for the first 34° 01’ 57” North Latitude, 116° 21’ 01” West time and 10 new records for the Mojave Desert. Longitude; all sides of the mountain were The authors reported 41 species in 23 genera, 30 collected where accessible, up to 60m (197 ft.) of which were saxicolous, 7 terricolous and 4 below the summit. Rocky substrates on Eureka corticolous. Peak are from the Mesozoic era, and consist of pleutonic monzogranite inclusions, which were Note on formatting for the Species exposed due to uplift and erosion. The authors Checklist: Genera and species names in SMALL reported 30 species in 23 genera from this site. CAPS indicate current nomenclature. Genera and species names in Italics when used as headings, Lichen Flora of the Southwestern Mojave Desert: or following the word “Synonym:”, indicate no Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree National Park, San longer accepted nomenclature. Detailed Bernardino County, California, USA distribution information for each species is Kerry Knudsen and Tasha La Doux, published recorded under the scientific name as used in the 2005. original publication for each collection site, and not under current nomenclature. Key’s Ranch is located in the Little San Bernardino Mountains in Joshua Tree National Species Checklist Park, San Bernardino County, California. The ACAROSPORA A. Massal. sites surveyed in this study were located above ACAROSPORA AMERICANA H. Magn. (--Knudsen, K., and around “Key’s Ranch,” an early 20th century M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 11, common, homestead on the National Register of Historic on granite and gneiss in Joshua Tree National Places, at an elevation of 1,267m, at 34° 2.82’ Park, in the Mojave, at the following sites: North Latitude, 116° 10.16’ West Longitude. Cottonwood Mountains, Juniper Flats, Little San Rocky substrates around the ranch are Bernardino Mountains (Eureka Peak), Lost Cretaceous in age (from 74-106 MYA) and are Horse Mountains, Ryan Mountain, Upper dominated by a two-mica quartz monzonite Covington Flats, Riverside and San Bernardino (Barth et al. 2004) originating from plutonic Counties, CA) inclusions. The physiography of the area is dry washes with granite boulder outcrops. This study ACAROSPORA BADIOFUSCA (Nyl.) Th. Fr. (--Proulx, reported 41 species in 32 genera. M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, 14, uncommon, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark A Checklist of the Lichens of the Beaver Dam County, NV; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, Slope, Washington County, Utah, USA p. 16, common, on granite slopes, Sweeney Gagjendra Shrestha, Steven D. Leavitt, Monica Granite Mountains and Sweeney Mountain W. Proulx, Lawrence A. Glacy, Christina Call, Desert Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino John Henrichsen, and Larry L. St. Clair, County, CA) – Synonym: Acarospora californica published 2012. Zahlbr.

Beaver Dam Slope in Washington Co., Utah, is ACAROSPORA BOULDERENSIS H. Magn. (--Knudsen, located in the extreme northeastern part of the K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 11, Mojave Desert. Five sites were surveyed, Description: Knudsen and Kocourková. Found including some on the privately owned Lytle on granite in the Mojave Desert in Joshua Tree Ranch Preserve. This study area is found in the National Park, most specimens poor, at the transition zone between the Mojave Desert, the following sites: Hidden Valley, Little San Great Basin, and the Colorado Plateau. This study Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo Canyon), Smith 8 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

Water Canyon, Upper and Lower Covington species report is a new record for the Mojave Flats, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, Desert, Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County, CA) This species was segregated from UT) Acarospora badiofusca (Nyl.) Th. Fr.. Note: Esslinger changes North American records of A. ACAROSPORA DISPERSA H. Magn. (--Shrestha, G. et boulderensis H. Magn. to A. badiofusca (Nyl.) al. 2012, p. 4, rare at 1 of 5 sites, on rock, this Th. Fr. (Esslinger 2015), however, Knudsen species report is a new record for the Mojave indicates that – Desert, Beaver Dam Slope, Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County, UT) “Acarospora boulderensis occurs in central Europe and across temperate ACAROSPORA ELEVATA H. Magn. (--Knudsen, K., North America. It is frequent in the M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 11, on basalt, mountains of Southern California and gneiss, and granite in Joshua Tree National Park, along the Eastern Sierra Nevada at the following sites: Hexie Mountain, Little San Mountains in Inyo County. Bernardino Mountains (east of Long Canyon, Acarospora boulderensis occurs in the Eureka Peak and Pushwalla Plateau), Lost Horse Mojave Desert in Joshua Tree. Most Mountains, Lower Covington Flats, Malapai Hill specimens are poor. It is documented (abundant on granite), Ryan Mountain, Queen by 9 collections. This species was Mountain, Wonderland of Rocks at Keys Ranch, segregated from A. badiofusca (Nyl.) Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; Th. Fr” (Knudsen and Kocourková --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 105, rare, 2012) on granite on east facing slopes, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree National Park, San Bernardino ACAROSPORA BROUARDII B. de Lesd. (--Proulx, M. County, CA) W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, 14, rare, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) ACAROSPORA FUSCATA (Schrader) Arnold (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, ACAROSPORA CALCAREA K.Knudsen (--Shrestha, G. 14, rare, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark et al. 2012, p. 4, rare at 1 of 5 sites, on rock, this County, NV; --Doell, J. 1999, pp. 8-9, found at 2 species report is a new record for the Mojave of 4 collection sites, on lava rock and other rock, Desert, Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Bernardino UT) County, CA; --Jackson, H. et al. 2005, p. 34, common to abundant, on rock, Black Rock Road Acarospora californica Zahlbr. (--Doell, J. 1999, vicinity, Mojave County, Northwestern AZ; p. 8, common, on lava and rock, Sweeney Granite --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 29, locally common, Mountains, San Bernardino County, CA.) = on basalt, Mojave National Preserve, San ACAROSPORA BADIOFUSCA (Nyl.) Th. Fr. Bernardino County, CA)

Acarospora chlorophana (Wahlenb.) A. Massal. ACAROSPORA GLAUCOCARPA (Ach.) Körber (--Hasse 1913, p. 64, collected by S. B. Parish in (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, the San Bernardino Mountains, and also found in 14, rare, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark the San Gabriel Mountains, CA) = PLEOPSIDIUM County, NV) CHLOROPHANUM (Wahlenb.) Zopf ACAROSPORA MACROSPORA (Hepp) A. Massal. ex ACAROSPORA CONTIGUA H. Magn. (--Shrestha, G. Bagl. (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. et al. 2012, p. 4, rare at 1 of 5 sites, on rock, this 9, 14, rare, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 9

County, NV; -- Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. National Park, San Bernardino County, CA; Hoines 2013, pg. 11, rare, on decaying granite --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2006, p. 25, with calcium deposits due to evaporating water, abundant, on granite on Eureka Peak, Joshua at the following sites in Joshua Tree National Tree National Park, Riverside and San Park: Desert wash between Skull Rock and naBerrdino Counties, CA) Jumbo Rocks, Sheep’s Pass, Upper Juniper Flats,

Riverside County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. ACAROSPORA OBPALLENS (Nyl. ex Hasse) Zahlbr. Werth 2008, p. 16, rare on decomposing granite (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, in wash, Sweeney Granite Mountains and p. 12, rare, on soft monzogranite boulders and on Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, soil in rock crevices in the Mojave Desert in Eastern San Bernardino County, CA) Joshua Tree National Park, at the following sites: Wonderland of Rocks (Indian Cove, trail to Steve ACAROSPORA NEVADENSIS H. Magn. (--Knudsen, Canyon, near Wall Street Mill), steep wash east of K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 16, rare, on granite, Quail Mountain, Riverside and San Bernardino Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San p. 16, infrequent, on granite, Sweeney Granite Bernardino County, CA) Mountains and Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino ACAROSPORA NODULOSA (Dufour) Hue var. County, CA) nodulosa. (--Jackson, H. et al. 2005, p. 34, 35, rare to locally common, on gypsiferous soil, ACAROSPORA PELISCYPHA Th. Fr. A. peliscypha is a vicinity of Black Rock Road, Mojave County, Europen species that probably only occurs in North AZ) Western North America and is found in CA from

San Jacinto Mountains and north to Mono ACAROSPORA NOVOMEXICANA H. Magn. County via the Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountain (--Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 4, common at 1 of 5 range, and it is also found in the Basin and Range sites, on rock, this species report represents a and Sonoran floras in Arizona (Knudsen et al., new record for the Mojave Desert, Beaver Dam 2013, p. 12); (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Slope, Washington County, UT) Hoines 2013, p. 12, rare and sterile, possibly from

environmental stress, found on gneiss and ACAROSPORA OBNUBILA H. Magn. (--Knudsen, K., granite in the Mojave in Joshua Tree National M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 12, common, Park at the following sites: Lost Horse Mountain, on granite, rarely on basalt or gneiss in Joshua Lower Covington Flats, Ryan Mountain, in Tree National Park, at the following sites: Little Riverside Country, CA) San Bernardino Mountains (Black Rock Canyon, east of Long Canyon, Geology Tour Road, Eureka Peak), Lost Horse Mountains, Lower Covington Acarospora peltastica Zahlbr. (--Doell, J. 1999, Flats, Malapai Hill, Sheep’s Pass, Queen p. 9, found at 2 of 4 collection sites, on granite, Mountain, Upper Juniper Flats, Wonderland of and lava, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Rocks (Wall Street Mill area), Riverside and San Bernardino County, CA; --Jackson, H. et al. Bernardino Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. 2005, p. 35, common to abundant, on rock, Black Werth 2008, p. 16, common, on granite, Sweeney Rock Road vicinity, Mojave Cnty, Northwestern Granite Mountains and Sweeney Mountain AZ; --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 29, rare, on Desert Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino basalt, Mojave National Preserve, San Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, County, CA) = ACAROSPORA STRIGATA (Nyl.) Jatta p. 105, rare, on granite, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree 10 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

ACAROSPORA ROSULATA (Th. Fr.) H. Magn. Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree National Park, Description in 2007 by Knudsen as A. bullata, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA) renamed as A. rosulata by Knudsen et al. (2010). (--Knudsen, K. et al. 2013, p. 12, frequent, on ACAROSPORA STRIGATA (Nyl.) Jatta gneiss and granite in Joshua Tree National Park, at the following sites: Little San Bernardino Knudsen says: “A. strigata is usually Mountains (Black Rock Canyon, Eureka Peak), field identified by its heavy white Lost Horse Mountain, Queen Mountain, Queen pruinia and cross-hatching on verrucae Valley, Ryan Mountain, Sheep’s Pass, Upper and and areoles but is occasionally non- Lower Covington Flats, Upper Juniper Flats, pruinose, smooth and brown though Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA) usually found mixed with pruinose fissured areoles, and that the non Acarospora smaragdula (Wahlenb.) A. Massal. pruinose specimens can be easily (--Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 29, locally common confused with A. elevata or A. obnubila.” on basalt, Mojave National Preserve, San (Knudsen, K. et al. 2013, p. 11); Bernardino County, CA) = MYRIOSPORA SMARAGDULA (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) K. Knudsen and (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, L. Arcadia 14, uncommon, on rock Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; -- Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. ACAROSPORA SOCIALIS H. Magn. (--Knudsen, K., Hoines 2013, pg. 14, it is found on caliche, M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 14, common, gneiss, and granite in the Mojave Desert in on basalt, gneiss, and granite “in general” for Joshua Tree National Park, at the following Joshua Tree National Park. Knudsen states that sites: Little San Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo aptly named A. socialis is probably the most Canyon, Eureka Peak, Geology Tour Road, Keys common lichen found in the Joshua Tree View, Pushwalla), Juniper Flats, Malapai Hill, National Park (Knudsen, K. et al. 2013, p. 14). It Pine City, Pinto Mountains (Belle Mountain), is found in the Mojave Desert section of the park Queen Mountain, Ryan Mountain, Sheep’s Pass, at the following sites: Hexie Mountains, Juniper Skull Rock, Smith Water Canyon, Stirrup Tank, Flats, Little San Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo Upper Covington Flats, Wonderland of Rocks Canyon, Eureka Peak, Inspiration Point, (Keys Ranch), Riverside and San Bernardino Pushwalla Plateau), Lost Horse Mountain, Counties, CA; --Doell, J. 1999, p. 9, common, on Malapai Hill, Pinkham Canyon, Pinto Basin, granite and lava rock, Sweeney Granite Pinto Mountains (Belle Mountain), Saddle Rock, Mountains, San Bernardino County, CA; Sheep’s Pass, Smith Water Canyon, Wilson --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 16, Canyon, Wonderland of Rocks (Keys Ranch, infrequent, on granite, Sweeney Granite Indian Cove, near west entrance, Rattlesnake Mountains and Sweeney Mountain Desert Canyon), Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 16, County, CA; --Jackson, H. et al. 2005, p. 35, common, on granite, Sweeney Granite Mountains common to abundant, on rock, vicinity of Black and Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, Rock Road, Mojave County, Northwestern AZ; Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 105, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 105, abundant, on abundant, on granite, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree granite, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree National Park, National Park, San Bernardino County, CA; San Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 29, rare to locally T. La Doux 2006, p. 25, abundant, on granite on common, on basalt, (note: lichen specimens Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 11 were found by Knight et al., at Mojave NP and ASPICILIA A. Massal. named as both A. peltastica and A. strigata), ASPICILIA ANGLICA Owe-Larsson & A. Nordin Mojave National Preserve, San Bernardino (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux p. 16, A. anglica is an endemic Southern 2006, p. 25, common, on granite on Eureka California montane species, found sterile but Peak, Joshua Tree National Park, Riverside and usually with isidia, and very abraided on granite, San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Shrestha G. et in the Mojave Desert in Joshua Tree National al. 2012, p. 4, common at 3 of 5 sites, on rock, Park, at the following sites: Little San Bernardino Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County, UT) – Mountains (Upper Pinyon Well wash), Lower Synonym: Acarospora peltastica Zahlbr Covington Flats, Ryan Mountain (observed), Wonderland of Rocks (Indian Cove, Rattlesnake ADELOLECIA Hertel & Hafellner Canyon, Wall Street Mill), Riverside and San ADELOLECIA SONORAE Hertel (--Proulx, M. W. and Bernardino Counties, CA) L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, 14, rare, on limestone,

Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) ASPICILIA CALIFORNICA Rosentreter (--Jackson, H. et al. 2005, p. 35, rare, on gypsiferous soil, Black AMANDINEA M. Choisy ex Scheid. & H. Rock Road vicinity, Mojave County, Mayrhofer Northwestern AZ) AMANDINEA PUNCTATA (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid. (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. ASPICILIA CINEREA (L.) Körber (--Proulx, M. W. Hoines 2013, pp. 14, 16, Knudsen says A. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, 14, rare, on rock, punctata is found in the Mojave in Joshua Tree Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; --Shrestha National Park usually on juniper trees (often as et al., 2012, p. 4, rare, on rock, at site 4, Beaver the only lichen growing on junipers), and also Dam Slope, Washington County, UT) – Synonym: infrequently on the dried bark and lignum from Lecanora cinerea (L.) Sommerf. dead branches of fallen pinyon pines, Purshia tridentata var. granulosa, and oaks, at the ASPICILIA CUPREA Owe-Larss. and A. Nordin following sites: Juniper Flats, Keys View (on (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, surviving un-burnt junipers), Little San p. 16, common, on granite and gneiss in the Bernardino Mountains (Black Rock, Eureka Peak, Mojave in Joshua Tree National Park, at the near Long Canyon), Lost Horse Mountains (on following sites: Hexie Mountains, Hidden Valley, basalt peak), Lost Horse Valley, Lower and Upper Little San Bernardino Mountains (Eureka Peak, Covington Flats, Pine City, Ryan Mountain, Long Canyon area, Pushwalla), Lower and Upper Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA ; Covington Flats, Saddle Rock, Smith Water --Doell, J. 1999, p. 9, found at 1 of 4 collection Canyon, Wonderland of Rocks (lg. circular thalli sites, on granite, Sweeney Granite Mountains, of unknown age on sheltered monzogranite San Bernardino County, CA) – Synonym: Buellia outcrops in Indian Cove, Rattlesnake Canyon, punctata (Hoffm.) A. Massal. Wall Street Mill area), Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. ANAPTYCHIA Körber Werth 2008, p. 16, common, on granite in ANAPTYCHIA ELBURSIANA (Szatala) Poelt (--Proulx, washes, Sweeney Granite Mountains and M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, 14, rare, on Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) Eastern San Bernardino County, CA)

12 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

Aspicilia desertorum (Kremp.) Mereschk stress and often infected with Lichenostigma) in (--Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 16, Joshua Tree National Park, at the following sites: common, on granite, Sweeney Granite Mountains Hills at west entrance, Little San Bernardino and Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, Mountains (Berdoo Canyon, Eureka Peak, near Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Jackson, Long Canyon), Lower and Upper Covington Flats, H. et al. 2005, p. 35, rare to locally common, on Smith Water Canyon, Riverside and San rock, Black Rock Road vicinity, Mojave County, Bernardino Counties, CA.) Northwestern AZ; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 105, abundant, on granite, Keys Ranch, ASPICILIA VERRUCIGERA Hue (--Proulx, M. W. and Joshua Tree National Park, San Bernardino L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, 14, rare, on rock County, CA; --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 29, (limestone), Spring Mountains, Clark County, rare, on basalt, Mojave National Preserve, San NV) Bernardino County, CA) = CIRCINARIA ARIDA Owe-Larsson, A. Nordin and Tibell BACIDIA De Not. BACIDIA COPRODES (Körber) Lettau (--Knudsen, ASPICILIA DETERMINATA (H. Magn.) N. S. Golubk. K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 17 rare, on (--Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 4, rare to common at monzogranite in the Mojave in Joshua Tree 2 of 5 sites, on rock, this represents a new record National Park, at the following site: Wonderland for the Mojave Desert, Beaver Dam Slope, of Rocks (Keys Ranch), San Bernardino County, Washington County, UT) CA)

ASPICILIA FUMOSA Owe-Larss. & A. Nordin BIATORELLA De Not. (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, Biatorella pruinosa (Körber) Mudd. (--Hasse 14, rare, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark Co., 1913, p. 62, collected by S. B. Parish from rock in NV) the San Bernardino Mountains, CA) = SARCOGYNE REGULARIS Körber ASPICILIA NASHII Owe-Lars. & A. Nordin (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, Biatorella simplex (Taylor) Branth & Roestrup p. 17, rare, on granite in Joshua Tree National (--Hasse 1913, pp. 62, 63, on rock in the San Park, at the following site: Upper Covington Gabriel Mountains, CA) = POLYSPORINA SIMPLEX Flats, San Bernardino County, CA) (Taylor) Vězda

ASPICILIA OLIVACEOBRUNNEA Owe-Larsson & A. BLASTENIA A. Massal. Nordin (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines BLASTENIA FERRUGINEA (Hudson) Th. Fr. – 2013, p. 17, rare, on granite in Joshua Tree Synonym: Caloplaca ferruginea (Hudson) Th. Fr National Park, at the following site: Smith Water Canyon, San Bernardino County, CA) BLENNOTHALLIA Trevisan BLENNOTHALLIA CRISPA (Hudson) Otálora, P. M. ASPICILIA PELTASTICOIDES (Hasse) K. Knudsen & Jørg. & Wedin – Synonym: Collema crispum Kocourk. – Synonyms: Circinaria contorta (Hudson) F. H. Wigg. (Hoffm.) A. and Aspicilia contorta BUELLIA De Not. ASPICILIA PHAEA Owe-Larsson & A. Nordin BUELLIA ABSTRACTA (Nyl.) H. Olivier (--Knudsen, (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, pp. 17, 19, p. 17, endemic to California, common, on granite, common, on granite (preferring decaying (in poor shape probably due to environmental monzogranite) in Joshua Tree National Park, in Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 13 the Mojave at the following sites: Juniper Flats, Mountains (Eureka Peak, Pushwalla), Malapai Little San Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo Hill (on basalt), Ryan Mountain, Upper Juniper Canyon, Pushwalla), Lower and Upper Covington Flats, Wonderland of Rocks (Keys Ranch, Wall Flats, Pine City, Pinkham Canyon, Queen Street Mill, Willow Hole), Riverside and San Mountain, Queen Valley, Ryan Mountain, Saddle Bernardino Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Rock, Sheep’s Pass, Smith Water Canyon, Split Werth 2008, p. 16, common, on granite, Sweeney Rock, Squaw Tank, Wonderland of Rocks (near Granite Mountains and Sweeney Mountain west entrance to park), Riverside and San Desert Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino Bernardino Counties, CA) County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 105, abundant, on granite, Keys Ranch, Joshua Buellia alboatra (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. (--Knudsen, K. Tree National Park, San Bernardino County, CA; and T. La Doux 2005, p. 105, rare, on granite, --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2006, p. 25, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree National Park, San common, on granite on Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree Bernardino County, CA) = DIPLOTOMMA National Park, Riverside and San Bernardino ALBOATRUM (Hoffm.) Flotow Counties, CA; --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 4, rare at 1of 5 sites, on rock, Beaver Dam Slope, BUELLIA BADIA (Fr.) A. Massal (--Proulx, M. W. Washington County, UT) and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, 14, rare, on lignum,

Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; BUELLIA IMSHAUGII Hafellner (--Knudsen, K., M. -- Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, Harding and J. Hoines 2013, pp. 19, 20, starting p. 19, rare, generally parasitic on other lichens in as a fungal parasite on Dimelaena oreina and California; parasitic on an isidiate developing into an independant lichenized Xanthoparmelia species and an unknown thallus in the Mojave in Joshua Tree National crustose lichen in the Mojave in Joshua Tree Park, at the following sites: Queen Mountain, National Park, at the following site: Hills at the Upper Covington Flats, San Bernardino County, western entrance to the park, San Bernardino CA) County, CA) BUELLIA NASHII Bungartz (--Knudsen, K., M. Buellia chloroleuca Körber (--Knudsen, K. and S. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 20, rare, on Werth 2008, p. 16, rare on juniper wood and granite and monzogranite in the Mojave Desert in bark, Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney Joshua Tree National Park, at the following sites: Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San Hidden Valley, Upper Juniper Flats, Riverside Bernardino County, CA) = TETRAMELAS County, CA) CHLOROLEUCUS (Körber) A. Nordin

Buellia punctata (Hoffm.) A. Massal. (--Knudsen, BUELLIA DISCIFORMIS (Fr.) Mudd (--Proulx, M. W. K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 16, common, on conifer and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, 14, rare, on bark lignum over 1500m in elevation, Sweeney Granite and dead wood, Spring Mountains, Clark County, Mountains and Sweeney Mountain Desert NV) Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino

County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2006, BUELLIA DISPERSA A. Massal. (--Knudsen, K., M. p. 25, rare, on lignum of Purshia tridentata var. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 19, on granite, grandulosa and an unknown wood on Eureka monzogranite, basalt and gneiss in the Mojave Peak, Joshua Tree National Park, Riverside and Desert in Joshua Tree National Park, at the San Bernardino Counties, CA) = AMANDINEA following sites: 49 Palm Canyon, Hidden Valley, PUNCTATA (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid. hills near west entrance, Little San Bernardino 14 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

BUELLIA SEQUAX (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (--Knudsen, K. Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree National Park, and S. Werth 2008, p. 16, frequent, on granite Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA) slopes, Sweeney Granite Mountains andSweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San Caloplaca arenaria (Pers.) Müll. Arg. (--Proulx, Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, 14, Doux 2005, p. 105, common, on granite, Keys uncommon, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark Ranch, Joshua Tree National Park San County, NV; -- Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Bernardino County, CA) Hoines 2013, p. 22, on monzogranite in the Mojave in Joshua Tree National Park, at the BUELLIA SPURIA (Schaerer) Anzi (--Knudsen, K., following sites: Hidden Valley, Queen Mountain, M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 20, frequent, Wonderland of Rocks (Wall Street Mill area), on granite in the Mojave in Joshua Tree National Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; Park, at the following sites: East of Quail --Doell, J. 1999, p. 9, found at 3 of 4 collection Mountain, Little San Bernardino Mountains sites, on granite, thallis endolithic and barely (Pushwalla Pass), Lost Horse Mountains, Lost present or sometimes missing, Sweeney Granite Horse Valley, Saddle Rock, Upper Juniper Flats, Mountains, San Bernardino County, CA) = Wonderland of Rocks (Keys Ranch, Wall Street RUFOPLACA ARENARIA (Pers.) Arup, Søchting &and Mill), Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, Frödén CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 105, rare, on granite, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree CALOPLACA ATROALBA (Tuck.) Zahlbr. (--Proulx, National Park, San Bernardino County, CA) M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, 14, rare, on limestone, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; Buellia venusta (Körber) Lettau (--Knudsen, K. --Knudsen, K. et al. 2013, pg. 22, rare, on granite and S. Werth, 2008, p. 16, common, on granite, in Joshua Tree National Park, at the following Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney sites: Little San Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San Canyon), Ryan Mountain, Riverside and San Bernardino County, CA) = DIPLOTOMMA Bernardino Counties, CA) VENUSTUM (Körber) Körber CALOPLACA CERINA (Ehrh. ex Hedwig) Th. Fr. CALOGAYA Arup, Frödén and Søchting (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, CALOGAYA DECIPIENS (Arnold) Arup, Frödén and 14, rare, on bark and lignum, Spring Mountains, Søchting – Synonym: Caloplaca decipiens Clark County, NV; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth (Arnold) Blomb. & Forssell 2008, p. 16, rare, on decorticated juniper wood at 1588m, Sweeney Granite Mountains and CALOPLACA Th. Fr. Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, CALOPLACA ALBOVARIEGATA (B. de Lesd.) Wetmore Eastern San Bernardino County, CA) (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, pp. 20, 22, common, on monzogranite and gneiss Caloplaca citrina (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. (--Knudsen, K. in the Mojave Desert in Joshua Tree National and S. Werth 2008, p. 16, rare, on granite, Park, at the following sites: Little San Bernardino Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney Mountains (Eureka Peak, Pushwalla), Smith Mountain Desert Research Center, San Water Canyon, Upper Juniper Flats, Wonderland Bernardino County, CA) = FLAVOPLACA CITRINA of Rocks (Black Rock, Keys Ranch, Steve Canyon, (Hoffm.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting Wall Street Canyon, Willow Hole), Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K. and Caloplaca crenulatella (Nyl.) H. Olivier T. La Doux 2006, p. 25, abundant, on granite on (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 15 p. 22, common, on monzogranite in the Mojave the following sites: Little San Bernardino in Joshua Tree National Park, at the following Mountains (near Long Canyon), Ryan sites: Hexie Mountains, hills near west entrance, Mountain, Upper Juniper Flats, Riverside Little San Bernardino Mountains (above Dillon County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth Road, Eureka Peak, near Long Canyon, 2008, p. 16, common on juniper wood and Pushwalla), Lost Horse Mountains, Malapai Hill, bark above 1,500m, Sweeney Granite Pine City, Queen Valley, Ryan Mountain, Sheep’s Mountains and Sweeney Mountain Desert Pass, Upper and Lower Covington Flats, Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino Wonderland of Rocks (Keys Ranch, Steve County, CA) Canyon), Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 16, CALOPLACA EPITHALLINA Lynge (--Knudsen, common, on granite, Sweeney Granite Mountains K. and T. La Doux 2006, p. 25, common, and Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, on lichens on granite on Eureka Peak, Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, Joshua Tree National Park, Riverside and K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 105, rare, on granite San Bernardino Counties, CA) in wash, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree National Park, San Bernardino County, CA) = XANTHOCARPIA Caloplaca ferruginea (Hudson) Th. Fr. CRENULATELLA (Nyl.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, 14, rare, on bark, Spring Mountains, Caloplaca decipiens (Arnold) Blomb. & Clark County, NV) = BLASTENIA Forssell (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. FERRUGINEA (Hudson) Th. Fr. Hoines 2013, p. 22, on monzogranite and gneiss in the Mojave in Joshua Tree National Caloplaca marmorata (Bagl.) Jatta (--Knudsen, Park, at the following sites: Hidden Valley, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 105, rare, on soft hills near west entrance, Little San granite in wash, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo Canyon), National Park, San Bernardino County, CA) = Ryan Mountain, Sheep’s Pass, Smith Water XANTHOCARPIA MARMORATA A. Massal. & De Not. Canyon, Wonderland of Rocks (Keys Ranch), Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; Caloplaca nashii Nav.-Ros., Gaya & Hladun --Doell, J. 1999, p. 9, found at 1 of 4 collection (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, sites, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San p. 23, common, on basalt, monzogranite, and Bernardino County, CA; --Jackson, H. et al. gneiss in the Mojave in Joshua Tree National 2005, p. rare, on rock, Black Rock Road Park, at the following sites: Hidden Valley, vicinity, Mojave County, Northwestern AZ; Juniper Flats, Little San Bernardino Mountains --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 105, (above Dillon Road, Berdoo Canyon, Black Rock, rare, on granite, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree Eureka Peak, Keys View, Pushwalla), Lost Horse National Park, San Bernardino County, CA; Mountains, Malapai Hill (basalt and --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 29, rare, on monzogranite), Queen Valley, Sheep’s Pass, Skull basalt, Mojave National Preserve, San Rock area, Squaw Tank, Wonderland of Rocks Bernardino County, CA) = CALOGAYA (Indian Cove, Keys Ranch), Riverside and San DECIPIENS (Arnold) Arup, Frödén & Søchting Bernardino Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 16, common on granite, Sweeney CALOPLACA DURIETZII H. Magn. (--Knudsen, Granite Mountains and Sweeney Mountain K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 23, Desert Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino common, on bark or wood, (especially old County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, junipers) in Joshua Tree National Park, at p. 105, abundant, on soft granite in washes, Keys 16 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

Ranch, Joshua Tree National Park, San et al. 2002, p. 29, common, on basalt, Mojave Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La National Preserve, San Bernardino County, CA; Doux 2006, p. 25, common, on granite in --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 4, rare at 2 of 5 sites, drainages on Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree National on rock, Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County, Park, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, UT) CA) = POLYCAULIONA NASHII (Nav.-Ros., Gaya & Hladún) Arup, Frödén & Søchting Caloplaca squamosa (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr. (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013,

CALOPLACA PELLODELLA (Nyl.) Hasse (--Knudsen, p. 24, common on monzogranite and gneiss in K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 23County, the Mojave in Joshua Tree National Park, at the rare, on monzogranite in Joshua Tree National following sites: Hexie Mountains, hills and open Park, at the following sites: Little San desert near north and west entrances to park, Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo Canyon), Upper Little San Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo Covington Flats, Wonderland of Rocks (Keys Canyon, Eureka Peak), Pinto Basin, Sheep’s Pass, Ranch), Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, Wilson Canyon, Wonderland of Rocks (at Indian CA. Knudsen also reports in Knudsen, K., M. Cove), Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 24 that C. CA) = SQUAMULEA SQUAMOSA (B. de Lesd.) Arup, pellodella has been collected in the Mojave Søchting & Frödén National Preserve in the Clark Mountains and at 2528m from the top of San Gorgonio Mountain Caloplaca subsoluta (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (--Proulx, M. by NPS botanist Mitzi Harding (UCR Herbarium W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, 14, rare, on 2013); --Doell, J. 1999, p. 9, found at 1 of 4 bark, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) = collection sites, on lava rock, Sweeney Granite SQUAMULEA SUBSOLUTA (Nyl.) Arup, Søchting & Mountains, San Bernardino County, CA; Frödén --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 105, common, on soft granite, Keys Ranch, Joshua Caloplaca trachyphylla (Tuck.) Zahlbr. Tree National Park, San Bernardino County, CA) (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 24, rare on monzogranite and gneiss in Joshua Tree National Park at the following sites: Queen CALOPLACA SAXICOLA (Hoffm.) Nordin (--Proulx, Mountain, Ryan Mountain, Riverside and San M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, 14, Bernardino Counties, CA; --Doell, J. 1999, p. 9, uncommon, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark found at 1 of 4 collection sites, on granite, County, NV; -- Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Bernardino Hoines 2013, p. 24, on granite in Joshua Tree County, CA) = XANTHOMENDOZA TRACHYPHYLLA National Park (apothecia usually poorly (Tuck.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting developed, thallus lacking well developed margins), at the following sites: Juniper Flats, Caloplaca variabilis (Pers.) Müll Arg. Lower and Upper Covington Flats, Wonderland (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, of Rocks (near west entrance, Willow Hole), p. 24, rare, on deteriorating granite and gneiss in Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; Joshua Tree National Park, CA, from two sites in --Doell, J. 1999, p. 9, found at 2 of 4 collection the Mojave Desert, Riverside and/or San sites, on lava rock and rock, Sweeney Granite Bernardino Counties, CA). Knudsen also notes Mountains, San Bernardino County, CA; that C. variabilis was collected in the Clark --Jackson, H. et al. 2005, p. 35, rare to locally Mountains in the Mojave Desert on limestone, common, on rock, Black Rock Road vicinity, San Bernardino County, CA (UCR Herbarium Mojave Cnty., Northwestern AZ; --Knight, K. B. 2015; Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 17

2013, p. 24) = PYRENODESMIA VARIABILIS A. Eureka Peak, Pushwalla), Lost Horse Mountains, Massal. Lower Covington Flats, Malapai Hill (on monzogranite), Queen Mountain, Saddle Rock, CANDELARIELLA Müll. Arg. Skull Rock area, Stirrup Tank, Wonderland of CANDELARIELLA ANTENNARIA Räsänen (--Proulx, Rocks at theWall Street Mill area near the west M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, 14, 15, entrance, Riverside and San Bernardino common, on bark and lignum, Spring Mountains, Counties, CA) Clark County, NV; --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 4, rare to common at 1 of 5 sites, on bark, Beaver Candelariella deflexa (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (--Jackson, Dam Slope, Washington County, UT) H. et al. 2005, p. 35, rare on bark of Creosote shrubs, Black Rock Road vicinity, Mojave County, CANDELARIELLA AURELLA (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. Northwestern AZ) = CANDELARIELLA ANTENNARIA (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, Räsänen, most of what is reported as C. deflexa is p. 26, common, on basalt, gneiss and actually C. antennaria according to Westberg as monzogranite in Joshua Tree National Park, at reported by Esslinger (Westberg 2007; Esslinger the following sites: Hexie Mountains, Juniper 2015) Flats, Little San Bernardino Mountains (above Dillon Road, Eureka Peak, Pushwalla), Lost CANDELARIELLA EFFLORESCENS R. C. Harris & W. Horse Mountains, Malapai Hill (on basalt) Skull R. Buck (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, Rock, Smith Water Canyon, Queen Mountain, pp. 10, 15, rare, on lignum, Spring Mountains, Queen Valley, Upper Covington Flats, Clark County, NV) Wonderland of Rocks (Keys Ranch, Wall Street Mill), Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CANDELARIELLA ROSULANS (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 16, (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, common on granite, Sweeney Granite Mountains 15, uncommon, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark and Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, County, NV; -- Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, Hoines 2013, p. 26, on monzogranite and gneiss K. and T. La Doux 2006, p. 25, abundant, on in Joshua Tree National Park, and found in the granite on Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree National Mojave from only four sites: Wonderland of Park, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, Rocks (Indian Cove, Keys Ranch), Ryan CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 105, Mountain, Riverside and San Bernardino rare, on soft granite along washes, Keys Ranch, Counties, CA; --Doell, J. 1999, p. 9, found at 4 of Joshua Tree National Park, San Bernardino 4 collection sites, on granite and lava rock, County, CA; --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 4, rare Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Bernardino at 1 of 5 sites, on rock, Beaver Dam Slope, County, CA; --Jackson, H. et al. 2005, p. 35, Washington County, UT) common to abundant, on soil over rock, Black Rock Road vicinity, Mojave County, CANDELARIELLA CITRINA B. de Lesd. (--Proulx, M. Northwestern AZ; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 9, 10, 15, rare, on 2005, p. 105, abundant, on granite, Keys Ranch, rocks, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; -- Joshua Tree National Park, San Bernardino Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. County, CA; --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 29, 26, common, on monzogranite and rarely on common, on basalt and soil over rock, Mojave gneiss in the Mojave Desert in Joshua Tree National Preserve, San Bernardino County, CA; National Park, at the following sites: Hidden --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, rare to common at Valley, Hexie Mountains, Juniper Flats, Little 1 of 5 sites, on rock, Beaver Dam Slope, San Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo Canyon, Washington County, UT) 18 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

CANDELARIELLA SPRAGUEI (Tuck.) Zahlbr. pp. 10, 15, rare, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, County, NV) 15, rare on soil, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) Circinaria contorta (Hoffm.) A. (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, 15, rare, on rock, CANDELARIELLA VITELLINA (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg. Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, --Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 15, uncommon, on bark, rock, and soil, Spring 28, common, on non-calcareous decaying rock in Mountains, Clark County, NV; --Jackson, H. et drainages and seeps in Joshua Tree National al. 2005, p. 35, common, on rock, Black Rock Park and found in the Mojave Desert at the Road vicinity, Mojave County, Northwestern AZ) following sites: 49 Palms Canyon (at palm oasis), Little San Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo CARBONEA (Hertel) Hertel Canyon), Upper Covington Flats, Riverside CARBONEA VORTICOSA (Flörke) Hertel (--Proulx, and/or San Bernardino Counties, CA) = ASPICILIA M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, 15, rare, on PELTASTICOIDES (Hasse) K. Knudsen & Kocourk. rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) – (Knudsen and Kocourková 2013) Snynonym: Lecidea vorticosa (Flörke) Köerber

CIRCINARIA GIBBOSA (Ach.) A. Nordin, Savić & CATAPYRENIUM Flotow Tibell – Synonym: Lecanora gibbosa (Ach.) Nyl. CATAPYRENIUM SQUAMELLUM (Nyl. ex Hasse) J. W. Thomson (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, 15, rare, on soil, Spring Mountains, CLADONIA P. Browne Clark County, NV) CLADONIA CARIOSA (Ach.) Sprengel (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, 15, rare, on CIRCINARIA Link soil, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV)

CIRCINARIA ARIDA Owe-Larsson. A. Nordin & Tibell (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, CLAVSCIDIUM Breuss pp. 10, 15, rare, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark CLAVSCIDIUM LACINULATUM (Ach.) M. Prieto var. County, NV: -- Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. LACINULATUM (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 28, common, on basalt, granite, Hoines 2013, p. 28, usually common, found in and gneiss “in general” in Joshua Tree, and found biological soil crusts in the Mojave in Joshua Tree in the Mojave at the following sites: hills near National Park, often as the only lichen west entrance, Juniper Flats, Little San component/or with Collema coccophorum, at the Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo Canyon, following sites: Hexie Mountains, Little San Pushwalla Pass), Malapai Hill (on granite and Bernardino Mountains (above Geology Tour basalt), Pinto Mountains (Belle Mountain), Road, Berdoo Canyon), Lost Horse Mountains, Queen Valley, Sheep’s Pass, Skull Rock, Stirrup Lost Horse Valley, Lower Covington Flats, Tank, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, Pleasant Valley, Queen Valley, Ryan Mountain, CA; --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, common at 1 Saddle Rock, Skull Rock, Smith Water Canyon, of 5 sites, on rock, Beaver Dam Slope, Squaw Tank, Stirrup Tank, Wonderland of Rocks Washington County, UT) – Synonym: Aspicilia (Boy Scout Trail, Keys Ranch, near west desertorum entrance), Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; All specimens were of the variety CIRCINARIA CALCAREA (L.) A. Nordin, Savić & lacinulatum) – Synonym: Placidium lacinulatum Tibell (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, (Ach.) Breuss

Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 19

COLLEMA F. H. Wigg. Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Knight, K. Collema callopismum A. Massal. (--Proulx, M. W. B. et al. 2002, p. 29, rare, on soil over rock, and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, 15, rare, on rock, Mojave National Preserve, San Bernardino Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) = County, CA) = BLENNOTHALLIA CRISPA SCYTINIUM CALLOPISMUM Collema cristatum (L.) F. H. Wigg. (--Proulx, M. Collema coccophorum Tuck. (--Knudsen, K., M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, 15, Harding and J. Hoines 2013, pp. 28, 30, uncommon, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark common, usually occurs on soil and sometimes County, NV) = LATHAGRIUM CRISTATUM (L.) on soft monzogranite in drainages and seeps, and Otálora, P. M. Jørg. and Wedin frequently is the only lichen in biological soil crusts, less often found in crusts with Collema fuscovirens (With.) J. R. Laundon Clavascidium lacinulatum in the Mojave in (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, Joshua Tree National Park, at the following sites: 15, uncommon, on rock and soil, Spring 49 Palm Canyon, Covington Flats, Hexie Mountains, Clark County, NV; --Jackson, H. et Mountains, hills near west entrance, Little San al. 2005, p. 35, rare, on shaded vertical surfaces Bernardino Mountains (above Dillon Road, of rocks, Black Rock Road vicinity, Mojave Berdoo Canyon, Eureka Peak, Pushwalla Pass), County, Northwestern AZ) = LATHAGRIUM Lost Horse Mountains, Ryan Mountain, Saddle FUSCOVIRENS (With.) Otálora, P. M. Jørg. & Rock, Skull Rock, Smith Water Canyon, Stirrup Wedin Tank, Wonderland of Rocks (Indian Cove, Keys Ranch) Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, Collema polycarpon Hoffm. (--Proulx, M. W. and CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 16, L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, 15, uncommon, on common on soil, Sweeney Granite Mountains and rock and soil, Spring Mountains, Clark County, Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, NV) = ENCHYLIUM POLYCARPON (Hoffm.) Otálora, Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, P. M. Jørg. & Wedin K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 105, abundant, on soil and soil over rock, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach. (--Jackson, H. et al.et National Park, San Bernardino County, CA; al., 2005, p. 35, locally common, on open soil --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 29, rare, on soil spaces in inter-shrub spaces, Black Rock Road over rock, Mojave National Preserve, San vicinity, Mojave County, Northwestern AZ; Bernardino County, CA) = ENCHYLIUM --Knight, K. B. et al.et al., 2002, p. 29, rare to COCCOPHORUM (Tuck.) Otálora, P. M. Jørg. & locally common, on soil, Mojave National Wedin Preserve, San Bernardino County, CA; --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, common at 2 of 5 Collema crispum (Hudson) F. H. Wigg. (--Proulx, sites, on soil, Beaver Dam Slope, Washington M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, 15, County, UT) = ENCHYLIUM TENAX (Sw.) Gray uncommon, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; --Doell, J. 1999, p. 9, found at 1 of 4 CYPHELIUM Ach. collection sites, on granite, Sweeney Granite CYPHELIUM PINICOLA Tibell (--Knudsen, K., M. Mountains, San Bernardino County, CA; Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 30, rare, on wood --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 16, on of Purshia tridentata var. glandulosa in the decaying granite, infrequent on soil (often with C. Mojave Desert in Joshua Tree National Park from coccophorum), Sweeney Granite Mountains and one site: Little San Bernardino Mountains from Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, summit of Eureka Peak, Riverside County, CA)

20 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

CYPHELIUM TIGILLARE (Ach.) Ach. (--Knudsen, K., Mountains, Clark County, NV; --Jackson, H. et M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 30, rare in al.et al., 2005, p. 35, rare to locally common on Joshua Tree National Park, on bark and wood of shaded, vertical surfaces of rocks, Black Rock a fallen juniper at Upper Covington Flats, San Road vicinity, Mojave County, Northwestern AZ; Bernardino County, CA) --Knight, K. B. et al.et al., 2002, p. 29, locally common, particularly on protected vertical rock DERMATOCARPON Eschw. surfaces beneath overhanging horizontal ledges, DERMATOCARPON AMERICANUM Vainio Mojave National Preserve, San Bernardino (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, County, CA) p. 30, common, on basalt, gneiss, and monzogranite in the Mojave Desert Joshua Tree DERMATOCARPON RETICULATUM H. Magn. (--Doell, National Park at the following sites: Hidden J. 1999, p. 9, found at 2 of 4 collection sites, on Valley, Juniper Flats, Little San Bernardino rock, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Mountains (Black Rock, Eureka Peak), Lost Bernardino County, CA) Horse Mountains, Lower and Upper Covington Flats, Malapai Hill (on basalt), Pine City, Queen DERMATOCARPON VELLEREUM Zschacke (--Proulx, Valley, Saddle Rock, Smith Water Canyon, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, 15, rare, on Wonderland of Rocks (Keys Ranch), Riverside rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; and San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K. Knight, K. B. et al.et al., 2002, p. 29, rare, on and S. Werth 2008, p. 16, common on granite, basalt, Mojave National Preserve, San Bernardino Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney County, CA) Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La DIMELAENA Norman Doux 2005, p. 105, abundant, on granite, Keys DIMELAENA LICHENICOLA K. Knudsen, Sheard, Ranch, Joshua Tree National Park, San Kocourk. & H. Mayrhofer (--Knudsen indicated Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La that D. lichenicola is a new, lichenicolous species: Doux 2006, p. 25, abundant, on granite in drainages on Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree National “Similar to D. californica but differing in Park, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, longer conidia and the lack of a CA; --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, rare at 2 of 5 prothallus and well-developed plicate sites, on rock, Beaver Dam Slope, Washington lobes.” (Knudsen, Sheard, Kacourkova County, UT) and Mayrhofer 2013)

DERMATOCARPON LORENZIANUM Anders (--Proulx, D. lichenicola was collected on 25 Nov. 2012 in M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, 15, the Mojave Desert in Joshua Tree National Park uncommon, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark at: Upper Covington Flats, in a small un-named County, NV) canyon, 34°00′51″ N, 116°18′06″ W, 1431 m, in a pinyon - juniper woodland, on Dimelaena oreina DERMATOCARPON LURIDUM (With.) J. R. Laundon and D. thysanota growing on gneiss, San (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, Bernardino County, CA) 15, uncommon, on rock in seep areas, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) DIMELAENA OREINA (Ach.) Norman (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, 16, rare, on DERMATOCARPON MINIATUM (L.) W. Mann rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; -- (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, pp. 15, abundant, on rock and soil, Spring 30, 31, common in higher elevations in Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 21

California, including the Mojave Desert in Joshua sites, on rock, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Tree National Park where it is found on basalt, Bernardino County, CA) gneiss, and granite at the following sites: Lost Horse Mountain, Malapai Hill (on basalt), Queen DIPLOTOMMA Flotow Mountain, ridge northeast of Quail Mountain, DIPLOTOMMA ALBOATRUM (Hoffm.) Flotow Upper Covington Flats, Riverside and San (--Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 105, rare, Bernardino Counties, CA. Knudsen feels that on granite, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree National climate change may push this species higher in Park, San Bernardino County, CA) – Synonym: elevation or into being extinguished in some Buellia alboatra (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. places in Joshua Tree National Park, CA (Knudsen, K. et al., 2013, pp. 30, 31)) – DIPLOTOMMA VENUSTUM (Körber) Körber Synonym: Rinodina oreina (Ach.) A. Massal. (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 31, rare, on granite in the Mojave Desert in DIMELAENA THYSANOTA (Tuck.) Hale and W. L. Joshua Tree National Park, found only at two Culb. (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines collection sites: Pine City, Ryan Mountain, 2013, p. 31, common in the mountains of Riverside County, CA) – Synonym: Buellia California including in the Mojave Desert in venusta (Körber) Lettau Joshua Tree National Park, found on basalt, gneiss, and granite in at the following sites: ENCHYLIUM (Ach.) Gray Hidden Valley, Juniper Flats, Little San ENCHYLIUM COCCOPHORUM (Tuck.) Otálora, P. M. Bernardino Mountains (Pushwalla), Lost Horse Jørg. & Wedin – Synonym: Collema Mountains (on basalt), Lost Horse Valley, Lower coccophorum and Upper Covington Flats, Queen Mountain, Ryan Mountain, Smith Water Canyon, Riverside ENCHYLIUM POLYCARPON (Hoffm.) Otálora, P. M. and San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Doell, J. Jørg. & Wedin – Synonym: Collema polycarpon 1999, p. 9, found at 1 of 4 collection sites, on Hoffm. granite, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San

Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. ENCHYLIUM TENAX (Sw.) Gray – Synonym: Werth 2008, p. 16, common on granite at higher Collema tenax elevations, Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino County, CA) – Synonym: ENDOCARPON Hedwig Rinodina thysanota Tuck. ENDOCARPON PSEUDOSUBNITESCENS Breuss (--Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, rare at 1 of 5 sites, DIPLOSCHISTES Norman on soil, this represents a new record for the Mojave Desert, Beaver Dam Slope, Washington DIPLOSCHISTES ACTINOSTOMUS (Ach.) Zahlbr. (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, County, UT) p. 31, rare, on monzogranite, in shade in Joshua Tree National Park from Wonderland of Rocks ENDOCARPON PUSILLUM Hedwig (--Knudsen, K., (Keys Ranch), San Bernardino County, CA; M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, pp. 31, 33 rare, --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 105, rare, on soil in cracks of monzogranite rock in the on granite in shade, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree Mojave Desert in Joshua Tree National Park, National Park, San Bernardino County, CA) known only from one collection site at Wonderland of Rocks (Rattlesnake Canyon), San DIPLOSCHISTES SCRUPOSUS (Schreber) Norman Bernardino County, CA; --Doell, J. 1999, p. 9, (--Doell, J. 1999, p. 9, found at 1 of 4 collection found at 3 of 4 collection sites, on soil, moss, and 22 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

lava rock, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San GYALOLECHIA DESERTORUM (Tomin) Søchting, Bernardino County, CA; --Jackson, H. et al.et al., Frödén & Arup – Synonym: Fulgensia 2005, p. 35, rare, on open soil surfaces in inter- desertorum (Tomin) Poelt shrub spaces, Black Rock Road vicinity, Mojave County, Northwestern AZ; --Knight, K. B. et al.et GYALOLECHIA SUBBRACTEATA (Nyl.) Søchting, al., 2002, p. 29, rare, on soil over rock, Mojave Frödén & Arup – Synonym: Fulgensia National Preserve, San Bernardino County, CA; subbracteata (Nyl.) Poelt --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, rare at 1 of 5 sites, on soil over rock, Beaver Dam Slope, Washington HEPPIA Nägeli County, UT) HEPPIA ADGLUTINATA (Kremp.) A. Massal (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, FLAVOPLACA Arup, Søchting & Frödén p. 33, is rare and found on fine soil over gneiss in FLAVOPLACA CITRINA (Hoffm.) Arup, Frödén & Joshua Tree National Park, found only in Wilson Søchting – Synonym: Caloplaca citrina (Hoffm.) Canyon in the transition zone between the Th. Fr. Sonoran and Mojave Deserts at the base of the FULGENSIA A. Massal. & De Not. Pinto Mountains, Riverside County, CA) Fulgensia bracteata (Hoffm.) Räsänen subsp. bracteata (--Jackson, H. et al.et al., 2005, p. 35, HEPPIA DESPREAUXII (Mont.) Tuck. (--Knudsen, locally common on open soil surfaces in inter- K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 33, shrub spaces, Black Rock Road vicinity, infrequent, found sterile and on soil in Joshua Northwestern AZ) = GYALOLECHIA BRACTEATA Tree National Park at the following sites: Hexie (Hoffm.) A. Massal. subsp. BRACTEATA Mountains, Wonderland of Rocks (Indian Cove), Wilson Valley, Riverside and San Bernardino Fulgensia desertorum (Tomin) Poelt (--Doell, J. Counties, CA. In one collection found in the 1999, pp. 9, 10, found at 1 of 4 collection sites, Hexie Mountains H. desprauxii is associated in a partly on lava rock, or sandy soil with moss and biological soil crust with a moss and Collema Endocarpon, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San coccophorum) Bernardino County, CA; --Knight, K. B. et al.et al., 2002, p. 29, rare, on soil over rock, Mojave HEPPIA LUTOSA (Ach.) Nyl. (--Doell, J. 1999, p. 10, National Preserve, San Bernardino County, CA) = found at 3 of 4 collection sites, on soil and lava GYALOLECHIA DESERTORUM (Tomin) Søchting, rock, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Frödén and Arup Bernardino County, CA; --Knight, K. B. et al.et al., 2002, p. 29, rare to locally common, on soil Fulgensia subbracteata (Nyl.) Poelt (--Knudsen, over rock, Mojave National Preserve, San K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 33, rare in Bernardino County, CA) California, however it is locally abundant in one site in the Mojave in Joshua Tree National Park HETEROPLACIDIUM Breuss where a large population was found on soil over Heteroplacidium compactum (A. Massal.) granite in Berdoo Canyon in the Little San Gueidan & Cl. Roux (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding Bernardino Mountains, Riverside County, CA) and J. Hoines 2013, pp. 33, 34, common in Southern California deserts, considered GYALOLECHIA A. Massal. lichenicolous on lichens over non-calcareous rock GYALOLECHIA BRACTEATA (Hoffm.) A. Massal. in Joshua Tree National Park, it is found at the subsp. BRACTEATA – Synonym: Fulgensia following sites: Hexie Mountains, Juniper Flats, bracteata (Hoffm.) Räsänen subsp. Bracteata Little San Bernardino Mountains (Black Rock,

Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 23

Keys View, Pushwalla), Lower and Upper LECANIA POLYCYCLA (Anzi) Lettau (--Proulx, M. Covington Flats, Queen Valley, Ryan Mountain, W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, 16, rare, on Sheep’s Pass, Skull Rock, Squaw Tank, rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; Wonderland of Rocks (Indian Cove, Keys Ranch), --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 105, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA) = common, on granite in washes, Keys Ranch, VERRUCARIA COMPACTA (A. Massal.) Jatta Joshua Tree National Park, San Bernardino County, CA) HETEROPLACIDIUM TRANSMUTANS K. Knudsen, Breuss & Kocourk (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding LECANORA Ach. and J. Hoines 2013, pp 33, 34, is found in the LECANORA ALBELLULA Nyl. (--Proulx, M. W. and L. Mojave Desert in Joshua Tree National Park at L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, 16, rare, on bark, Spring the following locations: Cottonwood Mountains Mountains, Clark County, NV) in Cottonwood Canyon and on west edge of Hexie Mountains at Squaw Tank, Riverside County, LECANORA ARGOPHOLIS (Ach.) Ach. (--Knudsen, CA). Knudsen says H. transmutans is parasitic K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 34, found on Acarospora socialis in the Mojave Desert in on calcareous and non-calcareous rocks in the California, as a juvenile until it develops its own Mojave in Joshua Tree National Park, locally lichenized thallus on granite, and is difficult to abundant at only the Queen Mountain site, San distinguish from H. compactum (Knudsen, Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Breuss and Kocourkova 2014, pp. 30, 31). Werth 2008, p. 16, frequent on granite at higher elevations, Sweeney Granite Mountains and HYPERPHYSCIA Müll. Arg. Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, HYPERPHYSCIA ADGLUTINATA (Flörke) H. Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Jackson, Mayrhofer & Poelt (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. H. et al. 2005, p. 36, rare to locally common, on Clair 2013, pp. 10, 16, rare, on rock, Spring rock, Black Rock Road vicinity, Mojave County, Mountains, Clark County, NV) Northwestern AZ; --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, rare at 1 of 5 sites, on rock, Beaver Dam Slope, LATHAGRIUM (Ach.) Gray Washington County, LATHAGRIUM CRISTATUM (L.) Otálora, P. M. Jørg. UT) & Wedin – Synonym: Collema cristatum (L.) F. H. Wigg. Lecanora cinerea (L.) Sommerf. (--Hasse 1913, p. 88, collected by S. B. Parish in the San LATHAGRIUM FUSCOVIRENS (With.) Otálora, P. M. Bernardino Mountains, CA) = ASPICILIA CINEREA Jørg. & Wedin – Synonym: Collema fuscovirens (L.) Körber (With.) J. R. Laundon LECANORA CRENULATA Hooker (--Proulx, M. W. LECANIA A. Massal. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, 16, rare, on rock, LECANIA ARIZONICA B. D. Ryan & van den Boom Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; --Shrestha (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, G. et al. 2012, p.5, rare at 3 of 5 sites, on rock, p. 34, rare, found on non calcareous rocks in Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County, UT) shallow rocky washes in full sun in Joshua Tree National Park at the following sites: Little San LECANORA DENSA (Śliwa & Wetmore) Printzen Bernardino Mountains on slopes above Dillon (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, Road, Lost Horse Mountains, Riverside County, 16, rare, on bark, Spring Mountains, Clark CA) County, NV)

24 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

LECANORA DISPERSA (Pers.) Sommerf. (--Proulx, Mountains, and in the San Gabriel Mountains, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 10, 16, rare, on CA) = CIRCINARIA GIBBOSA (Ach.) A. Nordin, Savić rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) & Tibell

LECANORA FLOWERSIANA H. Magn. (--Proulx, M. LECANORA HAGENII (Ach.) Ach. (--Proulx, M. W. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, 16, rare, on and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, 16, uncommon, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; bark, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) -- Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 34, rare, on rock, in the Mojave Desert in LECANORA LAXA (Śliwa & Wetmore) Printzen Joshua Tree National Park and in Southern (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, California “in general”, and found only on Queen p. 36, rare in Joshua Tree National Park, in this Mountain, San Bernardino County, CA) publication, Knudsen et al. (2013) confirm their previous report (Knudsen and La Doux 2006) that L. laxa was found on Pinus monophylla and LECANORA GAROVAGLII (Körber) Zahlbr. subsp. Purshia tridentata var. granulosa bark, but only GAROVAGLII (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair at the two collection sites on Eureka Peak, where 2013, pp. 11, 16, rare, on rock, Spring Mountains, it was found in 2006 in the Little San Bernardino Clark County, NV; -- Knudsen, K., M. Harding Mountains, Riverside County, CA; -- Knudsen, K. and J. Hoines 2013, pp. 34, 36, frequent, on and T. La Doux 2006, p. 26, this is the first basalt, gneiss and granite in Joshua Tree reporting of Lecanora laxa in 2006: rare in National Park, and found within in the Mojave at Joshua Tree National Park, on Pinus monophylla the following sites: Hexie Mountains, Hidden and Purshia tridentata var. granulosa bark, at Valley, Little San Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo only two collection sites on Eureka Peak in the Canyon, Eureka Peak north slope), Malapai Hill Little San Bernardino Mountains, Riverside and (on basalt), Queen Valley, Ryan Mountain, San Bernardino Counties, CA) Riverside and San Bernardino Mountains, CA;

--Doell, J. 1999, p. 10, found at 2 of 4 collection LECANORA MERIDIONALIS H. Magn. (--Proulx, M. sites, on rock, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, 16, rare, on Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. bark, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) Werth 2008, p. 16, common, on granite, but rarely fully developed in mixed saxicolous LECANORA MUGHICOLA Nyl. (--Proulx, M. W. and communities, Sweeney Granite Mountains and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, 16, rare, on lignum, Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Jackson,

H. et al.et al., 2005, p. 36, rare to locally LECANORA MURALIS (Schreber) Rabenh. (--Proulx, common, on rock, Black Rock Road vicinity, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, 16, rare, on Mojave County, Northwestern AZ; --Knudsen, K. rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; and T. La Doux 2006, p. 26, rare, on granite on -- Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, the north slope of Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree p. 36, common, on basalt, gneiss, and National Park, Riverside and San Bernardino monzogranite in the Mojave in Joshua Tree Counties, CA; --Knight, K. B. et al.et al., 2002, p. National Park at the following sites: Little San 29, rare to locally common, on basalt, Mojave Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo Canyon, Black National Preserve, San Bernardino County, CA) Rock, hills near park west entrance, Keys View, Lecanora gibbosa (Ach.) Nyl. (--Hasse 1913, pp. Long Canyon, Pushwalla), Malapai Hill (on 88, 89, on rock, possible transition zone or basalt), Queen Mountain, Ryan Mountain, Mojave Desert lichen, at 1300m in the Tehachapi Sheep’s Pass, Wonderland of Rocks (Indian Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 25

Cove), Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, LECANORA SALIGNA (Schrader) Zahlbr. (--Proulx, CA; --Doell, J. 1999, p. 10, found at 2 of 4 M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, 16, rare, on collection sites, no substrate given, (probably lignum, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; rock), Sweeney Granite Mountains, San -- Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. p. 37, common in the mountains of California, Werth 2008, p. 17, common on granite, Sweeney found on junipers and the dead wood of pines Granite Mountains and Sweeney Mountain and oak in the Mojave in Joshua Tree National Desert Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino Park, at the following sites: Hidden Valley, County, CA; --Jackson, H. et al.et al., 2005, p. Juniper Flats, Little San Bernardino Mountains 36, rare to locally common, on rock, Black Rock (Eureka Peak), Lost Horse Valley, Upper Road vicinity, Mojave County, Northwestern AZ; Covington Flats, Riverside and San Bernardino --Knight, K. B. et al.et al., 2002, p. 29, rare to Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, locally common, on soil over rock, Mojave p. 17, common on decorticated juniper lignum National Preserve, San Bernardino County, CA; above 1,500m, Sweeney Granite Mountains and --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, rare to common at Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, 2 of 5 sites, on rock, Beaver Dam Slope, Eastern San Bernardino County, CA) Washington County, UT) – Synonym: Lecanora saxicola (Pollich) Ach. Lecanora saxicola (Pollich) Ach. (--Hasse 1913, p. 93, collected by S. B. Parish from rock in the LECANORA NOEDEGELII B. D. Ryan & T. H. Nash San Bernardino Mountains, CA) = LECANORA (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, MURALIS (Schreber) Rabenh. 16, rare, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) LECANORA SIERRAE B. D. Ryan and T. H.

Nash (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. LECANORA OREINOIDES (Körber) Hertel & Hoines 2013, pp. 36, 37, infrequent and Rambold (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair found only at three sites in the Mojave, on 2013, pp. 11, 16, rare, on rock, Spring Mountains, granite and gneiss in Joshua Tree National Clark County, NV) Park, at the following sites: Little San

Bernardino Mountains (Eureka Peak), Lost LECANORA PERCRENATA H. Magn. (--Knudsen, K., Horse Mountains, Queen Valley, Riverside M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 36, rare, on and San Bernardino Counties, CA) granite in Joshua Tree National Park, only in the Little San Bernardino Mountains at Berdoo Canyon, Riverside County, CA) LECANORA SYMMICTA (Ach.) Ach. (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, 16, rare, on bark, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) LECANORA PHAEDROPHTHALMA Poelt var.

PHAEDROPHTHALMA (--Knight, K. B. et al.et al., 2002, p. 30, rare to locally common, on basalt, LECANORA VALESIACA (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb. Mojave National Preserve, San Bernardino (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, County, CA) 16, rare, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; --Jackson, H. et al.et al., 2005, p. Lecanora rubina (Vill.) Ach. (--Hasse 1913, pp. 36, rare, on rock, Black Rock Road vicinity, 93, 94,), and in the San Gabriel and Tehachapi Northwestern AZ; --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, Mountains, CA) = RHIZOPLACA CHRYSOLEUCA rare at 3 of 5 sites, on rock, Beaver Dam Slope, (Sm.) Zopf Washington County, UT)

26 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

LECANORA VARIA (Hoffm.) Ach. (--Proulx, M. W. LECIDEA LABORIOSA Müll. Arg. (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, 16, uncommon, on and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, 16, rare, on rock, bark, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; --Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, pp. 37, 39, LECIDEA Ach. frequent, on granite, in Joshua Tree National LECIDEA DECIPIENS (Hedwig) Ach. (--Hasse 1913, Park, at the following sites: Juniper Flats, Little p. 46, 47, on soil, collected by S. B. Parish in San San Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo Canyon, Bernardino Mountains, CA) = PSORA DECIPIENS Black Rock, Eureka Peak, Keys View), Queen (Hedwig) Hoffm. Valley, Sheep’s Pass, Smith Water Canyon, Wonderland of Rocks (Keys Ranch), Riverside LECIDEA DIDUCENS Nyl. (--Knudsen, K., M. and San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 37, locally and S. Werth 2008, p. 17, common on granite, abundant in high elevations in the Little San Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney Bernardino Mountains, found on granite in Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San Joshua Tree National Park, where it is collected Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La only from the Little San Bernardino Mountains Doux 2005, p. 105, common, on granite, Keys (Berdoo Canyon), Riverside County, CA) Ranch, Joshua Tree National Park, San Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Lecidea fumosa (Hoffm.) Ach. (--Hasse 1913, p. Doux 2006, p. 26, abundant, on granite on 387, 38, on granite in San Gabriel Mountains, Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree National Park, CA) = LECIDEA FUSCOATRA Nyl. Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA)

LECIDEA FUSCOATRA Nyl. – Synonym: Lecidea LECIDEA LEPRARIOIDES Tønsberg (--Proulx, M. W. fumosa (Hoffm.) Ach. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, 16, rare, on lignum, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) Lecidea goniophila (Floerke) Schaer. (--Hasse 1913, on at 1500m in the Mojave transition zone LECIDEA MANNII Tuck. (--Knudsen, K., M. along Big Rock Creek at Shoemaker’s Ranch at Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 39, infrequent in the northern base of the San Gabriel Mountains, California, but locally abundant when found, CA) = LECIDELLA ANOMALOIDES (A. Massal.) occurs on granite in the Mojave Desert in Joshua Hertel & H. Kilias Tree National Park, 2 collections found at the following location: Upper Covington Flats, San LECIDEA HASSEI Zahlbr. (--Knudsen, K., M. Bernardino County, CA) Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 37, common, on granite and monzogranite in the Mojave in LECIDEA TESSELLATA Flörke (--Knudsen, K., M. Joshua Tree National Park, at the following sites: Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 39, common in Little San Bernardino Mountains (Black, Rock, Southern California mountains, on granite from a Keys View, Long Canyon), Lost Horse Mountains, single collection in Joshua Tree National Park, at Pine City, Sheep’s Pass, Squaw Tank, Riverside Juniper Flats, Riverside County, CA; --Knudsen, County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 17, common on granite p. 17, rare, on granite, Sweeney Granite at higher elevations, Sweeney Granite Mountains Mountains and Sweeney Mountain Desert and Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Jackson, County, CA) H. et al.et al., 2005, p. 36, locally common, on

Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 27 rock, Black Rock Road vicinity, Mojave County, eroded, at the following sites: Little San Northwestern AZ; --Knight, K. B. et al.et al., Bernardino Mountains (Eureka Peak), Queen 2002, p. 30, rare to locally common, on basalt, Mountain, Ryan Mountain, Saddle Rock, Smith Mojave National Preserve, San Bernardino Water Canyon, Riverside and San Bernardino County, CA) Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 17, common on granite, Sweeney Granite Lecidea vorticosa (Flörke) Köerber (--Hasse Mountains and Sweeney Mountain Desert 1913, on disintegrating granite in the Mojave Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino transition zone at 1600m, along Big Rock Creek County, CA; --Jackson, H. et al. 2005, p. 36, rare at Shoemakers Ranch, and the northeastern to locally common, on rock, Black Rock Road desert base of the San Gabriel Mountains, CA) = vicinity, Mojave County, Northwestern AZ; CARBONEA VORTICOSA (Flörke) Hertel --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 30, rare to locally common, on basalt, Mojave National Preserve, LECIDELLA Körber San Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and LECIDELLA ANOMALOIDES (A. Massal.) Hertel & H. T. La Doux 2006, p. 26, abundant, on granite on Kilias – Synonym: Lecidea goniophila (Floerke) Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree National Park, Schaer. Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA)

LECIDELLA CARPATHICA Körber (--Proulx, M. W. LEPRARIA Ach. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, 16, uncommon, on LEPRARIA NEGLECTA Nyl. (--Knudsen, K., M. rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 40, of the six --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 105, rare, collections made in Joshua Tree National Park, on granite, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree National one was abundant and the others locally sparce, Park, San Bernardino County, CA) and all were found on granite and soil at the following sites: Little San Bernardino Mountains LECIDELLA EUPHOREA (Flörke) Hertel (--Proulx, (Eureka Peak), Lower and Upper Covington M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, 16, rare, on Flats, ridge northeast of Quail Mountain, bark and lignum, Spring Mountains, Clark Wonderland of Rocks at Keys Ranch and Willow County, NV) Hole, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA) LECIDELLA PATAVINA (A. Massal.) Knoph and Leuckert (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. LEPRARIA VOUAUXII (Hue) R. C. Harris Hoines 2013, p. 39, on monzogranite, found in (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, Joshua Tree National Park with the thallus often p. 40, locally abundant and on soil and moss in missing or badly eroded, at the following sites: Joshua Tree National Park, only at Wonderland Hexie Mountains, Hidden Valley, Queen of Rocks in Wall Street Canon), San Bernardino Mountains, Wonderland of Rocks (Keys Ranch), County, CA) Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA) LEPROCAULON Nyl. ex Lamy LECIDELLA STIGMATEA (Ach.) Hertel and Leuckert LEPROCAULON ADHAERENS (K. Knudsen, Elix & (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, Lendemer) Lendemer & Hodkinson (--Knudsen, 16, uncommon, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, pp. 39, 40, County, NV; -- Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. populations were small, on granite and isolated Hoines 2013, p. 39, infrequent, on monzogranite in crevices and below underhangs in the Mojave in the Mojave Desert in Joshua Tree National Desert in Joshua Tree National Park, at the Park, with the thallus often missing or poorly following sites: Little San Bernardino Mountains 28 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

(Upper Long Canyon), Wonderland of Rocks Wonderland of Rocks (Indian Cove, Keys Ranch), (Indian Cove, Rattlesnake Canyon), San Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; Bernardino County, CA) --Doell, J. 1999, p. 10, found at 2 of 4 collection sites, on rock, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San LEPTOCHIDIUM M. Choisy Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. LEPTOCHIDIUM ALBOCILIATUM (Desm.) M. Choisy Werth 2008, p. 17, common on granite in shaded (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, wash, Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney p. 40, often locally abundant in Southern Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San California, on moss and soil over monzogranite in Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Joshua Tree National Park, at only two sites: Doux 2005, p. 105, rare, on granite, Keys Ranch, Upper Covington Flats and Wonderland of Rocks Joshua Tree National Park, San Bernardino in Indian Cove, San Bernardino County, CA) County, CA; --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 30, common to locally abundant, on basalt, Mojave LEPTOGIUM (Ach.) Gray National Preserve, San Bernardino County, CA; LEPTOGIUM ARSENEI Sierk (--Knudsen, K. and T. --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, common at 2 of 5 La Doux 2006, p. 26, rare, on granite in drainage sites, on rock, Mojave Desert, Beaver Dam Slope, on the north slope of Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree Washington County, UT) National Park, San Bernardino County, CA) LICHINELLA STIPATULA Nyl. (--Knudsen, K. and S. Leptogium tenuissimum (Dicks.) Körber Werth 2008, p. 17, frequent on granite, Sweeney (--Knudsen, K., M. and J. Hoines 2013, pp. 40, Granite Mountains and Sweeney Mountain 41, usually on rock, moss or soil, rare in Joshua Desert Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino Tree National Park, found only at Upper County, CA) Covington Flats, San Bernardino County, CA) = SCYTINIUM TENUISSIMUM (Dickson) Otálora, P. M. LOBOTHALLIA (Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Jørg. & Wedin Hafellner LOBOTHALLIA ALPHOPLACA (Wahlenb.) Hafellner LICHINELLA Nyl. (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, LICHINELLA GRANULOSA M. Schultz (--Shrestha G. 16, rare, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark et al. 2012, p. 5, rare at 1 of 5 sites, on rock, this County, NV; --Doell, J. 1999, p. 10, found at 3 of represents a new record for the Mojave Desert, 4 collection sites, on granite and lava rock, Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County, UT) Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, LICHINELLA NIGRITELLA (Lettau) P. P. Moreno & p. 17, common on granite, Sweeney Granite Egea (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013 Mountains and Sweeney Mountain Desert Spring Mountains; -- Knudsen, K., M. Harding Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino and J. Hoines 2013, p. 41, Knudsen says this is County, CA; --Jackson, H. et al.et al., 2005, p. the second most common cyanolichen in JTNP, 36, rare to locally common on rock, Black Rock common, on gneiss and monzogranite in Joshua Road vicinity, Mojave County, Northwestern AZ; Tree National Park, at the following sites: --Knudsen, K. T. La Doux, 2005, p. 105, Hidden Valley, Juniper Flats, Little San abundant on granite, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo Canyon, National Park, San Bernardino County, CA; -- Pushwalla), Lost Horse Valley, Lower Covington Knudsen, K. T. La Doux, 2006, p. 26, abundant, Flats, Pine City, Pinto Basin, Skull Rock, Smith on granite on Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree National Water Canyon, Squaw Tank, Wilson Canyon, Park, Riverside & San Bernardino Counties, CA)

Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 29

LOBOTHALLIA PRAERADIOSA (Nyl.) Hafellner Hole), Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, CA; --Doell, J. 1999, p. 10, found at 1 of 4 16, 17, rare, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark collection sites, on rock, Sweeney Granite County, NV; -- Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Mountains, San Bernardino County, CA) = Hoines 2013, p. 41, common, on basalt, gneiss, MONTANELIA TOMINII (Oxner) Divakar, A. Crespo, and monzogranite in Joshua Tree National Park, Wedin & Essl. at the following sites: Hidden Valley, hills near west and north entrance, Juniper Flats, Little San MELANOHALEA O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo Canyon, Eureka Divakar, Essl. , D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch Peak, Pushwalla), Lost Horse Mountains, Lost MELANOHALEA ELEGANTULA (Zahlbr.) O. Blanco et Horse Valley, Lower and Upper Covington Flats, al., (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. Malapai Hill (on monzogranite and basalt), 11, 17, uncommon, on bark and rock, Spring Queen Mountain, Queen Valley, Ryan Mountain, Mountains, Clark County, NV; --Knudsen, K. and Skull Rock, Squaw Tank, Stirrup Tank, S. Werth 2008, p. 17, common, on granite, Wonderland of Rocks (Indian Cove, near west Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney entrance, Keys Ranch), Riverside and San Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Doell, J. 1999, p. 10, Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La found at 1 of 4 collection sites, on lava rock, Doux 2005, p. 106, rare, on shaded vertical Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Bernardino granite, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree National Park, County, CA; --Knudsen, K. S. Werth 2008, p. 17, San Bernardino County, CA) infrequent on granite, Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney Mountain Desert MELANOHALEA EXASPERATULA (Nyl.) O. Blanco et Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino al., (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. County, CA; --Jackson, H. et al. 2005, p. 36, rare, 11, 17, uncommon, on bark, Spring Mountains, on rock, Black Rock Road vicinity, Mojave Clark County, NV) County, Northwestern AZ; --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 30, rare to locally common, on basalt, MELANOHALEA SUBELEGANTULA (Essl.) O. Blanco Mojave National Preserve, San Bernardino et al., (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2006, pp. 11, 17, rare, on bark, Spring Mountains, Clark p. 26, rare, on granite on the east slope of Eureka County, NV) Peak , Joshua Tree National Park, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Shrestha G. et MELANOHALEA SUBOLIVACEA (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. 2012, p. 5, rare at 1 of 5 sites, on rock, Mojave al., (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. Desert, Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County, 11, 17, abundant, on bark, Spring Mountains, UT) Clark County, NV; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2006, p. 26, uncommon, on bark of Pinus MELANELIA Essl. monophylla on Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree Melanelia tominii (Oxner) Essl. (--Proulx, M. W. National Park, Riverside and San Bernardino and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, 16, rare, on rock, Counties, CA) Spring Mountains, Clark Cnty, NV; --Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 41, MIRIQUIDICA Hertel & Rambold scattered in Southern California, on granite in MIRQUIDICA SCOTOPHOLIS (Tuck.) B. D. Ryan & Joshua Tree National Park, at the following sites: Timdal (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines Hidden Valley, Queen Mountain, Smith Water 2013, p. 41, frequent in southern and central Canyon, Upper Covington Flats, Wonderland of California, on granite in Joshua Tree National Rocks (Keys Ranch, Wall Street Mill, Willow Park, from the following sites: Hidden Valley, 30 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

Little San Bernardino Mountains (Black rock, PELTULA Nyl. Long Canyon area), Lower and Upper Covington PELTULA BOLANDERI (Tuck.) Wetmore Flats, Wonderland of Rocks (Keys Ranch), (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; p. 43, widespread in California but Knudsen says --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 17, P. bolanderi is often misidentified as P. euploca, infrequent, on granite, Sweeney Granite found on monzogranite and gneiss in Joshua Mountains and Sweeney Mountain Desert Tree National Park, at the following sites: Little Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino San Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo Canyon, County, CA) along Geology Tour Road), Malapai Hill on granite, Riverside County, CA) MONTANELIA Divakar, A. Crespo, Wedin & Essl. PELTULA EUPLOCA (Ach.) Poelt ex Ozenda & MONTANELIA TOMINII (Oxner) Divakar, A. Crespo, Clauzade (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Wedin & Essl. – Synonym: Melanelia tominii Hoines 2013, p. 43 common in California, on (Oxner) Essl. granite in Joshua Tree National Park, at the following sites: 49 Palm Canyon, hills near the MYRIOSPORA Nägeli ex Uloth north entrance, Juniper Flats, Smith Water MYRIOSPORA SMARAGDULA (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) K. Canyon, Stirrup Tank, Upper Covington Flats, Knudsen and L. Arcadia – Synonyms: Silobia Wonderland of Rocks (Indian Cove, Keys Ranch, smaragdula (Wahlenb.) M. Westb. & Wedin, and near the west entrance, Rattlesnake Canyon, Wall A. smaragdula (Wahlenb.) A. Massal. Street Mill), Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Doell, J. 1999, p. 10, found at 3 NEOFUSCELIA Essl. of 4 collection sites, on rock, Sweeney Granite Neofuscelia loxodes (Nyl.) Essl. (--Doell, J. 1999, Mountains, San Bernardino County, CA; p. 10, found at 1 of 4 collection sites, on granite, --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 17, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Bernardino common, on granite in drainages and washes, County, CA) = XANTHOPERMELIA LOXODES (Nyl.) Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. & Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San Lumbsch Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 106, common, on vertical granite PARMELIOPSIS Nyl. surfaces flushed by storm water, Keys Ranch, PARMELIOPSIS AMBIGUA (Wulfen) Nyl. (--Proulx, Joshua Tree National Park, San Bernardino M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, 17, rare, on County, CA; --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 30, lignum, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) rare, on basalt, Mojave National Preserve, San Bernardino County, CA; --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, PELTIGERA Willd. p. 5, rare at 1 of 5 sites, on rock, Mojave Desert, PELTIGERA RUFESCENS (Weiss) Humb. (--Proulx, Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County, UT) M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, 17, rare, on moss, bark, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; PELTULA OBSCURANS (Nyl.) Gyelnik var. --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 17, rare, on OBSCURANS (--Doell, J. 1999, p. 10, found at all 4 moss, Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney collection sites, on soil, Sweeney Granite Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San Mountains, San Bernardino County, CA; Bernardino County, CA) --Jackson, H. et al. 2005, p. 36, locally common,

Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 31 on soil, Black Rock Road vicinity, Mojave County, PHAEOPHYSCIA Moberg Northwestern AZ) PHAEOPHYSCIA HIRSUTA (Mereschk.) Essl. (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, PELTULA OBSCURANS var. DESERTICOLA (Zahlbr.) p. 44, naturally rare in Joshua Tree National Wetmore (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Park, at only Upper Covington Flats, San Hoines 2013, p. 43, infrequent in Southern Bernardino County, CA) California, on monzogranite and gneiss in Joshua PHAEOPHYSCIA KAIRAMOI (Vainio) Moberg Tree National Park, at the following sites: (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, Hidden Valley, Little San Bernardino Mountains 17, rare, on soil, Spring Mountains, Clark County, (along Geology Tour Road), Stirrup Tank, NV; --Jackson, H. et al. 2005, p. 36, rare, on soil Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; over rock, found only on shaded vertical surfaces, --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, rare to common at Black Rock Road vicinity, Mojave County, 1 of 5 sites, on rock, Mojave Desert, Beaver Dam Northwestern AZ) Slope, Washington County, UT)

PHAEOPHYSCIA NIGRICANS (Flörke) Moberg PELTULA OBSCURANS var. HASSEI (Zahlbr.) (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, Wetmore (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. 17, rare, on moss and bark, Spring Mountains, Hoines 2013, p. 43, common in Southern Clark County, NV) California, on gneiss and granite in Joshua Tree in National Park, at the following sites: Stirrup PHAEOPHYSCIA ORBICULARIS (Necker) Moberg Tank, Wonderland of Rocks at Indian Cove and (--Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2006, p. 26, rare, Rattlesnake Canyon, Riverside and San on granite in drainages on Eureka Peak, Joshua Bernardino Counties, CA; --Knight, K. B. et al. Tree National Park, Riverside and San 2002, p. 30, locally common, on soil above basalt Bernardino Counties, CA) flow, Mojave National Preserve, San Bernardino County, CA) PHAEOPHYSCIA SCIASTRA (Ach.) Moberg (--Proulx,

M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, 17, rare, on PELTULA OMPHALIZA (Nyl.) Wetmore (--Doell, J. rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; 1999, p. 10, found at 1 of 4 collection sites, on --Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. rock, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San 44, frequent, on gneiss and granite in Joshua Bernardino County, CA) Tree National Park, at the following sites: Hidden

Valley, hills near north entrance, Little San PELTULA PATELLATA (Bagl.) Swinscow & Krog Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo Canyon, Eureka (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, Peak, Geology Tour Road), Malapai Hill (on p. 43, found in biological soil crusts in Joshua monzogranite), Upper Covington Flats, Tree National Park at Queen Valley, San Wonderland of Rocks (Keys Ranch), Riverside Bernardino County, CA) and San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K.

and S. Werth 2008, p. 17, common on granite, PELTULA RICHARDSII (Herre) Wetmore Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San p. 44, infrequent in California deserts and found Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La in biological soil crust in Joshua Tree National Doux 2005, p. 106, abundant, on soft granite in Park at the following sites: Hexie Mountains, washes, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree National Park, near north entrance, Wonderland of Rocks at San Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and Wall Street Mill, Riverside and San Bernardino T. La Doux 2006, p. 26, common, on granite on Counties, CA) 32 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree National Park, Joshua Tree National Park, often growing on Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA) juniper wood at the base of old trees, at the following sites: Hidden Valley, hills near west PHYSCIA (Schreber) Michaux entrance, Juniper Flats, Little San Bernardino PHYSCIA ADSCENDENS (Fr.) H. Olivier (--Proulx, Mountains (Berdoo Canyon, Eureka Peak, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12,17, rare, on Inspiration Peak, Pushwalla), Lower and Upper bark and lignum, Spring Mountains, Clark Covington Flats, Queen Valley, Ryan Mountain, County, NV) Sheep’s Pass, Smith Water Canyon, Skull Rock, Split Rock, Stirrup Tank, Queen Valley, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K. PHYSCIA BIZIANA (A. Massal.) Zahlbr. (--Proulx, and S. Werth 2008, p. 17, common on granite, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, 17, rare, on Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney bark, rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San --Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La 44, common, on gneiss and granite in Joshua Doux 2006, p. 26, rare, on granite on north slope, Tree National Park, at the following sites: mixed with P. biziana, Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree Juniper Flats, Little San Bernardino Mountains National Park, Riverside and San Bernardino (Berdoo Canyon, Eureka Peak, Pushwalla), Lost Counties, CA) Horse Mountains, Ryan Mountain, Saddle Rock,

Skull Rock, Stirrup Tank, Upper Covington Flats, PHYSCIA DUBIA (Hoffm.) Lettau (--Proulx, M. W. Wonderland of Rocks (Keys Ranch, Wall Street and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, 17, common, on Mill), Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, bark, lignum, rock, Spring Mountains, Clark CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 106, County, NV; -- Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. abundant, on granite, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree Hoines 2013v, p. 45, infrequent in Southern National Park, San Bernardino County, CA; California, on granite in Joshua Tree National --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2006, p. 26, Park, at the following sites: Little San abundant, on granite in drainages and mixed Bernardino Mountains (Pushwalla), Saddle Rock, with P. dimidiata on the north slope of Eureka Upper Covington Flats, Riverside and San Peak, Joshua Tree National Park, Riverside and Bernardino Counties, CA; --Doell, J. 1999, p. 10, San Bernardino Counties, CA) found at 1 of 4 collection sites, on rock, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Bernardino County, CA; PHYSCIA CAESIA (Hoffm.) Hampe ex Fürnr. --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 17, frequent (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, on granite in washes on north slopes, Sweeney 17, uncommon, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark Granite Mountains and Sweeney Mountain County, NV; --Doell, J. 1999, p. 10, found at 1 of Desert Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino 4 collection sites, on granite, Sweeney Granite County, Eastern San Bernardino County, CA) Mountains, San Bernardino County, CA; --Jackson, H. et al. 2005, p. 36, rare on shaded PHYSCIA PHAEA (Tuck) J. W. Thomson (--Doell, J. vertical surfaces of rocks, Black Rock Road 1999, p. 10, found at 2 the 4 collection sites, on vicinity, Mojave County, Northwestern AZ) rock, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San

Bernardino County, CA) PHYSCIA DIMIDIATA (Arnold) Nyl. (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, 17, rare, on bark, PHYSCIA STELLARIS (L.) Nyl. (--Proulx, M. W. and Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, 17, abundant, on bark, --Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. lignum, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; 44, common on granite and juniper wood in --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, rare to common at Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 33

1 of 5 sites, on bark, Mojave Desert, Beaver Dam PHYSCONIA MUSCIGENA (Ach.) Poelt. (--Knudsen, Slope, Washington County, UT) K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 45, on granite and moss in Joshua Tree National Park, PHYSCIA TENELLA (Scop.) DC. (--Proulx, M. W. only at Wonderland of Rocks at Indian Cove, San and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, 17, rare, on bark, Bernardino County, CA) Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) PHYSCIA TRIBACIA (Ach.) Nyl. (--Doell, J. 1999, p. PLACIDIUM A. Massal. 10, found at 1 of 4 collection sites, on granite, PLACIDIUM ACAROSPOROIDES (Zahlbr.) Breuss Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Bernardino (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, County, CA) p. 45, frequent, on monzogranite in Joshua Tree National Park, at the following sites: Juniper PHYSCIELLA Essl. Flats, Skull Rock, Stirrup Tank, Riverside County, PHYSCIELLA CHLOANTHA (Ach.) Essl. (--Proulx, M. CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 17, W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, 17, 18, common on granite, Sweeney Granite Mountains common, on bark, lignum, and rock, Spring and Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, Mountains, Clark County, NV; --Knight, K. B. et Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Knight, K. al. 2002, p. 30, rare to locally common, on B. et al. 2002, p. 30, rare, on basalt, Mojave Blackbrush lignum (Coleogyne ramosissima) at National Preserve, San Bernardino County, CA) Mojave National Preserve, San Bernardino PLACIDIUM ANDICOLA (Breuss) Breuss (--Knudsen, County, CA; --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 45, rare in common to abundant at 1 of 5 sites, on bark, Southern Califoria, though Knudsen says it may Mojave Desert, Beaver Dam Slope, Washington be undercollected, on soil in Joshua Tree County, UT) National Park, at the following sites: Little San

Bernardino Mountains (above Dillon Road, Black PHYSCONIA Poelt Rock), Wonderland of Rocks near the west PHYSCONIA ELEGANTULA Essl. (--Proulx, M. W. entrance, Riverside and San Bernardino and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, 18 rare, on soil Counties, CA; --Doell, J. 1999, p. 10, found at 1 of over rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) 4 collection sites, on soil, Sweeney Granite

Mountains, San Bernardino County, CA) PHYSCONIA ISIDIIGERA (Zahlbr.) Essl. (--Proulx,

M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, 18, rare, on Placidium lacinulatum (Ach.) Breuss (--Doell, J. moss over rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, 1999, p. 11, found at all 4 collections sites, on soil NV; --Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines and lava flow, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San 2013, p. 45, common in Southern California, on Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. granite in Joshua Tree National Park, at the Werth 2008, p. 17, common on soil, Sweeney following sites: Little San Bernardino Mountains Granite Mountains and Sweeney Mountain (Eureka Peak), Lower and Upper Covington Flat, Desert Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino Riverside and San Bernardino Counties; County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 17, p. 106, on soil, alone or in crust communities, infrequent, on decorticated wood and granite mostly sterile, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree National above 1558m, Sweeney Granite Mountains and Park, San Bernardino County, CA; --Shrestha G. Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, et al. 2012, p. 5, common at 2 of 5 sites, on soil, Eastern San Bernardino County, CA) Mojave Desert, Beaver Dam Slope, Washington

34 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

County, UT) = CLAVASCIDIUM LACINULATUM (Ach.) Mountains in Berdoo Canyon, Riverside County, Breuss CA)

PLACIDIUM SQUAMULOSUM (Ach.) Breuss PLACOPYRENIUM Breuss (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, PLACOPYRENIUM FUSCELLUM (Turner) Gueidan & 18, uncommon, on soil, Spring Mountains, Clark Cl. Roux – Synonym: Verrucaria fuscella County, NV; --Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. (Turner) Winch Hoines 2013, pp. 45, 46, on soil and also on deteriorating monzogranite in Joshua Tree PLACOPYRENIUM NOXIUM Breuss (--Knudsen, K. National Park, at the following sites: Hills near and T. La Doux 2005, p. 106, rare, lichenicolous west entrance, Little San Bernardino Mountains on Staurothele areolata, Keys Ranch, Joshua (above Dillon Road, Berdoo Canyon), Tree National Park, San Bernardino County, CA) Wonderland of Rocks at Indian Cove, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Doell, J. PLACOPYRENIUM STANFORDII (Herre) K. Knudsen 1999, p. 11, found at all 4 collection sites, on soil, (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12 & Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Bernardino 18, rare, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, County, NV; --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, rare p. 17, common on soil, Sweeney Granite at 1 of 5 sites, on rock, Mojave Desert, Beaver Mountains and Sweeney Mountain Desert Dam Slope, Washington County, UT) Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Jackson, H. et al. 2005, p. 36, PLACYNTHIUM (Ach.) Gray locally common, on soil over rock or on open soil PLACYNTHIUM NIGRUM (Hudson) Gray surfaces in inter-shrub spaces, Black Rock Road (--Knudsen, K. M. Harding, and J. Hoines 2013, vicinity, Mojave County, Northwestern AZ; p. 46, rare, on monzogranite rock in Joshua Tree --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 30, locally common, National Park, only at Wonderland of Rocks at on soil over rock, Mojave National Preserve, San Indian Cove, Riverside and San Bernardino Bernardino County, CA) Counties, CA)

PLACOCARPUS Trevisan PLEOPSIDIUM Körber PLACOCARPUS AMERICANUS K. Knudsen, Breuss & PLEOPSIDIUM CHLOROPHANUM (Wahlenb.) Zopf Kocourk (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. (--Doell, J. 1999, p. 11, found at 1 of 4 collection Hoines 2013, p. 46, Placocarpus americanus was sites, on granite, Sweeney Granite Mountains, described by Knudsen et al., 2009 from a San Bernardino County, CA; --Jackson, H. et al. collection from the Santa Monica Mountains in 2005, p. 36, common to abundant, on vertical Southern California and was also collected in rock surfaces, Black Rock Road vicinity, Mojave Arizona (Kocourková et al., 2012). According to County, Northwestern AZ) – Synonym: Knudsen et al., (2013) P. americanus is Acarospora chlorophana (Wahlenb.) A. Massal. lichenicolous, starting as a juvenile parasite on Lecanora muralis (rarely on Rhizoplaca PLEOPSIDIUM FLAVUM (Bellardi) Körber (--Proulx, chrysoleuca and L. garovaglii) eventually M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, 18, rare, on developing an independent gray thallus. rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; Sometimes all that is evident on the host lichen --Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. are perithecia. It is frequent though often poorly 46, on basalt, gneiss, and granite in Joshua Tree developed. Found in the Joshua Tree National National Park, at the following sites: Lost Horse Park at the following site: Little San Bernardino Mountains (basalt, gneiss), Malapai Hill (basalt), Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 35

Queen Mountain, ridge northeast of Quail PSORA Hoffm. Mountain, Upper Covington Flats, Riverside and PSORA CEREBRIFORMIS W. A. Weber (--Proulx, M. San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Jackson, H. et W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, 18, rare, on al. 2005, p. 36, locally common, on rock, Black soil, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; Rock Road vicinity, Mojave County, --Jackson, H. et al. 2005, p. 36, rare, on open soil surfaces in inter-shrub spaces, Black Rock Road Northwestern AZ; --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. vicinity, Mojave County, Northwestern AZ) 30, common to abundant, on vertical basalt PSORA CRENATA (Taylor) Reinke (--Jackson, H. et surfaces, Mojave National Preserve, San al. 2005, p. 36, locally common to abundant, on Bernardino County, CA) soil surfaces in upper rocky areas, Black Rock Road vicinity, Mojave County, Northwestern AZ) POLYCAULIONA Hue POLYCAULIONA NASHII (Nav.-Ros., Gaya & PSORA DECIPIENS (Hedwig) Hoffm. (--Knudsen, Hladún) Arup, Frödén & Søchting – Synonym: K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 48, on soil Caloplaca nashii Nav.-Ros., Gaya & Hladun (often alkaline), frequent in southern CA, but not locally abundant in Joshua Tree National Park, at POLYSPORINA Vězda the following site: Wonderland of Rocks (Keys POLYSPORINA GYROCARPA (H. Magn.) N. S. Ranch), San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Doell, J. Golubk. (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. 1999, p. 11, found at 1 of 4 collection sites, on soil, Hoines 2013, p. 46, most likely frequent in the Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Bernardino Mojave Desert in Joshua Tree National Park (as County, CA; --Jackson, H. et al. 2005, p. 37, Knudsen reports 10 collections), found on locally common to abundant, on soil surfaces in monzogranite in Joshua Tree National Park, at upper rocky areas and at gypsiferous site, Black the following sites: Hidden Valley, hills near west Rock Road vicinity, Mojave Cnty., Northwestern entrance, Little San Bernardino Mountains, AZ; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 106, Malapai Hill (monzogranite), Lower and Upper rare, part of a single soil crust, Keys Ranch, Covington Flats, Riverside and San Bernardino Joshua Tree National Park, San Bernardino Counties, CA) County, CA; --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, common at 1 of 5 sites, on soil, Mojave Desert,

POLYSPORINA SIMPLEX (Taylor) Vězda (--Knudsen, Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County, UT) – K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 48, on Synonym: Lecidea decipiens (Hedwig) Ach. gneiss and granite in Joshua Tree National Park, at the following sites: Little San Bernardino PSORA GLOBIFERA (Ach.) A. Massal. (--Doell, J. Mountains (Berdoo Canyon, Eureka Peak, Long 1999, p. 11, found at 3 of 4 collection sites, on Canyon), Lost Horse Mountains, Riverside rock and soil, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San County, CA; --Doell, J. 1999, p. 11, found at 1 of Bernardino County, CA; --Knight, K. B. et al. the 4 collections sites, often in rock crevices, 2002, p. 30, rare, on soil/moss over basalt, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Bernardino Mojave National Preserve, San Bernardino County, CA) – Synonym: Biatorella simplex County, CA) (Taylor) Branth & Roestrup PSORA HIMALAYANA (Church. Bab.) Timdal (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, POLYSPORINA URCEOLATA (Anzi) Brodo (--Proulx, 18, rare, on soil, Spring Mountains, Clark County, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, 18, rare, on NV) rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV)

36 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

PSORA LURIDELLA (Tuck.) Fink (--Knudsen, K. and Park, found only at Lower Covington Flats, T. La Doux 2006, p. 26, abundant, on granite and Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA) soil over rock on Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree

National Park, Riverside and San Bernardino PSOROTICHIA MONTINII (A. Massal.) Forssell Counties, CA) (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 48, infrequent, on granite in Joshua Tree PSORA RUSSELLII (Tuck.) A. Schneider (--Doell, J. National Park, at the following sites: Hidden 1999, p. 11, found at 1 of 4 collection sites, on soil, Valley, Little San Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo Canyon), mountains near north entrance, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Bernardino Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA) County, CA) PYRENODESMIA A. Massal. PSORA TUCKERMANII R. A. Anderson ex Timdal PYRENODESMIA VARIABILIS (Per.) A. Massal. – (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, Synonym: Caloplaca variabilis (Pers.) Müll Arg. 18, abundant, on soil and rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; --Knudsen, K., M. RAMONIA Stizenb. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 48, common, on RAMONIA GYALECTIFORMIS (Zahlbr.) Vězda. gneiss and monzogranite in Joshua Tree National (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, Park, at the following sites: Little San p. 49, on monzogranite in Joshua Tree National Bernardino Mountains (above Geology Tour Park, at the following sites: Ryan Mountain, west Road, Berdoo Canyon, Eureka Peak, Pushwalla), entrance, Wonderland of Rocks at Wall Street Lost Horse Mountains, Wonderland of Rocks Mill area, San Bernardino County, CA) (Indian Cove, Keys Ranch, near west entrance, Rattlesnake Canyon), Riverside and San RHIZOCARPON Ramond ex DC. Bernardino Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. RHIZOCARPON DISPORUM (Nageli ex Hepp) Müll. Werth 2008, p. 17, common, on decaying granite Arg. (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines in wash, Sweeney Granite Mountains and 2013, p. 49, frequent, on granite in Joshua Tree Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, National Park, at the following sites: Hidden Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Jackson, Valley, Little San Bernardino Mountains H. et al. 2005, p. 37, rare to locally common, on (Pushwalla), Lower and Upper Covington Flats, soil, and soil over rock, in upper rocky area, Black Queen Mountain, Smith Water Canyon, Rock Road vicinity, Mojave County, Wonderland of Rocks (Wall Street Mill), Northwestern AZ; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; 2005, p. 106, abundant, on granite, Keys Ranch, --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 17, common Joshua Tree National Park, San Bernardino on granite slopes, Sweeney Granite Mountains County, CA; --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 30, and Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, rare to locally common, on soil over rock, Mojave Eastern San Bernardino Cnty, CA; --Knudsen, K. National Preserve, San Bernardino County, CA; and T. La Doux 2006, p. 26, rare, drainage north --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, rare to common at slope of Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree National Park, 1 of 5 sites, on soil, Mojave Desert, Beaver Dam Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA Slope, Washington County, UT) --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 30, rare to locally

common, on basalt, Mojave National Preserve, PSOROTICHIA A. Massal. San Bernardino Cnty, CA) PSOROTICHIA HASSEI Fink ex J. Hedrick (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, RHIZOCARPON GEMINATUM Körb. (--Knudsen, K., p. 48, rare, on granite in Joshua Tree National M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 49, on granite Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 37

in Joshua Tree National Park, at the following RHIZOPLACA PELTATA (Ramond) Leuckert & Poelt sites: Little San Bernardino Mountains (Eureka (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, Peak), Lower Covington Flats, Wonderland of 18, rare, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark Rocks at Keys Ranch and Willow Hole, Riverside County, NV; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, and San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K. p. 17, common, on granite, Sweeney Granite and T. La Doux 2005, p. 106, abundant, on Mountains and Sweeney Mountain Desert granite, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree National Park, Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino San Bernardino County, CA) County, CA; --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 30, rare to locally common, on basalt, Mojave RHIZOPLACA Zopf National Preserve, San Bernardino County, CA; RHIZOPLACA CHRYSOLEUCA (Sm.) Zopf (--Proulx, --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, rare at 1 of 5 sites, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, 18, found at on rock, Mojave Desert, Beaver Dam Slope, 2 of 4 collection sites, on rock, Spring Mountains, Washington County, UT) Clark County, NV; --Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 49-51, on basalt, gneiss, RHIZOPLACA SUBDISCREPANS (Nyl.) R. Sant. and granite in Joshua Tree National Park, at the (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, following sites: Hills near north entrance, Little p. 51, rare, on non-calcareous rock in Joshua Tree San Bernardino Mountains (Eureka Peak, National Park, at only the Little San Bernardino Pushwalla), Lost Horse Mountains, Malapai Hill Mountains (Eureka Peak), Riverside County, CA; (basalt), ridge northeast of Quail Mountain, Ryan --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2006, p. 26, rare, Mountain, Sheep’s Pass, Queen Mountain, on granite, on one north-facing slope outcrop Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; near the summit of Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree --Doell, J. 1999, p. 11, found at 2 of 4 collection National Park, Riverside and San Bernardino sites, on rock, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Counties, CA) Bernardino County, CA) – Synonym: Lecanora rubina (Vill.) Ach. RINODINA (Ach.) Gray RINODINA CAPENSIS Hampe (--Proulx, M. W. and RHIZOPLACA MELANOPHTHALMA (DC.) Leuckert & L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, 18, rare, on lignum, Poelt (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) pp. 12, 18, uncommon, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; --Knudsen, K., M. RINODINA CONFRAGOSA (Ach.) Körber (--Doell, J. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 51, naturally rare 1999, p. 11, found at 1 of 4 collection sites, on on non-calcareous rock in Joshua Tree National rock, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Park, only found at the ridge northeast of Quail Bernardino County, CA) Mountain, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Doell, J. 1999, p. 11, found at 1 of RINODINA CONRADII Körber (--Proulx, M. W. and 4 collection sites, on rock, in Sweeney Granite L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, 18, rare, on rock, Mountains, Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 30, locally common, on basalt, Mojave National Preserve, San RINODINA ENDOSPORA Sheard (--Proulx, M. W. Bernardino County, CA; --Shrestha G. et al. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13, 18, rare, on 2012, p. 5, common at 2 of 5 sites, on rock, lignum, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) Mojave Desert, Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County, UT) RINODINA JUNIPERINA Sheard (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 51, rare, on 38 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

juniper in Joshua Tree National Park, at the SARCOGYNE Flotow following sites: Ryan Mountain, Lost Horse SARCOGYNE ARENOSA (Herre) Knudsen & S. M. Valley, Riverside County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and Standley (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. S. Werth 2008, p. 17, common, on juniper bark Hoines 2013, p. 52, on monzogranite in Joshua above 1,500m, Sweeney Granite Mountains and Tree National Park, at the following sites: Sheep’s Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, Pass, Smith Water Canyon, Riverside and San Eastern San Bernardino County, CA) Bernardino Counties, CA) RINODINA LOBULATA H. Mayrhofer & Sheard (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13, SARCOGYNE CLAVUS (DC.) Kremp. (--Proulx, M. 18, uncommon, on bark, Spring Mountains, Clark W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13, 18, rare, on County, NV) rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; Rinodina oreina (Ach.) A. Massal. (--Hasse 1913, --Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. p. 124, on quartzite rocks in the San Gabriel and 52, rare, on gneiss and granite in Joshua Tree San Bernardino Mountains, CA) = DIMELAENA National Park, at the following sites: Little San OREINA (Ach.) Norman Bernardino Mountains (Upper Long Canyon), Upper Covington Flats, Riverside and San RINODINA PYCNOCARPA H. Magn. (--Knudsen, K., Bernardino Counties, CA) M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 51, on monzogranite in Joshua Tree National Park, at SARCOGYNE HYPOPHAEA (Nyl.) Arnold Knudsen the following sites: Juniper Flats, Skull Rock, says Sarcogyne hypophaea is now recognized as Queen Mountain, Queen Valley, Riverside and the correct name for specimens previously San Bernardino Counties, CA) referred to as Sarcogyne privigna by A.H. Magnusson and later authors (Knudsen, RINODINA PYRINA (Ach.) Arnold (--Proulx, M. W. Kocourkova and Westberg 2013) – Synonym: and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13, 18, rare, on bark, Sarcogyne privigna Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) SARCOGYNE MITZIAE K. Knudsen, Kocourk. & Rinodina thysanota Tuck. (--Hasse 1913, pp. McCune (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. 124, 125, on micaceous rock in the San Gabriel Hoines 2013, p. 52, on soil in Joshua Tree Mountains, CA) = DIMELAENA THYSANOTA (Tuck.) National Park, at the following sites: Little San Hale & W. L. Culb. Bernardino Mountains at Long Canyon area, San Riverside County, CA) RUFOPLACA Arup, Søchting & Frödén RUFOPLACA ARENARIA (Pers.) Arup, Søchting & SARCOGYNE NOVOMEXICANA H. Magn. (--Knudsen, Frödén – Synonym: Caloplaca arenaria (Pers.) K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 52, on Müll. Arg. gneiss and granite in Joshua Tree National Park, at the following sites: Hills near west entrance, RUSAVSKIA S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt Little San Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo RUSAVSKIA ELEGANS (Link) S. Y. Kondr. & Canyon), Ryan Mountain, Sheep’s Pass, Riverside Kärnefelt – Synonym: Xanthoria elegans (Link) and San Bernardino Counties, CA) S. Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt SARCOGYNE PLICATA H. Magn. (--Knudsen, K., M. RUSAVSKIA SOREDIATA (Vainio) S. Y. Kondr. & Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 54, common, on Kärnefelt – Synonym: Xanthoria sorediata gneiss and granite, but not on basalt, in Joshua (Vainio) Poelt Tree National Park, at the following sites: Hills near west entrance and north entrance, Little San Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 39

Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo Canyon), SCYTINIUM (Ach.) Gray Malapai Hill (on granite), Pinto Mountains (Belle SCYTINIUM CALLOPISMUM (A. Massal.) Otálora, P. Mountain), Pleasant Valley, Queen Mountain, M. Jørg. & Wedin – Synonym: Collema Ryan Mountain, Skull Rock, Smith Water callopismum A. Massal. Canyon, Squaw Tank, Stirrup Tank, Wonderland of Rocks at Keys Ranch, Riverside and San SCYTINIUM TENUISSIMUM (Dickson) Otálora, P. M. Bernardino Counties, CA) Jørg. & Wedin – Synonym: Leptogium tenuissimum (Dicks.) Körber Sarcogyne privigna (Ach.) A. Massal (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, SEIROPHORA Poelt p. 54, on gneiss and granite in Joshua Tree SEIROPHORA CONTORTUPLICATA (Ach.) Fröden National Park, at the following sites: Hexie (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13, Mountains, Juniper Flats, Little San Bernardino 18, rare, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark Mountains (Black Rock, Keys View, Pushwalla County, NV) Pass), Pine City, Pinto Mountains (Belle Mountain), Queen Mountain, Queen Valley, Ryan SILOBIA M. Westb. & Wedin Mountain, Sheep’s Pass, Stirrup Tank, Silobia smaragdula (Wahlenb.) M. Westb. & Wonderland of Rocks (Keys Ranch), Riverside Wedin Synonym: Acarospora smaragdula and San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K. (Wahlenb.) A. Massal. = MYRIOSPORA and S. Werth 2008, p. 17, common, on granite, SMARAGDULA (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) K. Knudsen & Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney L. Arcadia Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La SOLORINA Ach. Doux 2005, p. 106, abundant, on granite, Keys SOLORINA SPONGIOSA (Ach.) Anzi (Beyer, C. and L. Ranch, Joshua Tree National Park, San L. St. Clair, 2004, pp. 1-6, rare, over moss, Spring Bernardino County, CA; --Shrestha G. et al. Mountains, Clark County, NV) 2012, p. 5, rare at 1 of 5 sites, on rock, Mojave Desert, Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County, SPILONEMA Bornet PILONEMA REVERTENS UT) = SARCOGYNE HYPOPHAEA S Nyl. (--Doell, J. 1999, p. 11, found at 3 of 4 collection sites, on rock, SARCOGYNE REGULARIS Körber (--Proulx, M. W. Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Bernardino and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13, 18, rare, on County, CA) rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) – Synonym: Biatorella pruinosa (Körber) SQUAMARINA Poelt Mudd. SQUAMERINA LENTIGERA (Weber) Poelt (--Jackson, H. et al. 2005, p. 37, rare, on SARCOGYNE SIMILIS H. Magn. (--Proulx, M. W. gypsiferous soil, Black Rock Road vicinity, and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13, 18, rare, on Mojave County, Northwestern AZ) rock Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; -- Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, SQUAMULEA Arup. Søchting & Frödén p. 54, on gneiss and granite in Joshua Tree SQUAMULEA SQUAMOSA (B. de Lesd.) Arup, National Park, at the following sites: Juniper Søchting & Frödén – Synonym: Caloplaca Flats, Little San Bernardino Mountains squamosa (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr. (Berdoo Canyon, Pushwalla), Queen Mountain, Ryan Mountain, Squaw Tank, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA) 40 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

SQUAMULEA SUBSOLUTA (NYL.) Arup, Søchting & STAUROTHELE POLYGONIA B. de Lesd. (--Proulx, Frödén – Synonym: Caloplaca subsoluta (Nyl.) M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 12, 19, rare, on Zahlbr. rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV)

STAUROTHELE Norman STRANGOSPORA Körber STAUROTHELE AREOLATA (Ach.) Lettau (--Proulx, STRANGOSPORA MICROHAEMA (Norman) R. A. M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13,18, Anderson (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair abundant, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark 2013, pp. 13, 19, rare, on bark, Spring Mountains, County, NV; --Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Clark County, NV) Hoines 2013, p. 54, on gneiss and granite in Joshua Tree National Park, at the following sites: TETRAMELAS Norman Hills near west entrance, Ryan Mountain, Upper TETRAMELAS CHLOROLEUCUS (Körber) A. Nordin – Covington Flats, Wonderland of Rocks at Keys Synonym: Buellia chloroleuca Körber Ranch and near park west entrance, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Jackson, H. THYREA A. Massal. et al. 2005, p. 37, rare to common, on rock, Black THYREA CONFUSA Henssen (--Proulx, M. W. and L. Rock Road vicinity, Mojave County, L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 11, 16, uncommon, on rock, Northwestern AZ; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; --Jackson, 2005, p. 106, common, on soft granite along H. et al. 2005, p. 37, rare to locally common, on washes, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree National Park, rock, Black Rock Road vicinity, Mojave County, San Bernardino County, CA) Northwestern AZ)

STAUROTHELE DRUMMONDII (Tuck.) Tuck. TONINIA A. Massal. (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13, TONINIA CANDIDA (Weber) Th. Fr. (--Proulx, M. 19, uncommon, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13, 19, rare, on County, NV) soil, rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV)

STAUROTHELE MONICAE (Zahlbr.) Wetmore TONINIA RUGINOSA (Tuck.) Herre subsp. (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, RUGINOSA (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. p. 55, common, on gneiss and granite in Joshua Hoines 2013, p, 55, common in California in Tree National Park, at the following sites: Juniper general; found on granite-derived soils, Flats, Hidden Valley, Little San Bernardino monzogranite, and moss, in Joshua Tree National Mountains (Berdoo Canyon, Eureka Peak), Lost Park, at the following sites: Little San Bernardino Horse Mountains, Queen Mountain, Sheep’s Mountains (Berdoo Canyon, Eureka Peak), Pass, Saddle Rock, Skull Rock, Stirrup Tank, Wonderland of Rocks (hills near west entrance), Wonderland of Rocks near JTNP west entrance, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 17, common --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 17, common on crumbling granite and soil in shaded washes, on granite, Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, Bernardino County, CA; -- Knight, K. B. et al. K. and T. La Doux 2006, p. 26, common, on 2002, p. 30, common-locally abundant on basalt, granite in drainage on Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree Mojave National Preserve, San Bernardina National Park, Riverside and San Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2006, Counties, CA) p. 26, common, mixed with mosses on north and east slopes of Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree National Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 41

Park, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, HYPERBOREA (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair CA) 2013, pp. 13, 19, rare, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) TONINIA SEDIFOLIA (Scop.) Timdal (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13, 19, rare, on UMBILICARIA PHAEA Tuck. (--Knudsen, K., M. soil, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 55, common, on --Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines basalt, gneiss, and monzogranite in Joshua Tree 2013, p. 55, common in California “in general”; National Park, at the following sites: Little San on calcareous soil in the Mojave Desert in Joshua Bernardino Mountains (Black Rock, Eureka Peak, Tree National Park, at the following sites: Hills Pushwalla), Lost Horse Mountains (on basalt), near north entrance, Wonderland of Rocks (Keys Lower and Upper Covington Flats, Ryan Ranch), San Bernardino County, CA; --Doell, J. Mountain, Riverside and San Bernardino 1999, p. 11, found at 1 of 4 collection sites, on Counties, CA; --Doell, J. 1999, p. 11, found at 3 of moss, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San 4 collection sites, on rock, Sweeney Granite Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Mountains, San Bernardino County, CA; Werth 2008, p. 17, frequent, in washes on --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 17, frequent, decaying granite, Sweeney Granite Mountains on granite, Sweeney Granite Mountains and and Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Jackson, Eastern San Bernardino Cnty, CA; --Knudsen, K. H. et al. 2005, p. 37, rare, on soil over rock, or on and T. La Doux 2006, p. 26, abundant, on granite open soil surfaces in inter-shrub spaces, Black on Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree National Park, Rock Road vicinity, Northwestern AZ; Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA) --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 106, rare, on soil along washes, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree USNEA Dill. ex Adanson National Park, San Bernardino County, CA; USNEA HIRTA (L.) Weber ex F. H. Wigg. (--Proulx, --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 30, rare, soil over M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13, 19, rare, on rock, Mojave National Preserve, San Bernardino bark, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) County, CA; --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, rare at 2 of 5 sites, on soil over rock, Mojave Desert, USNEA LAPPONICA Vainio (--Proulx, M. W. and L. Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County, UT) L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13, 19, rare, on bark, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) TONINIA SUBMEXICANA B. de Lesd (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 55, probably VERRUCARIA Schrader rare in the Mojave Desert in Joshua Tree VERRUCARIA BERNARDINENSIS Breuss (--Knudsen, National Park, on granite-derived soil in the K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 57, is a following sites: Little San Bernardino Mountains lichenicolous lichen which is a fungal parasite on (Berdoo Canyon), Riverside County, CA) Staurothele species (eventually becoming independent), and found in the Mojave Desert in TONINIA TRISTIS (Th. Fr.) Th. Fr. subsp. TRISTIS Joshua Tree National Park, at the following sites: (--Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 17, rare, on Juniper’s Flats, Little San Bernardino Mountains soil, Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney (Black Rock, Pushwalla), Lower and Upper Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San Covington Flats, Queen Valley, Ryan Mountain, Bernardino County, CA) Skull Rock, Stirrup Tank, Wonderland of Rocks (Keys Ranch), Riverside and San Bernardino UMBILICARIA Hoffm. Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, UMBILICARIA HYPERBOREA (Ach.) Hoffm. Var. p. 17, frequent, parasitic on Staurothele monicae, 42 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

eventually becoming independent, Sweeney the following sites: Hidden Valley, Oyster Bar, Granite Mountains and Sweeney Mountain Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA) Desert Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino County, CA) XANTHOCARPIA A. Massal. & De Not. XANTHOCARPIA CRENULATELLA (Nyl.) Frödén, VERRUCARIA COMPACTA (A. Massal.) Jatta Arup and Søchting – Synonym: Caloplaca (--Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 17, crenulatella (Nyl.) H. Olivier common on granite, Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, XANTHOCARPIA MARMORATA (Bagl.) Frödén, Arup Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, and Søchting – Synonym: Caloplaca marmorata K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 106, common, on (Bagl.) Jatta granite, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree National Park,

San Bernardino County, Eastern San Bernardino XANTHOMENDOZA S. Kondr. and Kärnefelt County, CA) XANTHOMENDOZA FALLAX (Hepp ex Arnold)

Søchting, Kärnefelt and S. Y. Kondr. (--Proulx, M. VERRUCARIA FUSCA Pers. (--Knudsen, K., M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13, 19, common, Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 57, rare, on on bark, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; granite in Joshua Tree National Park, at the --Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. following site: Little San Bernardino Mountains 57, common, on granite and junipers in Joshua in Berdoo Canyon, Riverside County, CA) Tree National Park, at the following sites:

Hidden Valley, hills near west entrance, Juniper Verrucaria fuscella (Turner) Winch (--Doell, J. Flats, Little San Bernardino Mountains 1999, p. 11, found at 1 of 4 collection sites, onrock, (Pushwalla), Lower and Upper Covington Flats, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Bernardino Queen Valley, Sheep’s Pass, Skull Rock, Smith County, CA) = PLACOPYRENIUM FUSCELLUM Water Canyon, Wonderland of Rocks (Keys (Turner) Gueidan and Cl. Ranch), Riverside and San Bernardino Counties,

CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, p. 18, VERRUCARIA FUSCOATROIDES Servít (--Knudsen, frequent on Juniperus bark, decomposing K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 57, on granite, Sweeney Granite Mountains and granite in Joshua Tree National Park, at the Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center, following sites: Juniper Flats, Little San Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Jackson, Bernardino Mountains (Eureka Peak), Riverside H. et al. 2005, p. 37, locally common, on bark of County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, creosote shrubs, Black Rock Road vicinity, p. 17, rare on granite, Sweeney Granite Mojave County, Northwestern AZ; --Shrestha G. Mountains and Sweeney Mountain Desert et al. 2012, p. 5, common at 1 of 5 sites, on bark, Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino Mojave Desert, Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County, Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; -- County, UT) – Synonym: Xanthoria fallax (Hepp Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2006, p. 26, rare, on ex Arnold) Arnold granite, on the north slope of Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree National Park, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA) XANTHOMENDOZA MENDOZAE (Räsänen) S. Y. Kondr. &Kärnefelt (--Knudsen K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 58, rare, on rock in Joshua VERRUCARIA SPHAEROSPORA Anzi. (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 57, rare, on Tree National Park, at the following site: Lost monzogranite in Joshua Tree National Park, at Horse Mountains, Riverside County, CA; --Doell, J. 1999, p. 11, rare, in rock crevices, Sweeney Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 43

Granite Mountains, San Bernardino County, CA; XANTHOPARMELIA LAVICOLA (Gyelnik) Hale --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 106, rare, (--Doell, J. 1999, p. 11, found at 1 of 4 collection on granite at two sites along the wash in shade, sites, on rock, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree National Park, San Bernardino County, CA) Bernardino County, CA) XANTHOPARMELIA LINEOLA (E. C. Berry) Hale XANTHOMENDOZA MONTANA (L. Lindblom) (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, Søchting, Kärnefelt & S. Y. Kondr. (--Proulx, M. p. 58, rare, on non-calcareous rock and soil in W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13, 19, abundant, Joshua Tree National Park, at the following sites: on bark, lignum, Spring Mountains, Clark Wonderland of Rocks at Keys Ranch and Wall County, NV) Street Canyon, San Bernardino County, CA)

XANTHOMENDOZA TRACHYPHYLLA (Tuck.) Frödén, XANTHOPARMELIA LOXODES (Nyl.) O. Blanco, A. Arup and Søchting – Synonym: Caloplaca Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch – trachyphylla (Tuck.) Zahlbr. Synonym: Neofuscelia loxodes (Nyl.) Essl.

XANTHOPARMELIA (Vainio) Hale XANTHOPARMELIA MARICOPENSIS T. H. Nash & XANTHOPARMELIA AJOENSIS (T. H. Nash) Egan Elix (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines (--Jackson, H. et al. 2005, p. 37, rare, on rock, 2013, p. 58, frequent, on basalt, gneiss and Black Rock Road vicinity, Mojave County, monzogranite in Joshua Tree National Park, at Northwestern AZ) the following sites: Juniper Flats, Little San Bernardino Mountains (along geology tour road), XANTHOPARMELIA CALIFORNICA Hale --Shrestha G. Malapai Hill, Queen Valley, Sheep’s Pass, Skull et al. 2012, p. 5, rare at 2 of 5 sites, on rock, this Rock, Squaw Tank, Riverside and San Bernardino represents a new record for the Mojave Desert, Counties, CA; --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, rare Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County, UT) at 1 of 5 sites, on rock, this represented a new record for the Mojave Desert at the time of XANTHOPARMELIA COLORADOËNSIS (Gyelnik) Hale publication of the Shrestha paper in 2012, Beaver (--Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 30, rare to locally Dam Slope, Washington County, UT) common, on basalt, Mojave National Preserve, San Bernardino County, CA) XANTHOPARMELIA MEXICANA (Gyelnik) Hale (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13, XANTHOPARMELIA CUMBERLANDIA (Gyelnik) Hale 19, rare, on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13, County, NV; -- Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. 19, found at 1 of 4 collection sites, on rock, Spring Hoines 2013, p. 58, common, on gneiss and Mountains, Clark County, NV; -- Knudsen, K., monzogranite in Joshua Tree National Park, at M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. 58, rare, on the following sites: Hidden Valley, Little San basalt in Joshua Tree National Park, at the Bernardino Mountains (Eureka Peak), Lost following site: Lost Horse Mountains, Riverside Horse Mountains, Lost Horse Valley, Pine City, County, CA; --Doell, J. 1999, p. 11, found at 1 of 4 Pinkham Canyon, Pinto Mountains (Belle collection sites, on rock, Sweeney Granite Mountain), Queen Mountain, Smith Water Mountains, San Bernardino County, CA; Canyon, Stirrup Tank, Wonderland of Rocks --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, p. 106, (Keys Ranch, near west entrance, Willow Hole), common, on granite, Keys Ranch, Joshua Tree Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; National Park, San Bernardino County, CA) --Doell, J. 1999, p. 11, found at 3 of 4 collection

44 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

sites, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San XANTHOPARMELIA SUBPLITTII Hale (--Knudsen, K., Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. M. Harding and J. Hoines, p. 60, rare, on gneiss Werth 2008, p. 18, common on granite, Sweeney in Joshua Tree National Park, at the following Granite Mountains and Sweeney Mountain site: Little San Bernardino Mountains (Berdoo Desert Research Center, Eastern San Bernardino Canyon), Riverside County, CA; --Shrestha G. et County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2005, al. 2012, p. 5, rare to common at 2 of 5 sites, on p. 106, abundant, on granite, Keys Ranch, Joshua rock, this represented a new record for the Tree National Park, San Bernardino County, CA; Mojave Desert at the time of the Shrestha --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 30, locally common, publication in 2012, Beaver Dam Slope, on basalt, Mojave National Preserve, San Washington County, UT) Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux 2006, p. 26, abundant, on granite on XANTHOPARMELIA VERRUCULIFERA (Nyl.) O. Eureka Peak, Joshua Tree National Park, Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA; (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, --Shrestha G. et al. 2012, p. 5, rare to common at p. 60, rare, on gneiss and granite in Joshua Tree 2 of 5 sites, on rock, Mojave Desert, Beaver Dam National Park, at the following sites: Queen Slope, Washington County, UT) Mountain, Ryan Mountain, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, CA)

XANTHOPARMELIA NOVOMEXICANA (Gyelnik) Hale (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, XANTHORIA (Fr.) Th. Fr. p. 60, rare, on gneiss in Joshua Tree National Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr. (--Proulx, M. Park, at the following site: Upper Covington W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13, 19, abundant, Flats, San Bernardino County, CA; --Knudsen, K. on rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV; and S. Werth 2008, p. 18, rare, on granite slopes, --Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, p. Sweeney Granite Mountains and Sweeney 60, common, on basalt, gneiss and monzogranite Mountain Desert Research Center, Eastern San in Joshua Tree National Park, at the following Bernardino County, CA) sites: Juniper Flats, Little San Bernardino Mountains (Black Rock, Eureka Peak, Pushwalla), Lost Horse Mountains (on basalt), XANTHOPARMELIA PLITTII (Gyelnk) Hale (--Doell, Lost Horse Valley, Lower and Upper Covington J. 1999, p. 11, found at 1 of 4 collection sites, Flats, Queen Mountain, Saddle Rock, Sheep’s Sweeney Granite Mountains, San Bernardino Pass, Smith Water Canyon, Wonderland of Rocks County, CA; --Jackson, H. et al. 2005, p. 37, rare (Keys Ranch), Riverside and San Bernardino to locally common, on rock, Black Rock Road Counties, CA; --Knudsen, K. and S. Werth 2008, vicinity, Mojave County, Northwestern AZ; p. 18, common on granite slopes at higher --Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 31, common, on elevations, often poorly developed especially at basalt, Mojave National Preserve, San Bernardino lower elevations, Sweeney Granite Mountains County, CA) and Sweeney Mountain Desert Research Center,

Eastern San Bernardino County, CA; --Jackson, XANTHOPARMELIA SUBAMIGERA (Gyelnik) Hale H. et al. 2005, p. 37, rare to locally common, on (--Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013, rock Black Rock Road vicinity, Mojave County, p. 60, scattered, on non-calcareous rock in Northwestern AZ; --Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux Joshua Tree National Park, at the following site: 2005, p. 106, abundant, on granite, Keys Ranch, Little San Bernardino Mountains (Black Rock), Joshua Tree National Park, San Bernardino Lower Covington Flats, Saddle Rock, Riverside County, CA) = RUSAVSKIA ELEGANS (Link) S. Y. and San Barnardino Counties, CA) Kondr. & Kärnefelt Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 45

Xanthoria fallax (Hepp ex Arnold) Arnold The Mojave Desert of the American southwest (--Knight, K. B. et al. 2002, p. 31, rare to locally has recently attracted the attention of several common, on Blackbrush lignum (Coleogyne lichenologists, and has been the focus of a series ramosissima), Mojave National Preserve, San of recent surveys from which we have compiled this checklist of Mojave Desert lichens. The Bernardino County, CA) = XANTHOMENDOZA Mojave Desert is an unusual and complicated FALLAX (Hepp ex Arnold) Søchting, Kärnefelt & S. ecosystem with well-defined environmental Y. Kondr. parameters that have shaped and selected for a unique biological system. The environmental Xanthoria mendozae Räsänen (--Doell, J. 1999, constraints of the Mojave Desert (high p. 11, found at 2 of 4 collection sites, in crevices of temperatures and very low annual precipitation) rock, Sweeney Granite Mountains, San have resulted in very slow community and Bernardino County, CA) = XANTHOMENDOZA ecosystem recovery rates following perturbation. MENDOZAE (Räsänen) S. Kondr. & Kärnefelt For example, the biological lichen-containing soil crust communities at Yuma Proving Grounds in Xanthoria sorediata (Vainio) Poelt (--Proulx, M. southwestern Arizona were severely damaged due W. and L. L. St. Clair 2013, pp. 13, 19, rare, on to heavy vehicular activity related to training rock, Spring Mountains, Clark County, NV) = exercises during WW II (Belnap and Warren RUSAVSKIA SOREDIATA (Vainio) S. Y. Kondr. & 2002). The impact on these fragile biological soil Kärnefelt crusts is still evident over half a century later with minimal recovery (Belnap and Warren 2002). XYLOGRAPHA (Fr.) Fr. Likewise, recent data demonstrates conclusively XYLOGRAPHA PARALLELA (Ach.: Fr.) Behlen & that the introduction of non-native invasive Desberger (--Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair grasses has seriously altered the Mojave Desert 2013, pp. 13, 19, rare, on lignum, Spring fire regime resulting in severe damage to native Mountains, Clark County, NV) plant communities followed by replacement with monocultures of annual non-native grasses Discussion and Conclusions: (D’Antonio and Vitousek 1992; Abella, 2010; The Mojave Desert lichen flora is dominated by Vamstad and Rotenberry 2010; Horn et al. 2015). crustose species with a significant number of small foliose species and only two fruticose taxa The Sonoran Desert southeast of the Mojave reported only rarely for the Spring Mountains Desert is warmer, lower in elevation on average, northwest of Las Vegas. The Spring Mountains and surprisingly, has a much more diverse lichen represent an island mountain range in the flora. More than 1,900 lichen species have been Mojave Desert with significant elevation, reported for the Sonoran Desert (Nash et al. Eds. increased precipitation, and generally more 2004) compared to 279 species for the Mojave moderate temperatures – not typical of other Desert. Generally, lichenologists think that portions of the Mojave Desert. Rock substrates additional survey work in the Mojave will yield support more species than any other substrate higher species numbers; however, most agree with some development of biological soil crusts that the species diversity in the Mojave will supporting a limited number of lichen species. probably never approach the species richness Corticolous lichens are generally limited with low reported for the Sonoran. This assumption is species diversity – more commonly found on based on several factors - the Sonoran land area some trees (at higher elevations) and some is roughly five times the size of the Mojave, the shrubs. Sonoran has a very different set of environmental 46 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

conditions with a greater diversity of habitat Mojave Desert. Potential environmental issues types, and a much richer vascular plant include mining, on and off-road recreational community. Further study of the Mojave Desert activity and pedestrian traffic, the extensive lichen flora will provide a more complete picture development of alternative energy projects (solar of total lichen diversity and this kind of power), domestic animal grazing in some areas, information will be particularly important, in increasing competition from invasive annual light of the various human-related threats to the species, and changing fire regimes.

Literature cited Abella, S. R. 2010. Disturbance and plant Brooks, M. L. 2002. Peak fire temperatures and succession in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of effects on annual plants in the Mojave Desert. the American Southwest. International Journal of Ecological Applications 12: 1088–1102. Environmental Research and Public Health 7(4): http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051- 1248-1284. 0761(2002)012[1088:PFTAEO]2.0.CO;2 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7041248 Brooks, M. L. and J. C. Chambers. 2011. ASU World Meteorological Organization World Resistance to invasion and resilience to fire in Weather/Climate Extremes Archive. Arizona desert shrublands of North America. Rangeland State University. Retrieved August 2015, from Ecology and Management 64: 431–438. web site: Arizona State University http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/REM-D-09-00165.1 http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature Brooks, M. L. and J. R. Matchett. 2006. Spatial Barth, A. P., J. L. Wooden, D. S. Coleman and L. and temporal patterns of wildfires in the Mojave J. Jarvis. 2004. Crust formation and evolution in Desert, 1980–2004. Journal of Arid Southern California: Field and geochronologic Environments 67: 148–164. perspectives from Joshua Tree National Park, in http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.09.02 Eggers, M. R. (Ed.). Mining History and Geology 7 of Joshua Tree National Park: San Diego Association of Geologists, pp. 65-78. Brooks, M. L., C. M. D'Antonio, D. M. Richardson, J. B. Grace, J. E. Keeley, J. M. Barbour, M. G. and W. D. Billings. Eds. 2000. DiTomaso, R. J. Hobbs, M. Pellant and D. Pyke. North American Terrestrial Vegetation, Second 2004. Effects of invasive alien plants on fire Edition. Published by Cambridge University regimes. BioScience 54: 677. Press, Cambridge, UK. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006- 3568(2004)054[0677:EOIAPO]2.0.CO;2 Belnap, J. and S. D. Warren. 2002. Patton's tracks in the Mojave Desert, USA: An ecological Bukowski, B. E. and W. L. Baker. 2012. Historical legacy. Arid Land Research and Development 16, fire regimes, reconstructed from land-survey Issue 3. data, led to complexity and fluctuation in sagebrush landscapes. Ecological Applications Beyer, C. and L. L. St. Clair. 2004. Solorina 23: 546–564. spongiosa: A new species record for Nevada. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/12-0844.1 Bulletin of the California Lichen Society 11(1): 1- 6.

Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 47

D'Antonio, C. M. and P. M. Vitousek. 1992. Howard, K., J. F. Bacheller, T. T. Fitzgibbon, R. Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the E. Powell and C. M. Allen. 2013. Geologic Map of grass/fire cycle, and global change. Annual the Valley Mountain 15' Quadrangle, San Review of Ecology and Systematics 23: 63–87. Bernardino and Riverside Counties, California. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192. Retrieved Aug, 2016 from website: USGS 000431 http://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/1767/

Doell, J. 1999. Lichens of the Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center and environs. Humphrey, R.R. 1974. Fire in the deserts and Bulletin of the California Lichen Society 6: 8–12. desert grasslands of North America. pp. 365–401 in: Digital Desert. Joshua Tree: Botanical and Kozlowski, T. T., and C. E. Ahlgren, eds. Fire Ecological Characteristics. Digital Desert. and ecosystems. USA Academic Press, New York. http://mojavedesert.net/trees/yucca-brevifolia/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-424255- 5.50016-X Esslinger, T.L. 2015. A cumulative checklist for the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi Ianno, A. and S. Paterson. 2014. Hornblende of the continental United States and Canada. Gabbros Formed by Crustal Melting at Joshua Retrieved August 2015, from web site: North Tree National Park, California. Abstract from Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota. poster session at Goldschmidt, session 07d, http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~esslinge/chcklst Thursday, 12 June 2014. /chcklst7.htm (First Posted 1 December 1997, Most Recent Version (#20) 19 April 2015) Jackson, H., S. Leavitt, T. Krebs and L. L. St. Clair. 2005. Lichen flora of the Eastern Mojave Esque, T.C., J.A. Young and C.R. Tracy. 2010. Desert: Blackrock Arizona, Mojave County, Short-term effects of experimental fires on a Arizona, USA. Evansia 22(1): 30-38. Mojave Desert seed bank. Journal of Arid Environments 74: 1302–1308. Johnson, C.M. 1970. Common native trees of http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.04.011 Utah. Special Report 22. Logan, UT: Utah State University, College of Natural Resources, Hasse, H. 1910. Additions to the lichen–flora of Agricultural Experiment Station 109: 9785. Southern California. The Bryologist 1(3): 60-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007- Keeley, J.E., C.J. Fotheringham and M. Baer- 2745(1910)13[60:ATTLOS]2.0.CO;2 Keeley. 2005. Determinants of postfire recovery and succession in Mediterranean-climate Hasse, H. 1913. Lichen flora of Southern shrublands of California. Ecological Applications California. Contributions from the Unites States 15: 1515–1534. Herbarium 17: 1-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/04-1005

Horn, K. J., J. Wilkinson, S. White and S. B. St. Kliemann, M.W. 1979. A review of the natural Clair. Desert wildfire impacts on plant values of the Hualapai Valley Joshua tree community function. Plant Ecology 216(12): "forest"; An examination of the appropriateness 1623-1634 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258- of current protective measures at the site; and 0546-9 various recommendations aimed at improving

48 Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49

protection of the resource. Kingman, AZ: U.S. Joshua Tree National Park, San Bernardino Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land County, California, USA. Evansia 22(3): 103-109. Management, Kingman Resource Area: 12-24: 61827. Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux. 2006. Lichen flora of the southwestern Mojave Desert: Eureka Peak, Knight, K., L. Clements, L., Gordillo, J. Jefferies, Joshua Tree National Park, Riverside and San D. Tilley, T. Workman, A. Lloyd and L. L. St. Bernardino County, California, USA. Evansia Clair. 2002. The lichen flora of two sites in the 23(2): 24-27.

Mojave Desert, California, USA. Mycotaxon 84 Knudsen, K. and S. Werth. 2008. Lichens of the (4): 27-32. Granite Mountains, Sweeney Granite Mountain Desert Research Center, Southwestern Mojave Knudsen, K. 2007 Acarospora. pp. 1-38. In T.H. Desert, San Bernardino County, California. Nash, III, C. Gries and F. Bungartz (Eds.), Lichen Evansia 25(1): 15-19. Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0747-9859-25.1.15 Volume 3. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe. Knudsen, K., V. Reeb, M. Westberg, R. Srikantha and D. Bhattacharya. 2010. Acarospora rosulata Knudsen, K., O. Breuss and J. Kocourkova. 2014. in Europe, North America and Asia. A new lichenicolous Heteroplacidium Lichenologist 42(3): 291-296. (Verrucariaceae) from the deserts of Southern http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282909990715 California. Opuscula Philolichenum 13:26-33. Knudsen, K., J. W. Sheard, J. Kocourková and H. Knudsen, K., M. Harding and J. Hoines 2013. Mayrhofer. 2013. A new lichenicolous lichen from The Lichen Flora of Joshua Tree National Park: Europe and Western North America in the genus An Annotated Checklist. Natural Resource Dimelaena (Physciaceae). The Bryologist 116(3): Technical Report NPS/JOTR/NRTR—2012/XXX. 257-262. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-116.3.257

Knudsen, K. and J. Kocourkova. 2012. Lei, S. A. 1999. Postfire woody vegetation Acarospora boulderensis in the Joshua Tree recovery and soil properties in blackbrush National Park (California, U.S.A.), Acarospora (Coleogyne ramosissima Torr.) shrubland boulderensis, lichen, map of distribution, Mojave ecotones. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Desert. Czech Republic. Academy of Science. 32: 105–115.

Knudsen, K. and J. Kocourkova. 2013. Nash, T. H., C. Gries and F. Bungartz (Eds.). Lichenological notes 6: nomenclatural acts. 2004. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Mycotaxon 124: 253-259. Region. (Vol 3). Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/124.353 University, Tempe.

Knudsen, K., J. Kocourkov and M. Westberg. Nellessen, J. E. 2004. Larrea tridentata (Sesse 2013. The identity of Sarcogyne hyphophaea and Moc. Ex DC) Coville Creosote, in: (Nyl.) Arnold. Opuscula Philolichenum 12: 23-26 John K. Francis, ed. Wildland Shrubs of the United States and Its Territories: Thamnic Knudsen, K. and T. La Doux. 2005. Lichen flora Descriptions. Volume 1: 419-424. General of the southwestern Mojave Desert: Keys Ranch, Technical Report IITF-GTR-26, United States Proulx et al. Mojave Desert lichens. North American Fungi 11(6): 1-49 49

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: San Vamstad, M. S. and J. T. Rotenberry. 2010. Juan, Puerto Rico, International Institute of Effects of fire on vegetation and small mammal Tropical Forestry, and Fort Collins, Colorado, communities in a Mojave Desert Joshua tree Rocky Mountain Research Station. 830 pp. woodland. Journal of Arid Environments 74: 9– 1318. Proulx, M. W. and L. L. St. Clair. 2013. The lichen http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.04.00 flora of the Spring Mountains, Humboldt- 2 Toiyabe National Forest, Nevada, USA. North American Fungi 8(3): 1-21. Webb R. H., J. Belnap and K. A. Thomas. 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2509/naf2013.008.003 Natural recovery from severe disturbance in the Mojave Desert. Pp. 343–377, in: Proulx, M. W. 2011. A Floristic Survey of the Webb R. H., L. F. Fenstermaker, J. S. Heaton, Lichens of the Spring Mountains, Nevada, USA. D. L. Hughson, E. V. McDonald, D. M. Miller, M.S. Thesis, Brigham Young University, Provo, eds. The Mojave Desert: Ecosystem Processes Utah. and Sustainability. University of Nevada Press; Reno, NV, USA: 2009. Shrestha, G., S. D. Leavitt, M. W. Proulx, L. A. Glacy, C. Call, J. Henrichsen and L. L. St. Clair. Webber, J. M. 1953. Yuccas of the Southwest. 2012. A checklist of the lichens of the Beaver Agriculture monograph No. 17. Washington, DC: Dam Slope, Washington County, Utah, USA. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. North American Fungi 7(5): 1–7. 97: 2474. http://dx.doi.org/10.2509/naf2012.007.005 Westberg, M. 2007. Candelariella St. Clair, L. L., S. B. St. Clair and L. D. Porter. (Candelariaceae) in Western United States and 2007. Establishment and review of the lichen air Northern Mexico: the 8-spored, lecanorine quality bio-monitoring program and baseline for species. The Bryologist 110: 391-419. the Spring Mountains National Recreation Area, http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007- Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, Nevada, in: 2745(2007)110[391:CCIWUS]2.0.CO;2 Webb, R. H., L. F. Fenstermaker, J. S. Heaton, and D. Hughson, eds. USDA Forest UCR Herbarium. 2015. Retrieved August 2015 Service Technical Report. 2009. 24 pages. from web site: Lichen Collection Database http://ucr.ucr.edu/lichensflat_index.php The Mojave Desert: Ecosystem Processes and Sustainability. University of Nevada Press, Reno, US Forest Service Database. Yucca brevifolia. NV Retrieved August 2015 from web site: US Forest

Service Database.