La Littérature À La Mesure De L'esclavage Transatlantique Et De La

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La Littérature À La Mesure De L'esclavage Transatlantique Et De La Dossier établi par Christiane Chaulet Achour – UCP – mars 2011 Aujourd’hui la documentation, les recherches et les ouvrages sont très nombreux sur ce sujet. Ce dossier ne peut avoir la prétention à l’exhaustivité. Il se veut simplement un chemin pour suivre cette question essentielle et permettre une lecture informée d’œuvres littéraires contemporaines. Il a été établi en fonction de lectures personnelles ainsi que et de recherches dans les différents sites- internet, dans un objectif de transmission et de relais. La littérature à la mesure de l’esclavage transatlantique et de la traite négrière Le choix fait ici n’est pas un choix qui veut occulter les autres formes d’esclavage aux différentes époques et dans différents pays. Il est fait en fonction de l’objectif : l’étude des œuvres littéraires en langue française qui sont l’objet de l’enseignement des littératures des Suds, plus particulièrement de l’espace caribéen, en lien étroit avec l’évolution de la situation américaine et de la prise de parole et des créations des Africains-américains. Les œuvres contemporaines de la Caraïbe (pour ce qui concerne l’expression littéraire en français : Haïti, la Martinique, la Guadeloupe et la Guyane) se construisent souvent sur la mémoire de l’esclavage et, même quand cette « source » ou cette thématique n’est pas centrale, elle apparaît à un moment ou à un autre du texte privilégient l’esclavage transatlantique et la traite négrière, en proposant un dossier en 5 parties, des définitions et rappels plus généraux à une bibliographie littéraire indicative. I- Définitions et données générales II- L’esclavage dans la Caraïbe III- Imaginer le vécu de l’esclave ? IV-Indications bibliographiques V- Lire la littérature : repérer les œuvres, les lire, quelques extraits Page 2 sur 43 I Définitions et données générales Une définition générale (reprise à la présentation de l’encyclopédie Wikipédia) permet de mettre les idées au clair. L'esclavage est la condition sociale des esclaves, des travailleurs non libres et généralement non rémunérés qui sont juridiquement la propriété d'une autre personne et donc négociables (achat, vente, location, ...), au même titre qu'un objet ou un animal domestique. Au sens large, l'esclavage est le système socio-économique reposant sur le maintien et l'exploitation de personnes dans cette condition. Défini comme un « outil animé » par Aristote (Éthique à Nicomaque, VI, chap. VIII-XIII), l’esclave se distingue du serf, du captif ou du forçat (conditions voisines dans l'exploitation) et de la bête de somme, par un statut juridique propre, déterminé par les règles (coutumes, lois, ...) en vigueur dans le pays et l’époque considérés. Ces règles fixent notamment les conditions par lesquelles on devient esclave ou on cesse de l'être, quelles limitations s'imposent au maître, quelles marge de liberté et protection légale l'esclave conserve, quelle humanité (quelle âme, sur le plan religieux) on lui reconnait, etc. L'affranchissement d'un esclave (par son maître ou par l'autorité du prince) fait de lui un affranchi, qui a un statut proche de celui de l'individu ordinaire. Les traites négrières transatlantiques et orientales sont les plus emblématiques des pratiques esclavagistes, de par leur durée (plusieurs siècles), leur ampleur (plusieurs dizaines de millions d'esclaves), et leur impact historique (notamment aux É tats-Unis et sur l'Afrique). Ponctuellement condamné depuis l'antiquité (moralement et parfois juridiquement), et plus récemment interdit par les droits de l'homme, l'esclavage a mis longtemps avant d'être aboli. L'esclavage est aujourd'hui officiellement banni (via par exemple le Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques). Néanmoins, outre le fait qu'il ne suffit pas d'interdire une pratique pour la voir totalement disparaitre, il peut encore exister localement des tolérances des pouvoirs publics. Le terme moderne « esclavage » vient du latin médiéval sclavus déformation du mot latin slavus (le slave Issu lui-même du grec « sklabos »). Le mot « esclave » serait apparu au Haut Moyen  ge à Venise, où la plupart des esclaves étaient des Slaves des Balkans, « une région qui s'appelait autrefois « Esclavonie », puis Slavonie, et qui est récemment devenue indépendante, sous le nom de « Croatie » ». La même racine se retrouve dans le mot arabe saqaliba, ce qui n'a rien d'étonnant puisque les Turcs se procuraient leur futurs janissaires en achetant ou capturant des enfants chrétiens dans la même région. Rome pratiquant l'esclavage, comme tous les peuples antiques, le latin disposait évidemment d'un terme pour désigner l'esclave : servus, qui a conduit aux termes « servile » et « servilité », relatifs à l'esclave et à sa condition. Ce mot a aussi donné naissance aux termes « serf » du Moyen  ge et aux modernes « service », « serviteur », etc. www.christianeachour.net Page 3 sur 43 Selon le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, l'esclave est une « personne qui n'est pas de condition libre, qui appartient à un maître exerçant sur elle un pouvoir absolu. » L'esclavage est donc avant tout la condition d'esclave, et la réduction d'un homme à l'état d'esclave. *Société des Nations (SDN) : Convention relative à l’esclavage adoptée en 1926 a défini l’esclavage et la traite des esclaves comme « tout acte de capture, d'acquisition ou de cession d'un individu en vue de le réduire en esclavage; tout acte d'acquisition d'un esclave en vue de le vendre ou de l'échanger; tout acte de cession par vente ou échange d'un esclave acquis en vue d'être vendu ou échangé, ainsi que, en général, tout acte de commerce ou de transport d'esclaves. » *En 1956, L’ONU complète ces définitions dans sa Convention relative à l’abolition de l’esclavage. Le commerce a été une des principales sources de l’esclavage que nous étudions. Après l'exploration des côtes africaines au XVe siècle, le Portugal initie une traite tournée vers les îles atlantiques et la péninsule ibérique. À l'époque moderne, ce commerce européen des esclaves évolue vers une forme transatlantique connue sous le nom de commerce triangulaire qui perdure du XVIe au XIXe siècle. Les estimations du nombre de déportés varient, selon les auteurs, de 11 millions (pour David Eltis ou Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau) à 50 millions (pour Victor Bissengué). Les fonctions de l'esclavage ont fortement varié selon les sociétés et les périodes historiques. En premier lieu, on opère traditionnellement une distinction sur la base de l'importance tenue par les esclaves dans l'économie générale des rapports de production et des relations symboliques. On désigne ainsi une société dont les esclaves occupent une fonction indispensable à son fonctionnement global sous les termes de « société esclavagiste » (slave society), pour la distinguer des « sociétés à esclaves » (society with slave) qui emploient des esclaves sans en faire un maillon indispensable de leur système économique et social. L'historiographie considère généralement les sociétés antiques grecques et romaines, le système économique et social des Antilles, du Brésil et des Antilles durant la période coloniale (du XVIIe siècle au XIXe siècle) et du Sud des É tats-Unis avant la guerre de Sécession comme des exemples de sociétés esclavagistes. À l'inverse, le Moyen  ge occidental ou le monde arabe, qui connaissent l'esclavage, sont considérées comme des sociétés à esclave et non comme des sociétés esclavagistes. On peut distinguer, au cours de l'Histoire, un certain nombre d'usages récurrents de l'esclavage. Dans le secteur primaire, l'utilisation dans les mines et les carrières et comme main d'œuvre agricole, notamment dans l'économie de plantation, est commune à une grande partie des sociétés esclavagistes. L'esclavage domestique ainsi que l’esclavage sexuel sont, peut-être plus encore que l'utilisation strictement économique des esclaves, largement représentés tout au long de l'histoire humaine. Enfin, l'utilisation par l'É tat est fréquente pour l'accomplissement de tâches de travaux publics et de voirie. L'exportation de cette économie de plantation par les Portugais dans les îles Atlantiques (îles Canaries, Sao Tomé) puis par les Espagnols sur le continent américain s'inscrit dans la continuité de ce déplacement vers l'ouest ; ce système devient caractéristique de la www.christianeachour.net Page 4 sur 43 colonisation américaine, qui se tourne presque immédiatement vers l’esclavage pour l'exploitation du sol. La canne à sucre fut ainsi à l'origine de la traite négrière qui se mit en place au XVIe siècle. Puis, le développement des cultures du tabac et du coton soutiendra, dans le sud des É tats-Unis, le niveau de la demande en main-d'œuvre servile. ►Un texte essentiel à connaître, Le Code Noir : cf. Bibliographie aux noms de Louis Sala-Molins et Christiane Taubira Codes Noirs – De l’esclavage aux abolitions Mini-format, Dalloz, 2006, 150 p. Présentation par l'éditeur Esclavage ? Vous avez dit « esclavage ». L'esclavage est caractérisé par le droit de propriété qu'un homme peut avoir sur un autre. Cette chose n'est plus une personne juridique. Mais n'a-t-il pas disparu ? Hélas non. Si l'esclavage pratiqué dans les anciennes possessions coloniales l'a été, il survit toujours en quelques pays. Et il s'en faut de beaucoup que toutes les formes de dépendance qui portent atteinte à la liberté et à la dignité humaine se soient effacées. Du premier Code noir de 1685 aux dernières conventions internationales et à la loi du 21 mai 2001 s'exhale la grande misère humaine. Introduction de Christiane Taubira. Textes présentés par André Castaldo. Christiane Taubira, auteur de la loi du 21 mai 2001 reconnaissant la traite négrière et l'esclavage comme crime contre l'humanité, est députée de Guyane.
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