PEMBROKE TOWN WALLS PROJECT ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION AND CONDITION SURVEY PREPARED BY Pembroke Design Limited Architects and Surveyors In association with Cambria Archaeology on behalf of Pembrokeshire County Council Pembroke Town Walls Project, CONTENTS PAGE Archaeological Interpretation, Condition Survey and Photographic Record. PEMBROKE TOWN WALLS AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT, MARCH-APRIL 2001 (Project Record No. 42678) CONTENTS PART 1 - UNDERSTANDING THE WALL Summary Introduction General description A review of the evidence Maps Pictures Documentary sources When was the town wall built? - and why? The foundation of the town (1100-1135 AD) The first town defence? (1135-c.1230 AD) The second town defence? (c.1230-c.1290?) The construction of the present walls (c.1290-1324?) The 15th century (re)builds (1479-82) The walls through time The 16th century The 17th century The 18th century The 19th century The wall today Overall recommendations Acknowledgements References Pembroke Town Walls Project, FIGURE LIST Archaeological Interpretation, Condition Survey and Photographic Record. FIGURES Fig. 1 - Pembroke town wall showing scheduled and listed areas Fig. 2 - Suggested layout of Pembroke in c.1200. Fig. 3 - Suggested layout of Pembroke in c.1250. Fig. 4 - Suggested layout of Pembroke in c.1250. Fig. 5 - Speed's map of Pembroke in 1611. Fig. 6 - French map of Pembroke in c.1650. Fig. 7 - Place's view of Pembroke in 1678 Fig. 8 - Plan of East Gate area in 1775. Fig. 9 - Plan of Pembroke Castle in 1787 Fig. 10 - Buck brothers' view of Pembroke from the north in 1748. Fig. 11 - Richard Wilson's view of Pembroke from the north in c.1770. Fig. 12 - J. C. Buckler's view of the North Gate in 1815. Fig. 13 - Extract from Pembroke St Mary tithe map, 1839. Fig. 14 - Extract from Pembroke St Michael tithe map, 1839. Fig. 15 - Extracts from Ordnance Survey 1:500, First Edition, Pembrokeshire Sheets XL 9.8; XL 9.9, XL 9.10, XL 9.13, XL 9.14, XL 9.15, 1861. Fig. 16 - Extract from Ordnance Survey 1:2500, First Edition, Pembrokeshire Sheet XL 9, 1885. Fig. 17 - Extract from Ordnance Survey 1:2500, Second Edition, Pembrokeshire Sheet XL 9, 1908. Fig. 18 - Plans of Barnard's Tower (from King and Cheshire, 1982) Fig. 19 - Plans of the Gazebo Tower (from King and Cheshire, 1982) Fig. 20 - Plans of the Gun Tower (from King and Cheshire, 1982) Pembroke Town Walls Project, SUMMARY / INTRODUCTION Archaeological Interpretation, Condition Survey and Photographic Record. PEMBROKE TOWN WALLS : AN (RCHMW), an assessment of relevant aerial ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT photographs in the Regional Sites and Monuments Record and the National Monuments Record (RCHMW), and a search of PART 1 - UNDERSTANDING THE WALL the relevant secondary and published sources 1.0 SUMMARY To provide archaeological information to Pembroke Castle and walled town together form one of accompany an initial, non-invasive the most visually impressive medieval defended sites in photographic condition survey of the walls Wales, matched only by the Edwardian castle-boroughs prepared by Pembroke Design Limited. This of North Wales but, unlike the latter, Pembroke's town was examined and, where possible, a walls cannot be closely dated. Comparative studies supporting archaeological and historical however suggest that, in their final form at least, they interpretation of the development of the walls were constructed soon after the completion of the stone was provided involving an on-site examination castle, in the late 13th-early 14th century, but that they of sections of the walls. were the product of a long and complex developmental history. They saw action during the civil war of 1642-8, To provide general archaeological advice but fell out of use soon after and were plundered for during the preparation of the Heritage Lottery stone by the townsfolk. bid, including attendance at relevant meetings, the provision of archaeological advice on the Sections of the wall, including two of its three gates and future management of the walls, comments on two of its six towers, have gone. However, there is drafts of the final report and specific advice on elsewhere a good survival of fabric, particularly towards the preparation of a heritage interpretation and the east of the town. Even though much of the masonry education programme on the development of may not be medieval - sections of the wall, at least, the medieval town and its walls. have been rebuilt many times, both as a revetment to the gardens beyond and due to their incorporation into later buildings - the circuit still defines the medieval town and its topography. Of equal importance to this definition are the stone 'burgage plot' or property boundaries that run up to the wall from the axial Main Street. 2.0 INTRODUCTION In October 2000 Cambria Archaeology were invited by Pembroke Design Limited (Architects) to provide the archaeological element of a fee bid in response to a request, from Pembrokeshire County Council, for a study of Pembroke town walls. The study forms part of the preparation of a Stage 1 HLF bid for the conserva - tion and promotion of the walls. The Pembroke Design/Cambria Archaeology team were awarded the contract in January 2001. The objectives of the archaeological element of the study are - To provide a desk-based appraisal of the historic development and significance of the Pembroke town walls using the archive and technical data available. This took in an assessment of relevant information from documentary sources including the Regional Sites and Monuments Record, the National Library of Wales, the County Records Office and the National Monuments Record Pembroke Town Walls Project, GENERAL DESCRIPTION Archaeological Interpretation, Condition Survey and Photographic Record. 3.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION The walled town of Pembroke has a deceptively simple Further east, the present boundary more-or-less formed morphology. It lies on a low, narrow east-west lime - the shoreline until the creation of the Mill Pond Walk in stone ridge, steeper and rockier along its southern side, the 1960s, and may therefore follow the line of the wall. which forms a peninsula terminating at its west end as Towards the 'waist' in the peninsula, the standing a rocky promontory now surmounted by the medieval boundary intermittently variously contains medieval castle. The ridge is fairly regular in plan and relief, but masonry, and later additions include a 19th century there is a pronounced 'waist' halfway along, which cor - boat-house. The wall line today becomes vague in the responds with a dip in its profile. It was formerly sur - area of St Michael's church where the ridge may have rounded by water on three sides, a tidal inlet of Milford been subject to post-medieval quarrying. Immediately Haven dividing at the castle to run along the northern east of St Michael's is a very well-preserved section side of the ridge as Pembroke River, and along its which retains medieval openings, and a semicircular southern side as Monkton Pill. Pembroke River is still flanking tower. However, there is a breach in the wall wet, now controlled by a tidal barrage across the river between this tower and the northwest corner of the cir - to the west of the castle. Monkton Pill has been mostly cuit, which is formed by the very-well preserved - and reclaimed and is now a low area of marshy ground remarkable - Barnard's Tower. The line turns to the known as 'The Common'. south at this tower, possibly incorporating the remains of a further tower before becoming lost within the prop - These physical constraints have given rise to a linear erty boundaries fronting Main Street. the second of the plan-form, settlement being established along a single three gates, the East Gate, straddled the line of Main street - Main Street - which leads eastwards from the Street but there are now no above-ground remains. castle before dividing, at the east end of the town, into Beyond the East Gate, the wall has more-or-less disap - routes to Carmarthen and Tenby. Cross streets are lim - peared but followed the line of a lane, Gooses Lane, ited to Northgate Street, which connects Main Street running southwest towards another tower, the with a bridge over Pembroke River, and Westgate Hill, Southeast Tower, the stump of which can still be seen. which is more-or-less a continuation of Main Street From the tower, the wall ran westwards along the leading to a bridge over Monkton Pill at the west end of northern shore of the former Monkton Pill. The wall the town. Superficially, the settlement is thus unifocal, itself here has been variously lost and/or rebuilt, but being based on the castle gatehouse, but is more features two fairly well-preserved towers, the 'Gazebo developmentally complex as will be seen below. Either Tower' which is surmounted by a gazebo, and the 'Gun side of the street lie properties whose backyards are Tower'. A limekiln further west has been constructed in mostly long and narrow, following the line of the 220-30 imitation of a further tower. West of this limekiln, the 'burgage plots' into which the town was divided by the wall is vestigial indeed, although much of the present 14th century (Beresford 1988, 68, 569 et al.). standing masonry perpetuates the line, and the sense, Pembroke is notable for the remarkable survival of both of the medieval town wall. The ridge becomes steeper the burgage divisions, which approximately conform to and rockier towards the castle, and has been succes - the 14th century number, and the actual boundaries sively terraced with retaining walls during the 19th and themselves which are represented by limestone rubble 20th centuries, but the medieval wall-line appears to walls in various states of completeness, many of which have run along the north side of The Parade to the may contain medieval fabric.